Peculiarities of economic development of a remote region of the Russian Federation Anatoly Fedorovich Gavryushenko. The most remote regional centers in Russian regions Remote region

2017 I traveled around Adygea and Krasnodar region. The remote one is located in the mountain valley of the Pshekha River, sandwiched in a stone bowl. Surrounded by mountains: sacred Circassian Mountain, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Chamur-Tapa, Chatal-Tapa, and others. This is a unique place for that reason alone.

There are shady mountain forests around, stretching for tens of kilometers along the high mountain plateau of Lago Naki. Mount Parus, a natural monument, rises nearby. I arrived in the village on September 24th. The rain had just stopped, I went out to the threshold of the store where I was waiting, and looked around. The fogs began to creep away, and an unforgettable picture of the apocalypse opened up.

Ruins of houses, broken roads, rotting fences. And what a building - well, really, like Beslan. Which terrorists, one wonders, worked so skillfully here? But it is useless to ask the locals this question. Well, it’s bad, yes - we survive... Who is to blame - but God knows... Everyone lives like this... There is a crisis in the world... Gays have flooded Europe. America is pressing with its sanctions. It's all the Banjamin's fault (that is, the dollars and the Federal Reserve). Or the Chinese - you'll understand.

Silence. Everything seems dead... Yes, I have only seen such desolation in the Chelyabinsk region. Well, I still remember Iturup’s paintings from the late 20th century. Post-war Abkhazia in 1998. To get here, to Otdalenny, you need to take a train from the Absheron narrow-gauge railway. Or over the potholes of a recently laid road.

The most common sightings in the village are pigs. But even those were cut down before the Olympics, even wild boars. They were deliberately poisoned - why? Yes, on the quiet, the local Tsarek decided to breed his own pigs, so he “advanced the topic” and created a shortage. Every dog ​​in the village knows this. Every pig remembers.

Until recently, Remote, also known as Spalorez, remained isolated; the narrow-gauge railway was the only “Road to Life”. But even today, when the first quarter of the 21st century is already behind us, the situation, as it turns out, has not changed. The train stopped running to Apsheronsk completely; the enterprising administration turned the station in Novye Polyany into an elite cottage for rent.

Active reduction of a unique mountain forest, a store, social services, a vegetable garden, some tourism - that’s all the employment of the population of the foggy Albion “Remote”, numbering 450 inhabitants.

Great economic model for the 21st century, right? And not something random or unimaginable. And the model is typical for Russia: sell something faster than others, make money on your own comrades, survive. This is such progress.

Here you can start to speculate. Like, open your eyes! Crimea is ours! But, once in the Distant, having climbed into the skin of a sheep, all these achievements somehow recede into the background against the backdrop of devastation. Real life, the ordeals of people tell a completely different story.

From the box they talk about the economic power of the country. Whose country, Vladimir Vladimirovich? What power? Why are your planes patrolling Syria, fighting for security there, and not here?

Did you wish these people “Happy New Year 2018?” I don't think they even noticed it. It seems that you simply forgot to pick them up in the second millennium. Where is it, your notorious power of United Russia? In this mud hut from the early 20th century with a plastic window?

And you, Vladimir Volfovich? For some reason, your LDPR activists are not visible here either. Do you also solve global problems? I dare to remind you that they begin with solving problems in long-forgotten regions. As you said: “What are the cows going crazy about? British democracy!” Really? And I think, just from hunger, dear! Together with people. Or are these photos, you say, also photoshopped? Democrats' machinations?

It's a shame, isn't it? And you, Dmitry Anatolyevich! Are you improving legislation? Improve the lives of these unfortunate people! They don't even have toilets at the stations! You and Putin would like to come here sometime for the New Year. We should have looked around and waited for the derailed train. We would congratulate each other.

On September 25, we devoted time to inspecting the narrow-gauge railway. The motorcar train, renamed by popular rumor as the Matrix, runs 2 times a day, launched in 1927. The train brakes at the request of the passenger at any section, picks up everyone. Cost 56 rubles 27 km in 2.5 hours.

