High technology, lectures. High technology Topics related to high technology

THE MAGAZINE “MODERN HIGH TECHNOLOGIES” IS INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF VACANCIES SINCE DECEMBER 1, 2015.

The editors of the journal and the PUBLISHING HOUSE of the Academy of Natural Sciences invite researchers, teachers, applicants and graduate students to collaborate within the framework of the scientific journal MODERN HIGH TECHNOLOGIES.

CURRENTLY ACCEPTING ARTICLES FOR PUBLICATION IN No. 12 and No. 1 for 2016 of the MAGAZINE
"MODERN HIGH TECHNOLOGIES", INCLUDED IN THE LIST OF VAK.

The journal “Modern Science-Intensive Technologies” publishes articles of a problematic and scientific-practical nature in the following scientific areas:

Engineering Sciences
05.02.00 Mechanical engineering and mechanical science
05.13.00 Informatics, computer technology and management
05.17.00 Chemical technology
05.23.00 Construction and architecture

Pedagogical Sciences
13.00.00 Pedagogical sciences

Submit articles formatted in accordance with the RULES FOR AUTHORS.
Attached are RULES FOR AUTHORS of the magazine.

Impact factor RSCI (two-year) = 1.030 (as of 02/01/2016)

ATTENTION! Publications in RAE publications ensure your personal rapid growth of the H-index - the main generally accepted quantitative characteristic of a scientist’s productivity.
The contribution of publications in RAE publications to the increase in the H-index can be visually analyzed using the service
Russian Scientific Electronic Library (http://elibrary.ru/).
Active citation of works published in RAE journals is associated with the high impact factor and SCIENCE INDEX of the RSCI journals,
as well as TICs of magazine sites in the Yandex and PR Google search engines.

Magazine “MODERN HIGH TECHNOLOGIES” http://www.top-technologies.ru/ru
The magazine was founded in 2003.

The journal is registered with the Center International de l"ISSN. ISSN 1812-7320

According to the Russian Electronic Library (NEB), the journal has one of
first places in the SCIENCE INDEX ranking among interdisciplinary journals.

Rules for authors - in the attachment and on the website

The publication is registered with the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Press, Television and Radio Broadcasting and Mass Communications.
Certificate of registration PI No. 77-15597.

Editor-in-Chief: Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.Yu. Ledvanov

Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Ph.D. N.Yu. Stukova
Executive secretary of the journal: Ph.D. Bizenkova M.N.

The journal is included in the Abstract Journal and the VINITI Database.

Thanks to the capabilities of modern publishing, the editors of the journal publish articles in free, free access,
which allows you to apply modern technologies to popularize your research and significantly increase your scientific citation index.

Information about the journal is published annually in the international reference system for periodicals and continuing publications
"Ulrich's Periodicals directory" in order to inform the world scientific community.
The journal is represented in the country's leading libraries and is peer-reviewed.

The journal is presented in the SCIENTIFIC ELECTRONIC LIBRARY (NEB) - the main executor of the project to create
Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) and has high impact factor of the Russian Science Citation Index IF RSCI = 1.030

The full texts of articles published in the journal are posted on the website of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences http://www.rae.ru/ in the PUBLICATIONS section.

• Through the “Personal Portfolio of the Author” http://www.top-technologies.ru/ru/rules/index. Interaction with the editors through the “Personal Portfolio of the Author” allows you to submit articles to the editors on-line, add, edit and correct materials, promptly receive requests from the editors and respond to them, and monitor in real time the stages of an article’s passage through the editors.
• By email: Examination of submitted works and accompanying documents by the publishing house takes place within 14 working days after the documents are received by the publishing house by email. This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it. , This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

Works received through the “Personal PORTFOLIO of the author” are published first.
The following are sent to the editor via the “Personal Portfolio of the Author” or by e-mail:

• article materials
• information about the authors
• scanned copy of cover letter
• copies of two reviews by doctors of science
• a copy of the expert opinion (on the possibility of publishing materials in the open press)
• copy of payment document

Originals are requested by the editors if necessary.

ATTENTION! EDITORIAL WORK REGULATIONS:

• Information about the receipt of documents and articles by the editorial office of the journal - (up to 14 days).
• Information about the fact of signing the article for publication, indicating the journal number - (up to 14 days).
• Information about the full imprint of the published article and the possibility of obtaining the journal, as well as the timing of posting the journal on the website http://www.rae.ru/ and
• website of the electronic library (when using the “Personal Portfolio” service - up to 21 days).

For the authors of the magazine on the website http://www.rae.ru/ on the main page
there is a unique service SEARCH WORKS http://search.rae.ru/, which provides information about the progress of articles in the editorial office.

The magazine supplement was founded in 2004.

Founder – Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "IGHTU"

The publication is registered with the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor)

Certificate of registration PI No. FS 77 -64122 dated December 25, 2015.

Magazine " Modern high technology. Regional application" published by the Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology" quarterly since 2004 as a regional supplement to the journal of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences "Modern Science-Intensive Technologies".

Publishing functions are performed by the Center for Innovative and Anti-Crisis Technologies of the University (CIAT ISUTU).

The magazine is distributed by subscription through Russian Post. Its electronic version with full-text versions of all articles is published on the editorial website as the next issue comes out of print.

Since 2010, the journal has been included in the List of Higher Attestation Commission publications recommended for publication of dissertation materials. It has a fairly high scientific citation index (RSCI 2015 = 0.712 (two-year); RSCI 2015 = 0.387 (five-year).

The publication is registered in the International Science Citation System AGRIS (Agricultural Research Information System) http://agris.fao.org/. AGRIS – International information system on agriculture and related industries, including economics, engineering and technology, food, biotechnology, ecology, mathematical and statistical research methods, etc. AGRIS is a global abstract database with more than 8.4 million bibliographic records. (AGRIS Map)

In connection with the registration of journal articles in the international AGRIS database, authors have the opportunity to freely access the source texts of articles (Russian language) through a special search system, which is located on the page http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/index. do of the official website of AGRIS With its help you can find information of interest to authors, including bibliographic descriptions and the full text of individual articles. On the same page there is a reference guide for finding the necessary information in the AGRIS system.

