The number of pensioners in Russia. An aging planet: retirement numbers threaten the global economy Urbanization is

3.17. The 1989 census covered:

A) 25% of the country's population; B) 50% of the country's population;

C) 100% of the country's population.

3.18. The data on the population of the Earth is obtained as a result of:

A) polling citizens; B) population census;

C) questionnaires; D) collection of signatures.

Topic 4. Population movement, its forms and types.

Demographic analysis methods

4.1. The total fertility rate is:

A) fertility of real cohorts of women, tracked year after year;

B) the number of live births among unmarried women per 1000 women of reproductive age;

C) the ratio of the number of live births and during the calendar year to the average annual population in ppm (% o).

4.2. The general rate of natural growth is:

A) the difference in the total fertility and mortality rates;

B) the ratio of the number of events in the population to the average population;

C) the ratio of the absolute values ​​of growth to the population at the beginning of the period for which it is calculated.

4.3. The crude death rate is:

A) the ratio of the number of deaths during the calendar year to the average annual number;

B) the ratio of the number of deaths at a given age during a calendar year to the average annual number of persons of a given age;

C) the ratio of the number of deaths under the age of one year from those born in the year for which the coefficient is calculated.

4.4. The crude marriage rate is:

A) the ratio of the number of all registered marriages for a certain period to the average population of the marriageable age;

B) the ratio of the number of all marriages for a certain period to the average number for this period;

C) everything is not correct.

4.5. In most countries of the world, natural movement is characterized by:

A) natural growth; B) natural decline.

... Which group has a large share in the age structure of the population:

A) children from 0 to 14 years old; B) adults from 15 to 59 years old;

C) elderly people over 60 years old.

... The largest number of elderly people (over 60 years old) are distinguished by the following countries:

A) CIS; B) Western Europe; B) Latin America.

4.8. The measure of population reproduction, equal to the ratio of the annual number of births (or the total fertility rate) to the annual number of deaths (or the general mortality rate):

4.9. Generalizing characteristics of population reproduction, calculated as the ratio of the child rate in the real population to a similar indicator of the stationary population:

A) UN index; B) Miers index;

C) vitality index; D) replacement index.

4.10. An indicator that measures age accumulation for ages ending in any digit:

A) UN index; B) Miers index;

C) vitality index; D) replacement index.

4.11. The system of demographic indices, which makes it possible to assess the influence of marriage and reproductive behavior on the value of the total fertility rate:

A) Cole's indices; B) Pirp index;

4.12. Indicator that measures the mortality rate of children aged 0-5 or 0-14 years old or 1-14 years old:

A) the coefficient of childbirth; B) infant mortality rate;

B) Tray coefficient.

4.13. True rate of natural growth:

A) the Lotka coefficient; B) the birth rate for the cohort;

C) all together.

4.14. A graph depicting inequality in the distribution of a good (income, health, etc.):

A) Lexus mesh; B) Lorentz curve;

C) Litor component; D) logistic curve.

4.15. Consensual marriage:

A) religious marriage;

B) a customary marriage entered into without the necessary legal or religious formalization;

C) cohabitation;

4.16. The following forms of marriage exist in the Russian Federation:

A) church (confessional);

B) civil (registered);

C) civil consensual (not legally formalized);

D) guest marriage;

E) all together.

4.17. Unit of measure for coefficients in demography:

A) percentage; B) ppm; B) a person; D) a person per 1 km 2.

4.18. Divorce:

A) termination of marriage; B) divorce; C) all together;

4.19. Marital status of the population:

A) widows; B) divorced;

C) dispersed, but not divorced; D) all together.

Topic 5. Urbanization and features of settlement of the population of Russia

5.1. The population explosion is inherent in:

A) all countries of the world; B) developed countries.

5.2. The male population predominates in the countries:

A) Russia and Iran; B) Canada and Saudi Arabia;

C) Germany and France.

5.3. The main indicator of the level of urbanization is:

A) the number of large cities;

B) the ratio of urban and rural population;

C) the population of urban agglomerations.

5.4. The main reasons for the high population density in the countries of South and Southeast Asia are:

A) exceptionally favorable natural conditions;

B) engaging in labor-intensive agriculture.

C) a high level of industrial development.

... The first place in the world in terms of the absolute number of citizens is occupied by:

A) Russia; B) China; IN USA; D) Indonesia.

... The main reasons for population growth are:

A) high fertility; B) low mortality;

C) excess of birth rate over mortality.