The railway line, despite the abandonment of the villages, has retained the flavor of the previous era. Not only in the Distant store there is a table for visitors, but also in Rezhet, Water Lily. The ruins of greenhouses along the railway have been preserved, where once upon a time anyone lost could wait out the bad weather by the stove. But not today.

In Soviet times, all stations had stations where latecomers, I think, could wait out the night and warm up with a glass of tea. Today, a traveler who lags behind the train is doomed to survive only in the forest.

In villages and towns, like everywhere else in the country under the USSR, there were bathhouses, clubs, schools, etc. Where are they, one wonders, today? Why haven't they been restored to this day? ISIS again? Or NATO? The railway covers several villages. We walked around and looked into many. The distant one turned out to be the most colorful in terms of carelessness.

The village of Rezhet is completely extinct, there is only one street, only traces of most of the houses remain. Once well-trodden paths, the streets have turned into green carpets.

Near the village of Kuvshinka, the train derailed. Well, says driver Evgeniy, this is a typical situation. Not every time, of course, but often it works. The sleepers are rotten. Who changed the rails? When? That's okay... So that the train doesn't accidentally roll in the opposite direction, or doesn't skid at all, we add sand. Passengers are helping.

The driver Evgeniy is the first guy in the village. He is not only a driver, but also an usher, Western Union, loader, mechanic, and mechanic. And then it turned out there was also a traveler. Without thinking for long, Evgeniy jumped out of the cabin and climbed under the train as it was. It’s the snickering Americans who wear special clothing. We don't need that. “Otherwise we won’t arrive by morning.”

Then other men from Kuvshinka arrived, pulled out sledgehammers, and began leveling the rails. Stones from the river were placed under the rotten sleepers, which fell apart when touched. Indeed, sleepers and rails are laid from the times of the USSR!

A specially adapted beam, cut at sharp angles, began to be pushed under the wheels. It’s a simple idea to drag a multi-ton car onto a beam in order to put it back on the rails. But very labor-intensive.

Meanwhile, men from a neighboring village, having long known about such situations, started a homemade trolley, assembled from old trolleys and motorcycles, and “overtook” the train.

The first time, it was not possible to put the car back on the rails using only pieces of wood. Then the men began to move the car out with the help of beveled channels, turned their attention, pulled the diesel engine, and it stopped. About two hours after stopping, we set off again.

The men smile heroically: it worked! Why not! And then: oh, sometimes we’ll survive! Everyone is happy. And I look at them like they are crazy. The risk of remaining crippled, shoving scraps of timber under the carriage with your feet... So far from real life... And they think this is normal... That this is normal work. For the sake of families, children... Unhappy ones.

What do they see in life? What if they repair their own roads? Are the footrests welded? Are they putting together rails from pieces? What are they hoping for? This is where there is freedom for a meeting of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation! Finally, academics and public figures, solve the problem of train derailment on crooked rails! And honored cultural figures have a problem with running away to a long distance in winter. Seemingly simple things. Obvious ones. Why has 17 years passed and still no new sleepers?

Once upon a time, all global problems are solved. Some kind of nightmare. Conversations about politics and international relations fade against the background of crooked crowbars, rotten sleepers, and composite rails. We are still solving global problems - for what? To make these people even more miserable? Maybe then it’s worth not annexing, but giving these and other territories to at least someone smarter? Baikal - China. Kuril Islands - Japan. Yes, at least for someone, so that this genocide will finally stop. It’s better to live like the Ainu, in the minority, but at least you won’t die out.

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Yes, Vladimir Vladimirovich, in winter here with a crowbar, you can’t dive into a heated hole. Dear politicians, the whole Kremlin, the whole Duma, would take a walk on foot along this railway, and would appeal directly, as they say, to the people. We would think about it in our spare time, admiring the views where in normal countries bicycle paths have long been laid. We would tell people about the prospects. For some reason, Peskov’s children don’t buy houses here. And they don’t even play under a homemade lighting pole. Banquets at the Kuvshinka station are also not celebrated.

