The concept of credit investment potential of the banking sector. Hi student. Services of investment banks in the process of forming the investment potential of the banking system

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Investment potential of Russian banking system and the factors of its increase

Ya.S. Golyandr

graduate student, prep. Departments economic Analysis, statistics and finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, ul. Stavropol, 149; E-mail: [Email Protected])

A.V. Pennyhagova,

dr. Ekon. Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, st. Stavropol, 149; E-mail: [Email Protected])

Annotation. The article studied three approaches to understanding the investment potential of banks: banking, market, relative. The authors identified and analyzed the factors providing a positive and negative impact on bank investment potential. The factors that increase the investment banking potential can be attributed to the growth of capitalization of the banking system, the reliability of investment, the stability of the economic market situation, governmental support, Increase the level of the volume of attracted savings of citizens to the banking sector. Negative factors include an increase in the cost of sources, an unfavorable investment climate, insufficient liquidity of the banking sector, reducing the degree of investor confidence in the economy. The article discusses possible methods Growth of banking capitalization and ways to strengthen the stability of the Russian banking system.

ABSTRACT. This article Covers Three Aspects of Understanding Economic Potential Of Russian Banking System. THEY INCLUDE BANKING, MARKET AND RELATIVE ASPECTS. AUTHORS DETERMINED AND ANALYZED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INVESTMENTS INTO RUSSIAN BANKING SECTOR AND THEIR POTENTIAL. Factors Increasing The Potential of Russia Investments Include Growth In The Capitalization of the Banking System, Reliability of Investments, Economic Stability, Government Support, and a rise in Total Deposit by Public Sector. An increase in cost of capital, adverse investment climate, insufficient liquidity of banking system, and lack of investors "confidence in Russian financial system are among negative factors. The article focuses on possible ways to boost the growth of capitalization and to strengthen the stability of The russian banking sector.

Keywords: investment potential, banks, banking system, investment capital, investment, capitalization of the banking system.

Keywords: Investment Potential, Investment Capacity, Banks, Bank System, Investment Capital, Investments, Capitalization Of A Bank System.

In the development of investment activity of the state, the banking system and its participants play a significant role, in particular commercial banks, one of the activities of which is the formation and distribution investment Capital. One of the main tasks of the banking system is the redistribution of financial flows and the mobilization of capital.

For the stable development of the banking sector, in particular, the country's economy, in general, is needed to be a steady increase in the investment potential of the banking sector.

The investment potential of the banking system is one of important factors Development financial Sector russian economy. IN modern science Several approaches for understanding the investment potential of the banking system were formed.

First, a banking approach, which characterizes the credit and investment potential in the context of financial, economic and institutional conditions for the functioning of the banking system. According to this approach, the investment potential can be expressed by the amount of its components of its elements:

IPBSB \u003d I IP B | + I IP K + I IP MBCP + I IP BST, (1)

where IPBSB is the investment potential of the banking system;

I PP B1 - the sum of the investment potentials of banks, I, where I is the number of banks in the banking system;

I IP K - investment potentials of corporations in which banks include,] where L is the number of corporations in which banks include;

I IU IBCP - an increase in investment capital, taking into account the possibilities of banking overflow of capital, P, where N is the number of operations on interbank overflow of capital (for example, the number of interbank loans);

I IP BST - the accumulated potential of the banking system as a whole (the attractiveness of the creation of new banks, state stimulation and budget financing banking system, etc.), which can be evaluated by expert, t, where M is the number of operations forming the accumulated potential of the banking system.

This approach helps to determine the size of the investment potential of banking

systems, given the increase in investment capital in the banking sector, state stimulation of the banking system, an increase in the level of investment potential of banking corporations, the degree of interaction of investment banks.

Secondly, bank investment potential can be described using a market approach that accumulates the conditions for its enhancement from the point of view of investment consumers. The investment potential of banks from the position of the market approach can be represented as a formula:

IPBSR \u003d I Us B + I Fly d + I Ub Ap + I Us PT (2)

where the IPBSR is the investment potential of the banking system;

I USI V: - the amount issued by the banking system of long-term loans, I, where I is the number of banks in the banking system;

I e d - the total value of the debt papers on the market,], where ^ -coltyness of the debt valuable papers On the market;

I UB AP - the total volume of the market as well assessed value the over-the-counter stock market and shares, P, where N is the number of joint-stock and mutual securities in the market (including stock exchange);

I PT - the total capacity of the derivatives market financial instruments, t, where M is the number of derivative financial instruments on the market.

Thus, a market approach, in contrast to banking, takes into account the amount of a number of market instruments: long-term loans, stocks, shares, debt and derivative securities.

The potential difference calculated on two different approaches allows to determine the real increase in the credit and investment potential of the banking system:

L IPBS \u003d IPBSR - IPBSV (3)

Thirdly, there is a relative approach, according to which the factors of the impact on the investment potential of banks are divided into two categories: increasing and lowering its magnitude.

The factors that increase the investment banking potential can be attributed to the strengthening of the capitalization process of the banking system, the reliability of investment, the stability of the external environment, state support.

The factors that have a negative impact on the investment potential of banks include: an increase in the cost of the sources of the formation of commercial banks, an unfavorable investment climate, the lack of liquidity of the banking sector, a decrease in investor confidence in the banking system.

Using the relative method, you can estimate the dynamics of exposure to

and other factors for changing the investment potential of the banking system:

IP \u003d 1 (x1; x2; xs; x4) / d (x5; x5; x) (4)

where 1 (...) is the function of factors that have a positive effect on investment potential;

d (...) - the function of factors that have a negative impact on investment potential.

Analysis of the dynamics of factors providing a positive and negative impact on investment potential allows to identify the further development of the credit and investment potential of the banking system.

To strengthen the investment potential of Russian banks, it is necessary, in particular, an increase in the level of capitalization of the banking system, the stability of the economic market situation, the growth of capital of the banking sector by increasing the volume of attracting citizens' savings.

Growth Capitalization of funds of the banking system, in other words, increase own capital commercial banks, strengthens the stability of the banking system and creates the basis for long-term bank investments.

It is advisable to consider the factors affecting the capitalization of the National Banking System, dividing them on the factors of macros, meso-level and microenvironment (Figure 1).

According to Figure 1, the components of the macros are general economic indicators of the state as a whole, such as market conditions and its elements, the political and social stability of the country that affect the level of capitalization of individual commercial banks. The reasons for growth or reducing the level of capitalization on the meso-level are elements of the banking system and its infrastructure. Within the framework of this level, the state of the banking sector, its infrastructure, as well as the policy of the CBRF and the state in relation to the banking segment of the economy, can affect the degree of capitalization. Microsudes implies activities directly considered commercial Bank and its internal mechanisms of work, which include the goal and tasks set before the organization, ways to achieve them, costs and risks associated with their implementation.

Analyzing the capitalization of the country's banking system, it is necessary to investigate the structure own funds Banking system of Russia and growth factors and reducing capital of the banking sector, which are presented in Figure 2.

The structure of own funds of the banking sector is presented in Table 1.

Fig. 1. Factors affecting the level of capitalization of the Russian banking system.

Fators. Influencing GSHPDRRY MANAGE

fact DPY PCIRRA CAPITAL

onini factors? Capital

Rajuep authorized Ka Ltala

Subordinated

Growth of the value of the property due to heroacea

Non-iateriapai<глвы

Own you purchased shares (shares)

Sources are well-made * means, whose dfories are

bottom sources Dopoln N TEG t Nooo capital

Credip-y

Or ^ n n ^ nations b 5 (_ | ii [participation shares)

Fig. 2. Growth factors and reducing their own funds of the banking system of the Russian Federation.

Short description

Overcoming the effects of the economic crisis and entering a new trajectory of stable economic growth, directly depends on the strengthening of the role of the banking sector of Russia in ensuring the economic development of the investment opportunities, the effectiveness of attracting financial resources, i.e. The formed credit and investment potential and the effectiveness of its use in the real sectors of the economy.

INTRODUCTION
І METHOLOGICAL FOOD Formation and use of the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Russia
1.1 Theoretical foundations of credit - investment activities of Russian banks
1.2 Principles of formation and use of the credit - investment potential of the banking sector of Russia
ІІ. Factor analysis of the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of the banking system
2.1 Evaluation of the demand and suggestions of credit - investment resources of commercial banks of Russia
2.2 Analysis of the effectiveness of credit and investment activities of the banking sector
ІІІ. Optimization of the parameters of the functioning of the banking system of Russia
3.1 Prospects for increasing the effectiveness of credit and investment activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Attached files: 1 file

Credit and investment potential of the Russian banking sector

INTRODUCTION

І METHOLOGICAL FOOD Formation and use of the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Russia

1.1 Theoretical Fundamentals of Credit - Investment Department of Banks of Russia

1.2 Principles of formation and use of the credit - investment potential of the banking sector of Russia

ІІ. Factor analysis of the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of the banking system

2.1 Evaluation of the demand and suggestions of credit - investment resources of commercial banks of Russia

2.2 Analysis of the effectiveness of credit and investment activities of the banking sector

ІІІ. Optimization of the parameters of the functioning of the banking system of Russia

3.1 Prospects for increasing the effectiveness of credit and investment activities of commercial banks of the Russian Federation

Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Overcoming the effects of the economic crisis and entering a new trajectory of stable economic growth, directly depends on the strengthening of the role of the banking sector of Russia in ensuring the economic development of the investment opportunities, the effectiveness of attracting financial resources, i.e. The formed credit and investment potential and the effectiveness of its use in the real sectors of the economy.

This formulation of the problem is due to the need to implement in Russia long-term strategic strategics of the formation of a credit and investment model of economic growth, taking into account the objective processes of globalization and the need to adapt the national economic and political environment to the conditions of modern economic relations. In terms of capital scale, the ability to mobilize and accumulate investment and credit resources in the domestic and external financial markets, to effectively transform savings in the investment banking system must comply with the requirements that are put forward to the Earls of today's days.

Banks, as the main financial institutions of Russia, should ensure accumulation and efficient redistribution of financial resources

One of the most pressing issues of the economic development of Russia is the development and restructuring of the industrial sector. Without the establishment of the mechanisms of the credit - investment process, the solution of this problem is not possible.

To date, macroeconomic indicators indicate the trends in production growth in Russia, which are mainly due to the favorable foreign trade market and the consequences of devaluation in import-substituting industries.

Note that one of the conditions for maintaining effective credit - investment activity is a developed resource base, an investment infrastructure serving this market segment.

The experience of foreign banks confirms that developed credit - investment infrastructure not only facilitates the interaction between participants in credit - investment activities, but also makes it a fundamentally possible. Otherwise, the investment capital of capital, whether it is direct or portfolio, not only difficult, but also dangerous for the participants of this process.

The desire of the banking sector to strengthen the relationship with the real sector of the economy, primarily on a credit basis, is a paramount task, which is partitioned by the policy of the Bank of Russia and the Association of Russian Banks. Banks are universal intermediaries who have the rights and necessary tools for the transformation of temporarily free cash in credit investments. In the conditions of their own funds and disadvantage, for most enterprises attracted and borrowed sources of investment financing, bank loans are, in fact, the only solution to investment projects, which depends on the expansion of the range of products and services rendered and their quality, increase efficiency and competitiveness activities of enterprises of organizations.

As part of credit portfolios of Russian commercial banks, there has been a positive trend of increasing the volume and specific gravity of loans provided to enterprises of the real sector of the economy for investment purposes. However, in the structure of sources of funding for fixed assets, bank loans make up a small proportion. On the one hand, there is a profit of the credit and investment activity of commercial banks, with other-fators that prevent the role of banks in investment processes.

One of these factors is a high level of risk of lending to investment projects, which requires a highly organization of the organization of credit and investment activities. Performing crediting investment projects, the process of making management decisions should be based on the achievement of the optimal relationship between maximizing profits and risk minimization.

Development of a comprehensive approach to an assessment of the effectiveness of the credit and investment activities of a commercial bank, taking into account its functions and roles in the economic system and the development of recommendations for improving efficiency becomes a priority scientific and practical task, especially in conditions of insufficiently deep development of this topic in the research of economists.

Comparing the activities of banks and other financial organizations applying for an active part in investment activities, we note that the priority remains for the first.

The purpose of this work is an analysis of the credit and investment potential of the banking sector of Russia ..

To achieve his goal, the following tasks were solved:

The methodological foundations of the formation and use of the credit - investment potential of the banking sector were studied

An analysis of the formation and use of the credit - investment potential of the banking system;

Optimization of the parameters of the functioning of the banking system of Russia as a result of improving the efficiency of using credit and potential potential

When writing the work, methods of systemic - structural analysis, methods of expert assessments, index method were used.

The information-factory base of the course work is textbooks and training and methodical literature, periodical printing materials, analytical materials, Internet resources.

Coursework includes administration, 3 sections, conclusions, a list of references.

І. Methodological foundations for the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Russia

1.1 Theoretical foundations of credit - investment activities of Russian banks

Modern commercial bank is a universal credit institution that provides customers with a wide range of services. Currently, in the face of tough competition of financial institutions, the commercial bank is forced to expand the range of operations and services, in order to obtain maximum profits. Modern banks are the main participants in the foreign exchange market, the securities market. They offer customers various types of consulting and trust services, provide insurance services through associated insurance companies, improve operations with plastic cards, are performed through representatives of real estate operations, etc.

Nevertheless, despite the wide range of operations and services of commercial banks, the provision of loans continues to remain the main type of banking activity. Credit operations provide profitability and stability of the existence of commercial banks. However, along with profitability, credit operations are carrying main risks for the bank. The status of bank lending is of great importance for the development of the real sector of the economy, the formation of aggregate demand, expanding the possibilities of citizens in meeting their needs, and is an object of state regulation.

The credit policy of the Commercial Bank determines the strategy for the development of credit operations and is the basis of the credit process.

The Bank's credit policy determines the objective parameters that should be guided by the Bank's employees responsible for the process of providing and designing loans. The credit policy determines the basis of the Bank's Management Board, the Board of Directors, the Credit Committee and the Persons Taking Strategic Decisions, and also provides an opportunity for external and internal auditors to evaluate the quality and efficiency of credit management in the bank.

Credit Policy is a bank strategy in the loan market. When forming a loan portfolio, the Bank, guided by the principles of liquidity and profitability, should:

Determine the use of credit resources, taking into account their classification and structure;

Form a loan portfolio;

Formulate the conditions for granting a credit in taking into account various circumstances;

Credit policy plays a big role in the Bank's activities on the credit market:

Creates the prerequisites for the effective work of the commercial bank in the financial market;

Minimizes the likelihood of errors in decision making;

Determines the guidelines for the work of credit officers;

Ensures the effectiveness of the organization of the credit process.

Development of credit policies should take into account the goals of the bank, the strategy and tactics of behavior in the market. When the goals are determined, it is necessary to start developing a strategy and tactics of the behavior of a commercial bank on the credit market. Bank credit policy includes a number of elements that are presented in Table 1.1

Table 1.1.