... Distribute the countries of the world as the proportion of the urban population decreases:

A) Brazil; B) Poland; C) Kuwait; D) Zaire.

5.8. The formation of multinational states is primarily due to:

A) the history of settlement and development of territories;

B) the economic development of states;

C) internal migration of the population.

The most populated land areas are located:

A) in the center of the continents; B) on the coast.

The dynamics of the number can be determined by:

A) map; B) statistical tables and graphs.

Urbanization is:

A) the process of urban growth;

B) migration of the rural population to the city;

C) growth in the population of a country or region.

5.12. Is it true that there are 13 “millionaire cities” in the Russian Federation?

A) yes; B) no.

5.13. What are the cities that are not millionaires:

A) Moscow; B) St. Petersburg; C) Samara;

D) Omsk; E) Tyumen; E) Ufa;

G) Khabarovsk.

Topic 6. Migration processes in the world, Russia and the Tyumen region

6.1. A Russian citizen left to live permanently in Portugal, and a citizen of Kazakhstan came to live in Russia. Who are these people?

I. For Russia, a Kazakhstani: II. For Kazakhstan, a Kazakhstani:

A) migrant; A) migrant;

B) an emigrant; B) an emigrant;

C) an immigrant. C) an immigrant.

III. For Russia, the Russian: IV. For Portugal, the Russian:

A) migrant; A) migrant;

B) an emigrant; B) an emigrant;

C) an immigrant. C) an immigrant.

6.2. Population density is calculated:

A) as a quotient from dividing the population by the size of the area on which it settles;

B) as a quotient from dividing the economically active population by the size of the occupied territory;

C) as a quotient from dividing the population by the size of the agricultural area on which it settles.

The mechanical movement of the population is:

A) migration; B) reproduction.

On the map of the national composition of the population, you can determine the distribution areas:

A) world religions; B) peoples and language families;

C) urban population.

The spread of Islam across the Earth was primarily associated with:

A) the seizure of territory; B) trade;

C) the First World War.

Is it possible to judge the level of economic development of the country by the population density:

A) yes; B) no.

Generation length is:

A) the average time interval separating the generations of parents and children;

B) the time elapsed from the moment of birth until the moment of the census or survey.

Population in which migration is either absent or has insignificant volumes:

A) urban population; B) closed population;

C) permanent population.

The period from birth to a particular moment in life is:

A) age; B) generation.

The form of relations between a man and a woman sanctioned and regulated by society is:

B) the marriage rate of first marriages;

C) family planning.

Population in which migration is a significant component of population change (in terms of size and structure):

A) closed population; B) open population;

C) economically active population.

Topic 7. Reproduction of the population

7.1. The first theory of population in history was published in 1798 by Thomas Malthus (1768-1834) in his work "Experience on the law of population in connection with the future improvement of society", which proves that:

A) the population is growing in an arithmetic progression, and livelihoods - in a geometric progression;

B) the world's population is decreasing and there may be a threat of denoculation;

C) the population of the globe is growing faster than the funds for its provision increase.

7.2. Population growth is:

a) the sum of the size of the population at the beginning of the period and the average annual growth rate;

b) the difference between the values ​​of the population at the beginning and end of the period.

7.3 The distribution of people making up the population by groups (ordered parts) in accordance with the meaning of a particular attribute is:

A) the structure of the population; B) the composition of the population;

C) population size; D) all together.

7.4. In accordance with three types of age structures of the population: a young population, an aging population, a very old decreasing population, it is possible to distinguish modes of population reproduction:

Reproduction rate, which shows the number of girls that, on average, one woman gives birth to in her entire life:

A) gross coefficient; B) net coefficient.

The distribution of the population by social group is:

A) the social composition of the population; B) the ethnic composition of the population.

Thomas Malthus created the theory:

A) the theory of the population optimum; B) theory of overpopulation;

C) the concept of insufficient population.

T. Malthus believed that special obstacles would curb and stop the force of reproduction, return the population to the level of means of subsistence:

A) moral restraint; B) vice;

C) misfortune; D) all together.

7.9. The main reasons for the rapid increase in population in the last decade are:

A) a sharp increase in the birth rate; B) decrease in mortality.

Secondary sex ratio:

A) the ratio of adult men and women aged 15 to 60 years;

B) the ratio of boys and girls among newborns (105 boys per 100 girls).

A cohort is:

A) a group of people experiencing the same events in the same period;

B) a group of people experiencing the same events at different times.

7.12. The term used to designate a system of types of population reproduction:

A) population explosion; B) demographic transition;

C) demographic policy.

