Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy of Australia. World population. population size and reproduction. Countries with the highest average

Population reproduction- constant renewal of the population as a result of the processes of fertility and mortality, and for certain regions - migration. In a narrower sense, it is the renewal of generations of people as a result of births and deaths. A population is characterized by its size and structure. Changes in the population are determined by the appearance of some people, the departure of others, the transition from one structural part of the population to another, which lead to the fact that the population continues to exist, maintaining or changing its numbers and structure.

Population reproduction mode- a set of parameters that determine the course of the population reproduction process.

The population of a limited territory is part of the population of a larger territory, with other parts of which an exchange of population can occur. Excluding this exchange, one speaks of closed population, the total number of which can only change through births and deaths. In this case, those born immediately find themselves part of some of the units. For an extremely aggregated population, there is its total number as a characteristic of its condition, birth and death. The parameters that determine its reproduction are the general birth and death rates.

With a more detailed study of the population, represented by a number of structural units, the progress of its reproduction is determined by the parameters of each unit. Thus, fertility and mortality are differentiated by divisions. In addition, parameters are discovered that determine the exchange of population between these units. On the one hand, there are divisions, exchange between which is impossible. These are groups by gender, place and date of birth, eye color, genetic characteristics, etc.

On the other hand, there are divisions in which the transition from one to another is mandatory and inevitable. These are age groups.

Most often isolated two types of reproduction. Type I- simple reproduction, if during the change of generations the population does not increase, or narrowed, when more people die than are born. Type II- expanded reproduction, when the number of the next generation is greater than the previous one. First type of population reproduction characterized by low rates of birth rate, death rate, and natural increase. It is typical for European countries (including Russia), North America, Australia and Oceania. In a number of countries, simple reproduction is maintained, for which it is necessary that half of all families have 2 children, and half - 3 (2 children, as it were, replace parents, and the third “covers the loss” from accidents, illnesses, “compensates” for the lack of offspring for the childless). Second type of population reproduction characterized by high and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. This type is most characteristic of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The problem for these countries is the need to reduce the birth rate and overcome the demographic explosion through the implementation of family planning programs.

67. The concept of the regime of natural reproduction of the population, its indicators.

Population reproduction is the constant renewal of the size and structure of the population in the process of changing generations of people through births and deaths. The set of parameters that determine this process is called the population reproduction regime. The parameters that determine population reproduction are fertility and mortality.

Typically, population reproduction is considered most often in relation to the female sex. The choice of the female population: firstly, the reproductive period of women is shorter than that of men. Secondly, the basic parameters of female reproduction (the number of children born to a woman, her age at their birth, etc.) are much more accessible than similar characteristics for men, especially with regard to out-of-wedlock births. Indicators: gross population reproduction rate - the number of girls that on average each woman will give birth to over the entire reproductive period. When calculating the gross coefficient, it is assumed that there is no mortality among women until the end of their reproductive years (equal to the total fertility rate multiplied by this share of girls among newborns). An indicator that also takes into account mortality is the net population reproduction rate. Otherwise it is called the net population replacement rate. It is equal to the average number of girls born to a woman in her lifetime and surviving to the end of her reproductive period, given the birth and death rates.

Subject: Number and reproduction of the world population.

Target: Study the population size, population growth rate, types of population reproduction.

Tasks:

To form an idea of ​​the size of the Earth's population, the types of population reproduction, and demographic policy in countries with different types of reproduction.

Developing students' attentiveness, logical thinking, and broadening their horizons.

Development of cognitive interest, creative activity, education of information culture.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, geography textbook. General review. CIS countries. Presentation. Flipchart.

Lesson type: combined

Methods: verbal, visual, reproductive, practical, ICT, interactive whiteboard.

During the classes

Organizing time

Greetings, psychological mood.

Updating students' knowledge

What do we call natural resources?

What groups are natural resources divided into?

Name and show on the map countries with large reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, iron and copper ores.

3. Learning a new topic

Motivation for the lesson topic.

Why is it impossible to study the economy without getting to know the population?

Why is the population studied even earlier than the economy?

Place tablets with the concepts “nature”, “economy”, “population” on the board in the correct sequence. Explain your proposed sequence.