Elements of credit policies

Element of credit policy
activities	Forming a loan portfolio, the bank must take into account its niche in the market, which depends on the resource base, from the ability to control or maintain close contact with borrowers, competition, demand and offer for credit funds. According to some types of loans, banks do not limit their activities with a certain region. For example, very large banks can provide loans to borrowers regardless of the location of their headquarters.
provided credit	The Bank's management determines the rational structure of credit investments. To do this, it is necessary to determine the proportion of investments by industry, and then, for each branch, group loans on the principle of targeted use. At the same time take into account the following points: Risks of certain types of loans; Diversification of the loan portfolio; The need of a bank in liquidity; Applications of clients to receive a loan; Profitability of individual loans; Qualifications of credit workers.
Proper security credit borrower	Having received credit applications from customers, the Bank conducts an analysis of the creditworthiness of potential borrowers. Then, by defining the class of the borrower, in accordance with the results obtained, establishes an acceptable form of a loan. In accordance with what class is assigned to the borrower, the bank can provide a blank loan, limit the amount of loans to ensure, provide loans for more stringent conditions.
repays	The bank's credit policy should take into account the period of return of loans, as the liquidity of the bank and the risks caused by the period of use of the loan depends on this. As the credit period increases, the liquidity of the bank is reduced and the credit risk is increasing. Taking into account the specific situation in the market, banks may prefer short-term loans and limit long-term or turnover.
Exceeding maximum limit lending	One of the problems faced by banks is that applications for a loan exceed the established standards of the Central Bank. In this case, the bank is in front of the choice: either reject the application of the client, or to conclude an agreement with another Consortium Credit Bank
Repayment	The effectiveness of the Bank's credit policy depends on the compliance with the principle of repayment of the loan. Prolongation of loans adversely affects the liquidity of the loan portfolio and increases credit risk. Therefore, for the deferment of loan payments, the Bank must take measures of economic impact on undisciplined borrowers.
Compensatory	Used as a protective measure when not returning debt.

Continuation of table. 1.1.

Element of credit policy	Brief characteristic of the credit policy element
	The requirements of various banks regarding the compensation residue of unequal and depend on the market situation. Typically, the "ten + ten" rule is used, which says that on the deposit account, the borrower must book 10% of the amount of the credit line and another 10% of the actually received loan.
Obligations provide	It is expressed in the form of lending limits that may be several types: Limit balance of credit debt; Extradition limit; Credit line; Renewable limit; Control digit of lending.
Value credit portfolio	Determined with such factors: Demand for credit; Investors' activity; Banking capital; Liquidity requirements; The state of the economic situation.

After the bank has developed a loan policy, it is necessary to provide for the procedure for its implementation. For this you need:

Impose responsibility on specific performers for its implementation;

Periodically analyze and evaluate the course of its execution;

Make the necessary adjustments, taking into account the changing conditions on the credit market.

Macroeconomic regional and intrabank factors affect the credit policy.

Macroeconomic factors include:

State of the country's economy. The sustainability of the economy determines the liberal credit policy, and the unstable economy is the policy of "expensive" money.

Monetary policy of the Central Bank. The Central Bank conducts credit restriction, or expansion using such tools as reserve requirements, an accounting rate and open market operations. Under the influence of such tools, bank credit capabilities may increase or decline.

The student should know: The concept of the credit and investment potential of the banking sector and the main factors that have a significant impact on its development; the value of the capital of the banking sector, the savings potential of the population attracted funds of enterprises and households, foreign capital, refinancing tools in the formation of credit and investment potential; Directions for analyzing the impact of these elements on the credit and investment potential of the banking sector.

Key words and terms: Credit and investment potential of the banking sector, capitalization of the banking system, savings potential of the population, globalization, foreign banks, transnational banks, banks with foreign participation, refinancing, key rate.

Credit and investment potential of the banking sector: concept and factors

Under the credit and investment potential of the banking sector, it is necessary to understand the ability of the banking sphere to redistribute financial flows, carry out the mediation function in capital movement both at the international level and between the various sectors of the national economy. Due to the credit and investment potential, consumer demand is stimulated and the real economy sector is developing.

Attracting resources to finance investments can be carried out both through the banking system using credit mechanisms and in capital markets.

Main paths and factors of increasing the credit and investment potential of the Russian banking sector:

• An increase in equity - capitalization of the banking system at the expense of the following sources: profits, emissions, reassessment of fixed assets;
• accumulation of savings of the population;
• attraction of foreign investment in the banking sphere;
• Development of instruments of refinancing of the Bank of Russia;
• Development of the general economic situation.

The first factor affecting the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is an increase in equity, capitalization of the banking sector. The role of the "Profit of Banks" source in an increase in equity is now small, since the average return on banking business has decreased during recent years due to the financial crisis, interest rates and lack of liquidity. The fear also causes the risk of decline in profits in the conditions of rapidly increasing amounts of overdue debt.

Emission resources include funds of founders, shareholders and third parties. The most effective tools for increasing their own capital are IPO (the first public posting of the company's shares, also called emissions) or the direct sale of part of the shares of the strategic investor.

The main limitation that determines the admission for the Bank to carry out public placement of shares is a fairly high credit rating. If the bank's reliability levels suggests more than 20% of the probability of default, it cannot be used to increase its own capital attraction of investors, especially foreign.

An important difference in the stock market from the debt market is the possibility of obtaining guaranteed profits exclusively at large temporary investment horizons. The financial stability of the Issuer in the long term is an important condition in order to interest investors. Thus, due to the emission source, it is possible to obtain a significant increase in the aggregate equity capital of the banking sphere, but the concentration of this increase will be apparent.

Banks reluctantly use such a source of capitalization raising, as reassessing fixed assets, due to the proportional increase in the taxable base for property tax. Moreover, the direct increase in the amount of credit and investment resources this source does not give.

The accumulation of population savings is another factor affecting the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Population savings come to the real sector with the participation of banking, retirement and insurance systems. The ability of commercial banks to attract population savings is a prerequisite for financial intermediation.

The dynamics of deposits of individuals in nominal or real terms characterizes the level of public confidence in the banking sector and the degree of implementation of this area of \u200b\u200bmediation functions to mobilize cash savings of the population.

Macroeconomic stability and information and political shocks determine the degree of confidence in the banking sector. Information and political shocks are possible information attacks and emergency political events that go beyond the usual situation.

Political shocks include possible, but not highly iriable events. These events include:

• inertial policies conducted by monetary authorities;
• arrests of foreign assets of the system-forming Russian banks or affiliates with them;
• foreign investigations or judicial claims relating to the activities of a large number of Russian banks;
• In connection with the mass violations of legislative and regulatory requirements, revision (or possibility of revision) of banking licenses in a large number of banks;
• Significant tax and law enforcement claims, which are presented to a significant number of commercial banks or organizations related to them;
• Acceptance of such regulatory international organizations as FATF, BIS, Basel Committee, decisions that greatly impede the activities of Russian commercial banks and significantly reduce their competitive positions.

The share of deposits to demand and term deposits in the total deposits of individuals is an important indicator characterizing the state of the banking sector. This indicator demonstrates the degree of confidence in the banking sector, it is the term deposits that form a resource base for the development of long-term lending and are the main resource for financial intermediaries.

Foreign investment in the banking system is another factor affecting the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Under foreign investment in the banking system it is understood as the share of foreign banks in the registered authorized capital and assets of the entire banking system. Since foreign banks often have access to cheaper and affordable capital through parent companies, the presence of foreign investment in the banking system has a positive effect on the growth of credit and investment potential.

Assess the influence of foreign banks to change the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is possible in two ways:

• evaluate the growth in the growth of foreign investment in the authorized capital of commercial banks;
• Analyze the resource base of a foreign bank.

The process of integrating the Russian banking sector into the global financial system has both advantages and disadvantages. The dignity is that the banking area by expanding the sources of liabilities becomes more sustainable for shocks in the national economy. However, in the case of global financial shocks, the stronger the dependence of the national economy from the international capital movement, the higher the negative impact on it.

Factors characterizing the degree of integration of the national banking in the global economy:

• share of foreign banks in assets or in the authorized capital of the banking system;
• share of the external debt of the non-financial sector of Russia;
• The share of external debt of the banking system in the overall structure of the liabilities of the banking system.

The "share of external debt share of the non-financial sector" is of great importance for Russia's economic development. On the one hand, the chain is valid: the narrowing of access to Euroras - the decline in investment in the real sector of the economy is to slow down the dynamics of the GDP factor per capita. On the other hand, the higher the share of the external debt of the non-financial sector, the higher the dependence of the Russian economy from external factors.

The development of instruments of refinancing of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation also affects the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Improving the efficiency of refinancing tools for commercial banks, as well as their development is an important factor in liquidity crisis. Under the effectiveness of refinancing means the directional use of funds and the uniform distribution of funds within the banking system.

The directional use of funds includes: replenishment of the economy with long-term credit resources, investing in strategic economic objects, reducing the share of funds aimed at foreign assets.

And the last factor affecting the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is to increase the inflow of funds due to the general economic situation. Achieve this effect is possible at the expense of the following components:

• Reducing the "bad" debts due to which the loss of credit and investment resources arise;
• An increase in the profits of economic entities leading to an increase in fund balances in banks in banks
• reducing capital outflow;
• Regulation of inflation level.

A detailed analysis of the influence of a number of most significant factors on the credit and investment potential of the banking sector is provided in the following paragraphs of chapter 4.

Finance of state and enterprises Finance of the State and Entities

UDC 336.71 DOI: 10.18413 / 2409-1634-2016-2-4-53-61

Kostonetsov L. B. Kirizleeva A. S.

Credit investment potential of banks. Regional aspect

[Email Protected] Org.

GOU VPO "Donetsk State University of Management", ul. Chelyuskintsev, 163a, Donetsk, 283015

[Email Protected] Ru

annotation

To create and maintain banking institutions in a stable state, it is necessary to effectively manage all cash flows, which is reflected through the management of financial instruments that affect assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet requirements and liabilities. Financial instruments that apply to this, past and future, including off-balance sheet requirements and obligations, banking institutions receive or pay in the future, which directly affects the results of the activity and financial condition. The article reveals the features of efficient banking; The indicators affecting its effectiveness are investigated; An analysis of the functioning of commercial banks on their main quantitative and qualitative indicators is carried out; The relationship of regional characteristics and credit - investment activities of banks, their impact on the effective functioning of banks in various regions; An analysis of the location of commercial banks on the territory of Ukraine is carried out. Keywords: banking systems; banking efficiency; profit; management of assets and liabilities; bank investment; Regional features; credit and investment activities; region

Larisa B. Kostrovets Alisa S. Kirizleeva

Credit-Investment Potential of Banks. Regional Aspect

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University Of Management"

163A Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [Email Protected] State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University of Management" 163A Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [Email Protected]

To Create and Maintain The Banking Institutions In A Stable Condition All Cash Flows Must Be Managed Efficiently, Which Is Reflected Through The Management of Financial Instruments, Which Are Recognized in the Assets, Liabilities, Off-Balance Sheet Claims and Liabilities. Financial Instruments, Which Are Applicable in The Press, Past and Future, Including Off-Balance Sheet Assets and Liabilities, Banking Institutions Receive or Pay In The Future, That Directly Affects The Results of Operations and Financial Condition.

The Article Examines The Peculiarities of Efficient Banking Operation, AS Well As The Indices Influencing Its Efficiency. IT ALSO ANALYSES THE FUNCTIONING OF COMMERCIAL BANKS OF UKRAINE BY THEIR MAIN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INDICES; Examines The Connection Of Regional Peculiarities and Crediting and Investment Activity of the Banks of Ukraine, Their Influence On Efficient Functioning Of Banks in Different Regions. The Article Also Analyses The Location of Commercial Banks on The Territory of Ukraine.

Keywords: Banking System; Efficientcy of banking operation; Profit; ASSETS AND LIBILITIES MANAGEMENT; Banking Investments; Regional peculiarities; Creating and Investment Activity; Region.

Setting the problem in general. In all countries in independence from the economic system and the method of organizing public relations, the banking system plays a major role. Not in vain, the banking system is often compared with the blood system of the state economy. After all, it is whether it provides the economy with the right amount of financial resources, supplying free movement of capital, calculations of business entities, lending to the economy, as well as the fulfillment of a number of other functions and tasks. It is difficult to imagine a developed state economy without a developed banking system.

In today's rapid development, the banking system of Ukraine is one of the most developed elements of the economic mechanism, since its reform began earlier than other sectors of the economy, which was determined by the key role of banks in solving problems of transition to a market economy. It is banking institutions that play a major role in the formation of an optimal environment for the concentration and free movement of capital, the rag of funds for the structural restructuring of the economy, the privatization and development of entrepreneurship.

Each region of Ukraine is characterized by economic, natural, social, transport, geographical

features that are important in the organization of banks, their branches and departments, and the implementation of the credit and investment

activities in general.

The study of the regional features of the formation and use of credit and investment potential is important not only for banks, but also for the entire banking system. This is due to the fact that the regional component of the development of each bank is the most important. Considering it, banks can increase their volume of activity and increase profits.

Analysis of recent studies and publications. It is important to understand what the banking system is in general and its effectiveness, which did not pay scholars. Lavrushushin O.I. describes the banking system as follows: "The banking system is primarily not a random manifold, random

the combination of elements. ... It expresses the properties characteristic of herself, in contrast to other systems operating in the national economy. The specificity of the banking system is determined by its constituent elements and

relations folding between them. "

Lavrushina O.I. The study guide notes: "The banking system is a necessary combination of banks, non-bank institutions and banking infrastructure, which are in close cooperation between themselves and ensuring its sustainable development."

"When analyzing the effectiveness of the banking system, the impact of the specific features of the state on the activities of banks is usually taken into account: the structure of the economy, the nature of the conducted

macroeconomic policies, specificity of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, other features, "says Novikova A.I. .

Baburina N.O., indicates that: "Bank's credit and investment potential is the Bank's ability to exercise credit and investment activities, due to the availability of relevant resources: financial, labor, technical, technological, and the like".

Regional features need to be taken into account when developing a policy of credit and investment activities of the entire bank, individual divisions, as well as in the implementation of credit and investment policies in a separate region.

Credit investment problems

the activities of Ukraine's banks in the regional context were studied by many scientists.

Detailed analysis of the peculiarities of regional credit activities were engaged in Vorobev Yu.M. and Sribna K.A. They revealed the main problems complicating the provision of loans to subjects

entrepreneurship.

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of effective banking; Analysis

the functioning of commercial banks of Ukraine on their main quantitative and qualitative indicators. Recents are studies of regional features of credit

investment activity

regional factors for the location of banks and their activities and functions. The relevance of this issue arises in the context of a financial crisis that negatively affects banks, borrowers, as well as investors.