Topic 8 Ethnogenesis and its main forms. Ethnic stereotype and ethnic image. Ethnic images of the peoples of the world

... The rarest type of unifying ethnogenetic process:

A) ethnic conversion; B) ethnic mixing;

C) ethnic fusion.

... Ethnogenesis is:

A) the process of the origin of peoples;

B) the process of strengthening the role of ethnic consolidation;

C) all together.

... Ethnic fusion is:

A) the unifying process of ethnogenesis;

B) the separative process of ethnogenesis;

C) all together.

... Forms of ethnic division in the process of ethnogenesis:

A) ethnic fractionation; B) ethnic assimilation;

C) ethnic hyporation; D) all together.

Ethnicity (people) is a historically established stable community of people and the ethnic composition of the population shows the structure of modern states according to the following scheme:

A) mono-national, bi-national, many national;

B) mono-national, poly-confessional, three-national;

C) None of the schemes are correct.

8.6. Phase of old age of an ethnic group:

A) inertial phase; B) obscuration; C) akmatic.

8.7. Ethnogenesis according to Gumilev:

A) the process of obtaining a one-time supply of energy after an outburst of cosmic radiation and wasting it in the course of the development of ethnogenesis;

B) balance with nature (homeostasis);

C) passionarity.

8.8. A person with an increased desire for action:

A) passionary; B) subpassionary; C) lulenen.

8.9. A person who is unable to perceive even the norms of energy necessary for full adaptation to the environment:

A) passionate; B) subpassionary; C) an individual.

8.10. Phase, in the concept of ethnogenesis by L.N. Gumilyov, when the passionarim is replaced by subpassionarians, in Europe this is the period of the Reformation, Counter-Reformation:

A) akmatic phase; B) the phase is subdued; B) phase of fracture.

Topic 9. Ethnic images of the peoples of the world

9.1. The process of appearance and evolution of primitive people:

A) ethnogenesis; B) anthropogenesis; C) rasogenesis.

9.2. Race origin process:

A) anthropogenesis; B) ethnogenesis; C) rasogenesis; D) depopulation.

9.3. This people is an adherent of discipline and order:

A) Russians; B) the British; C) the Germans;

E) Chinese; E) the Japanese; D) the French.

9.4. Adherents of ideas, emotions, heightened sensitivity, rich imagination are inherent:

A) Russians; B) the British; C) the Germans; D) the French;

E) Chinese; E) the Japanese.

9.5. This nation is remarkable for its amazing collectivity in the group in which it is included. The interests of the group, the collective are always at the forefront. The brightest adherents of the national idea:

9.6. The overwhelming majority of this people live within their historical homeland. Main features: philanthropy, tolerance, hospitality; hospitality:

A) Russians; B) the British; C) the French;

D) the Japanese; E) Chinese; E) Ukrainians.

9.7. These people are hardworking, patient and hardy. He is characterized by such qualities as composure, endurance, calmness, dedication. Within this people, discipline is tough, a high degree of dependence of the individual on the group:

A) Russians; B) the British; C) the French;

9.8. A people devoid of absolutely any kind of nationalism:

A) Russians; B) the British; C) the French;

D) Chinese; E) the Japanese; E) Belarusians.

9.9. They never look the other person in the eye:

A) Russians; B) the Japanese; C) the Chinese; D) Arabs.

... Surprisingly freedom-loving people, with all their slavish obedience, "- the Americans - said about:

A) the Germans; B) Ukrainians; C) Russians; D) the Chinese.

9.11. The merit of the Russian scientist P.P. Semenov Tyan-Shanskiy is that:

A) held a seminar in St. Petersburg on demographic problems;

B) conducted the first and only census in 1897 of the Russian Empire.

Topic 10. Demographic forecasting

10.1. The population of the Earth is (billion people):

A) 6; B) 10; IN 2.

10.2. Practical application of demographic knowledge in business, marketing:

A) demographics; B) demographic grid;

C) demographic revolution.

10.3. The number of people included in this family household and related to each other by relations of marriage, parenthood or kinship:

A) the size of the household; B) the size of the marriage; C) the size of the family.

10.4. The process of studying the change of generations of people and the factors that determine it:

A) demographics; B) return accumulation;

C) demographic analysis.

10.5. The age structure of the population with a high proportion of elderly people and a low proportion of children is characteristic of countries:

A) developed; B) developing.