Editor-in-Chief:

The editorial staff on a permanent basis includes:

- Deputy editor-in-chief

- members of the Editorial Board:

	Rychikhina Natalya Sergeevna- Ph.D., Associate Professor (executive editor)
	Zaitseva Olga Valerievna- production editor
	Smirnova Olga Alexandrovna- Ph.D., Associate Professor (scientific editor)
	Mikhailov Vladimir Vasilievich- Ph.D. (Editor of the English version).
	Petrov Alexander Nikolaevich- Ph.D., Associate Professor (scientific editor, editor of the English version).
	Kuznetsova Svetlana Vladimirovna- Ph.D., Associate Professor (scientific editor).

Rice. 10.7. Finned profile surface

Rice. 10.7. A deforming cutter that creates a ribbed surface by plastically pushing out the material in the cutting zone

Rice. 10.6. Main characteristics of advanced new generation technologies

Rice. 10.5 Technology life cycle stages

Rice. 10.4. Model of a system of technological transformations (basic model of technology)

The impacts exerted on the system of technological transformations by other systems can be represented by the following set:

where is the generalized input vector; - input generalized impacts of material type; - input generalized impacts of energy type; - input generalized impacts of information type; - moment in time.

Input influences have different effects on the system of technological transformations.

The main tasks of input influences are the following: providing the necessary structure of objects; implementation of the required behavior of objects; restoration of flows of technological impact of tools and means of processing on products and others.

The impacts realized by a system of technological transformations on other systems can be described as follows:

where is the generalized output vector; - output generalized impacts of material type; - output generalized impacts of energy type; - output generalized impacts of information type.

Input and output generalized impacts include both main flows of various types aimed at the progressive development of the system, and side (harmful, accompanying) ones that have a negative impact on the quality indicators of development.

Technology design involves taking into account conflicting requirements, and its products are models that allow us to understand the structure of future technology. However, technology development still remains a labor-intensive process, the purpose of which is: to provide the required functioning algorithm (technological impact); realization of an acceptable price; meeting explicit and implicit requirements for performance, resource consumption and design; meeting the cost and duration requirements for technology development. At the same time, technology design processes can be carried out according to various schemes. The stages of the traditional technology life cycle are characterized by an avalanche-like increase in complexity (Fig. 10.5). In many companies and firms, this scheme for creating technologies is considered unshakable. However, despite the strength of tradition, technology life cycle analysis shows the following disadvantages of this scheme:

Unsuitability for the development of complex technologies consisting of a large number of subsystems and autonomous modules forming network structures;

Consistent implementation of all stages of technology creation is mandatory;

Incompatibility with the evolutionary approach;

Incompatibility with promising methods of computer-aided design and technology management.

Therefore, traditional methods are not suitable for creating advanced technologies.

Object-oriented design is beginning to develop, which is especially promising for the creation of new technologies. Object-oriented design is based on the object approach, the main principles of which are: abstraction, access restrictions, modularity, hierarchy, typing, parallelism and stability.

In Fig. Figure 10.5 shows the stages of the technology life cycle in object-oriented design. Here, the technology creation process is not a separate monolithic stage. It represents one step towards the consistent iterative development of technology; in this case, the sequence of steps can be arbitrary. A particular version of sequential iterative technology development with directed steps through analysis is also presented in Fig. 10.5.

The use of the described models made it possible to determine the main characteristics of advanced technologies of the new generation, which, supplemented with known data, can be represented by the block diagram shown in Fig. 10.6. It has a hierarchical structure and contains the main features, features and provision of advanced technologies. The main features characterizing the progressiveness of new technologies are given in the block diagram (Fig. 10.6) in relation to the final result of their action - products. These signs can be represented in the following categories:

A qualitatively new set of properties of products (reason);

A qualitatively new measure of the utility of products (consequence).

With the development of science and technology, opportunities are created to improve the properties of products, for example, geometric, kinematic, mechanical, thermal, optical and others, and also qualitatively new properties of products are realized, for example, environmental, manipulation, reflection of hard cosmic rays, properties of having the “magnetic” effect potential hole”, etc. To ensure this, the designed technologies are continuously improved and qualitatively new ones are created. They will impart qualitatively new properties to products.

However, only the measure of these properties - the utility of these products or their value - is decisive, since the ultimate goal of making any product is to provide the necessary value. The advanced technologies being created continuously increase the value of products and, accordingly, realize a qualitatively new measure of their usefulness; it is possible to use them in n-th generation work, for “hyperdrives” of intergalactic ships, for Martian transport built on the principle of mechatronics, etc.

The new generation of advanced technologies being created have some basic features, the main of which may be associated with the high knowledge intensity of their creation, the complexity of implementation and operation; At the same time, high information and computerization, a certain level of electrification and energy supply are required, therefore the design of new technologies should be based on optimal technological processes. If necessary, new methods for converting blanks into products can be used. To achieve this, advanced production methods must be used. At all stages of the life cycle (see Figure 10.5) of new technologies, it is necessary to ensure a high degree of process automation. The created technologies must have high stability and reliability of operation according to a given algorithm. All this must be carefully worked out based on the principles of an object-oriented approach and the environmental friendliness of the technology must be ensured. At the same time, the technologies being created must be open to development and have the ability to evolve and be modified in accordance with changing external conditions. In addition, advanced technologies may have a number of other features related to special technologies or future technologies.

To create advanced technologies of a new generation, non-traditional support is required, namely: highly qualified personnel, advanced technological systems and special technological environments. In this case, the design of technological systems should, first of all: be determined by market conditions; be based on new principles, properties and quality of the composition of equipment elements; have high levels of automation, productivity and precision of equipment, fixtures and tools. The created technological systems must be aesthetic and ergonomic, have high stability and reliable operation. To achieve this, comprehensive diagnostic, monitoring and control systems must be widely used, as well as new principles of equipment operation and methods of influencing tools and processing means on products. Such an integrated approach to the creation of progressive technological systems provides qualitatively new non-traditional technical and economic indicators of their creation and operation.

Research conducted in recent decades using the developed models has made it possible to identify and supplement the known trends in the progressive development of technologies with new ones, which include the following;

Increasing the concentration and parallelism of technological processing zones, ensuring increased productivity;

Creation of non-traditional progressive spatial structures of technological processing zones (creation of multidimensional cyclic structures, increasing the dimension of the variety and objects in each variety of structure), realizing an increase in the technological capabilities of space and environment;

Arrangement of technological processing zones into linear, surface and volumetric structures; arrangement of these structures into production cells; arrangement of production cells into spatial structures and filling with them the entire volume of space of the production workshop with the possibility of changing their spatial location;

Increasing the degree of compaction of the structure by increasing the density (linear, surface, volume) of technological processing zones;

Organizing the flow of functioning of technological processing zones and increasing their intensity;

Increasing the continuity and stability of the functioning of technological systems in accordance with a given algorithm;

Increasing information technology, reducing the mass of technological systems and increasing their energy supply;

Creation of technologies and technological systems using the principle of mechatronics;

Simplification of the functional structure by combining various functions of technological systems; performing technological functions through transport functions, and vice versa;

Application of complex systems for diagnostics, monitoring and process management.