Or do you think people are gobbling everything up? Well, yes, he’ll just burp. He understands everything, on an instinctive level, by the collective unconscious. Otherwise, the glorious name of Putin would not have bowed to Puti, Putyonok, Mr. Pu, Voldemar, etc.

Hey, don't film us! Enough!

Yes, good! Don't be a shame! You'll also post it on YouTube...

Men understand that this is all abnormal. And unfair, shameful.

I would also like to ask you, dear Putins and Medvedevs. What did the Reserve Fund of the Russian Federation spend on? For these rail inserts? Geyropa is to blame, the States... for what? Is it that people don't have a way to get to work? That the only store is a train that derails? Are you even out of your mind to pursue such a policy? And what are you growing there in the Kremlin to talk such nonsense at your speeches? And the Jews, by the way, have nothing to do with it either. They also defended their homeland.

The worst thing is that there is no end to this. That these photos can be posted endlessly. In batches from year to year. Not only from case to case, but also consistently, moving around Russia from place to place. Photos of abandoned churches, dispossessed villages, upturned virgin lands, cities razed to the ground by bombing. And now - extinct villages, destroyed biological resources. It’s not even a pattern, but some kind of obscurantism. God, why, why are you giving Russia such gifts? First as criminals, and now also as idiots. And it’s not clear who is worse. There was direct genocide, now it is indirect.

About the voter strike.

Distances in a straight line from Moscow to a number of large cities in Russia and the Near Abroad, I implemented a long-standing idea and calculated for each region of Russia the regional center (or city of regional subordination), the most geographically distant from the administrative center of the region. Distances everywhere, again, in a straight line, and not along roads, since with calculations based on roads, the selection will not be entirely objective: somewhere along the shortest route there is a road of poor quality (and because of this it will take longer to travel along it), and in some places (a number of regions of the Far and not quite North) there are no roads at all. In general, the picture turned out like this:

Yakutia: Chersky (1620 km from Yakutsk)
Krasnoyarsk Territory: Dudinka (1530 km)
Khabarovsk Territory: Okhotsk (1320 km)
Kamchatka Territory: Kamenskoye (1140 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky)
Sakhalin region: Severo-Kurilsk (1070 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk); in the conventionally mainland part (regardless of the fact that this is also an island) - Okha (740 km)
Irkutsk region: Erbogachen (1030 km)
Arkhangelsk region: Belushya Guba (919 km); in the mainland - Ilyinsko-Podomskoye (536 km); if you count with the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Iskateley (667 km)
Komi: Vorkuta (905 km from Syktyvkar)
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Krasnoselkup (720 km from Salekhard)
Buryatia: Taximo (690 km from Ulan-Ude)
Tomsk region: Strezhevoy (638 km)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: Pevek (636 km from Anadyr)
Trans-Baikal Territory: Chara (623 km from Chita)
Amur region: Tynda (573 km from Blagoveshchensk)
Magadan region: Evensk (528 km)
Karelia: Loukhi (485 km from Petrozavodsk)
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: Raduzhny (465 km from Khanty-Mansiysk)
Primorsky Krai: Terney (432 km from Vladivostok)
Sverdlovsk region: Ivdel (430 km from Ekaterinburg)
Novosibirsk region: Kyshtovka (430 km)
Orenburg region: Svetly (415 km)
Vologda region: Veliky Ustyug (398 km)
Kostroma region: Bogovarovo (381 km)
Altai Territory: Burla (362 km from Barnaul)
Bashkortostan: Akyar (352 km from Ufa)
Tyumen region: Sladkovo (349 km); if you count the districts, Tazovsky (1330 km)
Omsk region: Ust-Ishim (335 km)
Rostov region: Zavetnoye (320 km)
Tuva: Mugur-Aksy (315 km from Kyzyl)
Chelyabinsk region: Bredy (314 km)
Kemerovo region: Tashtagol (311 km)
Tatarstan: Bavly (303 km from Kazan)
Saratov region: Perelub (301 km)
Volgograd region: Uryupinsk (295 km)
Altai: Kosh-Agach (289 km from Gorno-Altaisk)
Perm region: Gayny (278 km)
Kirov region: Vyatskie Polyany (276 km)
Pskov region: Usvyati (273 km)
Tver region: Toropets (266 km)
Novgorod region: Pestovo (264 km)
Murmansk region: Umba (260 km)
Kalmykia: Lagan (258 km from Elista)
Astrakhan region: Akhtubinsk (257 km)
Nizhny Novgorod region: Tonshaevo (244 km)
Stavropol Territory: Neftekumsk (241 km)
Leningrad region: Podporozhye (240 km from St. Petersburg)
Dagestan: Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk (238 km from Makhachkala)
Voronezh region: Kantemirovka (223 km)
Smolensk region: Gagarin (206 km)
Bryansk region: Zlynka (202 km)
Ulyanovsk region: Pavlovka (198 km)
Kurgan region: Kataysk (196 km)
Crimea: Kerch (190 km from Simferopol)
Jewish Autonomous Region: Amurzet (182 km from Birobidzhan)
Belgorod region: Rovenki (181 km)
Ryazan region: Kadom (177 km)
Krasnodar region: Kushchevskaya (176 km)
Khakassia: Kopyovo (176 km from Abakan)
Mordovia: Tengushevo (171 km from Saransk)
Udmurtia: Yar (170 km from Izhevsk)
Samara region: Klyavlino (170 km)
Penza region: Zemetchino (164 km)
Kaluga region: Betlitsa (161 km)
Moscow region: Serebryanye Prudy (160 km from the center of Moscow)
Chuvashia: Alatyr (149 km from Cheboksary)
Yaroslavl region: Breytovo (142 km)
Oryol region: Long (140 km)
Kaliningrad region: Nesterov (135 km)
Kursk region: Kastornoye (134 km)
Ivanovo region: Yuryevets and Puchezh (133 km, equal)
Lipetsk region: Volovo (132 km)
Tula region: Efremov (123 km)
Vladimir region: Murom (120 km)
Tambov region: Muchkapsky (119 km)
Mari El: Yurino (106 km from Yoshkar-Ola)
Adygea: Takhtamukay (95 km from Maykop)
North Ossetia: Mozdok (78 km from Vladikavkaz)
Karachay-Cherkessia: Pregradnaya (74 km from Cherkessk)
Chechnya: Khimoy (74 km from Grozny)
Kabardino-Balkaria: Tyrnyauz (59 km from Nalchik)
Ingushetia: Dzheirakh (40 km from Magas)
Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Iskateley (borders Naryan-Mar)

The statistics are influenced by two factors in combination: the area of ​​the region combined with the distance of its administrative center from the geographical one: the larger both of them are, the closer the region is to the top of this list (for example, the Tomsk and Kostroma regions and Karelia noticeably jumped up due to location of capitals on the edge). The leaders, quite predictably, are Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - hardly anyone could overtake them, even if Yakutsk and Krasnoyarsk were located in the very center of their regions. And in general, which is quite logical, on average, in the first places are the regions of the Far North and Far East, then Siberia, followed by the Urals and the Russian North, then the Volga region, then the Black Earth Region and Central Russia, and the list is completed by the republics of the North Caucasus - the smallest areas of the country's regions (multinational Dagestan has risen significantly above them). It’s strange, but in last place is quite the region of the Far North, but this is already the cost of administrative division - Iskateley, in fact, is just a suburb of Naryan-Mar.

Among the regions of the European part of the country, the Arkhangelsk region is in first place: if you count not only the mainland, and if you do not take into account the Arctic archipelagos, then the Komi Republic comes out ahead of it in the European part; Of the regions located beyond the Urals, Khakassia is in last place.

Of the most remote regional centers, 32 are cities, 20 are urban-type settlements, and 30 are rural settlements (villages/towns/stanitsa).

More interesting observations:
Pskov, Tver and Novgorod regions follow each other
The same indicator is in the Novosibirsk and Sverdlovsk regions (the centers of which are, respectively, the third and fourth cities of the country)

P.S. - to be honest, I myself learned about some of these regional centers for the first time.