Presentation of the main material. Justification of the results obtained. Analyzing banking efficiency, the influence is often taken into account

specific features of the country to work banks. These include, for example, the structure of the economy, the nature of the macroeconomic policies, the specifics of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, other features.

influencing the level of efficiency of banks - this is the ownership structure in the banking system, the main changes in operating activities, the share of the bank in the market of deposits, capitalization of banks, etc.

In addition to the foregoing approach, calculations are used, interconnecting efficiency with indicators of the structure of banking assets and liabilities and certain types of operations.

Profit is the performance of income and expenses

the main indicator of the bank. Difference between a commercial bank

makes its financial profit. It is an indicator of financial profit (that is, excluding taxes and distribution of residual profits) gives a characteristic of the efficiency of the commercial bank.

All types of analysis are based on the indicators to which the profits include the assets of banks, the financial result, as well as the number of registered banks in the analyzed period and other indicators.

The data of the National Bank of Ukraine show that for 2014, 163 banks operated in the country, including 51 banks with foreign capital (19 - with 100% foreign capital). The main indicators of the activities of the banking system are presented in the table. According to the NBU data, the share of foreign capital in the share capital of the banking system for the year slightly increased and is 32.5%.

The main indicators of the activities of banks of Ukraine

Main Indicators of Ukrainian Banks

The year of the number of registered banks. Banks of bank assets, mln. UAH. Issued loans, mln. UAH Own capital, mln. UAH Obligatory-bet, mln. UAH Regulatory capital, mln. UAH Clean financial result, mln. UAH

2007 175 599 396 485 368 69 578 529 818 72 265 6 620

2008 184 926 086 792 244 119 263 806 823 123 066 7 304

2009 182 880 302 747 348 115 175 765 127 135 802 -38 450

2010 176 942 088 755 030 137 725 804 363 160 897 -13 027

2011 176 1 054 280 825 320 155 487 898 793 178 454 -7 708

2012 176 1 127 192 815 327 169 320 957 872 178 909 4 899

2013 180 1 278 095 911 402 192 599 1 085 496 204 976 1 436

2014 163 1 316 852 1 006 358 148 023 1 168 829 188 949 -52 966

The main indicators of development as the country's economy as a whole and the second-level banking system are both the value of the gross domestic product of the country and, accordingly, the currency of the commercial balance

banks. Let us analyze in the dynamics for ten years of GDP and the assets of banks of Ukraine (Fig. 1. Dynamics of development of indicators of GDP, assets and net income of banks of Ukraine).

Fig. 1. Dynamics of development of indicators of GDP, assets and net income of banks of Ukraine Fig. 1. Dynamics of GDP, Assets and Net Income Of Ukrainian Banks

During ten years, the level of gross domestic product of the country amounted to 1,566,728 million UAH. In 2014, which is 3.55 times the level of 2005. But due to the economic crisis, the level of this macroeconomic indicator decreased in 2009 by $ 34,711.00 million. Compared to 2008. Considering the dynamics of the development of commercial banks, it can be noted that the active operations of banks of Ukraine increased by 1,101,843.07 million UAH. or 6.16 times, which is more than twice the growth of the country's GDP. Similarly, the trend of the country's GDP level in 2009, there has been a decline in bank balance sheet for 45,160, 72 million UAH. or 1.06 times.

Despite a significant increase in the assets of commercial banks, for ten years of the work of the banking system, four years out of ten commercial banks, the purpose of which is to obtain maximum profits, in their financial statements showed a negative financial result - loss (2009 - -38 449.81 million UAH., 2010 - -13 026.59 million UAH., 2011 - -7 707.54 million UAH., 2014 - -52 966.51 million UAH.). The most significant consolidated loss of banks is observed in 2014. It is necessary to note the negative trend of the state of the banking system of Ukraine: for ten years, if you calculate the total contribution of commercial banks to the country's economy - in the aggregate financial result for ten years, then the banks had a loss of 85,485, 84 million UAH. Self

large financial institutions of the country not only do not bring significant revenues in the revenue part of the budget, but also generate the risks of violation of the stability of the credit system of the entire country, the loss of assets of bank customers.

Using different methods of liquidity management, the banking organization seeks to find the rational ratio of assets and liabilities, which could ensure the relevant level of profitability and do not attend the ability of the Bank's ability to respond in their obligations.

Asset and liability management is carried out by different methods, while all three apply in today's practice.

Until the 60s of the last century, the Board of banks used mainly control only by active operations. The method is based on the one who primarily provide credit resources and under what conditions. Such an approach could not bring maximum profits, since, on the one hand, the Bank refuses to manage the funds raised and, therefore, from influence on their value, and on the other, a significant part of banking assets should be in highly liquid form to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity. that ultimately leads to revenge income.

In the 1960s and 1970s, in the banking sector, in the end, they concluded that it was possible to manage and liabilities. Advantage

it is to increase profitability, the possibility of greater accuracy of predicting the need for liquid funds. In order for the bank to have the necessary volume, the structure and level of expenditures on passive operations, they resorted to the price and non-certified methods of managing attracted means.

The big disadvantage of this method is that funds are attracted without taking into account the effectiveness of various areas of their placement.

The new approach management approach and liabilities is that income and expenses are banking balance, and therefore, thanks to a decrease in the cost level (liability management approach), the desired level of profitability is achieved to the same extent as during the proceeds from active operations.

Thus, the efficiency of commercial banks depends on many factors, both external and internal: political, economic, social

situation in the country, as well as quantitative indicators of banking activities,

rationality in the management of existing means.

The priority task, which should be solved primarily on the macro level, is to make decisions to stabilize the country's economy, creating conditions for strengthening the reliability of commercial banks in order to prevent the loss of loss of their assets, savings, their welfare by legal entities and individuals.

In each region there are its own characteristic of it, features affecting the credit and investment activities of banks. These features can be structled and grouped into separate groups.

Let's justify each group and the type of regional features affecting the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Ukraine.

Political features.

Political stability in the region_

It is characterized by stable political relations of various political groups, parties and the like. Political stability affects economic relations, contributes to the development of the economy, incl. banking sector, in particular credit and investment activities.

The level of interaction of regional power with state power

Effective interaction of regional power with state power makes it possible to have permanent support from the central government, this makes it possible to provide economic growth in the region, including and through the formation and use of credit investment

bank potential

The level of interaction of regional authorities with entrepreneurs

In effectively interaction of regional power and entrepreneurs, additional

opportunities for economic growth, which cannot be achieving without the active intrinsic investment activities of banks Regional power always tried to have good relations with

banks to provide financial prospects for the development of the region

The level of interaction of regional power with the population

The interaction of regional power with in the village makes it possible to ensure the stability of socio-economic development. The population of the population is voters, and, consequently, RegionalLast is trying to have positive relations with the population, which is also good for the credit and investment of banks in

Fig. 2. Political features affecting the credit and investment activities of regional banks of Ukraine Fig. 2. Political Considerations That Affect The Credit and Investment Activities of The Regional Banks in Ukraine

Organizational and management features.

1. Trust of individual investors and borrowers. Positively or negatively affects the terms and amounts of deposit deposits, on credit loans of the population and legal entities.

2. Location of banking institutions in the region. The greatest concentration of banks in large and medium-sized cities, where financial flows, income and expenses of business entities, population occurs.

3. The presence of different groups of enterprises. Banks are created mainly where large and medium-sized, as well as small enterprises, which are the main consumers of resources.

4. Professional abilities of banking personnel. The success of the formation and use of credit and investment potential depends on the effective activities of credit managers, from their professionalism.

Social features.

In regions with a large number of unemployed, problems arise with the formation of credit and investment resources, the number of borrowers decreases, the population has less uses bank services. With sufficient demand for labor resources, there are more population opportunities regarding the growth of own income, savings and the use of bank loans.

The propensity of the population to use borrowed funds

Affects the ability of the population

to act as individual investors, in particular to invest free funds for deposits in the Bank's banking institutions. Revenues

the population significantly affects their ability to be borrowers of banks in the region.

The population of richer regions has a greater tendency to use borrowed funds than the population of depressive regions. Although this issue has some specific differences related to the employment of the population.

Level of social conflict

The level of solvency of the population in the region

Social conflicts reduce the stability of the region, negatively affect the economic relations of various

subjects, in particular the population and entrepreneurial structures. Often, social conflicts are associated with uneven distribution of resources, revenues, not fulfilling the requirements of the country's labor and civil law.

The higher the level of solvency of the population in the region, the greater the possibilities for economic growth, and, consequently, the conditions for increasing the credit and investment potential of banks. The solvency of the population stimulates the demand for goods and services, which supports the proposal. it

stimulates production that cannot without using credit resources. With sufficient

the solvency of the population in the region is formed conditions for the growth of savings volumes, which is also an important step in the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of banking institutions

The level of social guarantees and social security in the region

A high level of social guarantees and social security in the region significantly reduces the labor migration of the population, contributes to more active use by the population of credit resources. The fulfillment of obligations to comply with social guarantees and ensuring social protection of the population strengthens the credit and investment potential of banks, contributes to the effective formation and use of credit and investment resources.

Fig. 3. Social features affecting the credit and investment potential of commercial banks

in the regions of Ukraine

Fig. 3. Social Features That Affect The Credit-Investment Potential Of The Commercial Banks In The Regions of Ukraine

Demographic features: population density in the territory of the region, the number and proportion of the working-age population, the age of age, the proportion of the local and rural population, the level of education,

qualifications and professional features, the level of growth (reduction) of the population, the level of mechanical migration of the population.

Financial and economic features.

Resource base of banks in the region

Financial and economic features

Types of economic activity that prevail in the region

The resource base of banks in the region depends on the availability of the population and legal entities, the level of income from the population and entities of entrepreneurship, the state of development of the stock market, interest on deposits. The resource base of banks in the region significantly affects the formation of credit and investment potential.

The level of profitability of enterprises

The increase in the level of profitability of enterprises makes it possible, on the one hand, more reliably provide conditions for repaying loans and form its own investment strategy, on the other hand, the increase in profitability stimulates enterprises to use only own funds, reducing the volume of borrowed financial resources.

The presence of real collateral in economic entities for loans

Therefore, it is necessary

a more optimal relationship between the types of economic activity is needed by credit and investment resources, and those species that are suppliers of financial resources for the banks themselves.

Volumes and structure of financial flows in the region

A significant part of the population has no or does not want to use the available property as collateral. Legal entities that rented

fixed assets practically do not have their own property, and therefore they have

problems with a deposit, which affects the reality of receiving bank loans. The lack of collateral or non-liquid deposit does not allow to stimulate the credit-investment activities of banks.

Volumes and structure of financial flows affects credit

investment activities by forming and using a resource base of banks.

The cost of bank loans in the credit market of the region.

Credit costs at the regional credit market

depends on the interbank competition, the general credit policy of banks, the cost of financial resources that attract banks in the regions. The cost of loans significantly affects interest.

customer use of credit resources. Therefore, there is every reason for banks in the regions to adhere to more real interest, which are associated with the level of income in the region.

Investment climate region

Favorable investment

the climate stimulates the increase in the number of investors and real borrowers. The increase in the number of investors stimulates competition between banking and non-banking agencies regarding credit and investment activities, which ensures the conditions for an increase in the amount of credit and investment potential of banks.

Competition level between banks for the resource base and borrowers

In to the crisis period between banks in the regions, a great struggle for customers has already begun, that is

individuals and legal entities. The financial and economic crisis has somewhat changed the directions and the pace of this struggle. But competition between banks at the level of the regions will increase, which will negatively affect those banks that have a minor network, ineffective banking workers.

Fig. 4. Financial and economic factors of influence on the credit and investment activities of banks in the regions of Ukraine Fig. 4. FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECT THE CREDIT AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES OF BANKS IN THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE

Natural and geographical features.

1. Natural and geographical risks affecting the credit and investment potential of banks: risks of flooding settlements; risks of earthquakes; risks of flooding; risks of frosts, droughts, showers; The risks of other cataclysms.

2. The presence of natural geographical restrictions on the implementation of certain types of economic activity. For example, the inability to mining coal, growing flax, forest harvesting in the Crimea.

3. Lack (presence) of natural resources affecting the life of the population and manufacturing activities of enterprises. So, metallurgy develops where there are areas of mining of ore and coal; Mechanical engineering to metallurgy enterprises.

Legal features.

1. Level of legislation in the region. Compliance with law contributes to a favorable investment climate,

an increase in the number of enterprises.

2. The level of criminalization in the region. The growth of criminal cases in the region reduces the likelihood of credit and investment activity of banks in this territory, since there are threats for both banks and borrowers.

3. The level of the shadines of the economy. Almost all regions to some extent are involved in the shadow economy. The growth of the shadow sector and the participation of banks in it is inevitable, which negatively affects the confidence in banks.

4. The level of corruption in the region. The growth of corruption inhibits the development of entrepreneurship, reduces the confidence of the population to the leadership of the region.

All specified features are significantly affected by the credit and investment potential. Political, financial and economic and organizational and managerial features have the greatest impact.

Thus, for the implementation of effective credit investment

activities need to take into account the peculiarities of the regions that directly affect the functioning of banking institutions.

In front of the crisis in the regions of Ukraine, consumer lending to the population prevailed, to a greater degree of mortgage - for the purchase of cars and housing by individuals.

At the same time, banks began to lend less manufacturers of Ukrainian cars and construction companies. This is one of the main reasons for the credit and investment activities of banks of Ukraine. Therefore, the state should take proper measures to maintain its own commodity producers when lending to individuals. That is, to provide preferential loans only when credit funds are spent on the purchase of goods of national

manufacturers.

Each territory has its own specific signs than and caused by the differences in the credit and investment potential of each region.

Considering the geographical location of banking organizations, you can see that most of them are located in Kiev and some of the big cities.

The first place in the number of banks located is occupied by Kiev. Why do many banks open in the capital? There are several reasons: in Kiev there are all state structures that play a huge role in ensuring economic activities; Kiev since the beginning of the education of an independent country mobilized the main financial flows, which is very important for banks; The capital of Ukraine collected most of the main offices of the largest domestic and foreign companies; In Kiev, there is a great opportunity to influence all regions; The population in the capital differs from the population of other regions by the highest level of personal finance.

The second place in the number of banks is occupied by the city of Dnepropetrovsk. This region has 15 banks, of which the largest - PJSC PrivatBank. During the financial crisis, only one bank has been liquidated. The reason for the creation of banks in this city is that this is a large industrial center that needs voluminous financial resources.

In third place is the city of Kharkov, where 11 banks are located. Among them is one powerful bank. Explaining the presence of a large amount

banking institutions can be the same factors as in Dnepropetrovsk. The region needs its own banking institutions due to the presence of large enterprises and economic relations with Russia.

Fourth place in the ranking of the regions belongs to Donetsk. There were 10 banks in the city, 2 of them refer to the group of the largest. Donetsk is a large city, distinguished by the developed industry and economic relations with other countries, in particular with Russia. During the financial crisis, no bank has been eliminated.