What questions do you think we will study in this section?

Why is it important to study populations?

Let's create a cluster

We will begin our study of a new topic with the question of the origin of man, which is the subject of the science of anthropology.

Anthropology - a science that studies the origin, development, and characteristics of humans. (Write in notebook)

Let's think: How can you find out about the population, country, world?

What is being done now to clarify the population size?

Population census is a system of measures aimed at clarifying, first of all, the number of residents of individual regions and the world as a whole.

There are several ways to count the population

Population census (conducted once every 10 years)

Current accounting (materials from civil registry offices, migration policy departments, and statistical services are used)

Research project: “History of the Census”

What information is extracted from the census?

About the population census in Kazakhstan, supplement with 2009 census data.

There have been 11 censuses in the history of our country. The first census took place in 1897, and the last in 2009. The first and last censuses are separated by 112 years. During this time, the population of Kazakhstan has also changed. And this dynamics was uneven.

They say forecasting is not a noble business. However, practice shows that you still can’t do without it.

Please tell us what changes are expected in the future.

Answer the questions

What types of population registration have you learned about?

Why do you need to know the population of the world, of a particular state?

World population.

Demographic indicators.

Working with textbook text pages 100-103

Analyze diagrams 14,15,16 in the textbook.

Answer the questions:

Why did the world's population grow very slowly until the beginning of the 19th century?

What are the reasons for the small population growth before the 20th century? (Epidemic, frequent wars, food shortages, low standard of living, underdeveloped medicine)

Explain the reasons for the sharp increase in numbers in the second half of the 20th century.

What is a population explosion? (Sharp population increase)

Reasons for the rapid growth of the world's population

High birth rate

Low mortality

Improving the socio-economic living conditions of the population.

Give the concept of absolute and relative indicators of natural population growth.

Using the “Population Dynamics” map in the atlas, identify countries with high, medium and low rates of natural growth.

Working with the chart 16 compare demographic indicators by region of the world and explain the differences.

Life expectancy of the population as one of the most important demographic indicators.

Exercise: Consider the table on the average life expectancy of the population and draw a conclusion.

The average duration is called expected - that is, it is the average life expectancy of a generation. This indicator is one of the main ones for characterizing the quality of life of the population.

The quality of life of the population is studied by UN experts and also includes:

Economic development

Environmental situation

Calorie nutrition

Unemployment rate

Freedom of speech

Crime level

The level of education

Population reproduction. Demographic policy.

Group activity (3 min.)

What is meant by population reproduction?

What processes underlie population reproduction?

What factors influence these processes?

Question: What is population reproduction?

Population reproduction is the set of indicators of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensures the continuous renewal of humanity and the change of generations.

Group work task(5min)

Describe the type of population reproduction according to the plan:

Indicators of fertility, mortality, natural increase.

In which countries did it spread, reasons.

Types of reproduction (writing in a notebook)

Traditional

Transition

Modern

Traditional corresponds to type 2 of reproduction, demographically high birth and death rates.

This is the 1st demographic phase, characteristic of expanded reproduction.

Modern type of reproduction. Characteristic of developed countries with low birth and death rates, which corresponds to the 3rd demographic phase with direct reproduction.

The transitional type corresponds to demographic phase 2: there is a high birth rate and low mortality.

Exercise: Analyze Table 12 and draw a conclusion about the distribution of types of reproduction across the Earth’s territory.

Is it possible to influence fertility?

What is “demographic policy”

Demographic policy is a set of measures carried out by the state aimed at regulating the natural growth of the population to solve demographic problems.

Measures: economic, legal, propaganda.

Conclusion: the demographic policy of any state is aimed at improving the quality of human life.

Scene one.

Two old friends meet who have not seen each other for two years.

First: Hello, dear, how glad I am to see you! You're simply unrecognizable. You have a new Mercedes car, and two years ago, as I remember, you had a Citroen and a thousand-dollar suit.

Second: And you still have the same old Peugeot

First: Yes! Yes! An old Peugeot, dear wife Susan and only daughter Katya. Well, why is everything about me? Your cousin told me that you bought a fancy house. In general, you get rich!