Not everyone can dare to visit the Far East. This is the most extreme point of the Asian part of Russia. To get here from Moscow, you need to cover more than eight thousand kilometers. Severe frosts and frequent disasters also do not add to the attractiveness of the region. However, the diversity of mineral resources in the Far East prevents it from becoming a forgotten region. What do they mine here? What climatic and geographical conditions are typical for this area?

Geographical position

The Far East covers an area of ​​6169.3 thousand km², which is almost 40% of the entire territory of the country. It is located on the very edge of Eurasia, washed by the Laptev Sea, Chukchi, Japan, Bering, Okhotsk and East Siberian seas. It covers nine territories of the country. Regions of the Russian Far East:

• Kamchatka region.
• Jewish Autonomous Region.
• Sakhalin region.
• Amur region.
• Magadan Region.
• Primorsky Krai.
• Saha Republic.
• Khabarovsk region.
• Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

In addition to mainland lands, it also includes nearby islands, for example, Sakhalin, Commander Islands, and the Kuril Islands. Ratmanov Island is also located here - the easternmost point of the country. It is located 36 kilometers from the shores of Chukotka, very close to the border between America and Russia. On the continent, the Chukotka Cape Dezhnev is considered the easternmost point.

The geographical location of the Far East has made it an important participant in trade and economic relations with neighboring countries. By land it borders with China and Korea, by sea with Japan and the USA. It is separated from Alaska by about a hundred kilometers. It turns out that from here it is much faster to get to other countries than to most cities in Russia.

Climate

The climate of the Far East is not the most comfortable for living. A significant part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Winter and piercing winds reign here. Summer in the Far North can only last a month or two, and January temperatures of -40 degrees are common. In Yakutia it sometimes reaches -60 degrees.

Just 30-40 centimeters from the surface of the earth lies a thick layer of permafrost. This phenomenon is being studied at the Yakut Institute of Permafrost Science. Due to such a close location of the cryozone, houses in the north of the Far East are often located on stilts so that the heat of the buildings does not melt centuries-old ice. However, the weather in the region is very contrasting. Summer is quite warm, and sometimes hot - up to 30-40 degrees.

The climate of the Far East depends on its proximity to the sea. Within the region it is continental. With cold winters, warm summers and relative dryness. The ocean brings humidity to the islands and coastal areas, and with it endless snowfalls and frequent rains. In Kamchatka, snowdrifts grow up to several meters.

In the Primorsky Territory the climate is very mild, monsoon. Its winters have little snow, but at any time of the year there are typhoons and cyclones. Fog and heavy rain often occur in summer.

Natural conditions

Due to its proximity to the North Pole, it can be assumed that the flora and fauna of the Far East are sparse. However, here too, nature found a place to turn around. In the northernmost regions, she put all her strength into the ocean. Blue and bowhead whales, sperm whales, porpoises, beluga whales, dolphins, walruses and seals swim in the coastal waters. On land, an arctic desert zone has developed, visited only by polar bears.

A little further south the tundra begins. Permafrost does not allow roots to develop, so mainly shrubs and dwarf trees grow here. This area is rich in blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, mushrooms, all kinds of mosses and lichens. Rodents, foxes, and martens live here.

The low-growing tundra is replaced by taiga. Larch, spruce, fir, and pine trees grow in it. Forests stretch in the south of the region. The mild and humid climate provides the greatest natural diversity here. Here you can find: Amur tiger, sika deer, black bear, antelope, squirrels, otters, sables.

Land of hills and volcanoes

The richness of the Far East in mineral resources is due to its geological structure and topography. The region is located at the junction of two lithospheric plates, which is why its surface is covered by many mountain ranges and hills. The plains represent only a small part.

Older mountains are located in the west; to the east they are replaced by younger formations. It wasn't just the Earth's platforms that worked on the local landscape. They were formed by the ocean, as well as glaciers, which left behind punishments, troughs, and moraine ridges.