Analysis of these trends allows us to formulate and develop a general theoretical approach to the creation and operation of non-traditional technological systems, called flow-spatial technological systems. These technological systems have qualitatively new properties and capabilities, and also significantly increase the level of automation and intensification of production processes. The developed general synthesis technique makes it possible to create flow-spatial technological systems of continuous operation of the following types:

Technological systems of high and ultra-high productivity for the production of products in the medical, radio-electronic, food industries, instrument making and other sectors of the national economy;

Continuous technological systems for long cycles of technological influence (thermal, chemical, physicochemical treatment methods, etc.);

Continuous technological systems for complex processing of products;

Flexible technological systems of continuous operation.

These technological systems can significantly increase the productivity of production processes, reduce the production space occupied by equipment, reduce the duration of the production cycle, the number of workers employed in production, and improve other indicators.

This methodology, focused on the ultimate goal of creating advanced technologies, makes it possible to see relationships, understand and apply integrity as a design principle. The technologies being created are a reflection of modern technology development; the theory of their creation makes it possible to explain and predict the patterns of the evolutionary process of development of advanced technologies.

The methodology for developing new processing methods is based on the proposed concept of a new scientific approach to solving this problem, based on the unity of the technology for manufacturing and operating machine parts and their connections.

Thus, to increase the durability of friction pairs, it is necessary, as soon as possible, to reduce their running-in during operation. This is achieved by finishing the friction surfaces, simulating the accelerated process of their running-in. In accordance with the developed theory of friction and wear, the running-in process represents micro-cutting and plastic deformation of micro-roughness of friction surfaces.

This running-in process can be ensured at the stage of finishing the friction surface with a special tool with simulated micro-roughnesses. The working surface of the tools must slide along the friction surface of the workpiece, causing microcutting and microdeformation of its roughness. A lapping abrasive stone (with a certain grain size) or a needle mill (with a certain diameter of working needles) can be used as such a tool. The pressing force and tool sliding speed are determined by the operating conditions of the friction surface being processed.

In gears, during the running-in process, the shape of the involute surface changes, the lateral clearance increases, which leads to an increase in noise, a change in the contact line and destruction of the teeth. This phenomenon can be avoided if all these processes are simulated during the manufacturing and running-in of gears: during gear cutting and grinding of teeth, their operational profile is ensured, and during running-in, an equilibrium state of surface quality is ensured. To do this, the working profile of the cutter and grinding wheel must be adjusted. This, in turn, indicates the need to take into account the functional purpose of the surface being processed when designing a tool.

For final processing of the side surfaces of gears, rolling or a special finishing technology can be used, which ensures the process of micro-cutting and plastic deformation of micro-irregularities. Finishing is provided by diamond or conventional shaving.

The use of the theory of plasticity and contact interaction made it possible to create a new method for processing parts, allowing to significantly increase (tens of times) their surface of contact with the environment. In particular, this is of great importance when creating heat exchangers.

Using the equations of plastic displacement of the processed material in the cutting zone (3.36)-(3.40), a completely new tool was designed and manufactured (Fig. 10.7), which, with a certain combination of properties of the processed material and modes (depth and feed), allows for effective displacement of material and creation finned surface with high heat transfer capacity (Fig. 10.8). 

It is known that one or another processing method is implemented through the performance of technological operations, the combination of which in one part constitutes a technological process.

In a tough market economy, the creation of new technological processes is dictated by the need to improve the quality and reduce the cost of manufactured products. If the classical standard technology no longer allows the production of a product with the quality and cost that ensure its competitiveness, then the problem of creating a new technological process objectively arises. For example, the emergence of new gear technology with solid-rolled teeth.

The economic effect of new technological processes increases significantly when accepting the proposed theory of the unity of the design, manufacturing, operation and repair process,

The economic feasibility of repairing large-sized products has set technologists the task of creating new technological processes for restoring parts on site. Thus, the need to restore the cylindrical shape of nuclear power plant reactor cells on site led to the development of a completely new, unconventional technological process. Implementation, which is carried out using an unconventional tool system (d = 120 mm and / = 20 m) with an autonomous drive of the main movement of the countersink, moved under its own weight and held by a crane.

The economic feasibility of rebuilding cement kilns, rolling mill rolls, elevator pulleys and other products in situ has led to the creation of new portable process equipment. In this case, the main movement of the restored product is provided by the operational drive, and the remaining necessary movements for processing are provided by attached technological equipment.

During the operation of railway rails, their transverse profile, depending on the section of the road (turns, rises, substrate, average temperatures, etc.) in the initial period of operation (the running-in process) undergoes significant changes, that is, it naturally adapts to operating conditions. However, when repairing rails, railway operators strive to return them to their original transverse profile, which significantly increases the cost of repairs and again leads to rapid and extensive wear during the period of new running-in. All this significantly reduces the durability of railway rails.

Taking these circumstances into account, it is advisable when repairing rails to preserve the formed transverse profile, while removing the harmful defective surface layer. This can be achieved by so-called elastic technologies (needle milling, flap grinding). Due to elastic deformations of the working elements of the tool (wires and petals), while maintaining a certain rigidity, they make it possible to remove the surface defective layer and preserve the formed transverse profile. This leads to the need for targeted development of a tool with a certain elasticity of its working elements.

To eliminate longitudinal waviness with high productivity, it is advisable to use stone grinding with transverse oscillation. A special rail processing complex allows you to combine all these operations: needle milling, grinding with blocks and flap wheels into a single technological process for the routine repair of railway rails.

On turning sections, as a result of large force and temperature effects on the side surfaces of the rail head from the wheel flange, they quickly wear out (almost cut off), which leads to the need for their rapid replacement. To avoid this harmful phenomenon, it is advisable to transfer these effects of forces and temperatures on the side surfaces of the rails on these sections of roads from operation to the technological process with an increase in temperature and a decrease in force impact. This allows for thermomechanical and electromechanical processing.