In fifth place - Odessa - 9 banks. Odessa does not have large banks, despite the fact that this is a large industrial and transport center. There are several seaports around the city, providing transport links with many countries in the world.

The sixth place in the number of banks is lions. There are 5 banks in the city, among which one large and one, which has passed the liquidation procedure during the financial crisis. The city is not industrial importance, despite the fact that there are significant industrial enterprises here.

Bibliography

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2. Veshkin, Yu. G., Avagyan, G. L. Economic analysis of the activities of a commercial bank: studies. Benefit. - M.: Master, 2007.

3. Vorobyov, Yu. M. Credivanny sub "ECAP SDPRIEMNICTVA in Rezunuunu: MONOGII / Yu.M. Vorobyov, K.A. Sribna. - Omferopol: Victims:" Share ", 2008. - 224 p.

4. Glushko, V. I. FShansia Management at the Bank: NROW. Poab. - Kiv: VD "Word", 2004. - 296 p.

5. Kochetov, V. M. Observation of FShansovo! STSKOP PUBLICAL COMETING: Theoretical methodical aspects: MONOGII / V.M. Nomes. - K.: Kneu, 2002. - 238 p.

6. Laurelin, O. I. Money, credit, banks. - 1st ed. - 1998

7. Lavrushina, O. I. Banking system in the modern economy: Tutorial "/ Collective of authors; Ed. Prof .. - 2nd ed., Ched. - M.: Knourus, 2012. - 360 p.

8. Novikova, A. I. Practical approaches to reforming the banking system in the Russian Federation // Young scientist. - 2013. - №7. -FROM. 225-228.

9. The foundation of the dealers of the Dalnos Banb is decole. -Electronic resource]. - Access mode:

http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id\u003d368 07 & cat_id \u003d 36798 (date of appeal: 05/17/2015).

10. Orlova, N. E. Merge and absorption as a tool for diversified growth of commercial banks / N.E. Orlov // Banking. - 2000. - №1. -FROM. 128 - 132.

1. Baburin, N. A. Credit and Investment Potential of the Bank: The Concept and Elements / N. A. Baburin // Bulletin of Tyumen State University. 2006. №3. PP. 208-210.

2. Veshkin, G., Avagyan, G. L. Economic Analysis of Commercial Bank Activity: Textbook. Guide. M. Masters, 2007.

3. Vorobyov, Yu. Kredituvannya Sub "Ektiv PidpriemnitstVA in Ekonomitsi Regionu: Monograph / Y. M. Vorobyov, K. A. Sribna. Simferopol: Vidavnitstvo" Share ", 2008. 224 p.

4. Glushko, V. I. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AT THE BANK: NAVCH. POSIB. Singapore: VD "Word", 2004. 296 p.

5. Kochetov, V. M. FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF MODERN COMMERCIAL BANK: TheORETICAL AND METHODICAL ASPECTS: MONOGRAPH: The Monograph / V. M. Kochetov. K .: Kneu, 2002. 238 p.

6. Lavrushin, O. I. Money, Credit, Banks. - 1-E IZD. -1998.

7. Lavrushina, O. I. The Banking System In The Modern Economy: The Manual / Group of Uphors; ED. Prof ... 2nd Ed. M.: Knorus, 2012. 360 p.

8. Novikov, A. I. Practical Approaches to Reform The Banking System in The Russian Federation // Young Scientist. 2013. №7.p. 225-228.

9. Main Indicators of Activities of Ukraine Banks. -. - Access Mode: http://www.bank.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/article?art_id\u003d368 07 & cat_id \u003d 36798 (Date of Access: May 17, 2015).

10. Orlova, N. E. Mergers and Acquisitions as a tool for Diversified Growth of Commercial Banks / Ne Orlov // Banking. 2000. №1. PP. 128-132.

Kostonetsa Larisa Borisovna, Rector, d. E. n., Associate Professor

Kirizleva Alisa Salavatovna, Associate Professor of the Department of Financial Services and Banking, to. E. n., Associate Professor

Larisa B. Kostrovets, Rector, Doctor of Economic Sciencees, Associate Professor

Alisa S. Kirizleeva, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Financial Service and Banking, DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL SERVICE AND BANKING

0

Course work on discipline

"Organizational activities of commercial banks"

Topic: "Credit and investment activities of banks: state and prospects"

(on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC)

annotation

Course work contains 47 pages, including 11 drawings, 27 sources.

In this course, the theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks , credit activities of commercial banks and an analysis of the credit and investment activities of commercial banks on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In writing work, works of scientists, such as Bukato V.I., Panova GS, Voloshina K.S. et al. And also federal laws and civil code.

Course Work Includes 46 Pages, Including 11 Figures, 27 Source.

In This Term Paper, Theoretic Aspects of Lending And Investment Activities of Commercial Banks, Credit Activity of Commercial Banks and Analysis of Lending And Investment Activities of Commercial Banks AS An Example of "Rusfinance."

In The Writing Of this Paper Were Used Works of Scientists Such As Bukato Vi Panova GS, Voloshin KS et al. AS Well As Federal Laws and The Civil Code.

Introduction ................................................... .................................................. ...... 6.

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities

commercial banks ................................................ ..................................... 7.

1.1 Essence of credit activities of commercial banks .................... 7

1.2 Features of investment activities of commercial banks ...... 11

1.3 Evaluation of credit and investment activities of commercial banks 18

2 Analysis of the credit and investment activities of commercial banks

on the example of LLC Rusfinance Bank ............................................. .................. 22.

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank ........................ 22

2.2 Analysis of the Bank's credit and investment activities ......................... 25

2.3 Evaluation of the performance of credit and investment

bank operations ................................................ .............................................. 32

3 problems and prospects for the development of credit and investment

activity of commercial banks ............................................... ............... 38.

Conclusion ............................................................... .................................................. .. 43.

List of sources used ................................................. ............. 46.

Introduction

The innovative activity of commercial banks acts as a characteristic of their successful policies from the position of providing services to its customers. It will not be an exaggeration to call innovation the basis of control not only by the banking operations cycle, but also by the Bank himself.

Thanks to the innovation, the management of the Commercial Bank appears the opportunity to take a look at their own stage of development as it were from the part, in comparison with other banks. Of course, the process of developing and implementing innovative technologies makes mobilized and accept a number of investment solutions that are associated with risks. But such a step can be considered justified if there are real tools for assessing the level of economic efficiency of credit and investment innovation of banks.

In order to improve the methods for calculating the economic efficiency of project decisions, and the commercial feasibility of investment investment in the innovation vector of the development of a commercial bank, a decision of a number of issues related to the field of adaptation of chosen innovations are necessary. At the same time, the issue of assessing the level of economic effect remains open.

The presence and diversity of various scientific papers, which highlight the issues of innovative processes in banking institutions, as well as the presence of critical points of view of practitioners testify that the raised problem has a certain level of relevance and is a question of paramount importance for the development of a modern bank.

In confirmation of the foregoing, it is advisable to apply to the scientific works of such scientists as L.L. Antonyuk, TA Vasilyeva, S.B. Egorcheva, Ya.N. Krivich, S.V. Leonov, F.S. Mishkin and others. Their scientific studies reveal different aspects of bank investment innovation, but the current situation that has developed in the economy and financial sector of Russia, indicates the feasibility of deepening individual elements of the study by improving the estimated apparatus.

It is this approach that adapts existing tools for assessing the economic efficiency of credit and investment innovation of banks, taking into account the changes that are caused by existing financial processes in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study provides for the study of the theoretical platform for assessing the level of economic efficiency of credit and investment activities of a commercial bank and its adaptation in modern deposit organizations, which are representatives of the banking sector.

The key objectives of the intended research area are:

1) study the theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of banks;

2) study of the credit and investment activities of the Commercial Bank LLC Rusfinance Bank;

3) disclosing the prospects for the development of credit and investment activities of a commercial bank.

The object work was made by LLC Rusfinance Bank.

The subject of the course work is the process of credit and investment activities of banks.

Sources of information on writing a course work served the works of specialists and banking workers; statistical data; Research articles in periodic literature on the organization of banking activities, as well as the financial statements of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011-2013, presented on the official website of the bank - http://www.rusfinancebank.ru

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks

1.1 Essence of the credit activities of commercial banks

A modern commercial bank is a universal credit institution that provides customers with a huge range of services. At the beginning of its occurrence and development, commercial banks carried out only traditional surgery for the credit organization: attracting deposits, the provision of loans and settlements. But at present, in the face of tough competition in the banking system, the commercial bank is forced to expand the range of operations performed in order to obtain sufficient profits for normal functioning.

Modern banks are the main participants in the securities market, the foreign exchange market, they offer customers the various types of trust and consulting services, provide insurance services through the associated insurance companies, expand the operations related to plastic cards, are carried out through representatives with real estate operations, etc. .[ eight].

In certain periods of time, depending on the political and economic condition of the country and the international situation, in general, various active operations are more or less profitable. So, with the instability of the foreign exchange market, there are quite high incomes of currency transactions. Crisis in the securities market, replacing the stabilization of the stock market, give banks a good opportunity to "earn" on the fulfillment of arbitration transactions with securities. The crises of the banking system itself allow large banks to receive good profits over a short period of time, placing money on the interbank market, the money necessary for small and medium banks to fulfill their current obligations.

But, despite the attractiveness of individual banking operations in certain periods, banks constantly carry out their main function - lending operations. Thus, the reasonable loan policy allows us to rationally and effectively use all elements of the loan mechanism, which largely ensures the successful activities of the Bank and its further development.

The purpose of the credit policy expresses the end result of the Bank's activities that follows from its purpose - to meet customer needs in obtaining additional funds, receiving profit and ensuring the sustainability of the credit institution. Credit policy tasks are more specific: they may be associated with the improvement of the composition of credit products, the quality of the loan portfolio, a decrease in the share of overdue debt, an increase in the share of secured loans, a decrease in the risk of loan policies is not once or permanently defined in jar. It should be revised depending on the change in economic realities in the state, the "Rules of the game" in the banking market.

Based on the tasks established by the credit policy, as well as the available resources, the credit institution determines the current tasks:

2) the technology of carrying out credit operations;

3) credit risk management;

4) control in the lending process.

To maintain the Bank's credit policy, a regular study of the provisions set out in it is necessary. Revision of politics Credit organizations are carried out, as a rule, no less than once a year. In the currently rapidly changing economic situation, the credit policy is revised even more often. The revision is possible both "top" and "bottom". Who, as not a credit worker, daily colliding with various, often non-standard situations in working with customers, sees "subtle" policies and can make rational proposals for its adjustment. Banks are trying to adhere to the most close to the realities of the modern life of the credit strategy.

The Bank's credit policy is a system of monetary activities conducted by the Bank to achieve certain financial results, and is one of the elements of banking policies.

To successfully implement it, the Bank needs to keep records of all factors that have an impact on the implementation of the flow of inflow of credit potential. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the Bank's policies in terms of the formation of credit potential funds.

The main forms of increasing sources of credit potential include:

Increasing the number of banking clients;

Increased means of participants and customers existing in the Bank;

Growth of the Bank's organizational network;

Association of funds of participants and customers of the Bank on the intended purpose (for example, the creation of a common housing fund).

For banks, a greater number of permanent customers is of particular importance, as in this case, more stable deposits in the bank and its liquidity. Credit policy also determines the overall strategy of actions in credit activities and presents general conditions for strategic planning, as well as the Bank's current decisions on granting or not providing a loan.

How to ensure the financial stability of the bank in the conditions of financial instability. An important role at the same time is given to the credit policy, which is based on an acceptable ratio "Risk - profitability" for the bank. Competent loan policy contributes to optimizing credit risk, the provision of high-quality and most suitable credit products for the client generating the main income of the bank.

Classification of bank risks depending on the state of each of the listed elements: the type (view) of the bank and risks.

Factors defining the Bank's credit policy are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Factors defining a credit policy of a commercial bank

Currently, taking into account the activities of banks, three types (species) of commercial banks are distinguished: specialized, sectoral, universal. A riskset for these banks will be different.

Scope of the emergence and influence of banking risks. Depending on the sphere of occurrence, bank risks are classified on: risk of countries; the risk of financial reliability of a separate bank (risks of lack of capital of bank capital, unbalanced liquidity, insufficiency of mandatory reserves); The risk of a separate type of banking operation (the risk of non-payment, non-payment, circuit - bank guarantee, legal risk, risk of loans, etc.). The composition of the Bank's customers and methods for calculating risks. The composition of the Bank's clients is determined by the method of calculating the risk and its degree. The small borrower is more dependent on the accidents of the market economy than is large. At the same time, large loans issued to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, a branch, a region or country, often serve as bankruptcy bankruptcies. Therefore, one of the methods for regulating risk from the provision of large loans is to limit its size of 10-15% of the authorized capital of the bank.

The correct choice of the preferred customer for the bank is essential. Usually, such partners include enterprises with a high degree of financial sustainability and having good liquidity and solvency balances, sufficient level of profitability, and well-provided with their own means.

In modern conditions, the principles of rational lending are particularly important, requiring reliable evaluation of not only the object, subject and quality of ensuring, but also the level of margin, the profitability of credit operations, risk reduction. The observance of lending technology, the rules for issuing and repaying loans, current observation and analysis of credit operations becomes important.

Currently it is difficult to predict how in the future bank lending in Russia will develop. But it is safe to argue that there is no serious alternative to this: the state does not have enough funds even to support the social sector, in view of which lending to enterprises and other legal entities for it is an unbearable task. Therefore, those credit institutions will achieve the greatest success in this type of banking business, which earlier will come to this market and create appropriate internal mechanisms that allow you to work objectively on it.

The Bank's credit policy is determined, first, by common, installations regarding the operations with the clientele, which are carefully developed and recorded in the Memorandum on credit policy, and, secondly, the practical actions of banking personnel interpreting and incarnating these installations. Therefore, ultimately, the ability to manage a loan depends on the competence of the Bank's leadership and the qualification level of its ordinary composition engaged in the selection of borrowers, specific credit projects and the development of conditions of credit agreements.

The Bank in its appointment should be one of the most reliable institutions of the Company, represent the basis of the stability of the economic system. In modern conditions, the unstable legal and economic environment, the banks should not only maintain, but also to multiply the funds of their customers almost independently, due to the lack of state support and support. Under these conditions, professional management of banking operations, operational identification and accounting of risk factors in daily activities are primarily acquired.

1.2 Features of investment activities of commercial banks

One of the fundamental infrastructure elements of the country's economic development (and will remain in the foreseeable future) the development of its credit and financial system.

The main direction of the impact of the banking system for the economy is investment activities carried out in the interests of the socio-economic development of the whole country. Mobilization of population savings and their transformation into an investment resource remains a classic function of banks in the economic system. The value of the banking system in terms of the efficiency of redistribution of capital may vary depending on the periods of economic development and the characteristics of a separate country.