Second: Do you want to know the secret of my well-being? I have four children and we are expecting a fifth!

Scene two.

Dialogue between husband and wife

Husband: Honey, where is our magnificent son? I promised to take him to the zoo today.

Wife: You know, dear, he went to the zoo with his grandparents, and in their absence I would like to talk to you about an important problem, if you want, plans that concern me now.

Husband: Oh, what's missing, dear? We have everything: everyone has a bicycle, there is a TV in every room, there is a video. Soon we’ll add up all our salaries and extra payments and buy a mini-sauna and a video camera!

Wife: No, no, I don’t want this... I want a child!

Husband: Are you crazy?

Questions for the class:

1) In which countries might these scenes take place?

2) What type of population reproduction can they be classified as and why?

Consolidation

Quick question.

What is natural population growth?

Which region has the lowest mortality rates in the world? What about the maximum?

Factors influencing high birth rates?

Which region has the lowest fertility rates in the world? What about the maximum?

The first type of reproduction is typical for regions...

The second type of reproduction is typical for regions...

What elements of the demographic policy of highly developed countries take place in Kazakhstan?

Tests

1. Currently, the world population is approaching (billion people)

1) 5

2) 10

3) 7

2. The leader in population is

1) India

2) China

3) USA

3. The set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the change of human generations is called...

1) population reproduction

2) demographic transition

3) population movement

4. A population explosion is observed in countries...

1) USA

2) China

3) Germany

5. The system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population is called...

1) demographic transition

2) demographic policy

3) demographic process

Answers

1. 3

2. 2

3. 1

4. 2

5. 2

• Believe it or not.

  Reflection

Did I achieve the goal set at the beginning of the lesson?

Will the knowledge gained in this lesson be useful for my career?

I would like to discuss with friends

I had an idea in class

What would you do to increase the number of our republic?

Summarizing. Grading.

Homework.

Paragraph 24 pp. 99-105

Write an essay “My family in 2030”

Sociological research in their families.

Make a diagram about the number of children in the families of your great-grandmother, grandmother, mother and your family in the future. Identify the reasons for the change in the number of children in the family. Find out where your ancestors lived (in the city or in the village) and what education your parents, grandmothers, and great-grandmothers had.

Let people have different skin colors

Let people speak different languages ​​and live on different continents.

Is it possible that all people living on our planet have something in common in their relationships with each other?

Think and write what character qualities a person living on planet Earth should have.

Kind, Smart, Brave, Strong, Smiling, Loyal, Honest.

Why do you think people should be like this?

If people possess all these qualities, then wars and quarrels will disappear on earth. People will not suffer and hate each other. It doesn’t matter what nationality you are, what skin color you are.

And in conclusion I want to say

What is better than the geography of the subject can not be found

The world of geography is huge,

Strive to know him!

• Thanks everyone for the lesson!

• Goodbye!

Types and modes of population reproduction

In accordance with changes in the totality of demographic indicators, it is customary to distinguish three main historical types of population reproduction. The first and earliest of them is the so-called archetype of population reproduction. It dominated in primitive society, which was at the stage of appropriating economy, and is now found very rarely, for example, among some Indian tribes of the Amazon. These peoples have such a high mortality rate that their numbers are declining.

The second type of reproduction, “traditional” or “patriarchal”, dominates in agrarian or early industrial societies. The main distinguishing features are very high birth and death rates, low average life expectancy. Having many children is a tradition that contributes to better family functioning in an agrarian society. High mortality is a consequence of people's low standard of living, their hard work and poor nutrition, and insufficient development of education and medicine. This type of reproduction is typical for many underdeveloped countries - Nigeria, Niger, India, Somalia, Uganda, Afghanistan, Yemen, Myanmar, Bangladesh and especially Ethiopia and Angola, where the birth rate is 45 ‰, mortality - 20 ‰, and average life expectancy - only 43 years - 47 years.

In a significant part of developing countries (Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, Pakistan, Libya, Thailand, South Africa, etc.), the “traditional” type of population reproduction has changed over the past decades. The mortality rate has dropped to 6-10 ‰ due to advances in medicine. But the traditionally high birth rate remains largely unchanged. As a result, population growth here is very high - 2.5-3.0% per year. It is these countries with a “transitional” type of population reproduction that predetermine the high growth rates of the world population at the end of the 20th century.