All this allows us to offer a completely new technological process for repairing railway tracks and create a new generation rail processing complex.

Threaded connections have different functional purposes. In addition, different sections of threaded connections along their length will experience different loads: from maximum (on the first turns) to zero (on the last turns). Therefore, the technology for manufacturing threaded connections requires improvement, which can be implemented based on its relationship with their functional purpose (Fig. 10.9).

Let's look at an example. During the operation of various engines, a process of self-unscrewing of the studs was discovered. This occurs due to a decrease in the initial tension in the threaded connection “stud - aluminum body” as a result of plastic deformation of the body thread under the action of dynamic loads. This harmful phenomenon can be avoided by rolling out the threaded holes in the housing or creating so-called smooth-threaded connections. To roll out threads, targeted tool development is required. The essence of a smooth-threaded connection is to screw pins into smooth holes. In both the first and second cases, during the formation of the hole thread, plastic saturation of the material occurs, which prevents the possibility of its plastic deformation during operation.

At the same time, the new technological process for creating smooth-threaded connections allows it to be carried out on CNC machines in an automated mode, since there is no need to manually install studs.

The concept of combining production and operation technologies allows some processes to be transferred from production to operation. For example, to increase the wear resistance of friction-sliding pairs under conditions of boundary friction, a soft film is often applied to one of the friction surfaces during manufacturing. Instead of this operation, glycerin and copper powder can be introduced during operation. This will make it possible to form a soft antifriction film on the friction surface in a similar way, but during operation, ensuring the phenomenon of selective transfer.

Designing sliding guides of metal-cutting machines with bronze inserts and introducing glycerin into the lubricant makes it possible to increase their wear resistance during operation several times.

Thus, the scientific development of mechanical engineering technology shows that it is ready to solve the most complex problems in the production of mechanical engineering products in the 21st century. Over the last 50 years alone, the science of mechanical engineering technology has developed more than 80 new processing methods that improve the quality and reduce the cost of manufacturing engineering products.

Knowledge-intensive and competitive technologies are those that are based on the latest achievements of science; system building; modeling; optimization of the cost of manufacturing, operation and repair of the product; new and combined high-tech processing methods and technical processes; computer technology environment and integrated production automation, which allows them to be competitive.

The implementation of such technologies requires appropriate technical equipment (precision high-precision equipment, technological equipment and tools for mechanical, physical-chemical and combined processing, including the application of various coatings, automated diagnostic and control systems, computer networks) and staffing ( high qualifications of all employees, scientific consulting, etc.).

As a rule, high-tech technologies in mechanical engineering are used to improve the functional properties of products and their competitiveness.

This is shown structurally in Fig. 10.10.

The main property of knowledge-intensive technologies is the results of fundamental and applied research on which they are based.

Systematicity presupposes a dialectical relationship, the interaction of all elements of the technological system, all basic processes, phenomena and components. Consistency is especially important as a requirement for precision and compliance with these requirements of all structural elements of the technological processing and assembly system (equipment, tools, processed material, equipment, measurements, diagnostics, work of executive bodies).

Rice. 10.10 Structure of knowledge-intensive competitive technologies

The most important property of high technology is, of course, a new technical process. It dominates the entire technological system and must meet a wide variety of requirements, but, most importantly, be potentially capable of achieving a new level of functional properties of the product. Here, those stable and reliable technical processes that effectively use physical, chemical, electrochemical and other phenomena in combination with the special properties of the tool and technological environment, for example, cryogenic cutting, diffusion forming of products, etc., have rich opportunities.

The development of new technical processes is gradual:

1. At the marketing stage, the product is assessed as a set of consumer properties, and then the level of those consumer properties of the product that are able to ensure its competitiveness is determined,

2. Based on this, requirements for the quality of products, components, and assembly are determined in accordance with the level of functional, environmental and aesthetic properties and their optimal durability.

3. Selection from the required geometric, physico-chemical parameters of the quality of the surface layer of parts, the achievement of which requires non-traditional solutions, both during manufacturing and operation.

4. Determination of traditional criteria for the level of characteristics of a non-traditional technical process that can potentially provide the required functional, aesthetic and environmental properties of the product.

5. Identification of the prerequisites for creating a new technical process based on the use of traditional and non-traditional processing methods and technical equipment.

6. Creation of a physical and mathematical model of the technical process and their virtual, theoretical and experimental research,

7. Multi-parameter optimization of the technical process (physical, technological, economic criteria).

8. Creation of diagnostic systems for the technical process and its technical equipment.

9. Development of technological process.

10. Assessment of compliance of the actual level of functional, aesthetic, economic properties of the product with the required one.

Undoubtedly, an essential feature of high-tech technologies is complex automation, based on computer control of all design, manufacturing and assembly processes, physical, geometric and mathematical modeling, and comprehensive analysis of process models or its components.

The presence of the considered feature requires a systematic approach to its computer-intellectual environment, i.e. transition to CAD/CAM Systems. In this way, a combination of flexibility and automation, precision and productivity is achieved.

The systematic approach involves the use not of individual mathematical models, but of a system of interconnected models with indispensable parametric and structural optimization. For example, parametric optimization aims to minimize a number of characteristics of the dimensional processing process, primarily energy costs, minimizing section thickness, cutting force and temperature level, intensity of oxidative processes, etc.

High technology- the main segment of any (any) industry that implements innovations through R&D (research, development and technological work- a set of works aimed at obtaining new knowledge and its practical application when creating a new product or technology).

Thus, high-tech technologies imply investments in science. High-tech production began to appear at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, denoting rapidly developing industries. These include:

Telecommunications:

The latest technologies for building telecommunication networks

Assessing the effectiveness of introducing new technologies

Promising paths for the evolution of telecommunications

Space exploration:

planetary and astrophysical research, solar-terrestrial physics, Earth remote sensing technologies, special instrument making, laboratory equipment, scientific and educational activities. Some of the instruments are being prepared for projects of the Federal Space Program 2006–2015. Others are the basis for promising experiments in the more distant future. Many purely scientific developments in the past are used to create space and ground-based equipment for applied purposes.

Automated dispatch control systems (ADCS)

Nanotechnology:

Materials developed on the basis of nanoparticles with unique characteristics arising from the microscopic sizes of their components.

Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms obtained in October 2004 at The University Of Manchester. Graphene can be used as a molecular detector (NO 2), allowing the arrival and departure of single molecules to be detected. Charge carriers in graphene have high mobility at room temperature, due to which, as soon as the problem of the formation of a band gap in this semimetal is solved, graphene is discussed as a promising material that will replace silicon in integrated circuits.

Nanobatteries - at the beginning of 2005, Altair Nanotechnologies (USA) announced the creation of an innovative nanotechnological material for the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Batteries with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 electrodes have a charging time of 10-15 minutes. In February 2006, the company began producing batteries at its plant in Indiana. In March 2006, Altairnano and Boshart Engineering entered into an agreement to jointly create an electric vehicle. In May 2006, tests of automobile nanobatteries were successfully completed. In July 2006, Altair Nanotechnologies received its first order to supply lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles.

Self-cleaning surfaces based on the lotus effect.

Medical equipment and technologies:

The most knowledge-intensive branch of production is currently mechanical engineering (electrical engineering, electronics). The chemical industry can also be considered knowledge-intensive due to the enormous opportunities for improving technology, introducing new technologies, and obtaining new materials and substances.

Science intensity is an indicator of the degree of connection between technology and scientific research and development (R&D). High technology includes volumes of R&D that exceed the average value of this technology indicator in a certain area of ​​the economy (in the manufacturing industry, in the mining industry, in agriculture or in the service sector). Knowledge-intensive industries are sectors of the economy in which high-tech technologies play a predominant and key role. Science intensity of the industry– 1) the ratio of research costs to sales volume; 2) the ratio of the number of scientists, engineers and technicians employed in the industry to sales volume; 3) products, in the cost price or in the added value of which the costs of research and development are higher than the average for products in industries of a given sector of the economy. Terms and concepts related to the knowledge intensity of technologies, industries and products have not yet been established; they are not standardized, nor are the methods for determining such an indicator standardized. There is no single preferred methodology for identifying high technology industries.

There has been a whole series of technological and basic discoveries in the field of electronics, radiophysics, optoelectronics and laser technology, modern materials science (“new materials”), chemistry and catalysis, the creation of modern aviation and astronautics, the rapid development of information technologies, amazing results in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics gave rise to the creation of high-tech goods, which are based on high-tech technologies, due to which economic development has occurred in recent years.

As a result, the interaction between science and creation has changed: previously, technology and creation developed mainly through the accumulation of empirical experience; now they began to develop on the basis of science - in the form of high-tech technologies. These are technologies in which the method of producing the final product includes countless auxiliary industries using new technologies. In knowledge-intensive industries, the pace of scientific and technological progress is high. For example, in the key area of ​​modern scientific and technological progress - microelectronics - the rate of accumulation of experience is characterized by an annual doubling of the complexity and size of production of integrated circuits with a 30% decrease in costs and prices. Under these conditions, the lag is fraught not only with the loss of positions in this industry, but also with the doomed lag of industries where electronics are widely used - in such high-tech industries as lasers, aircraft manufacturing, certain types of mechanical engineering, etc. These technologies use the countless benefits of basic and applied sciences. The speed of emergence of new inventions and completely new areas of research, which from time to time become independent branches of scientific knowledge, contributes to an increase in the rate of obsolescence of existing equipment and technology. The subsequent depreciation of constant capital causes a significant increase in costs and a drop in competitiveness. Therefore, manufacturers have a high enthusiasm for scientific knowledge and are interested in contacts with science.

Moreover, high-tech technologies do not represent isolated, isolated flows. In a number of cases they are connected and enrich each other. But for their comprehensive use, fundamental developments are needed that open up new areas for the implementation of the latest actions, principles, and ideas. The dissemination of the same scientific and technical idea to other industries, the adaptation of the latest methods and products for other areas, and the formation of new market sectors are also very important. It is required to conduct an active scientific search, which will need to be carried out in many directions, so as not to miss any method or method of promising innovation. The risk of inaccurate choice of development direction is very high. Over the past 15-20 years, developed countries have accumulated significant experience in organizing innovative activities. Various forms of introducing scientific developments into creation have emerged (after all, technologies themselves are not necessary for anyone if there is no practical use of them: technological cooperation, intercountry technology transfer, territorial scientific and industrial complexes).

UDC 338.224

G. I. Latyshenko

HIGH TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE MODERN ECONOMY OF RUSSIA

The features of knowledge-intensive industries and their role in the Russian economy are considered. The problems of development of high-tech technologies are analyzed and possible ways to resolve these problems are given.

Key words: high-tech technologies, high-tech industries, high-tech industries, high-tech industries.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the variety of tasks faced by Russian economists at the present stage of the country's economic development. Among these tasks, first of all, one should name the development of an effective mechanism for including Russia in the world economic system.

The global trend of economic development is the increasing role of knowledge-intensive, globally competitive industries and their rapid growth in the structure of the manufacturing industry, which is manifested in the development of the economies of leading foreign countries.

The study of knowledge-intensive, high-tech industries, the dynamics of foreign trade in highly processed goods is one of the tasks of a comprehensive economic analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the Russian economy.

The current economic situation in the Russian Federation reflects the emerging resource-based economy. The priority development of domestic raw materials industries, which have now become basic for the Russian economy, is not capable of radically improving the country’s position in world markets due to the high competition and saturation of these markets, as well as due to the high capital intensity of these industries.

In this study, technology is understood as a set of methods and techniques used at all stages of the development and manufacture of a certain type of product. Science intensity is one of the indicators characterizing technology, reflecting the degree of its connection with scientific research and development (R&D). Knowledge-intensive technology is a technology that includes volumes of R&D that exceed the average value of this indicator in a certain area of ​​the economy, for example, in the manufacturing industry, in the mining industry, in agriculture or in the service sector.

The sector of the economy in which high-tech technologies play a predominant and key role is one of the knowledge-intensive industries. The knowledge intensity of an industry is usually measured as the ratio of R&D costs to sales volume. Another indicator is often used - the ratio of the number of scientists, engineers and technicians employed in the industry to sales volume. High-tech products are products whose cost or added value for research and development is higher than the average for products in industries of a given sector of the economy.