In a study of investment activities of banks, in our opinion, there is an urgent need to clarify the economic content of the concept of "investment activity of a commercial bank", since its interpretation in economic literature requires additional disclosure.

In the Soviet economic science, the investment activities of banks considered the provision of long-term borrowed funds to the subjects of the real sector of the economy. With socialism, the banking sphere performed the most important function of long-term lending to the most important sectors of the national economy, such a look at the role of the banking system in many ways turned out to be inherited by modern Russian financial management.

In the process of developing market relations in the country, a view to the investment activity of banks to a greater extent began to relate to the activities of credit institutions in the field of investment in securities. To some extent, a similar interpretation has become an objective reflection of the existing economic reality. Bank investments include securities with a term until the repayment of over one year, the main purpose of which is to receive income.

In this regard, it should be noted that the investment activity of banks is illegally limited by the time frame of capital investment. The development of investment instruments is currently makes it possible to produce "reassessment of investments", i.e. To carry out a regular revision of the investment qualities of certain areas of investment.

A number of authors adheres to the widest possible interpretation of the investment activity of the Commercial Bank, in particular, such an approach is disclosed in the instructions 17 of the Bank of Russia. In this document, investment activities are considered as "the acquisition or implementation of material or financial assets intended to generate future income."

The second (narrow) point of view is set forth in the rules of accounting in credit institutions located in the Russian Federation, with investments in securities in order to form a trading and investment portfolio. According to the requirements of this document, banks can carry out investments or "directly by investing their funds into production (purchased in one form or another share of participation); By providing loans for the appropriate goals, "either for three main activities:" ... to serve the movement of funds belonging to investors - customers and intended for investment purposes; cooperate in mobilizing savings and savings and sending them to investment goals through the securities market; Invest in investment process your own and attracted resources. "

All current studies currently existing in this area are operated on either an extended interpretation, or narrow it to the limits of a narrow circle of operations with a specific category of securities. In our opinion, both existing approaches have the right to exist, because They objectively reflect the global tendency towards the universalization of financial institutions. A wide interpretation describes the activity of the so-called. Financial supermarkets that operate on diversified global markets. A narrow interpretation of investment activity, thus reflects the main financial function of most Western banks - underwriting in borrowing markets.

Domestic and foreign sources celebrate microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches to the assessment of the Bank's investment activities. From the standpoint of a microeconomic view, the Bank is an economic entity that operates its own and borrowed funds in local markets in order to extract profits as the main goal of its activities.

From the point of view of macroeconomics, banks are an integral element of the global investment process, transforming the accumulation and savings of the field of households and the field of business entities in investment resources, in demand by the real sector of the economy.

All investment activities of banks are traditionally divided into four main directions (a number of researchers allocate more): lending, investment in financial markets, industrial investments and investments in their own activities of the Bank.

Lending traditionally occupies a special place, from the point of view of macroeconomic impact on economic processes in the country. Investment lending occupies a special place in the general credit system due to the specifics of targeted lending, the use of elements of project lending, long period of lending and, accordingly, a higher level of risks.

In difficult conditions of the post-crisis development of the Russian economy, the share of investment loans is steadily increasing, which testifies in general on the return of the banks of the former leading role in updating the fixed capital of the real sector of the economy.

Financial investments of banks are investments in securities and urgent deposits in other credit institutions. As the Russian financial market is developing, investments in state and municipal securities, derivatives of securities (derivatives), as well as new financial instruments (transforming securities) are becoming increasingly important.

Industrial investments of banks are the investments of the Bank in the economic activities of enterprises and organizations. Such investments can be carried out in the form of equity participation in the capital of the enterprise of the real sector of the economy, the implementation of joint activities. This participation is carried out by the Bank, as a rule, in the financial sector, where legal entities can be the object of investment, carrying out activities using bank financial resources (leasing and factoring companies, investment funds, insurance companies, non-state pension funds, depository and clearing institutions, and T .d.).

The development of the Bank's investment activity in this field may be together with the presence of positive points (diversification of activities, the development of new markets, etc.) to carry and a whole complex of additional risks. In this regard, the activities of commercial banks in this area are associated with a number of additional legislative and regulatory limitations.

Investments in their own activities, as a rule, include investment in the improvement of the material and technical base of the bank and its organizational level. The implementation of such investments is justified only if the logical result of such investments was the improvement of the bank's rating position in Russian and international markets, improving the efficiency of operating activities, expanding the client base and customer service level.

The development of forms of investing credit institutions in the context of the Global Economy proves the need to develop a flexible investment policy of the Bank, capable of effectively and quickly responding to changes in the macroeconomic situation, choosing new forms and investment methods. In relation to countries with economies in transition, the development of the main areas of investment policy is a serious problem that is a special consideration in a professional environment. Among the affecting factors must necessarily take into account the degree of openness of the national economy, the degree of its real integration into the world economy and the degree of development of institutional mechanisms.

Analysis of foreign experience in the development of investment activities of credit organizations led to the formation of two main models for building banking systems - segmented ("American") and universal ("German"). The main distinguishing features of both models were the specialization of credit institutions, the degree of their diversification and the strategy for the formation of their investment portfolios.

Currently, it is possible to state that, despite the ongoing process of the development of the banking system of Russia, the larger impact is becoming a scheme for building the financial system of our country on the basis of the German model.

The synchronous development of the processes of specialization and universalization in the banking sector led to the formation of a new type of banks operating in the investment sphere and having features: the global nature of operations, the ability to attract significant amounts of financial resources, a diversified complex of services provided in the investment sphere, possession of a large business management Assets, merging with a network of small and medium credit and brokerage institutions, the ability to provide the entire spectrum of related services in the investment sphere.

A characteristic feature of all investment activities of commercial banks is the presence of a significant share of borrowed resources in the investment funds, which makes the investment process for them much more dependent on the amount of profit marks - the norms of return on investment capital. This feature can be noted primarily in drawing up the characteristics of the modern investment process in Russia.

Secondly, it is necessary to note the risk factor as an integral component of the investment activity of commercial banks. In connection with the substantial dependence of banks from borrowed sources of funds, their investment activities are completely rightly susceptible to more hard regulation both by the internal regulatory documents of banks and on the part of the regulatory documents of the main regulator - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Thirdly, investments carried out by a credit institution must have a high degree of liquidity, i.e. The ability to be quickly transformed into cash.

This feature of investment operations is inherent in certain contradictions - the actions of credit institutions in the field of investment investments are traditionally evaluated using the "magic triangle" "profitability-risk liquidity", the main components of which have certain dependencies. So, with an increase in yield, as a rule, the risk of operations inevitably increases. Therefore, the choice of relevant forms of investment should be made on the basis of the developed investment policy of the Bank, which includes the development and implementation of a set of activities for investment activities on a certain list of criteria for efficiency. From the choice of one of the types of investment policy - conservative, moderate and aggressive and will depend on the direction and nature of investment investments.

Of particular importance is the active activity of the bank to attract the funds of the population, because Thanks to this source of liquid resources, savings in the shortest path are transformed into the investment resource of the real sector of the economy are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - The process of transformation of savings in investment resources

The relationship of investments and savings was investigated by J. M. Keynes and is set out to them in the work "General theory of employment, percentage and money." The following provisions are the following provisions: "Although the total savings amount is a total result of the action of a plurality of individual consumers, and the value of the investment is the total result of the action of individual entrepreneurs, these two values \u200b\u200bshould be equal to each other, since each of them is equal to exceeding consumption income " According to J.M. Keynes, savings equality Investments provide a country to stable economic development, therefore it is advisable to fully implement the entire accumulation fund. Unfortunately, in our country, due to the undevelopability of the conservation capitalization mechanism, the latter are practically not involved in the investment process.

In the modern Russian economy, in the opinion of a significant number of domestic economists, there is currently the existence of a sufficient amount of potential resources not used for the purpose of investing and excluded, therefore, from the effective economic turnover (even cautious assessments are talking about the possibility of a two-time increase in investment potential).

Russian commercial banks at the same time had quite a lot of attractive areas of investment of funds that differ in very high yield in dozens and even hundreds of percent. In the current situation, it is not necessary to calculate the real sector of the economy on the growth of investments by the banking sector, according to many Russian economists, in particular S. Helazyev, to resolve this problem, it will be necessary to limit the access of market participants to high-yield speculation.

Fourthly, the deficit of medium-term long-term resources in the composition of the funds raised credit institutions is preserved. Despite the positive dynamics of the growth of bank deposits, it is too early to talk about the restoration of complete confidence of citizens to the banking system in the conditions of post-crisis development.

Fifth, the overwhelming part of the loans provided is short-term nature - this is due to a fairly high need of enterprises in such loans and in the absence of effective investment instruments.

Domestic enterprises, possessing the low rate of increasing profits (and, accordingly, their own funds), need significant attraction of funds to replenish the magnitude of working capital and solving current production problems for the payment of products suppliers, the acquisition of raw materials, utilities payments, etc. .

Sixth, to restraining factors for the development of investment activity, it is necessary to attribute the state budget policy. In Russia, the budget surplus is not reinvesting into the economy, and in fact, it is derived from it, being used for servicing public debt, as well as to build official gold and foreign exchange reserves. This reduces the basis of self-financing economic growth, which is put into greater dependence on raising resources from the outside.

The balanced development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy prevents the lack of systemic development of the country's legislative base, harmonizing the functioning and development of the modern economy.

Currently, the main disadvantage of the current banking legislation is the weak of responsibility mechanisms for adopted obligations at all levels of banking management. At the legislative level, such strategic principles of banking, as defense of the interests and rights of investors, lenders, depositors, are not fully ensured; preventing crimes in the economic sphere related to the implementation of dubious operations and transactions, as well as the establishment of unscrupulous persons of control over credit institutions; The system of preferential taxation of banking has not been created.

From the above, it should be the conclusion that the impact of the banking system on the economy is currently continuing to remain quite insignificant - this is expressed in the inability of existing financial institutions to become centers of transformation of population savings into an investment resource for the real sector of the economy. Banks are not yet able to provide real inter-sectoral competition for attracting credit resources in a sufficiently low solvent supply of the population.

In part, this can be explained by the poor financial condition of the end consumers of investment resources. In conditions of decline in inflation rates, its level remains relatively high compared to the profitability of the real sector of the economy, which is expressed in high interest rates and the inaccessibility of using bank loans for many manufacturers. It is also due to the weak capitalization of banking

systems and the unbalance of their assets and liabilities for timing, deficiency of resources for long-term lending and high lending risks, the presence of disproportion in capital distribution: approximately 20 of the largest banks are the owners of 60% of all the assets of the country and are practically monopolized by the banking market.

It should be noted that these are not the only problems that we can achieve the intensification of investment activities of commercial banks. However, not paying attention to them, it is easy to interrupt all positive trends in the correlation development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy, turning them into stagnation.

In the near future, the main problems that have a serious impact on the regional banking system will be a low level of equity, a high proportion of short-term liabilities that make it impossible long-term investments, as well as a high degree of dependence of the banking network from the state of affairs in the real sector of the Russian economy.

1.3 Evaluation of the credit and investment activities of commercial banks

The problem of implementing innovations in the activities of commercial banks is relevant for a long time. According to numerous studies, a significant part of scientists tried to solve this problem from the position of the actual implementation of certain types of innovation, that is, banking products.

However, no less relevant issues related to the evaluation of already existing credit and investment innovation of banks were limited and discussed.

At the same time, not enough attention was paid to the study and disclosure of relationships between conceptual categories, which characterize the process of assessing the credit and investment innovation of banks. There are in mind the definition of the "effectiveness of credit and investment innovation of the bank" and "Innovative activities of the Bank".

Previously conducted studies show that there is a direct relationship between the concepts of "Innovative Bank's activities" and "the effectiveness of innovative activities of the Bank". At the same time, research, operating and strategic components of the innovative activities of the Bank / 9 / are highlighted and emphasizes the importance of their simultaneous development as a reference point for the overall economic result of its activities.

The relationship between these definitions is that the bank's activities, regardless of the circumstances, should be aimed at a certain result.

In this case, the Bank chooses an innovative credit-based mechanism. To achieve a certain level of efficiency in this activity, the Bank is possible when performing a number of conditions that are based on and characterize the relationship between these categories.

The first condition acts as a research component, which is associated with the basic basis for the formation of the effectiveness of the Bank's credit and investment innovation. The second and fairly suitable condition is the motivational basis for the formation of a planned level of efficiency of innovative activity.

The relevance of the second condition is that the Bank makes an attempt by credit investment on the basis of the implementation of payback and efficiency principles. The operating and strategic components of the innovative activities of the Bank are the third condition of the relationship between definitions. It is these components that have the opportunity to implement an innovative idea and, as a result, lead to obtaining an economic effect, that is, an effective stage comes. As a result, the level of efficiency of the Bank's credit and investment innovation depends on the quality of all components that participate in its appearance. So, the relationship between definitions is established so that without its presence, it makes no sense to master innovative credit-based innovative technologies.

The importance of the orientation of innovative banking on the overall result and the effectiveness of the Bank's activities confirms the critical analysis of research results. From the point of view of the methodology, it is important: determining the main approaches to the implementation strategy for banking innovation in credit and investment activities; Explanation of the results of innovation and proof of personnel productivity; Development and implementation of innovative products and services to the work of the Bank.

The task is quite complicated, but it is extremely important for today, which is subject to the decision, because powerful waves of financial crises have become evidence that banks have not yet reached a sufficient depth of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation and have no systematic approach when adapting the mechanisms of their implementation. Therefore, it is advisable to proceed with the solution of this task with the interpretation of approaches to basic strategies for the implementation of banking credit and investment innovation.

From the standpoint of the systematic approach to the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations, we consider as components of the general strategy of the innovative development of the Bank. In turn, the strategy of innovative development in the plane of the general theoretical approach Tracting as the main direction of the Bank's movement in the long term, the result of which is the decision on the need to initiate bank credit and investment innovation and their nature, as well as the necessary resources.

Of course, banks are characterized by the existing intellectual potential, a set of specific principles and tools to achieve certain development goals. In addition, the external environment and additional opportunities for further consolidation and expansion of competitive positions in the market for each separately taken bank are different.

The natural results of the progress of science in the Russian economy, as a result of which the processes of an interactive method of banking services are developing in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations of the Bank. Innovative technologies that exclude the direct communication of the bank with the client, found a large number of supporters banks. Therefore, the actualization of remote technologies for banking customer service in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations in most domestic banks looks natural, so it is based on the definition of basic strategies from the position of introducing bank credit and investment innovation.

Studies show that the basic strategies for the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations as the technology of remote customer service of the Bank have distinctive characteristics that are disclosed from the positions of the main content and the possible result. Thus, the traditional strategy involves improving the quality of service on the currently existing technological basis; Opportunist - characterizes the orientation of the bank to leader's innovative technology from those known on the market and does not require high costs of scientific research; Simulation strategy means purchasing a license bank with minimal costs for own scientific research. With the defense strategy of introducing bank innovations, the commercial bank seeks to keep up with others without claiming dominance, and at the offensive - the bank seeks to the market championship due to the high level of the innovation process.