In the south of the Far East there are mainly low mountains, plains and hills. The coast is indented with bays and bays. In the northern part, along with steep mountains, there are hundreds of volcanoes. This is a very turbulent area, with frequent earthquakes, eruptions and tsunamis.

Fossil fuels

Combustible or fuel and energy resources are not the main mineral resources of the Far East. But this does not mean at all that they do not exist. It's just that the region is better known for its rich deposits of metals and minerals.

Oil production in the Far East began at the beginning of the 20th century. It was discovered on Sakhalin Island much earlier than deposits in Siberia, and the first tower became operational in 1910. And while land reservoirs have been in use for a long time, their development in the shelf area is just beginning. Among other regions of the country, Sakhalin ranks approximately 7th in terms of natural gas reserves and 13th in terms of the amount of oil. Nine deposits have been discovered on the shelf alone, in the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk. About 34 deposits have been found in Yakutia.

Coal is found much more often in the Far East. Throughout the region, its production is about 42.3 million tons. There are coal reserves in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and near the Gulf of Anadyr. Its deposits are developed on the Bureya River in the Khabarovsk Territory, South Yakutia, they are also found in Chukotka and near Magadan. According to rough estimates, coal reserves in the Far East should last for another 250 years.

Non-metallic minerals

The Far East is a real treasure trove of Russia. Its territory contains huge reserves of non-metallic minerals. To date, 29 of their deposits have been found. The main minerals of the Far East: apatites, diamonds, garnets, agates, amethysts, staurolites, spars.

Of course, the region has more than just precious and semi-precious stones. There are significant reserves of sulfur, graphite, asbestos, vermiculite, magnesite, gypsum and rock salt here.

There are deposits of colored and precious stones in all regions of the Far East, except for the Jewish Autonomous Region. Their greatest diversity is observed in the Primorsky Territory (agate, adamnite, garnet, calcite, galena, quartz, opal, rose quartz, fluorite, magnetite, lomonite, etc.) and Yakutia (vesuvianite, bathisite, quartz, limonite, kesterite, diopside , charoite, elite). The Republic of Sakha is famous for its diamonds. In total, about 47 deposits have been discovered.

Metal ores

Metals also occupy a place of honor among the mineral resources of the Far East. The total number of their deposits is 657. Only in Yakutia are they mined uranium and iron ores, antimony, silver, placer gold, tungsten, tin, zinc and lead.

Vanadium, lithium, platinum, uranium, yttrium, and germanium are mined in Primorye. In addition, the region has deposits of copper, chromium, mercury, titanium, magnesium and valuable rare earth metals.

Gold in the Far East is represented in seven regions; in total there are about 15 gold-mining regions in Russia. Approximately 45% of this resource is in the Far East. The region can confidently be called the “golden capital” of the country.

Particularly large deposits were found in the Chukotka District, Yakutia, Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Magadan regions. The Chukotka Kupol field is considered one of the most promising. It contains about 65 tons of gold and approximately 1800 tons of silver.

Conclusion

The Far East is the most remote region of Russia. It has beautiful landscapes consisting of hills and smoking volcanoes, between which there are small plains. Due to its marginal geographical location, harsh climate and frequent disasters, most of its territories in the north are very sparsely populated. Recently, the Far East has turned into one of the most depopulating regions.

Nevertheless, it is unlikely to face complete devastation. Due to the terrain features, the area is rich in resources. A variety of mineral resources are found in almost every region and region of the Far East. In terms of oil, coal, gold and diamond reserves, the region is among the most promising in Russia.

The strategic direction of the country's development is to carry out economic reforms in order to select and consolidate economic mechanisms adequate to market transformations. The past time has shown that the country has not yet managed to create effective organizational and economic levers for the interest of organizations and workers in economic growth.

There are many reasons for this. The reform of agricultural enterprises was carried out using management methods inherent in the old economic system. The transition to new forms of ownership and management in rural areas is carried out without taking into account the specific socio-economic conditions of the functioning of individual enterprises. As a result, the volume of agricultural production and the resource potential of all agricultural production have decreased everywhere.