What specific industries can be classified as knowledge-intensive today? There is no standardized classification of industrial production on this basis, and different authors can find slightly different lists. The most authoritative source on this issue is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes all advanced industrialized countries. In the early 90s. this organization carried out a detailed analysis of direct and indirect R&D costs in 22 industries in ten countries - the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and Australia. The calculations took into account the costs of science, the number of scientists, engineers and technicians, the volume of added value, sales volumes, and the share of each sector in the total production of each of these countries. When determining indirect costs, the apparatus of the so-called production function was used. Ultimately, four industries were classified as knowledge-intensive: aerospace, computer and office equipment manufacturing, electronic communications manufacturing, and pharmaceuticals.

The analysis carried out by the OECD is quite convincing, and the high knowledge intensity of the listed industries is beyond doubt. It seems, however, that the list could be significantly expanded. A number of new knowledge-intensive industries, such as the production of new materials, precision weapons, bioproducts and others, were not included in the list.

There is another method, according to which the classification of economic sectors as knowledge-intensive is characterized by an indicator of the knowledge intensity of production. This coefficient is determined by the ratio of the volume of R&D expenses (R&D) to the volume of gross output

of this industry (Kp): ^R&D 1 ¥vp 10°.

It is believed that for knowledge-intensive industries this figure should be 1.2... 1.5 or more times higher than the average for the manufacturing industry.

The main specific features of the organization, management, and operating conditions of knowledge-intensive industries are the following:

Their complex nature allows them to solve all the problems of creating equipment - from problems of scientific research and development work to problems arising in mass production and during operation;

The combination of targeted research, development and production for a specific result with

promising areas of work for system-wide, fundamental purposes;

A large volume of R&D carried out by research institutes, design bureaus and factories, as a result of which significant production capacities of the latter are loaded with the production of experimental product samples, their fine-tuning throughout the entire production period due to design changes and modifications. This nature of production requires the establishment of strong ties between participants in the creation of technology, their organic connection into a single scientific and production complex;

The dominance of the process of technology change over stationary production and the associated need for regular updating of fixed production assets, development of an experimental base;

The significant duration of the full life cycle of equipment, reaching twenty or more years for some types of equipment, which complicates production management due to the time lag of the effect of control influences and increases responsibility for the choice of development strategy;

High dynamism of production development, manifested in the constant updating of its elements (research, development and production objects, technologies, circuit and design solutions, information flows, etc.), changes in quantitative and qualitative indicators, improvement of the scientific and production structure and management. The dynamism of product output over time complicates the task of uniform loading and use of production potential;

Extensive intra- and inter-industry cooperation caused by the complexity of high-tech products and the specialization of enterprises and organizations;

A high degree of uncertainty (entropy) in the management of the most modern developments, for which predictive assessments of future technologies are used when making decisions. The creation of qualitatively new products, as a rule, is carried out in parallel with the development of basic components (circuit and design solutions, physical principles, technologies, etc.). Achieving the specified technical and economic parameters of these products is generally characterized by a high degree of scientific and technical risk. The risk in creating new system components dictates a strategy based on exploratory research in fundamental and applied fields of science and technology, and on the development of alternative components. However, this strategy can lead to a significant and not always justified increase in resource costs;

An intensive investment process is the most important factor in achieving the goals of research and development of a high scientific and technical level, accompanying the implementation of large projects;

The presence of unique teams with a large share of scientists, highly qualified engineering and technical workers and production and industrial personnel in the total number of people employed in development and production;

A large share of added value in the products of these industries, high wages for workers, large export volumes;

The innovative potential that knowledge-intensive industries possess to a greater extent than other sectors of the economy. R&D and innovation are organically linked. Innovation is the goal of research activities of knowledge-intensive enterprises and organizations operating in a highly competitive environment in both domestic and international markets. A high level of expenditure on research and development, the main external sign of the knowledge intensity of an industry or an individual enterprise, is the key to constant and intensive innovation activity;

High technology is fertile ground for the emergence and successful activities of small and medium-sized companies.

It should be noted that the increase in the impact of scientific, technical and innovative factors on economic dynamics is achieved not simply by the use by all economic entities, including the state, of the transformative capabilities of modern science in ensuring high competitiveness, economic sustainability, national security, and the country’s worthy place in the world community, but a targeted strategic transfer of national economies to an innovative type of development, through special attention to the formation and effective use of a high-tech complex (HTC).

In this case, it is necessary to take into account a number of natural long-term trends that have appeared in the world economy over the past decades. The main ones among them are the following.

1. The increasing importance in global commodity markets of complex systemic industrial products of high knowledge intensity, the creation of which requires the formation of no less complex inter-industry technological complexes, which inevitably leads to an increase in the importance of interregional and international scientific, technical and innovative cooperation.

2. Shifting the focus of attention in innovation management from individual innovations to the processes of creating their systems and systemic use, which requires appropriate adjustment of methods of state regulation of the innovation vector of development, management, content of state scientific and technical, innovation, industrial, structural, investment, social policies and their interaction, clear consistency.

3. Strengthening the integration of science, education, production and the market, which is manifested in the interpenetration of the processes of education, fundamental research and R&D and leads to the growing importance in the economy of national innovation systems, high-tech complexes and their management, the development of small and medium-sized innovative entrepreneurship and innovation infrastructure.

4. Increasing complexity and increasing the importance of comprehensive resource provision when moving towards an innovative type of development of the national economy. This

the trend objectively forces authorities to increase attention to the concentration of investment resources and their effective use in priority areas of scientific, technological and innovative development of the economy. To successfully solve these problems, it is necessary to improve the system of financing scientific, technical and innovative activities in all structures of the economy, organize a full supply of all components of the national economy with information about new technologies, market conditions, high-tech products, new needs and professions, create a favorable investment climate in the country, its regions and industries to attract domestic and foreign capital to high-tech industries. An important role in the modern conditions of the Russian economy is played by the development of venture investment and the strengthening of its innovative focus.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of the Russian economy, which has developed to date during the economic reforms of the last decade, the formation of a high-tech complex on an innovative basis requires special attention from scientific institutions and the state. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the most important components (blocks) of this complex, presented in the figure.

Research and production unit. The scientific and production block of the high-tech complex includes research institutes, as well as small innovative enterprises, including small enterprises and enterprises with the participation of foreign capital in the “Science and Scientific Services” industry.

Educational block. It includes higher, secondary and special educational institutions that train personnel primarily for the high-tech complex, taking into account its specifics. This block should also include about 160 scientific and educational centers operating in 39 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, international and innovation centers. This also includes various centers for training managers to manage innovations and innovative enterprises.