The authors believe that from the point of view of measuring the economic efficiency of innovative processes in the Bank, an analysis of additional financial flows formed as a result of the implementation of banking innovations, namely innovation of credit and investment activities, according to one of the above scenarios and the selected basic implementation strategy in the bank was important.

Additional financial flows formed as a result of the implementation of credit and investment innovation, submit on the example of remote customer service technologies through the system of indicators to Table 1.

Table 1 - Algorithm for estimating additional financial flows of commercial banks

Indicator	Algorithm	Definition in algorithm
The sum of the original financial flow after the introduction of innovation in the bank (IFP)	IFP \u003d Aho + RSK + PR + CER	AHO - Administrative and Economic Costs RSK - Customer Accounts Pr - Other expenses CER - cumulative cost of ownership
Cumulative cost of ownership (CER)	CER \u003d YAR + HP	Yar - obvious (straight) costs HP - implicit (indirect) costs
Explicit (direct) costs (Yar)	Yar \u003d L + B + OP + V + to	L - licenses for the use of software for remote customer service technologies in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations B - the introduction of project technology OP - holding staff training events B - Service of the introduced technologies Before - Additional Equipment
Implicit (indirect) costs (HP)	HP \u003d TI + ZPP + DV	TI - technological changes ZPP - Personnel wages attracted to the introduction of innovation DV - additional payments (awards) employees for overtime
The sum of the input financial flow to the introduction of new remote customer service technologies in the Bank (WFP)	WFP \u003d OD + DRR + DPR	One - operating income DRR - revenues from resource accommodation DPR - revenues from resource sales

The studies have established that the profit from the implementation of bank credit and investment innovations can be obtained, firstly, due to the reduction in costs, which will provide new technologies, secondly, by increasing the bank's income. The reduction in the cost of the bank is measured both in units of time and in financial indicators and is associated with an increase in productivity and saving time to perform the operations of the bank.

As a rule, the increase in revenues of the Bank as a whole occurs due to the expansion of the Bank's client base as a result of effective customer service in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations.

It is advisable to pay attention to the problem of financing the investment cycle of innovation. Studies show that a number of positive moments in this case has an investment loan, which can be provided by the NBU for the innovator bank. Such a type of loan, on the one hand, has a sufficiently high-quality package of guarantees, and on the other, it provides for the provision of external control in order to efficiency of its use. The participation of the state in the innovative development of a commercial bank provides a positive impact on the entire financial sector of the country.

Thus, in the economic and social development of the country, the credit and investment activities of banks contribute to: accelerating the growth of the aggregate social product and its components - gross domestic product and national income; more rapid restoration and modernization of fixed assets of enterprises, thanks to the stimulation of the investment process in the form of capital investments, thereby improving the quality and competitiveness of services; Performance growth, etc.

Long-term loan also leads to an increase in solvent investment demand in related industries. As a result, an animated effect of increasing GDP and national income arises. An increase in national income entails a change in tax revenues to the budget and expanding the possibility of the state for the implementation of activities provided for in the framework of socio-economic policies. Thus, the implementation of the policy of credit expansion, in addition to impact on the money supply, affects other macroeconomic indicators.

2 Analysis of the credit - investment activities of commercial banks on the example of LLC Rusfinance Bank

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank

Rusfinance Bank specializes in issuing consumer loans through a network of more than 18,000 partners (retail chains and car dealers) and its own representative offices of the regional network in 63 regions of Russia from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, and also provides remote loans through the contact center.

Being one of the market leaders, Rusfinance Bank offers the most comprehensive range of services in the field of consumer lending:

1) car loans;

2) lending at sales points;

3) issue of credit cards;

4) Providing cash loans.

Rusfinance Bank occupies 3rd place in terms of issued car loans based on the results of 2013 (RBC.Rating) and comes to the top five leaders in the consumer lending market at the sales points (Frank Research Group).

The bank has a high-level credit ratings from three international rating agencies: Moody "S - BA1 / AA1.ru (stable forecast), Fitch - BBB / AAA (RUS) (Negative outlook), Standard & Poor's - BBB- / RUAA- (forecast Negative). Fitch and Standard & Poor's Agencies Ratings are investment.

Rosbank and Rusfinance Bank enter the group Societe Generale. - One of the largest international financial groups that adheres to a diversified universal banking model, which allows combining financial stability and sustainable development.

The Societe Generale group was founded in 1864 and unites more than 154,000 employees in 76 countries serving 32 million clients around the world.

Group activities include 3 main directions:

Retail banking business in France;

International Retry Business, Specialized Financial Services and Insurance with Presence in Europe, Russia, Africa, Asia and Overseas Territories of France;

Corporate and investment banking, asset management, maintenance of wealthy customers and operations with securities.

General License of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation №1792 dated 02/13/2013.

The location of the bank of the Bank of the Bank - Samara, ul. Chernorechenskaya, 42a.

Branch in the city of E - ul. Zwill, d. 68.

Management bodies The Rusfinance Bank LLC is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Controls BANK RUSFINANS BANK LLC

The General Meeting is the highest management body of the Bank, which makes decisions on the main issues of the Bank's activities. At the annual general meeting of shareholders held on June 1, 2013, the Bank's annual report was approved for 2012, compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Financial Markets Service of Russia, and the annual report of Rusfinance Bank LLC, compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia. Decisions were made on the distribution of profits and payment of dividends for 2012, an independent reporting auditor for 2013 and the first quarter of 2014 were approved, approved in the new edition of the Charter of Rusfinance Bank LLC (Appendix 1).

The current activities of the bank leaders the Chairman of the Board of the Bank and the Collegial Executive Authority - the Board of the Bank. The procedure for the election of the Chairman of the Board of the Bank and the Board of the Bank is given in the Bank's Charter.

Among the issues that were considered at the Board meetings in 2013: Business Planning; management of assets and liabilities; Adoption of integrated risk management policies; The concept of managing subsidiaries and dependent organizations; Classification of loans and advances to customers; changes in the organizational structure of the Bank; Participation in charitable shares and other issues.

RUSFINANS BANK LLC offers a wide range of products and services for individuals and small business enterprises: issue of bank cards, consumer and mortgage lending, remote control services, urgent deposits, remittances, lending programs and settlement and cash services to small businesses.

The main sources of attracting funds for Russian banks are deposits of individuals. In 2013, positive tendencies of deposit bases are preserved. Thus, the increase in the portfolio of deposits of individuals for 2013 amounted to 19.0% (in 2012, 20.0%, in 2011 20.9%), and the increase in funds raised from organizations amounted to 13.7% (in 2012 11.8%, in 2011 25.8%). As a result, the share of the population in bank liabilities increased from 28.8% at the end of 2012 to 29.5% of liabilities at the end of 2013 (28.5% at the end of 2011).

In 2013, the active growth of bank loan portfolio continued. Thus, the loan portfolio granted to individuals, in 2013 increased by 28.7% (per year - by 39.4%, in 2011 - by 35.9%) and amounted to 9,957 as of 01/01/2014 , 1 billion rubles.

The volume of the loan portfolio provided by non-financial organizations increased by 12.7% and amounted to 22,499.2 billion rubles. (2013 growth is 12.7%, 2011 growth is 26.0%).

Thus, the share of loans granted to individuals in the assets of banks continued to grow from 15.6% at the end of 2012 to 17.3% at the end of 2013 (13.3% at the end of 2011), and the share of loans provided to non-financial Organizations, decreased from 40.3% at the end of 2012 to 39.2% at the end of the year (42.6% at the end of 2011).

Simultaneously with the growth of the loan portfolio granted to individuals, in 2013, the share of overdue debt in portfolios of banks on loans to individuals from 4.0% to 4.4% (5.2% at the end of 2011) increased (5.2% at the end of 2011). According to loans provided to non-financial organizations, the share of overdue debt decreased from 4.6% at the end of 2012 to 4.1% at the end of 2013 (4.6% at the end of 2011).

Despite the decline in the growth rate of the economy in 2013 compared with 2012 and increased competition, both by the largest universal banks and actively developed banking monolayers, LLC Rusfinans Bank has noticeably increased the volume of retail loan portfolio, the portfolio of attracted funds of individuals And its share in the relevant markets.

The loan portfolio of individuals LLC Rusfinan Bank in 2013 increased by 45.7%. The bank's share in the credit market of individuals has grown from 11.09% at the end of 2012 to 12.54% at the end of 2013.

Table 2, according to accounting (financial) reporting, presents the main results of the financial and economic activities of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011-2013.

Table 2 - the main results of the financial and economic activities of the Bank LLC Rusfinans Bank for 2011-2013, in thousand rubles.

Indicators				by 2011 in%
Interest income, total, including:
From placement of funds in credit institutions

Continuation of Table 2.

From loans provided to customers who are not credit organizations
From investments in securities
Interest expenses, total, including:
According to attracted funds of credit institutions
According to the funds attracted customers who are not credit organizations
On issued debt obligations
Pure interest income
Pure interest income after creating a reserve for possible losses
Clean revenues
Profit before tax
Profit after taxation
Unused profit for the reporting period

In 2014, serious negative changes in the Russian banking sector are not expected. The growth of lending, both banking and corporate, although the growth rate will be lower than 2012-2013.

Exceeding the growth rate of retail lending over corporate, will continue. The population will continue to remain a pure creditor of the banking sector, although the growth rates of the population attracted a little slow down. At the end of the year, the increase in loans and deposits of the population is expected, both in real terms and relative to GDP.

2.2 Analysis of the Bank's credit and investment activities

The priority activity to the banks of Rusfinan Bank LLC is the proposal of a wide range of bank retail products and services to the population and subjects of small business.

In 2013, the Bank of Rusfinans Bank LLC continued the implementation of a retail business strategy, which is based on a customer-oriented approach to business development, aimed at an increase in customer service quality in combination with a striving for higher returns.

Currently, the product offer Rusfinan Bank LLC is one of the widest on the market, covers most of its segments and can satisfy almost any customer need.

During 2013, Rusfinan Bank LLC placed funds in the interbank market, increasing lending to corporate clients, small businesses and individuals.

The volume of the loan portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC increased by 34.08% over the year, and the proportion of this type of assets (taking into account reserves for possible losses) in the total assets practically did not change and amounted to 83% against 86% on January 1, 2013 .

The change in the structure of loan and equalized debt for the reporting period is presented by the following data specified in Table 3.

Table 3 - Structure of the credit and investment portfolio LLC Rusfinance Bank for 2012 - 2013.

Indicators
Interbank loans and deposits
Loans to legal entities
Loans to individuals
Other placed funds

From the given data, it is obvious that the strategy of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the field of lending is consistent and has not undergone significant changes in the reporting year. Most of the loan debt are funds provided to customers to individuals.

Table 4 shows the sectoral structure of loans.

Table 4 - sectoral structure of loans granted to corporate and individual resident clients of the Russian Federation

Indicators
Loans to legal entities (including individual entrepreneurs), total, incl. By type of economic activity:
Mining
Processing production
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry
Building
Transport and communication

Continuing Table 4.

Wholesale and retail, repair of motor vehicles, household products and personal items
Real estate operations, Rent and provision of services
Other activities, incl. For completing calculations
Of the total amount of loans granted to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, loans to small and medium-sized businesses, of which:
Individual entrepreneurs
Loans to individuals, total, incl. By type:
Housing loans
Mortgage loans
Car loans
Other consumer loans

Lending to the population is one of the priority areas of Business Rusfinance Bank LLC. This circumstance determines the structure of the loan portfolio, the main part of which (excluding operations in the interbank lending market) is formed at the expense of loans provided to customers to individuals. As of 01.01.2014, the volume of loans to citizens reached 1,143.6 billion rubles, an increase in 2013 by 44%. The greatest increase was noted on housing loans (83%) and consumer loans (49%), for the remaining areas of lending to individuals, the increase was the car loans (30%), mortgage loans (23%).

In 2013, in the offices of Rusfinance Bank LLC, more than 1 million consumer loans were issued for a total of 329.7 billion rubles, which is 29% more issuance in 2012.

Cash lending products are distinguished by transparent financial conditions, short periods of consideration of applications, large limits and long-term lending time, a wide network of sales and service channels, as well as high quality service.

The main objectives of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the consumer lending segment in 2013 were: ensuring the growth of sales, profitability, as well as a decrease in overdue debt. Also, in 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC focused on working with corporate and salary clients, demonstrating a smaller level of credit risk, which has positively affected the profitability of Rusfinance Bank.

In order to ensure sales volumes:

Promotions were conducted offering a reduced interest rate on loans for different segments of borrowers;

Expanded target audience of customers;

Implemented offer for customers from a market with a good credit history;

In all regions on the loan, the project launched a project providing the client the possibility of obtaining the amount from one and a half to three times more requested;

Refinancing product upgraded - the ability to be converted to Rusfinance Bank LLC, having a loan in another bank;

Pilot projects on the formation of pre-perfumed proposals on new, more attractive conditions for customers are implemented.

To reduce risks and levels of overdue debt in 2013, the Bank offered customers the ability to restructure debt.

Consumer lending products are provided in all regions of the presence of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

Positive trends in the field of crediting in cash will continue in 2014. The main goal for 2014 is the increase in lending volumes and, as a result, an increase in the share of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the lending market, primarily, by optimizing internal business procedures related to the loan process, and the proposals of new attractive financial products focused on individual customer needs.

In 2013, Rusfinans Bank LLC became the leader in the car loan market in terms of portfolio and market share. According to the results of 2013, the car loan portfolio amounted to 124.8 billion rubles. (+ 31% to the indicator on December 31, 2012).

The amount of issuance of car loans in 2013 is 28% higher than the same indicator of 2012, sales gains by 2012 amounted to 32%.

In July, the state rate subsidizing subsidization program was launched. At the end of 2013, the share of sales for this program exceeded 60%. A significant amount of issuance according to the state program has led to a decrease in the average amount of a loan in a ruler, a decrease in the average loan term, a decrease in the average portfolio rate. 12/31/2013 The program was completed.

In October, Rusfinan Bank LLC increased a securitized portfolio from 13 to 18 billion rubles within the current transaction, which allowed Rusfinance Bank LLC to continue diversifying the sources of funding. Along with other tasks, in the focus of attention in 2013, it was tasked with minimizing the level of overdue debt.

In 2013, in the framework of car loans, Rusfinance Bank LLC was launched:

New programs for the purchase of additional equipment, motorcycles;

New service products: GAP insurance, auto traffic;

New projects with Chevrolet automakers (Mark, which is included in the top 5 foreign cars in terms of sales in the Russian Federation), SsangYong, UAZ.

In the reporting year, the housing lending market continued to be a steady growth in pace, comparable since 2012. According to the results of 2013, the volume of housing lending market reached 2,765 billion rubles, showing the annual increase at the level of 30%. The volume of issuing mortgage loans in 2013 amounted to 1,405 billion rubles, which was 1.3 times higher than the 2012 indicator.