10.6. Mortality in women due to pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (within 6 weeks after childbirth):

A) maternal mortality; B) neonatal mortality;

C) everything is wrong.

10.7. Population distribution by different age groups:

A) the sex structure of the population;

B) the age structure of the population;

C) the age and sex structure of the population;

D) age accumulation.

10.8. Graph (histogram) illustrating the age-sex distribution of the population:

A) age-sex pyramid;

B) age-sex structure of the population;

C) Lorentz curve.

10.9. Systematic population decline:

A) population explosion; B) depopulation;

C) population reproduction.

10.10. Increase in the proportion of older people in the population:

A) the aging of the nation; B) population growth; C) depopulation.

Topic 11. Demographic policy, its relationship

with socio-economic policy

11.1. Generation is:

A) a set of people born in a certain period;

B) the offspring of a married couple or married couples on the degree of relationship;

C) a knee, a step in the line of kinship between two relatives in a straight line;

D) all together.

A cohort is:

A) the composition of the population by one-year age groups;

B) a set of people who had a demographic event in the same period of time;

D) all together.

Demographic aging is:

A) changes in the age and sex structure of the population (the ratio of men and women);

B) an increase in the proportion of the population under the age of 55-65;

C) an increase in the share of the older population.

In accordance with three types of age structures of the population: a young population, an aging population, a very old decreasing population, it is possible to distinguish modes of population reproduction:

A) expanded reproduction; B) simple reproduction;

D) narrowed reproduction; D) all together.

Demographic policy is:

A) a set of measures aimed at regulating the population size;

B) activities aimed at studying natural population growth.

The coefficient characterizing the ratio of the socially inactive population to the able-bodied population is:

A) the Lotka coefficient; B) the coefficient of childbirth;

B) the dependency ratio.

What will be the population of the world and its regions according to UN estimates for the future until 2050 (billion people)?

A) 9.3; B) 6.8; B) 25; D) 18.

11.8. Population of the Russian Federation in 2050:

A) 165 million people; B) 104 million people;

C) 82 million people; D) 216 million people

Population of China in 2050:

A) 1572 million people; B) 1270 million people;

C) 1462 million people; D) 980 million people

Population of the USA in 2050:

A) 283 million people; B) 180 million people;

C) 450 million people; D) 397 million people

The largest country in the world in 2050:

A) India; B) China; IN USA; D) Russia

Factors affecting human health:

A) natural; B) anthropogenic; C) all together.

Causes of ethnic conflicts:

A) territorial recessions;

B) the struggle for resources;

C) the desire to change the status of local elites;

D) historical memory.

11.14. Mass statistical process of childbirth in the aggregate of people making up a generation:

A) mortality; B) nuptiality; C) fertility; D) cohort.

Topics of reports

The history of the development of demography as a science.

Problems of the relationship between socio-economic and demographic processes in modern literature (review).

The problem of the development of health care and social security in the context of an aging population (regional aspect).

Demographic forecast in the region.

Socio-economic and demographic functions of the modern family.

Analysis of unemployment in the region

Impact of migration on the natural movement of the population of the region.

Impact of migration on the development of productive forces and the economy of the country and the region.

Regional demographic policy. Its socio-demographic conditioning.

Modern economic and demographic problems of the Tyumen region.

Features of the methodology of demographic forecasting at the regional level.

Analysis of the family composition of the population of the Tyumen region.

Migration connections of the Tyumen region.

Employment of women: socio-demographic aspect.

Modern trends in fertility in the country and in the Tyumen region.

Regional features of the formation of labor resources.

Birth control in Russia and other countries.

Small peoples of the north in the Tyumen region.

Certification and registration of the population in Russia.

Test questions

Object and subject of demography. The place of demography in the population knowledge system.

Development of the science of "demography". Branches of demography. The history of the formation of demography.

Demography tasks. Demographic methods.

Population census: goals, objectives, principles.

A Brief History of Population Censuses. Microcensus of the population.

Current registration of the population.

Population size as an instant indicator. Population size: permanent, cash, temporary. Average annual population. Population dynamics.

Dynamics and forecast of the population of the world, Russia, region. Economic aspects of population growth.

Sex structure of the population. Age structure of the population. Factors affecting the sex and age structure of the population. Age and sex structure of the population. Age-sex pyramid and its construction.

Territorial differences in the sex and age structure of the population in the world, Russia, and the region.

Marital structure of the population. Marriages and divorces. Dynamics of marriage and divorce rates.

Family and household. The main functions of the family. The essence of the family as the main cell of population reproduction. The family structure of the population and the history of its development.