Infrastructure block. Currently, this block can include 38 innovation and technology centers, more than 79 technology parks, 90 industry and inter-industry extra-budgetary R&D funds, venture innovation funds, leasing companies, a national network of computer telecommunications for science and higher education, computer centers for collective use, funds promoting the development of small forms of entrepreneurship in the high-tech complex. A separate part of this block should be Russian science cities, which include organizations carrying out scientific, scientific-technical, innovative activities, experimental developments, tests, personnel training in accordance with state priorities for the development of science and technology.

Management block. The management block includes ministries and departments at the federal and regional levels that oversee industries that produce or are intended to produce over 50% of high-tech products from the total production volume. In addition, the management block of the VTK includes management structures at the federal and regional levels, the main content of whose work is directly related to the functioning and development of this block.

Social block. Its main composition is schools and other educational institutions of general and special education, hospitals, sanatorium-resort institutions, cultural organizations, sports and others, which are on the balance sheet of the scientific and production divisions of the VTK. These are the structures that are designed to ensure the preservation and replenishment of the personnel potential of the VTK.

The unified technological complex in our country generally functioned successfully during the years of the post-war Soviet five-year plans, especially in connection with the implementation of the “Kosygin” economic reforms. During that period, a strong system of cooperation was formed between thousands of enterprises and scientific institutions in the creation of the latest high-tech industries. Particular attention was paid, of course, to the development of the military-industrial complex, to which the bulk of financial, material and scientific resources were directed, which made it possible to achieve

Structure of the high-tech complex

military parity with the United States (to a certain extent due to the “cutting” of investments in the consumer sector of the economy). There were also powerful bodies of strictly centralized management of this complex (Gosplan, Gossnab, State Committee for Science and Technology, a special commission under the government).

What happened with the destruction of the country's unified national economic complex was the severance of most of the existing cooperative relationships with enterprises of the former Soviet republics, the massive privatization of state-owned enterprises, including the scientific and technical defense complex - all this led to a virtual loss of controllability of the innovation-technical complex as a single whole.

It so happened that for many years the most advanced technologies in our country were concentrated precisely on enterprises producing weapons and military equipment. For example, today the defense industry accounts for more than 70% of all scientific products produced in Russia and more than 50% of the number of all scientific employees. This is largely due to the fact that new defense technologies and developments are always the most in demand and pay for themselves quite quickly.

Along with this, it should be noted that defense industry enterprises play a significant role in the technical re-equipment of many of the most important areas of the Russian economy. And such industries as aircraft engineering, civil space and shipbuilding, optical instrument making, production of electronic equipment and industrial explosives are almost entirely represented by defense industry enterprises.

The use of the capabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) in the interests of civilian consumers is also indicative. Despite the fact that it was originally created to ensure the country’s defense capability, the head of state made a corresponding decision, and now this system is being actively introduced into various sectors of the national economy. It is expected that the use of satellite navigation technologies will significantly improve the efficiency of the functioning of facilities and infrastructure of all types of transport.

Along with the defense industry, the engineering industry plays a major role in the Russian economy. Modern mechanical engineering is based on high technology. At the end of the 20th century, the dependence of machine-building industries was demonstrated not only on the development of energy, but to a large extent also on the development of high-tech technologies. The emergence of such electronic engineering products as modern electronic computer components has led to their widespread introduction into the production of new generation technical systems, highly efficient, flexibly tunable, multi-axis machines and robots. The key trend in the creation of modern machines has been the transfer of functional load from mechanical components to intelligent (electronic, computer) components. The share of the mechanical part in modern mechanical engineering has decreased from 70% in the early 90s. up to 25...30% currently. At the same time, computer support takes place

understanding the entire life cycle of the creation and operation of a technical system.

The complexity of modern technologies and the creation of a modern knowledge-intensive product on their basis required an unprecedented concentration of financial and intellectual capital, which the resources of the national economy cannot provide. It is impossible to create an entire reproducing technological chain within one country. Therefore, the development and production of a modern high-tech product crossed national boundaries and led to the creation of giant transnational corporations.

Being an integral part of the industrial complex of Russia, knowledge-intensive industries are experiencing general difficulties due to the fact that sharply reduced public investments have ceased to be a determining factor in their development, and domestic financial capital is still showing little interest in implementing long-term investment projects aimed at producing complex products with a long-term full life cycle.

For example, a significant share of GDP in economically developed countries in modern conditions is created in the field of information services to society. According to experts, missing the information revolution alone in any country can ensure that the standard of living lags behind developed countries many times over. Over the past five years, information technology (IT) in the United States has contributed 8% of GDP and a quarter of the country's real economic growth.

Russia has serious potential in this area: 12% of the world's scientists and accumulated intellectual property, which is estimated at approximately $400 billion. However, scientific and technological management is our weak link. Investment (and innovation) activity in the real sector cannot be implemented adequately due to too few specialists capable of assessing the commercial potential of production and technological projects and competently managing them.

Costs on information technology per capita in Russia are 70 times less than in the United States, and almost 35 times less than in Western European countries. If we take the share of similar expenses from total GNP as an indicator, then in Russia it is 0.5%, while in Western Europe it is 2% (data from Intel Vice President H. Geyer).

In general, the provision of the Russian economy with domestic high-tech system products remains extremely low, as evidenced by a comparison of the volumes of its imports, production, exports and consumption. The most developed countries with systemic economies strive, despite significant volumes of foreign trade, to satisfy domestic needs for high-tech products primarily through their own production.

Along with negative trends in the modern Russian economy, there are also positive features associated with the continued high scientific and technological

potential in some areas of activity (aviation, weapons, space technologies, some chemical and biochemical technologies, high-power plasma electronics, systems for protecting hazardous chemical industries), which is an important strategic reserve.

In the course of many years of practice in Russia, the following set of priority areas for the future development of science and technology has been identified, which can be conditionally divided into 3 groups.

The first group of priorities is linked, first of all, to Russia’s national security and its position in world science. This includes fundamental and applied research aimed at using the potential of defense industries to develop competitive system technologies and civilian products.

The second group of priorities includes areas designed to ensure the development of high-tech manufacturing industries that provide the technological basis for industrial re-equipment, including the extraction and processing of raw materials, based on the latest technologies. This group of priorities is focused on import substitution.