Last year, the mortgage market demonstrated an improvement in the quality of mortgage debt. So during 2013, the level of overdue debt on housing loans decreased from 2.24% to 1.57%, including the growth of the market.

A positive impact on the development of the mortgage market during the year had a high activity of its participants and increased competition, which contributed to the positive impact on the availability of mortgage loans for the population and the development of mortgage programs operating in the market.

The main trend of 2013 is a decline in rates in the housing lending market. At the end of the year, the rates decreased by 0.7%, reaching a value of 12.2%.

The last year was also characterized by a significant increase in the activity of financial organizations in the lending segment of the housing under construction. The demand for a mortgage remained at a high level, the penetration of mortgage transactions grew into transactions with housing. According to Rosreestra and AHML estimates, the share of transactions in the housing market with Mortgage for 2013 approached 25% compared to 21% a year earlier. In the segment of the housing under construction, the value of this indicator has reached 40% or more depending on the class of housing.

In 2013, Rusfinan Bank LLC continued to implement all the previously active mortgage lending programs, revising and significantly improving the conditions for some of them to increase their accessibility to the population of Russia, and also launched new programs and conducted a number of pilot projects.

In the reporting year, Rusfinance Bank LLC has reduced interest rates on currency and ruble loans. On loans in rubles rates decreased by 1%, on loans in US dollars and the euro, a single base rate was established 9.5%, regardless of the size of the first contribution and the term of the loan.

In the third quarter of 2013, Rusfinan Bank Bank launched a promotion for the purchase of housing in a new building at a rate of 11.5% per annum, which does not depend on the size of the initial contribution, without allowing for the construction period for most new buildings.

The Bank conducted a pilot project to reduce interest rates for customers who received a mortgage solution in a competitor bank. The decline in the rate is not more than 0.31%.

In 2013, it was limited, and then the acceptance of applications under the Mortgage Support program was stopped in connection with the completion of the program.

At the end of 2013, the Mortgage Portfolio Rusfinance Bank LLC reached 483.5 billion rubles, demonstrating annual increase at 46%. As of December 31, 2013, the mortgage portfolio consisted of 365 thousand existing mortgage loans.

In 2013, lending to legal entities continued. The volume of this type of loan debt increased by 54% over the year and as of 01.01.2014 set 210.4 billion rubles.

The growth rate of the small business segment of Rusfinan Bank LLC in 2013 exceeded the growth of the market by almost 3 times both in the field of lending and on attracting products. The small business loan portfolio grew 1.35 times, providing 10% of the growth of the entire loan portfolio. The amount of a small business loan portfolio on 01.01.2014 amounted to 168.6 billion rubles. (taking into account lease). The amount of loans for small businesses in 2013 amounted to 143.9 billion rubles (including leasing), which was 1.2 times the fact of 2012.

In 2013, the following activities are implemented:

The new platform of the remote service system "Bank-Client online" platform is represented - a modern technological solution that meets the basic needs of customers in increasing the efficiency and convenience of access to banking services and services that meets the requirements for the reliability, security and availability of the system. All customers of the Bank have received the opportunity not only to conduct settlement operations, but also acquire remotely products and services;

For the maximum compliance with the needs of customers, the conditions and technologies of credit products are optimized: product deals with target loans and overdrafts are adjusted; The specialized program "Avtodiver-Partner" has been introduced; A system of rapid credit decisions for the most promising customers has been developed; On a regular basis, within the framework of promotions, clients are offered the most popular credit products on favorable terms;

In terms of settlement and commission products, new services have been introduced and services: services: Urgent payments BESP (banking electronic urgent payments), allowing client operations in online mode, bypassing the flight system; Provided the possibility of performing operations with the establishment of a concessional conversion rate for clients of the priority segment of small businesses;

The system of powers for making decisions on credit and non-credit products is optimized, which allows you to promptly form in demand and timely individual proposals to customers, making their experience in interaction with the bank convenient and comfortable;

The product line of bank guarantees was updated - reducing the timing and a significant simplification of guarantees for the provision of guarantees within the framework of the authority of the territorial units of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In 2014, Rusfinance Bank LLC plans to increase the portfolio of loans of small business entities by almost a third, and the volume of small business liabilities increase by 20%. To this end, special attention will be paid to the competitiveness of the product supply, as well as the development of additional services and new sales channels.

Within these tasks are scheduled:

Further development of remote customer service of legal entities:

Work "Bank-Client online" system with popular browsers, convenient integration with 1C, implementation of electronic forms of currency control and individual currency purchase / sale courses;

The introduction of a full service on loan products in the bank-client system system;

A comprehensive revision of express loan parameters, as well as the introduction of a new sales administration system in the standard small business segment;

Building an effective cross-sales system, which is based on the understanding of the potential and needs of each client;

Product development with the possibility of combining products and services and their settings for specific customers; introduction for permanent customers of additional opportunities within comprehensive loyalty programs;

Development and optimization of lending technologies aimed at a significant reduction in the credit cycle;

Launch of a new deposit line with flexible conditions covering the basic needs of customers in posting temporarily free cash;

The transition to a new contractual small business service system is the introduction of a comprehensive cash desktop agreement, which will unite all RCO services and will optimize customer service;

Qualitative improvement in the client service when making payments on foreign contracts - expanding opportunities to maintain operations by professional currency controllers;

Establishing relations with inhibitions in order to attract short and medium-term financing.

At the end of the reporting year, the total number of cards issued by Rusfinance Bank LLC increased by 12%.

The positive dynamics of payment card emissions is associated with the involvement of new customers, which contributed to the optimization and improvement of the services offered. During the year, Rusfinance Bank LLC has been improving the services provided for existing cardholders at the expense of various marketing activities carried out with payment systems.

Investment activity of banks This is the implementation of investments, as well as all necessary measures and actions to implement these investments in the income or the positive effect of any kind (social, environmental, etc.).

Under explicit or direct income from investment, it is customary to consider profits in the form of interest, dividends, etc.

Indirect revenues are strengthening and improving the position of the bank, its image, etc. This is expressed in the form of ownership of a test share of any organization, which, in turn, gives the bank control over the management of this organization.

Objects for investment activities of banks are various securities, newly created or upgraded objects of current or fixed assets, intellectual property objects, cash deposits, etc.

2.3 Assessment of indicators of the effectiveness of credit and investment operations of the Bank

To ensure the sustainability of the banking system, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes a number of economic standards, i.e. certain coefficients with a specified level.

Centrally installed economic standards include the following indicators:

Capital adequacy ratio;

Standards for the liquidity of the balance sheet of a credit organization;

Standards for limiting major risks of the area of \u200b\u200battracting and placement of resources.

Through economic standards, it is regulated, firstly, the absolute and relative level of own capital of the credit institution, secondly, the liquidity of the balance, thirdly, diversification of active and passive operations of the credit institution, fourth, the creation of each credit institution of centralized reserves to ensure financial Sustainability of the banking system as a whole.

To comply with economic standards in credit institutions, a system of analysis and control is created. Such work is carried out by a group of analysts, which are developed by special analysis techniques.

Analysis of economic standards is carried out in the following areas: a comparison of the actual values \u200b\u200bof the indicator with the regulatory; consideration of the dynamics of the change in the analyzed indicator; Detection of factors that influence the indicators.

At the first stage of the analysis, a table is drawn up, which characterizes the actual level of economic standards in comparison with its limit value (Table 5).

At the second stage, the correspondence of each indicator of its regulatory level is checked.

At the next stage, a pactor analysis of substantial deviations is carried out. With a stable negative trend, this analysis is carried out on a number of dates to identify the causes of deviations.

Table 5 - Mandatory standards of the Bank's activities of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013.

Indicator	Coefficient	Regulatory
Regulation of the adequacy of own funds (capital) of the bank
Standard Instant Bank Liquidity
Regulator of the current liquidity of the bank
Long-term bank liquidity standard
Maximum risk size per borrower or group related borrowers
Maximum size of large credit risks
The maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and guarantees provided by the Bank to their participants (shareholders)
Cumulative risk of bank insiders
Standard use of own funds (capital) of the Bank to acquire shares (shares) of other legal entities

Analysis of the state of capital is considered in relationship with an indicator analysis characterizing capital adequacy (H1).

(H1) is due to the two components: the amount of equity and the sum of the total risk of assets. The impact of these components on the normative ratio is the opposite: the capital adequacy ratio increases with an increase in the volume of equity and decreases with an increase in the risk of assets. The minimum value of the coefficient is 10% (for 2011 - 23.22%, in 2012 - 17.72%, in 2013 - 15.2%).

Analysis of liquidity coefficients begins with an indicator H2. Its level depends on the volume of the total amount of liquid assets (cash and assets up to 30 days) and the amount of obligations to demand accounts and for up to 30 days. The criteria level is 15% (for 2011 - 83.18%, in 2012 - 80.56%, in 2013 - 50.93%).

Along with the indicator of current liquidity (H2), in accordance with the instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1, an indicator of the instantal liquidity of the Bank (H3) is introduced, determined in the form of a ratio of highly liquid (cash in cash and non-cash form) of assets to fast-incurred demand deposits. The minimum permissible value is 50% (for 2011 - 115.1%, in 2012 - 103.01%, in 2013 - 73.01%).

The long-term liquidity of the bank characterizes the H4 indicator. It is calculated in the form of a relationship of long-term loans (more than one year) to own capital and the bank's obligations to pay over one year. The maximum value is set to 120%. As of 01.01.2012 - 73.54%, as of January 1, 2013 - 78.04%, as of January 1, 2014 - 87.11%.

One of the methods of regulating the activities of credit institutions that has developed recently. Is a limitation of major risks. In this regard, the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1 provide for a number of indicators (H6, H7, H9.1, H10.1), with the help of which the maximum dimensions of the implementation by credit institutions of individual active, passive, off-balance operations are regulated.

The N6 coefficient characterizes the maximum risk size per binders, as well as a group of economically or legally interconnected borrowers. It is calculated in the form of a cumulative amount of loans issued by a credit institution to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, as well as guarantees provided to one borrower (group of related borrowers) to the volume of own funds of the credit institution.

A bank having a larger amount of equity can increase the maximum loan amount issued to one client or group of interconnected customers. The maximum allowable value of 25% (for 2011 - 16.05%, in 2012 - 17.9%, in 2013 - 17.2%).

The N7 coefficient limits the maximum risk of all major loans. At the same time, the cumulative loan debt of one borrower or group of interrelated borrowers is considered large, taking into account 50% of the off-balanced liabilities, exceeding 5% of own capital of the credit institution.

This indicator is determined in the form of the ratio of the sum of all major loans located in the bank's portfolio, to the volume of its own capital. The criteria level is 80%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC amounted to 47% in 2011, for 2012 - 79.98%, in 2013 - 124.36%.

N9.1 and H10.1 coefficients limit the maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the Bank to their participants (shareholders). An indicator of H9.1 reflects the maximum risk per shareholder (shareholder) of the bank indicator H10.1 - the maximum risk on its insiders, i.e. individuals who are either shareholders (have more than 5% of shares), or directors and members of the Council, members of the credit committee, etc. and having or previously related to issues of issuing loans.

The indicator of H9.1 is calculated in the form of a ratio of the cumulative amount of the Bank's claims in rubles and foreign currency (including off-balanced) in relation to one shareholder (shareholder) to the bank's own capital. It may not exceed: 50%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC for the entire analyzed period amount to 0.00%.

The indicator H 10.1 is defined as the ratio of the total amount of the requirements (including the off-balance sheet) of the Credit Organization in rubles and foreign currency against one insider of the credit institution and related to it to the Bank's own capital. The value can not exceed: 3%. As of 01/01/2012 - 0.86%, as of January 1, 2013 - 0.9%, for 01.01.2014 - 0.93%.

For the first time in Russia, an indicator is introduced that limits the share of the bank's own capital to acquire the shares (shares) of other legal entities. This indicator is H12, calculated as a ratio of the size of the investment and own funds of the credit institution. Investment is understood as the acquisition by the Bank of the participation and shares of other legal entities. The maximum permissible value of H12 is set in the amount of 25%. The indicators of Rusfinan Bank LLC as of the reporting period amounted to 01.01.2012 - 0.01%, as of January 1, 2013 - 0.14%, as of January 1, 2014 - 0.65%.

Thus, based on the given data, it can be concluded that no indicator exceeds the maximum / minimally allowable value. And, therefore, there is a reason to believe that today Rusfinance Bank LLC is financially sustainable, and a prosperous bank.

For more complete analysis, we will calculate and evaluate financial solvency coefficients (Table 6).

Table 6 - Indicators of the effectiveness of credit and investment operations LLC Rusfinan Bank for 2011-2013.

Continued Table 6.

Coefficient overall stability
Coefficient profitability of assets
Capital adequacy ratio
Capital adequacy ratio
Coefficient full liquidity
Capital rate
The profitability coefficient of assets
Ratio of profitability
The profit coefficient of arrived in the bank's income

Thus, the rate of instant liquidity (K1) allows you to assess the share of the obligations of the Bank, which can be repaid on the first request due to the liquid assets of the "first queue".

The level of income assets (K2) shows what proportion in assets occupy an income assets. Since almost all income assets are risky, their extremely high proportion increases the bank's instability and the risk of non-payment, both on current operations and in their obligations. At the same time, the amount of revenue assets should be sufficient for the break-even work of the Bank. Normal is considered if the share of revenue assets is 65-75%, or below, but provided that the bank's income exceeds its costs.

The coefficient of overall stability (K4) allows you to compare the multidirectional flows of interest received and paid by the Bank, as well as income and expenses for all types of bank activities. In order for the Bank to remain viable, the costs of operations and investments should be covered due to the income received, and if they are not sufficient, the bank can be described as ineffective. The value of the overall stability coefficient should not exceed 1.

The profitability coefficient of assets (K5) allows you to determine the level of profitability of all assets. Low profit rate may be the result of conservative loan and investment policy, as well as a consequence of excessive operating expenses. The high ratio of profit to assets may be the result of the effective activities of the Bank, high rates of income from assets. In the latter case, the bank may expose herself at considerable risk. This is not necessarily bad, as it is likely that the bank is successfully managed by its assets, although potentially large losses are not excluded.

The coefficient of capital adequacy (K6) shows what proportion in the structure of liabilities occupies its own capital of the bank. The higher its share, the bank works more and more stable. Capital level is considered sufficient if the Bank's obligations are 80-90% of the bank balance currency.

The fully liquidity ratio (K7) characterizes the balance of the bank's active and passive policy to achieve optimal liquidity. Moreover, liquid assets should exceed the value of the current obligations of the Bank. This, on the one hand, characterizes the ability of the Bank to pay for its obligations in the long term or in the event of the liquidation of the bank. And also suggests whether the Bank consumes raised funds (clients) to their own needs.