The third, the so-called “modern” or “rational” type of population reproduction, is generated by the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy. This type of reproduction is characterized by low birth rates, close to average mortality rates, low natural growth and high average life expectancy. It is typical for economically developed countries with a higher standard of living and culture of their inhabitants. The low birth rate here is closely related to the conscious regulation of family size, and the mortality rate is primarily affected by the high percentage of elderly people.

Population reproduction mode

The process of self-preservation of the population in the course of continuous changes is called population reproduction, and it is this that is the subject of demography. Population reproduction is the constant renewal of the size and structure of the population in the process of changing generations of people based on fertility and mortality, as well as migration. The set of parameters that determine this process is called population reproduction regime.

Population size and reproduction

The set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensures the continuous renewal and change of human generations.

Population reproduction rates

Gross population reproduction rate

The gross population reproduction rate is calculated based on the number of girls that each woman will give birth to on average during her entire reproductive period and is equal to the total fertility rate multiplied by the share of girls among newborns:

Gross reproduction rate
- total fertility rate
- age-specific birth rates
- share of girls among newborns

If the calculation is carried out over 5-year intervals, and such data are usually available, then the formula for calculating the gross reproduction rate has an additional factor of 5 in its last part.

Net population reproduction rate (Böck-Kuczynski coefficient)

Otherwise, the Net population reproduction rate is called the net population reproduction rate. It is equal to the average number of girls born to a woman in her lifetime and surviving to the end of her reproductive period at given levels of fertility and mortality.

The net population reproduction rate is calculated using the following approximate formula (for data for 5-year age groups):

All notations are the same as in the formula for the gross coefficient and - respectively, the number of people living in the age interval (x + 5) years from the female mortality table, and - its root. A multiplier of 1000 in the denominator of the fraction is added in order to calculate the net coefficient per woman.

True rate of natural increase

The net population reproduction rate () shows that the size of a stable population corresponding to the real one with given general fertility and mortality rates, which are assumed unchanged, changes (that is, increases or decreases) times over time T, that is, for the length of a generation. Taking this into account and accepting the hypothesis of exponential population growth (decrease), we can obtain the following relationship connecting the net coefficient and generation length:

Historical types of population reproduction

World map showing the average number of births per thousand people. According to UN estimates and forecasts from 2008.

• Archetype:
  • natural, virtually uncontrollable by society, level of birth and death rates
  • Birth and death rates are close in level, natural increase is subject to sharp fluctuations depending on the state of the natural environment
  • extremely low life expectancy (18-25 years)
  • the probability for a girl to survive to the average age of motherhood is 15-40%
  • the mortality rate is so high that the population of peoples increases extremely slowly, and periodically may even decrease
  • The population doubling period can reach 250 years or more

• "Transition":
  • the mortality rate is reduced to 6-10 ‰ due to advances in medicine
  • Traditionally high birth rates remain or decline at a slow pace
  • very high population growth - 2.5-3% per year

Characteristic of Mexico, Brazil, India, etc. - it is due to them that high rates of population growth in the world are observed at the end of the 20th century.

Type of reproducibility of industrial society. Characteristic of economically developed countries with a high standard of living and culture of the population.

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensures the continuous renewal and change of human generations. Or. Population reproduction is the process of generational change as a result of natural (increase) movement.

Key Demographics

Absolute indicators:

• natural increase is the difference between the number of births and deaths,
• mechanical increase is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.

Relative:

• fertility rate - the ratio of the total number of births in a country per year to the total population of the country, measured in thousands (i.e., the number of births for every thousand inhabitants;
• mortality rate - the ratio of the total number of deaths in a country in a year to the country's population, measured in thousands (i.e., the number of deaths per thousand inhabitants);
• natural increase rate is the difference between the birth rate and death rate.

These coefficients are measured in ppm (%o), but can be measured in percentages (%), i.e. In this case, calculations are carried out per 100 inhabitants.

The “formula” of reproduction is a type of recording of relative demographic indicators: birth rate - death rate = natural increase rate.