Ethnic and confessional composition of the population. Distinctive and characteristic features of the national composition of the population of Russia and its regions.

Economic, educational, social composition of the population and trends in their change in the world and in Russia.

Settlement structure of the population. Urban and rural population. Population density. Urbanization level.

Types of demographic indicators: absolute and relative.

Calculation of the average population and general rates of vital movement of the population: fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage and divorce rate. Advantages and disadvantages of vital rates.

Fertility rates: special fertility rate, age-specific fertility rates, marital fertility rates, total fertility rates. Advantages and disadvantages of population fertility indicators.

The dynamics of the birth rate in economically developed and developing countries. The dynamics of the birth rate in Russia and the region.

The theory of demographic transition. Fertility factors. Fertility analysis methods.

Reproductive behavior of the population.

Mortality as the most important demographic characteristic. Characteristics of general, special and particular indicators of mortality. Infant mortality.

Probabilistic life tables.

The value and calculation of the average life expectancy.

The similarities and differences between the growth and reproduction of the population. General rate of natural growth.

Calculation of the total fertility rate required to ensure zero population growth.

Gross and net rates, the true rate of natural population growth.

Migration policy. Types and forms of migration. Dependence of migration on socio-economic changes in the country and its regions. Impact of migration on the demographic structure of the country's population. Migration as one of the most important factors in ethnic processes. The economic significance of migration.

The history of population migration in the world and in Russia. General characteristics of migration processes in the world, Russia and its regions.

The main sources of information on population migration. The main indicators of the intensity of migration mobility of the population. Migration balance.

Migration policy in a number of countries, in Russia, in the Region.

Dependence of general demographic characteristics on the age structure of the population.

The interdependence of fertility and mortality. Depreciation rule. Fertility and marriage. Migration and population reproduction.

Economic structure and population movement.

Demographic concepts. Quantitative concepts: early demographic concepts, Malthusianism, concepts of population scarcity, population optimum theory, demographic revolution theory.

Qualitative concepts: racism, organic theory, social mobility theory.

Social and demographic policy: interconnection and differences of goals.

Features of the demographic situation in the world and trends in its change.

Characteristic features of the demographic situation by continent, main historical and geographical regions, groups of countries.

Dynamics of the sex and age composition of the population of Russia and its regions.

Fertility, mortality and trends in their change in Russia and its regions. Changes in fertility and mortality rates in the context of socio-economic transformations. Reproduction of the population of Russia and its regions.

Life expectancy in Russia and its regions.

The problem of gene pool degradation. Economic aspects of changes in the size, structure and quality of the population of Russia and its regions. The quality of the population as the most important component of the development of the country's economy.

Features of the national composition of the population of Russia and its regions.

Features of the religious composition of the population of Russia and its regions.

The family composition of the population of Russia and its regions. State family policy in Russia.

Mechanical movement of the population and its territorial features in Russia.

Purpose and the most important goals of demographic forecasting. The history of demographic forecasting.

The main types of forecasting, classified by time, methods and purposes of their implementation.

Objectives and main methods of normative forecasting.

Population explosion, population stabilization, depopulation of the population.

Population forecasts for the countries of the world and the CIS.

Independent work of students

Independent work, as an important part of the educational process, a form of student self-education, is carried out both within the walls of the university and outside them, under the guidance of a teacher and without him.

For full-time and part-time students, independent work without a teacher involves:

preparation for seminars on the topics formulated in the course content,

preparation for speeches on topics of reports,

preparation for trainings on the topics indicated in the plan

Students' independent work schedule

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Many of the 11th grade students pass the unified state exam in geography, which means that throughout the school year, students work hard to systematize and consolidate the material of the school curriculum. A great way to test your knowledge and learn how to solve tasks of increased complexity is to participate in the Olympiads. We recommend this way of actualizing knowledge to all students.

To prepare for the 11th grade Geography Olympiad, you can use the assignments collected on this page. The presented test and open-ended questions are supplemented with answers and examples of solutions.