The third group of priorities includes technologies that are most focused on solving social problems and supporting domestic producers who are able to meet domestic needs for consumer goods in many areas, but do not have the necessary competitiveness in foreign markets.

In order to successfully solve the problem of increasing investment activity in the high-tech complex of Russia, its main components (science and high-tech production), it is necessary to develop and implement a number of interrelated measures.

First of all, it is necessary to determine the estimated need for comprehensive investment resources of the Russian military-industrial complex for each of its blocks and elements, taking into account the progressive aging of the material and technical base, the objective need to switch to an innovative type of development of almost all military-industrial complex production, ensuring economic, especially technological security, increasing the competitiveness of the Russian knowledge-intensive products, especially high-tech ones.

Next, it is necessary to deeply analyze the opportunities for the development of military technology available from all sources of investment resources, including innovative ones. For each priority direction of development of the military-technical complex, each program for the creation of priority technologies or systemic high-tech products, specific sources of investment should be clearly defined in terms of volumes, types, terms and conditions of attraction. At the same time, it is important to develop an effective mechanism for the full and timely involvement of investment resources in the scientific, technical and innovative activities of the VTK, taking into account the capabilities of the modern market system.

situation in the country with the active role of government bodies at all levels.

Information and qualified personnel are important for the full-fledged comprehensive resource support for the development of the Russian military-technical complex. Creating an effective system for access of all structures of the military-technical complex, especially scientific organizations, to distribution information and computing resources is a critical component of the task of effective development of the complex.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the formation and implementation of a scientific and technical program that meets the conditions of feasibility is a multi-criteria management problem, for which the area of ​​feasible solutions is determined by a number of traditionally used feasibility criteria, ranked in accordance with the principle of their priority. The criteria for assessing the feasibility of a program are interdependent, therefore, in practice, solving the multifactor problem of assessing feasibility by composing criteria is difficult. It is necessary to solve the problem step by step by sequential optimization according to the specified hierarchical system of criteria.

Expanded reproduction of science-intensive technologies requires the creation of an economic environment in which the synergistic effect of their application manifests itself and has a stimulating effect on all technological stages of production of final products. In Russia it is possible to achieve such an effect; programs for the development of military technology have already been developed. These include scientific and technical programs, the concept of development of the military and technological complex until 2020 in Russia, programs for the development of the scientific and technical potential of the regions, in particular the Krasnoyarsk Territory until 2017. But in order for all these programs to work, it is necessary to consolidate a number of measures - financial support, training and stimulation of personnel, and above all - personal motivation. Only in this case will Russia be able to enter the global high-tech market and take a leading position there.

Bibliography

1. Makarova, P. A. Statistical assessment of innovative development / P. A. Makarova, N. A. Flood // Questions of Statistics. 2008. No. 9 2.

2. Folomiev, A. High-tech complex in the Russian economy / A. Folomiev // Economist. 2004. No. 9 5.

3. Ivanov, S. B. The role of high technologies at the present stage of the country’s economic development: speech at the XI St. Petersburg. international econ. Forum, 06.14.06 / S. B. Ivanov // Real estate and investments. Legal regulation. 2007. No. 9 1-2 (30-31).

4. Khrustalev, E. Yu. Problems of organization and management in knowledge-intensive sectors of the Russian economy / E. Yu. Khrustalev // Management in Russia and abroad. 2001. No. 1.

5. Krasnikov, G. The path to reviving the Russian economy - the rise of knowledge-intensive industries / G. Krasnikov // Electronics: science, technology, business. 2000. No. 9 1.

G. I. Latyshenko

SCIENCE INTENSIVE TECHONOLOGIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE RUSSIAN MODERN ECONOMY

Particularities of science intensive technologies and their role in Russian economy are considered. The problems development of science intensive technologies and ways of their solutions are analyzed.

Keywords: science intensive technologies, science intensive branch, high technological complex, high technological branches.

© ïïambimeHKO r M., 2009

UDC 330.332.54

O. V. Gosteva

EFFECTIVE WORK OF THE PROJECT TEAM AS A CONDITION FOR THE SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC GOALS OF THE ENTERPRISE

The role of the project team in achieving the strategic goals of the enterprise using project management technology is considered. It is shown that the project approach must be implemented at all levels of enterprise management, and only under this condition will the project team be able to work effectively and achieve both project goals and strategic goals.

Key words: project team, project goals, strategic goals of the enterprise, team performance.

In modern dynamic market conditions, aggravated by the crisis, the main condition for the survival of a company is the rapid and high-quality achievement of strategic goals. To fulfill this condition, the enterprise needs to make changes not only to production and corporate culture, but also to management technologies. One of the options for such changes is the implementation of project management technology, which implies the creation of a project concept and plans that correspond to the enterprise strategy, the implementation of the project under strict deadlines, budget and quality restrictions, supervision of market dynamics and conditions to maintain the relevance of the project’s goals, and consequently, its profitability, tracking customer satisfaction and analyzing the achievement of delayed effects. The basis for obtaining such complex results can only be the personnel potential of the enterprise.

The development of an enterprise can proceed smoothly through staff training, which takes a lot of time and does not give a guaranteed result, and abruptly through changes in processes and technologies. Project management is an option for leapfrog development and involves changes not only at the operational level, but also at the strategic level, when project portfolios and programs are formed, and at the political level, when forming the mission of the enterprise. Thus, the enterprise has two levels of management: the level of project portfolio management and the management level.

projects. For their effective operation the following conditions must be met. First, projects in the portfolio must correlate with strategic goals; secondly, projects should be assessed based on target efficiency (compliance of the project’s goals with market conditions); thirdly, it is necessary to evaluate how well the team has achieved its goals.

The main problem in Russian enterprises implementing project management technology is that the goals of individual projects, and therefore programs and portfolios, do not correspond to the strategic goals of the enterprise or correspond only partially. This is especially important in project-oriented enterprises, all of whose activities are carried out through projects. The figure shows that in the considered portfolio of projects, project 1 only partially corresponds to the given program and strategic goals 1 and 2, and project 3 does not correspond to any of the strategic goals. Thus, even having achieved all the goals set in the project, achieving the goals of the program and even the portfolio of projects, the enterprise will not achieve its strategic goals and will reduce its competitiveness. To avoid such situations, it is necessary to timely correlate the goals of the enterprise at all levels and create conditions for their timely and high-quality achievement.

The main organizational unit of a project-oriented enterprise is the project team. The project team is a special structure that manages