Main types of population reproduction

There are three types of population reproduction:

1. Reduced reproduction;
2. Simple reproduction;
3. Expanded reproduction.

Reduced reproduction - when the living population does not reproduce replacements, death rates exceed birth rates. This type is typical for countries with “zero” or close to it natural growth or with negative growth, i.e. countries where the death rate exceeds the birth rate. Demographers call this phenomenon depopulation or demographic crisis.

Depopulation(from the French depopulatin) a decrease in the population of a country or region as a result of narrowed reproduction, leading to absolute loss.

The decline in the birth rate in industrialized countries is usually associated with the spread of an urban lifestyle, in which children turn out to be a “burden” for parents. Industrial production and the service sector require highly qualified personnel. The consequence of this is the need for long-term study, lasting until the age of 21-23. The decision to have a second or third child is strongly influenced by a woman’s high involvement in the labor process, her desire to make a career and be financially independent.

Simple reproduction means that the generation of children replacing the generation of parents and the generation of parents are equal in absolute number. In such a population, a permanent sex-age structure (stationary type) is formed. The total population is not increasing; under certain unfavorable conditions, there is a high probability of a transition to narrowed reproduction. It is characterized by low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. (This method has become widespread in economically developed countries of Europe and North America).

Socio-economic reasons causing low birth rates:

• high level of socio-economic development (family income increases and the number of children decreases);
• high level of urbanization - 75%, rapid income growth,
• changes in the status of women, emancipation and the emergence of a new value system;
• an increase in the proportion of older people;
• “aging of the nation” (Great Britain, France), decreasing age of the young;
• consequences of wars, military conflicts, terrorism,
• industrial injuries, man-made disasters (car accidents kill up to 250 thousand people annually), road traffic accidents (up to 60 thousand people die);
• mortality from diseases (AIDS, cancer);
• natural disasters.

Expanded reproduction is characterized by an increase in each new generation entering life compared to the number of outgoing generations. A progressive type of age-sex structure is emerging in the population, and its absolute numbers are growing. This type of population reproduction is characterized by high and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. It is typical primarily for developing countries (countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America).

Socio-economic reasons causing high birth rates:

• low level of economic development, with a predominance of agriculture (developing countries);
• low level of urbanization - 41% (in rural areas the birth rate is higher);
• a peculiar social structure, religious customs that encourage large families;
• servitude of women, early marriages;
• using the achievements of modern medicine to combat epidemic diseases, improving sanitary culture;
• prohibitions on family planning in Muslim countries.

After gaining independence, these countries were able to make wider use of the achievements of modern medicine, sanitation and hygiene - primarily to combat epidemic diseases. This led to a fairly sharp reduction in mortality. The birth rate for the most part remained at a high level.

Features of population reproduction in various groups of countries and regions of the world

Throughout human history, reproduction has undergone great quantitative and qualitative changes, which were not smooth and gradual. They had a spasmodic character. Qualitative and quantitative changes are associated with major socio-economic upheavals. The development of industrial production, changes in the social status of women, changes in personal and social psychology in relation to children led to the evolution of fertility.

The decline in fertility is universal, but begins in different countries at different times, occurs at different rates, but gradually covers the whole world. Globally, the total fertility rate has declined from 45% in 1900-1905. up to 37.3% in 1950-54, up to 26% in the second half of the 80s, up to 23% in the late 90s, up to 19% in 2010. However, differences in the level of socio-economic development of different countries and regions of the world predetermine significant differences in basic demographic indicators.

Despite significant successes in the fight against smallpox, cholera, plague, malaria and other diseases, many developing countries continue to experience high overall mortality rates. The reasons for this are the low level of development of productive forces, crop failures, famine, epidemics, etc. Despite the youngest composition of the population, the highest overall mortality rates are characteristic of the African continent (13%), they are especially high in Western, Eastern and Central Africa (14, 15, 16%, respectively). In Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Central African Republic, Angola, the overall mortality rate is more than 20%.

Northern and Southern African countries with higher levels of socio-economic development have lower mortality rates (8%).