Olympiad in Geography Grade 11

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Test tasks

1. The State of Bolivia is located:
A) in central Africa
B) in North America
C) in South America
D) in southeast Asia

2. Countries belong to constitutional monarchies:
A) France, China, Iraq
B) Japan, Norway, UK
C) Italy, India, Canada
D) Armenia, Latvia, Egypt

3. The countries with the largest number of elderly people (over 60 years old) are:
A) CIS
B) Western Europe
B) Latin America
D) North America

4. The region is the main "hot spot" of the world:
A) Europe
B) South America
C) Middle East
D) Australia

5. Indicate the main branch of industry of Foreign Europe:
A) fuel industry
B) ferrous metallurgy
C) mechanical engineering
D) food industry

6. The richest in mineral resources:
A) Russia, USA, Canada, China
B) Japan, Switzerland, UK
C) South Africa, Germany, Norway, UAE
D) China, Mongolia, Turkey, Ukraine.

7. Indicate the largest urban agglomerations in Foreign Europe:
A) Ruhr and Madrid
B) Parisian and Ruhr
C) London and Paris
D) Madrid and London.

8. The largest countries in terms of merchant marine tonnage in the world:
A) Poland and Japan
B) Panama and Liberia
C) Greece and Algeria
D) Norway and Finland

9. Data on the population of the Earth are obtained as a result of:
A) population survey
B) population census
C) questionnaires
D) collecting signatures

10. Which of the following countries is OPEC?
A) Norway
B) Saudi Arabia
C) Canada
D) Kazakhstan

Open questions

Question 1
How much does the local (astronomical or local solar) time differ between the extreme western and eastern points of Africa?
Write down the reasoning and calculations.

Question 2
In some highly developed countries (Japan, Switzerland) the aging of the nation is observed, i.e. the share of older people is increasing. What regions of Russia (constituent entities of the Russian Federation) is this process typical for, what is it associated with?

Question 3
Name the city of South America, the only site of modern civilization included in the list of "World Heritage of Humanity", as conceived by architects L. Costa and O. Niemeira, has the shape of an airplane in its plan.
What's in it:
a) "fuselage",
b) "wings"
c) "cockpit".

Question 4
Identify the country in Europe with the lowest population density (2.7 people per 1 km2) and with a very high proportion of the urban population (92%), in which the male population predominates in the age and sex structure.

Question 5
Name the state bordering Russia in the west, where oil shale and phosphorites are mined and processed, radio and electrical engineering are developed, in agriculture - meat and dairy farming, as well as the fishing industry.
What is the name of the second most populous city of this state, in the past called Dorpat and Yuryev?

Answers to tests

Answers to opening questions

Answer to question 1: The difference in geographic longitude between the extreme points of Africa is 68 °. Considering that every 15 ° difference in longitude is 1 hour, then, dividing 68 by 15, we get 4 hours 32 minutes. A calculation is also possible, where 1 ° of longitude is 4 minutes of time difference, i.e. (68 ° x 4) / 60 minutes in 1 hour = 4 hours 32 minutes.
Answer to question 2: The aging of the nation is observed in the regions of Central Russia in the broad geographical sense of the word (Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Smolensk, Leningrad, Yaroslavl, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod). It is connected, first of all, with a negative natural increase (–13… –11 ‰) and an outflow of the able-bodied population to the capital regions.
Answer to question 3:
City - Brasilia,
in the "fuselage" - there are administrative and public buildings,
in the "wings" - residential areas,
in the "cockpit" - the palaces of the president, the national congress and justice
Answer to question 4: Iceland.
Answer to question 5: Country - Estonia, city - Tartu.

In 37 countries around the world, the number of people aged 60 and over has exceeded the number of children under 15

According to UN experts, the number of people 60 years and older reached almost 705 million in 2007, including 495 million people aged 65 and older and 94 million people 80 years and older. The relative number of the population 60 years and older was 10.7%, 65 years and older - 7.5%, 80 years and older - 1.4%.

To the greatest extent, the process of demographic aging has affected the most developed regions of the world, primarily Europe, and to the least - the least developed countries (Fig. 1). If in the most developed countries live about 18% of all people in the world, then among people 60 years and older - almost 36%, and among people 80 years and older - more than half (51%).

There are significant differences between regions in the relative size of the elderly population. Currently, one fifth of the population of the most developed regions is made up of people aged 60 and over, and by 2050, according to forecast estimates, their share will increase to one third. In less developed regions, the share of elderly people is now only 8%, but by 2050 it will increase to 20%, that is, by the middle of this century, developing countries may reach the stage of demographic aging in which developed countries are now.

Figure 1. Share of the population of older age groups by major regions of the world, 2007,% of the total population

Among the countries of the world, the proportion of the population 60 years and older varies from 1.7% in the UAE to 27.9% in Japan. When ordering the values ​​of this indicator in descending order in 192 countries for 2007, Russia (17.1%) ranks 44th in this row, right after the United States (17.2%). In addition to Japan, Italy (26.4%) and Germany (25.3%) have the highest proportion of older people. In another 24 European countries, it ranges from 20.1% to 24.1% (Fig. 2).