In addition, there are a number of coefficients characterizing the profitability and profitability of the bank.

The rate of arrived at the capital. This coefficient shows how effectively the means of owners were used. The optimal value is 0.1-0.2. For our example, the value does not fall into this interval, this suggests that the means of owners are not effective.

This coefficient reflects the efficiency of the Bank's management and shows how many profit has brought a bank transfer funds in assets, i.e. The effectiveness of the placement by the bank of own and attracted funds. Related profit with the value of the Bank's assets, we can judge the effectiveness of investment policy pursued by the Bank's management.

In turn, the profits of assets are directly dependent on the profitability of assets (P3) and the share of profit in the bank's income (P4).

The yield of assets is characterized by the Bank's activities in terms of placement of assets, that is, the ability to create income.

Based on the given data in Table 5, it is possible to conclude that the Bank can pay off the share of the necessary obligations on the first requirement due to the existing liquid funds.

Summing up the first section, it is safe to say that Rusfinance Bank LLC is a reliable and sustainable bank and fully copes with the tasks.

3 problems and prospects for the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks

Currently, the development of the Russian economy occurs in the extremely low credit and investment activity of the banking sector.

According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Table 7), investments were carried out and continued by Russian enterprises mainly at the expense of their own funds (profit, depreciation fund, etc.).

Table 7 - Sources of investment of enterprises of Russia in fixed assets for 2010 - 2013.

Indicators
	Amount, billion r.		Amount, billion r.		Amount, billion r.		Amount, billion r.
Investments in the main one capital, incl.
Own funds
Loans

The bank loan acts as the main form of external financing for enterprises, but the share of bank loans in the sources of investment has not exceeded 10% over the last four years. This indicator is extremely low, despite the fact that attracting funds from external sources allows you to speed up the process of organizing a new enterprise, to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, it allows you to quickly develop in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Banks, mobilizing means of various volumes and deadlines, have the opportunity to carry out credit and investment investments in production in the amount and on those deadlines that are necessary to borrowers. However, there are a number of problems that impede the effective and mass credit and investment activities of banks. As a result of the study, such problems were allocated as:

High interest rates on loans provided;

Low share of long-term lending;

Reducing the share of investment in securities in favor of the loan portfolio, a small amount of investment portfolio in the total volume of investments in securities.

Consider each problem separately.

1) The problem of high interest rates remained relevant throughout the history of the Russian banking system. It is the cause of restrained growth in the activity of borrowers, leads to an increase in costs and a decrease in profit in the real sector of the economy. For banks, this is reflected in significant restriction of opportunities for the growth of activities and increased risks.

The average structure of the credit interest rate on the bank's ruble loan portfolio is as follows: approximately 46% as part of the interest rate on the loan is determined by the availability of financial resources from the bank and their price. The remaining 56% interest rates are bank margin, and are formed under the influence of deductions to reserves, staff spending, operating activities, taxes and profits.

It is believed that the key factor in high loan rates is a high bank margin (or an overestimated risk assessment). However, credit rates only in theory depend on these factors. Assessment of risks and margas are addressed by the residual principle - depending on what is the rate of provision of liquidity by the Bank of Russia.

The most important factor is the volume of liquidity, which the Bank of Russia provides the market. If at the current level of liquidity, the bank will reduce the rates, then the free resources will be completed very quickly. Banks in their interest policy are focused on the indicator of the ratio of loans and deposits, which should strive for 100%, that is, the volume of loans must correspond to the volume of deposits.

Thus, the main cause of high interest rates is a liquidity deficit in the banking sector.

2) Long-term loan has an important role in the country's economy as a source of funds for the formation and improvement of the fundamental funds of the national economy. For banks, long-term lending is no less important - issuing long-term loans, banks form a completely stable clientele, disappears the need for frequent negotiations with clients, risk is diversified.

At the same time, when sending long-term loans to clients to rearmament and reconstruction, they expand production and increases profitability, which is also a positive factor for the bank. Every year, the share of long-term lending to Russian banks is growing, but in 2013 it remained low and accounted for 41% in the total volume of loans issued.

For comparison, in the United States and Western European countries, more than 60% of loans provided are long-term.

To identify the reasons for the low share of long-term lending, consider the amount of deposits attracted by banks and issued loans in the context of the maturity time (Table 8 and Table 9).

In the statistics of the Bank of Russia, the periods of loans for individuals are not indicated, due to the volume of long-term lending to individuals, the volume of mortgage loans issued, because The term of their repayment in most cases exceeds 3 years.

Table 8 - the total amount of attracted deposits (deposits) of individuals and legal entities by banks of the Russian Federation for timing in 2010-2013, million p.

Deposit term
poste restante
for up to 30 days
for a period of 31 to 90 days
for a period of 91 to 180 days
for a period of 181 days to 1 year
for a term of 1 year to 3 years
for a period of over 3 years

Table 9 is the total amount of loans issued to individuals and legal entities by banks of the Russian Federation, the maturity of which exceeds 3 years for 2010-2013, million rubles.

The analysis of Tables 8 and 9 revealed a cardinal inconsistency in terms of deposit deposits and loans issued. In 2013, the volume of long-term loans issued amounted to 8,860,498 rubles, while the volume of long-term deposits for the same period amounted to only 2,064,090 rubles. There is a significant lack of long-term resources in the banking sector, which returns us to the liquidity deficit addressed above.

Otherwise, the situation is the situation in lending to small and medium-sized businesses. According to statistical agencies, approximately 62% of the current loan portfolio to small and medium-sized businesses today make up short-term loans, another 20% are loans with a maturity of up to three years. Banks, having a limited amount of long-term resources, offer them to customers, which are most important for the bank, and most often these are clients of the corporate sector. As for small businesses, banks convince customers of this sector that their financial needs can be best satisfied with short-term loans. Gradually, in the banking sector of Russia, the practice has been widely rooted to issue short-term loans with the promise in the future to prolong the loan agreement in the continuation of entrepreneurs.

3) Despite the wide variety of banks in the investment market, the Banking Sector of the National Economy demonstrates a tendency to reduce the amount of securities portfolio in favor of the credit. In 2013, the volume of financial investments by banks in securities amounted to 8,077 billion rubles. The investment portfolio in debt obligations in 2013 is approximately 70% of the total amount of investments, and more than half of the debt securities of Russian banks are obligations transmitted without discontinuation, that is, is used as a collateral for repo operation. Investments in equity securities make up only 9.7% in the total amount of investments.

Thus, the stock market for banks of Russia is an auxiliary tool for buying securities from the Lombard List of the Bank of Russia and receiving additional liquidity to their deposit, and the investment component of investments in securities is very small.

Investments in securities are a direct alternative to credit activities. The securities market is a more modern and efficient system for attracting resources by enterprises.

In developed countries, according to existing estimates, up to 75% of external financial resources from the securities market, whereas a bank loan remains the main source, and the stock market is a subsidiary tool for receiving additional liquidity banks to extradite more loans.

It is known that the stock market has a number of problems, such as insufficient development, low investment attractiveness of a significant number of Russian enterprises of issuers, a wide range of risks, etc. Banks, in our opinion, can become the main driver for the development of the stock market and overcoming its existing problems. To do this, it is necessary to find a significant source of liquidity for banks, which will allow them to reorient their activities in the stock market with the purchase of securities to the investment investment to be deposited in order to receive income in the future.

Thus, the main problem of credit and investment activities of Russian banks is a liquidity deficit.

An essential liquidity source, in our opinion, can be securitization of financial assets. In economically developed countries, securitization is one of the main and most efficient sources of resources of credit institutions. In the broad sense of the word securitization means one of the forms of debt redemption. In banking practice, it means "the replacement of non-market loans for freely appealing securities, which entails the transition of obligations to loans to the credit institution." In a narrow interpretation, this "technique, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is to write off financial assets from the balance of the enterprise and their refinancing through the issuance of securities in the international market and the capital market."

Classical securitization is as follows. Banks (in international practice - originors) are issued to individuals (borrowers) loans, gaining a security deposit - mortgage loans, the rights of which are sold to SPV (according to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Mortgage Securities", a mortgage agent). These banks create their own mortgages based on mortgage loans or buy them from other credit institutions. Such mortgages sold by SPV form a deposit of providing mortgage bonds for the mortgage-emitted bonds. To reduce the cost of issuing these bonds and optimize taxation, SPV is located in the offshore zone. From the revenue from their placement SPV pays the acquired to the originator, which serves securitized assets, receives receivables, manages it and, if necessary, ensures that it provides its recovery in court. And the money received by the originator from borrowers is transmitted to the SPV for calculations with investors who pay interest on mortgage bonds within the prescribed period and the amount of principal debt.

In Russia, securitization began to be applied relatively recently and is not used enough. In recent years, more than 35 securitization transactions of Russian mortgage assets in the amount of more than 200 billion rubles were conducted. The main limiting factor that impede the development of the securitization market is a small number of systemic investors who form the demand for mortgage and non-phase securities. In Russia, there are only two of them - "The State Managing Company of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation" (Vnesheconombank), and the "Mortgage Housing Agency", and their assets for investment are very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the circle of system investors to attract private. An important step, in our opinion, can be the attraction of non-state pension funds.

The cost of funding using securitization can be determined only after the placement of securities. At the same time, as a guideline, according to experts, you can use the results of accommodation by other banks. As a result of the analysis of securitization transactions conducted by other banks, it can be concluded that the price of additional financial resources received by the Bank will be approximately 7-8.5%. Calculation of the cost of the transaction depends on different factors: the lifetime of the portfolio, the volume of the transaction, etc.

An approximate estimate is in the range of 0.4-0.8%. As a result, we have the average cost of funding approaching 8.35% per annum. For comparison, the cost of attracting deposits by banks for a period of over three years is approximately 9% per annum, which makes securitization by a more advantageous source of liquidity for banks. Additional means can be aimed at a decrease in interest interest rates, an increase in long-term lending, reducing investment in mortgage securities and an increase in investment investment in the stock market.

Conclusion

Banks are the dominant link of the financial system of the country, which suits the economy of the Russian Federation with cash resources. At the same time, they seek to maximize the level of efficiency of credit and investment activities by determining priority investment areas.

The identification of optimal investment paths occurs in the process of modeling the bank's credit and investment activities, which necessitates the development of a methodology that will be aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the Bank's credit and investment activities.

Since the right choice of the Bank's credit and investment strategy and its effective implementation directly depend on the correctness of understanding the appointment of this management tool, the definition of this concept requires a deeper study.

In economic literature, under the term "investments" implies, as a rule, funds invested in securities for a long time. This is a theoretical reflection of actually existing economic relations, since investing mechanisms in a market economy are directly related to the securities market. Also, under the term "investments" imply: all directions of placement of the Bank's resources; Operations for the placement of funds for a certain period in order to obtain income. In the first case, the investment includes the entire complex of active operations of the commercial bank, in the second - its urgent component.

The main directions of bank participation in investments are: investment of funds, both for the assignment of the Client and at the expense of the Bank, in equity participation, PAI, securities; accumulation by banks of funds for investment purposes; Providing investment loans.

Commercial banks are carried out by their investment activities at the expense of borrowed, attracted or their own resources. Since banks form their resources through the mobilization of their capital, customer savings and other free funds with the main goal of profitable and beneficial use.

One of the most important sources of bank profits is the implementation of credit activities. The emergence of bank lending is associated with a solution to a certain limitation. The construction of credit relations on the principle of the borrower's creditor would restrain the increase in the borders of the loan and its attractiveness for the subjects, because the organization of such relations would be much more expensive, slower, risky and inconvenient.

The need to overcome these contradictions led to the development of financial intermediation as an activity on the accumulation of free cash capital and place it among borrowers. Thus, the development of the Bank's credit activity is due not to the emergence of the needs of business entities in the loan, but is a logical continuation of the function of financial intermediation.

In economic literature, there is no clear definition of the concept of "credit activities of the Bank", most scientists identify it with the concepts of "bank credit activities" and "Bank's credit operations". The impossibility of identification is due, firstly, the difference in their content, secondly, by virtue of the difference in the interpretation of the words "Operation" and "Activities", because the latter in a broad sense means the use of its work to anything, work, classes, activity, Acts, work of people in any region, etc.

The study of economic literature made it possible to formulate the definition of the concept of "credit and investment activities of the Bank" as an activity that is carried out in accordance with the concept of the Bank's development on the basis of a system of measures aimed at the effective use and coordination of available resources, technologies and competencies, taking into account the variability of the credit and investment climate In the country for the phased achievement of the established goal of the Bank's activities.

The Bank's credit activities consist of the following steps: Credit Policy Formation; material and technical equipment of credit units; software development; carrying out credit operations; Management of bank credit activities; Analysis of the Bank's credit activities.

In addition to interest expenses, to provide preparatory stages and the following functional stages of the Bank's credit activities need to spend considerable funds. Even for the implementation of each individual operation, not only credit resources are needed, but also ensuring credit procedures for consideration and maintenance of credit projects, which requires financial costs for the maintenance of banking personnel and equipment. Therefore, with additional inclusion in the calculations of the effectiveness of the credit and investment activities of the Bank of nonsepass costs, the result may be even negative, despite the high yield, accountable with the inclusion of only interest expenses. Also, in modern conditions, the principles of rational lending are of particular importance, requiring reliable evaluation of not only the object, subject and quality of ensuring, but also the level of margin, profitability of credit operations and reducing risk.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Bank's credit and investment activities takes place mainly at the level of ratio of the difference between interest income and interest expenses to the volume of assets involved for this. At the same time, carrying out all stages of the Bank's credit and investment activities gives grounds to assert that interest expenses are only one component of the overall structure of the expenditures of this activity.

By examining the essence of credit and investment activities of banks, the following conclusions can be drawn:

For the efficient use of attracted resources, banks invest in securities. In order to obtain the maximum profit level, high-yield assets with optimal levels of risk and liquidity are bought;

The Bank's credit and investment activities developed as a continuation of the function of the financial intermediation of banks;

To ensure the optimal level of credit and investment activities, it is necessary to ensure the formation of a loan policy, to provide the necessary credit departments;

for effective credit and investment activities, it is necessary to adhere to credit principles and objectively predict the level of profitability of credit operations, take measures to reduce credit risk.

In particular, for LLC Rusfinans Bank, the priority areas of credit and investment activities should be: lending to individuals and legal entities, as well as a change in priorities for the composition of securities portfolio.

To ensure the growth of the credit and investment portfolio, it is necessary to increase the volume of equity capital of the bank and deposits of individuals.

For LLC Rusfinans Bank, you can recommend continue to invest in securities and lend to legal entities. However, the share of operations with securities should not exceed 30-35% of the volume of credit operations, since they are less profitable.

For the growth of the credit and investment portfolio, we recommend increasing the volume of deposits of PHS. persons and obligations, the volume of deposits of legal entities. This methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the Bank's credit and investment activities can be used by the Bank in the process of developing and modeling credit and investment activities.

List of sources used

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