The lowest mortality rates are found in America and Asia (7 and 8%). Regional differences in mortality are determined not only by the age structure of the population, but also by the standard of living of the population, the development of medicine and healthcare. Currently, the number of countries with very low mortality rates is growing. The extremely low mortality rate that occurs in a number of countries around the world, Qatar and Kuwait (2%), Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Costa Rica (4%), in the island countries of the West Indies and Oceania, is due to a complex of interrelated reasons:

1. High mortality in the recent past has led to a change in the age composition of the population - a sharp decrease in the proportion of old people.
2. The consistently high birth rate has led to an increase in the share of children in the population.
3. Advances in medicine and improved living conditions of the population have led to a decrease in mortality.
4. “Island isolation” (for island states) serves to some extent as a barrier to the spread of infectious diseases.
5. A high proportion of young immigrants in a number of countries in South-West Asia.

At the same time, in a number of countries the overall mortality rate remains quite high. So, in Nepal, Laos it is 14%, Bhutan - 15, Cambodia - 16, Afghanistan - 22%.

The decreasing proportion of children caused by the constant decline in the birth rate and the increasing proportion of the old generation in developed countries have led to an increase in the overall mortality rate. In most developed countries, the overall mortality rate is either at or above the world average. The socio-economic crisis that has engulfed the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS has led to a sharp increase in mortality. According to this indicator, this group of states is “ahead” of the countries of Northern and Western Europe, although it is far from them in terms of the age structure of the population. This figure is also very high in Russia.

The variation in infant mortality rates is very large. In the distant past, the value of this indicator reached 250-300% (in African countries, infant mortality of about 300% was observed only recently), and during the years of mass epidemics, famine and other disasters it even reached 350-400%. In the early 90s, in countries with the lowest infant mortality (Sweden, Finland, Japan), this figure dropped to 4-5%. In many developed countries of Western and Northern Europe, the USA, Canada, Australia, it is 6-7%.

Despite the fact that Europe has the lowest infant mortality rate, the spread of this indicator across countries is quite high. In former socialist countries this coefficient is 2, 3, 4 times higher than in many other countries. If in Albania, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, Moldova the mortality rate of children under 1 year of age was respectively 33, 24, 18, 22 per 1000 births, then in the Netherlands, France, Switzerland and other countries it was 6%, Finland 4%.

Infant mortality in Africa is exceptionally high. In 25 countries this figure fluctuates at the level of 50-100%, and in 22 it exceeds 100%. In Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Mozambique, about 150 out of every 1000 children born die in the first year of life.

At the same time, in Reunion the infant mortality rate is close to the best world standards and is 8/o. Infant mortality is low in Mauritius (19 people) and the Seychelles (12 people). Tunisia, Botswana and South Africa have rates of less than 50 deaths per 1,000 births.

The infant mortality rate in Asian countries varies greatly: if in Japan it is one of the lowest in the world, then in 6 countries this figure exceeds 100%: Nepal (102), Cambodia and Bangladesh (108), Yemen (109), Bhutan (138) and Afghanistan (163%). Infant mortality remains high (more than 50%) in Iraq, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Laos.

The highest infant mortality rates in South America are in Bolivia (71%), Haiti (78%), Peru (60%). Along with them, there is a group of Caribbean states (Antilles, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Dominica, Cuba, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Jamaica), as well as Costa Rica, Guiana in which this figure is less than 15 deaths per 1000 births . Very low infant mortality in Canada and the USA (7-8%).

At the moment, according to the nature of population reproduction, developing countries can be divided into three groups.

The first group is formed by countries at the end of the first and beginning of the second phases of the demographic transition, i.e. at the stage of population explosion. They are characterized by high rates of fertility and natural increase. There are more than 5 children per woman in these countries, and the natural increase is more than 20 people per 1000 inhabitants. Most countries included in this subgroup are classified as least developed. These are the countries of Western, Central and Eastern Africa, some countries of South-West Asia, Afghanistan, Laos, and partly the countries of Latin America and Oceania. In 25 countries in these regions, population doubling at current growth rates could occur within twenty years. (In Togo and Libya, doubling could occur in 19 years, Sao Tome and Principe in 20, in Niger, Swaziland and Chad in 21 years).