On the other hand, in 2 countries of the world the share of the population 60 years and older in 2007 did not exceed 3% (UAE and Qatar), in 11 - 4%, in 39 countries - 5%.

Figure 2. Share of the population 60 years and older in 192 countries of the world, 2007,% of the total population

The aging index, which shows the ratio of the number of older and younger ages, in the world as a whole was about 39% in 2007 (39 people 60 years and older per 100 people under 15 years old). In the more developed regions of the world, in which the number of older people already in the late 1990s exceeded the number of children, it reached 124, in the less developed countries - 28, in the least developed 12. Among large geographic regions, the aging index exceeds 100% only in Europe (136), while in North America it is 86, in Australia and New Zealand - 93. Africa has the highest proportion of children under 15 years of age - 41.1% - and the lowest proportion of older people - 5.3 % - aging index is 13 (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. The ratio of the number of children and the elderly in the main regions of the world, 2007,% of the total population and the aging index (the number of people 60 years and older per 100 children under 15 years of age)

Among countries in the world, the aging index ranges from 6.6 in Niger to 201 in Japan. Russia occupies 30th place in this row (Fig. 4). In 37 countries of the world, it exceeds the level of 100%, that is, the number of people aged 60 and over is greater than the number of children under 15 years of age. In addition to European countries, this group includes the already mentioned Japan, Hong Kong (Special Autonomous Region of China) and Canada. In Australia, the aging index is 95, in New Zealand and the United States - 84.

In 20 countries of the world, the aging index does not even reach 10 (that is, for 100 children under the age of 15, no more than 10 people 60 and older come there). This group consists mainly of African countries, as well as Afghanistan and the occupied Palestinian territory.

However, in developing countries, population aging is progressing faster than in developed countries. Therefore, developing countries will have less time to adapt to its consequences. In addition, the aging process in developing countries occurs at lower levels of socio-economic development than in developed countries.

Figure 4. Global Aging Index 2007, number of persons aged 60 and over per 100 children under 15 years of age

An important characteristic of the age composition is the median age, which halves the population. In 2007, the median age of the world's population exceeded 28 years, that is, half of humanity was under 28 years old, and the other half were over 28 years old. In Europe, it reached 39 years old, and in Africa and the group of least developed countries it did not exceed 19 years (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Median age of the population of the main regions of the world, 2007, years

The country with the youngest population is Uganda, where the median age is less than 15 years, while the oldest population is Japan, where it is close to 43 years (Fig. 6). In addition to Japan, the median age is over 42 in Italy and Germany, and over 40 in 8 other European countries. Russia occupies 34th place in this row. On the other hand, in 62 countries of the world, half of the population is made up of children and young people under the age of 20.

Drawing. 6. Median age of the population of the countries of the world, 2007, years

Since the life expectancy of women is generally higher than that of men, women predominate in the elderly population. There are currently about 70 million more women than men in the population aged 60 and over. Among people aged 80 and older, there are more of them than men, almost twice, and among centenarians who have crossed the 100-year mark, there are 4-5 times more.

If among the population aged 40-59, women make up about 50%, then in the group of 60 years and older - 55%, 80 years and older - 64%, 100 years and older - 82%. At the same time, the excess of the number of women over the number of men is more pronounced in developed countries as a whole and, in particular, in Europe (Fig. 7).

Lonely older people are at higher risk of social exclusion and economic deprivation and therefore require special support. Due to higher survival rates and lower rates of remarriage, there are more women among older people living alone than men. Globally, the proportion of single women aged 60 and over is 19%, and among men of the same age - only 8%.

Figure 7. Sex ratio in older age groups - 60 years and older, 65 years and older, 80 years and older, 2007, men per 100 women

The older population, in turn, is also aging. Among people aged 60 and over, the share of the oldest age group - 80 years and over - grows most rapidly. Among people aged 60 and over today, one in eight is over 80 (13%), and by 2050, out of every ten older people, about two will be over 80 (20%).

At present, the growth rate of the population of older ages is much faster than the growth rate of the total population: if the total world population increases annually by about 1.1%, then the population of 60 years and older - by 2.6%, 80 years and older - by 3.9% (Fig. 8). The older population is expected to grow at a faster rate than other age groups at least until 2050. This high rate of growth in the elderly population will require profound socio-economic transformations in most countries.