The emerging trends in overcoming the crisis require further in-depth research. At the present stage, it is necessary to create conditions not only for stabilization, but also for the subsequent transition of agricultural production to a strategy of sustainable economic growth, to strengthen the role of the entire economic mechanism so that it most fully meets new approaches to reform, to reorient the system of state support and the activities of self-government bodies towards increasing the efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy.

An analysis of the development of agricultural enterprises over the years of economic reforms shows that the farms in the deepest regions of the republics and regions, as well as production formations remote from regional centers, found themselves in the most difficult situation. Even in the Soviet period, they were distinguished by a weaker economy, low recruitment rate, worse road and transport conditions, social infrastructure, etc. Until now, when carrying out economic reforms, the specific location of rural commodity producers, natural, climatic and economic conditions have not been fully taken into account production and delivery of finished products to the consumer. All agricultural enterprises and organizations are in an unequal position among themselves and with other industries.

Therefore, it is necessary to develop regulations and recommendations for reforming production in deep regions and ensuring their sustainable development. The strategic goal of agrarian reform is to replace administrative management methods with predominantly economic ones based on market laws. This means a change in the role of the state, a reduction in the scale of state ownership, and the formation of a system in which the commodity producer directly becomes an interested and responsible subject of the economy. To create a market environment, it was necessary to create a multi-structured economy in the countryside. At the same time, it is necessary to develop a methodology for generalizing the practice of reform and move on to the theoretical prerequisites for adjusting agrarian reforms.

Only a policy based on the distribution of limited resources in priority areas and stimulation of intensive production can radically change the situation in the country's economy. The most pressing issue remains, in our opinion, the problem of structural restructuring of the economy, as well as related issues of increasing efficiency and the level of intensification of social production. The market is not an end in itself, but only a way to solve pressing development problems. Moreover, market relations must function in optimal interaction with other elements of the system of socio-economic regulation, and above all with forms of state regulation and management.

Market mechanisms themselves are inertial, therefore, relying only on market principles, it is impossible to carry out structural transformations to bring the economy to an intensive mode of development in a short period of time. In the process of forming a developed infrastructure and an optimal structure of forms of ownership, it is necessary to search for our own, non-traditional ways to solve the current economic situation. At the same time, one should not deny the vast experience accumulated in the country in the field of managing the national economy under the previous economic system and the corresponding developments of economists. Currently, the economy of any country cannot function only on the basis of the classical market model. The state must take on the function of an economic reformer and solve the problem of the optimal balance between market and state management methods. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the role of centralized management measures.

Considering that the basis for the formation of a market economy is a fundamental change in property relations, it is advisable to study the problem of creating rational structures in the agricultural sector of the economy and their use in the analysis of transitional socio-economic processes, and to develop theoretical principles of sustainable economic growth. Much of the crisis in the economy, especially the agricultural one, is explained by the “difficulties of the transition period to market relations.” In our opinion, it would be more correct to set goals and objectives for building a highly developed economy using market management methods. In this case, it is advisable to take into account the principles of: the optimal balance between planned state and spontaneous market methods of economic regulation; optimal structure of business forms; rational relationship and combination of economic systems and elements that must interact as a single whole. Therefore, we propose combining all these principles into one common one - rational management.

One of the most important problems that must be taken into account during the transition period remains the level of stability of the economic system and the stability of its elements, and this is associated with solving the problem of choosing criteria and assessing normal and negative socio-economic processes and conditions. We have developed proposals for assessing the sustainability of business models. The following coefficients are used: property (real estate); borrowed money; absolute liquidity and others (depending on the objectives and purposes of the assessment) and their threshold values. We used these methodological approaches in assessing the financial and economic state of the economy of rural regions and agricultural formations located on their territory.

Attention is focused on the features of the processes of reforming the agricultural sector in regions of different levels of development and location, the methodological basis of which is the provisions based on the results of generalizing the theory of problems of sustainable development. Theoretical conclusions and proposals are accepted as conceptual provisions for the strategy of agrarian reforms in the future and specific recommendations for the conditions of rural areas and agricultural enterprises.