The second group of countries includes developing countries that have already overcome the demographic explosion phase. In these countries, over the past 15-20 years, there has been not only a decrease in the overall mortality rate, but also in the overall fertility rate, as a result of which the natural increase rate has also begun to decline. The population doubling period in these countries ranges from 35 to 55 years.

The third group of countries has entered the third stage of the demographic transition. The birth rate in these countries is below 20 people per 1000 inhabitants, and the natural increase is 10 ppm. Vivid examples of countries in this subgroup are China, Thailand, and Argentina.

Among developed countries, three groups can also be distinguished according to the nature of reproduction.

First The group includes countries where natural growth is at the level of 0.3 - 0.55%. These include the USA, Canada, Ireland, Norway. At this rate of growth, doubling can occur in 100-200 years.

Secondly The group includes countries with natural growth of less than 0.3%. The total fertility rate has decreased in recent years to the level of 1.5, i.e. in these countries simple renewal of generations is not ensured.

Most countries have become states with zero population growth. These are, for example, Austria, Belgium, Spain.

On the third The group includes countries characterized by natural decline (depopulation) (Most countries of Eastern Europe, Georgia, Sweden, Germany). These are countries that have entered a period of demographic crisis. They are characterized by aging from below and aging from above. In the first case, the proportion of residents of older age groups in the population structure increases as a result of a sharp decline in the birth rate and a decrease in the share of younger generations, and in the second, due to an increase in the life expectancy of the population, which leads to a significant increase in the proportion of older generations.

At the moment, many states are trying to regulate the demographic situation in the country by pursuing demographic policies. Demographic policy is understood as a system of administrative, economic and other measures through which the state influences the birth rate in the direction it desires. In countries with high natural growth, demographic policy is aimed at reducing the population. An example is China. The goal of the government of this state - the most populous in the world - is to sharply stop population growth by creating a family with one child. As a result, tangible results have been achieved, but nevertheless, China's population continues to grow at a rapid pace.

India followed the same path, where, back in 1951, the demographic policy on family planning was adopted as official government policy. However, in this country it was less successful. Natural increase has decreased, but it is still very high. In the PRC and India, the age of marriage was raised, families with 12 children were promoted, mass voluntary sterilization of the population was carried out, contraceptives were widely promoted, and, as a rule, marriages were prohibited while studying at institutes.

Demographic policies aimed at reducing natural population growth are being pursued in many countries in Latin America and Asia. It develops most weakly in Muslim countries, where large families are encouraged by religion, and in Africa, which is associated with its weak development.

In many developed countries, characterized by low natural growth, demographic policy is aimed at increasing the population by increasing the birth rate. The measures used by the governments of these states to stimulate the birth rate are different and include cash payments and family benefits, benefits for large families, expanding the network of child care institutions, changing the age of marriage, expanding the property rights of mothers and children in the event of family breakdown, and banning abortion (Germany).

So, the world population continues to grow. It is necessary to achieve natural stabilization of the number of inhabitants of the Earth. And this can only be done by solving many socio-economic problems, especially in underdeveloped countries.

Fertility in countries of the world

This lesson “Number and reproduction of population” is the first in the section “Geography of the world’s population.” The lesson provides information about the main indicators and characteristics of the population. From the lesson you will understand how the population can be regulated, which countries are pursuing demographic policies, and how the population of our planet has changed.

Topic: Geography of the world population

Lesson: Population size and reproduction

There is a separate direction in geographical science -population geography- This is one of the main branches of economic and social geography.

The main way to determine the population size for a certain period of time is to conduct a population census.
Population census- a unified process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data of the population, relating at a certain time to all persons in the country or a clearly limited part of it. Upon completion of the population census, the collected data is processed and published. Population accounting arose in ancient times in connection with the tax and military activities of states and the tasks of their administrative structure. Even in the ancient Indian laws of Manu, rulers were ordered to take into account the inhabitants in order to find out their strength and determine taxes. In Egypt, population records were carried out starting from the era of the Old Kingdom (2800 - 2250 BC). There is evidence that population records were kept in Ancient China and Ancient Japan. The population census is usually carried out every 5 - 10 years.

The world's population has been constantly growing. The greatest population growth was observed in the 20th century. Currently, the world population exceeds 7 billion people.

Countries in the world with the largest populations