Figure 8. Coefficients of population growth of older ages - 60 years and older, 65 years and older, 80 years and older - by major regions of the world, 2007,%

Sources of:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
World Population Aging 2007. - New York, 2007. -

I option

Instructions for students

40 minutes

Part A

1. The State of Bolivia is located:

a) in central Africa;

b) in North America;

d) in southeast Asia.

2. Countries belong to constitutional monarchies:

a) France, China, Iraq;

b) Japan, Norway, Great Britain;

c) Italy, India, Canada;

d) Armenia, Latvia, Egypt.

3. The largest number of elderly people (over 60 years old) are distinguished by the following countries:

b) Western Europe;

c) Latin America;

d) North America.

4. Select the line where all states have rich forest resources:

a) Russia, Canada, Brazil;

b) Brazil, Japan, Mongolia;

c) Russia, Poland, China;

d) USA, Italy, Algeria.

5. Which of the listed urban agglomerations is the largest in terms of population?

b) London;

d) Mexico City.

6. The main seaport of Foreign Europe is:

a) London;

b) Hamburg;

c) Rotterdam;

7. Indicator of a high level of economic development:

a) population size;

b) GDP per capita;

c) population density;

d) prices for newspapers and magazines.

8. The OPEC organization unites:

a) the countries of the East; c) countries - oil exporters;

b) Asian countries; d) newly industrialized countries.

a) Europe;

b) South America;

c) the Middle East;

d) Australia.

10. Indicate the main branch of industry of Foreign Europe:

Part B

11. Set the correspondence:

Country Capital

1. France; A. Sofia;

2. Bulgaria; B. Ottawa;

3. Canada; V. Cairo;

4. Egypt. G. Paris.

12. Complete the definition:

"The process of urban growth and the spread of urban lifestyles is called _______________________________"

Part C

“It has a favorable economic and geographical position, borders on a highly developed country and has an outlet to two oceans. The capital is one of the most ancient cities of the New World, on the territory of which the centers of ancient civilization have been preserved. There are large reserves of non-ferrous metal ores and oil. According to the level of economic development, it belongs to the "key" countries. "

Intermediate certification in geography in 11th grade

II option

Instructions for students

Before you tasks in geography. Their implementation is assigned 40 minutes... Read the assignments carefully.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Part A

1. Find a mistake in the list of African landlocked countries:

a) Egypt;

c) Mozambique;

2. The largest number of absolute monarchies are located:

a) in Africa;

b) in Foreign Asia;

c) in Foreign Europe;

d) in Latin America.

3. In which of the following countries has the largest share of children in the age structure of the population?

a) France;

b) Ethiopia;

c) Canada;

d) Russia.

4. The richest in mineral resources:

a) Russia, USA, Canada, China;

b) Japan, Switzerland, Great Britain;

d) China, Mongolia, Turkey, Ukraine.

5. Indicate the largest urban agglomerations in Foreign Europe:

a) Ruhr and Madrid;

b) Parisian and Ruhr;

c) London and Paris;

d) Madrid and London.

6. The largest countries in terms of merchant marine tonnage in the world:

a) Poland and Japan;

b) Panama and Liberia;

c) Greece and Algeria;

d) Norway and Finland.

7. Data on the population of the Earth are obtained as a result of:

a) a survey of the population;

b) population census;

c) questionnaires;

d) collection of signatures.

8. Which of the following countries is a member of OPEC?

c) Canada;

d) Kazakhstan.

9. The region is the main "hot spot" of the world:

a) South America;

b) the Middle East;

c) Europe;

d) Central Asia.

10. About 1/2 of the world's oil production falls on the following countries:

a) Africa and Foreign Europe;

b) Foreign Europe and the USA;

c) Australia and Central Asia;

d) Overseas Asia and Russia.

Part B

11. Set the correspondence:

Country Capital

1. Poland; A. Beijing;

2. China; B. Mexico City;

3. Mexico; V. Warsaw;

4. Hungary. G. Budapest.

12. Complete the definition:

"A large form of urban settlement, formed at the merger of agglomerations, is called _______________________________"

Part C

13. Define the country by its brief characteristics:

“This ancient country is located on an archipelago and is in the top ten countries in terms of population. It is poor in natural resources, with the extractive industries accounting for only 0.3% of GDP. The country is highly urbanized, there are 12 cities - "millionaires". The main branch of industry is diversified, high-tech mechanical engineering, the products of which prevail in the structure of the country's exports. "