A characteristic feature of the transition period is the high level of variability and uncertainty of the organizational and economic environment. It intensified many times due to the fact that all economic entities in the country were placed on equal terms without taking into account their location, the state of the economy and differences in business conditions. The features and possibilities of extracting differential rent I and II, absolute or monopoly rent are not taken into account, which is a violation of the laws of functioning of agricultural production. Agricultural enterprises located in deep rural areas found themselves in more difficult conditions compared to others. In such an environment, management and organization of production become significantly more complicated, and the degree of risk increases. That is why a significant part of bankrupt farms ended up in such areas. This implies the need for a more thorough study of the economy of deep rural regions, their agricultural formations, the search for non-standard solutions, and methods for managing socio-economic processes to ensure the sustainability of production systems.

“Deep region”, “deep rural area” are relative concepts. The criteria for classifying regions as “deep” may be different in Yakutia, the Krasnodar Territory, the Urals, etc. Much depends on the goals of the study. For example, in the Udmurt Republic, in the scientific literature devoted to the study of economic processes, the central, northern, southern and southwestern agricultural production zones are distinguished as being of the same type in terms of production conditions, location and specialization. In general, the Udmurt Republic belongs to the industrially developed region of the country, the structure of the economy of which is dominated by industrial production, which is technologically not related to the agro-industrial complex. The classification of a region as industrially developed is influenced by such indicators as the distribution of the employed population, the share of fixed production assets, the structure of production, etc. In agricultural regions, on the contrary, the values ​​of these indicators are typical in favor of agriculture and other sectors of the agro-industrial complex. Meanwhile, in any region, industrially developed or agricultural, administrative regions have developed geographically and economically where one or another production predominates, influencing the potential development opportunities for the future. Deep rural regions are located relatively far from industrial centers and are mainly agricultural.

The most economically backward in recent years have been the areas that we classify as deep (except for Vavozhsky). Identification of regions according to their development, location, influence of factors of remoteness from industrial centers and the study of socio-economic processes in them have become especially necessary due to the deterioration of their financial condition, and in some cases, the bankruptcy of many agricultural enterprises located in these areas.

As can be seen from table. 2 indicators for individual deep rural areas vary, but in most cases they are lower than for the republic as a whole. Our analysis of time series by year (starting from 1990) shows that the greatest decline in agricultural production occurred precisely in these areas, although according to data on land fertility in the Grakhovsky, Karakulinsky, Kiyasovsky districts, the quality of land here is higher than on average for the republic.

In this regard, we have given proposals on the concept of improving agrarian reforms, which represent a system of methodological provisions on institutional transformations and organizational and economic measures that ensure: the development and implementation of strategic goals of the transition to a regulated market economy as a guideline for achieving the ultimate goal of reforms - increasing material and cultural standard of living of the population; consistent creation of full-fledged markets for agricultural and agro-industrial products, goods and services for the agro-industrial complex with elements of state regulation of inter-industrial and inter-industry interaction of market entities from the position of parity of interests; implementation of effective agricultural, industrial, budget and investment policies for the integrated development of the production and social spheres of deep rural areas; selection of priorities and implementation of measures to eliminate imbalances and stabilize agricultural production.

In a new way, we pose the question of directions for continuing agrarian reforms, which is associated with the implementation of the policy of evolutionary entry into market relations: identifying priorities, expanding forms of ownership and management, taking into account the diversity of production conditions, including agro-industrial associations; creation of a network of agroservice enterprises with state participation; increasing the contribution of private farms on the basis of broad cooperation and integration with other agricultural enterprises; implementing deep transformation based on high technology and mobile small and medium-sized enterprises; ensuring the social orientation of ongoing reforms in rural areas.

As effective mechanisms of state regulation, the following are advisable: widespread use of forms of lending on a repayable and paid basis; rationalization of the use of budget funds for industrial investments; transition from a predominantly fiscal system to one that stimulates economic activity and progressive structural changes; more complete implementation of the functions of taxation of land resources.