The topic is for what you need money. Research work "What is the money and for what they need a person." Money is needed in order to buy time

Money is a universal means of exchanging various goods and services among themselves, as well as measure measurement. Just as in kilograms measure weight, in liter of liquid, the amount of money is measured by the value of a product and services, as well as the money is measured in money, or in a different value of various specialists. Money can be paper, metal, virtual.

And more money can be considered a product that has arisen in the process of exchange, and with amazing properties: low cost and high. They can be exchanged for travel, jewelry, food and different things. Although they themselves are not enough for themselves, and they can turn into insignificant pieces and worthless metal rounds in overnight, hitting the reform. The value of the state is attached to them. If the state cannot fulfill its obligations, for example, to return the debt to another state, pay the salary of budget employees, etc., as the value of money inevitably falls.

From the point of view of the ancient wise men, representatives of Feng Shui (energy sciences) money is the energy of tremendous power. It can be attracted and repelled. Accordingly, it is richer or poor. More often this happens unconsciously. Indeed, who would like to voluntarily become poorer? How to attract the energy of money, let's tell later.

There is also such a definition of money as evil or dirt. "Money - evil", "not in money happiness" - such well-known sayings convince people to fear wealth. This is a certain meaning. Money may well be evil. But not by themselves. Evil and dirty can be intentions, like these money to manage or how to get money, for example, to steal. Happiness money does not bring, but they make life better. When you have a lot of money, you can afford better treatment, leisure, clothes, cars, etc.

Money functions and their role in society

With the development of society, the role of money in it became complicated. IN modern world This is part of economic relations, without which we cannot exist in our usual form. If you remove money from our life, then humanity will return in its development for several centuries ago. Without money, many professions will disappear, as people will be forced to engage in only the activities that will help them come down and do not die with hunger.

Now money is performed by many features:

1 Payment Tool. With the help of money, you can pay the goods as a momentary and later, taking it into debt. The amount of debt is expressed in monetary units.

2 Evaluation of people's labor. Rare specialists are added above. The work that many can perform is estimated below.

3 Equivalent cost of goods and services. Products have different envelopes, weight, volume, texture. And the money is a universal cost measure that allows you to fairly exchange one product to another.

4 Means for creating savings. Cash signs can be saved on the bank account, turn into gold and silver. Such a margin can be stored for a long time, it will not deteriorate, will not be "eaten by" inflation, and may even bring if you invest in mind.

5 Mediator in circulation of goods. With the advent of money, everything became easier, faster, because money is a universal product that can be exchanged for anything. In the era of natural exchange, it was necessary to look for a suitable product in the markets, even make a double-triple deal to replace one product to another. Now you can sell, for example, grain even to another country, having received money on the same day, and even prepayment - through the bank to the account of the organization. And immediately these money pay for the purchase of combiners in another city, listing the manufacturer's factory.

6 Interstate detergent. Money allows trading between countries. For example, Russia sells coal, gas and oil to the countries of Europe, and buying cars and equipment on the reversed dollars.

7 Money binds commodity producers among themselves and actively participate in economic relations. For example, a plant for the production of meat and sausage products buys raw materials, packaging material from other producers. The finished product goes to consumers. The product turns into money. The product itself comes out of circulation, the same sausage eat, and the money remains, making everything a new circuit - "money-product-money". Money allows producers to work further and develop, provide their employees with work and, accordingly, pay for labor.

For the money earned, he founded the Krasnodar football club, built one of the best stadiums in the country, and also helps financially children and youth football in the region. This is only a small part of the fact that Galitsky did for the city and the Krasnodar Territory as a whole, for which he is valued and respected, both representatives of power and ordinary citizens.

The history of the emergence of money

Nobody does not know when the money was formed. But it is believed that about 2-3 thousand years BC. The similarity of the generally accepted equivalent in the exchange of goods appeared. Initially, it was just a natural exchange: Goat - on a cow, a tool of labor - on meat and skins. But very soon this scheme ceased to seem mutually beneficial and fair. It was necessary to come up with a universal intermediary product when exchanging, which would be easy to exchange for other goods because of high demand for it.

And "money" appeared. They had their own people. In Germany, for example, cattle was used as money, in Mongolia - tea, in Peru and Bolivia - Pepper, in ancient Russia - skins of protein and kunitsa, in Mexico - sugar and beans. On some islands of the Pacific Ocean - stones.

Kauri seashells were used as commodity money in India, China, Africa. The first mentions occur to the middle of the II millennium BC.

To change, this is not very convenient intermediaries in the commodity exchange, metal came. First iron, then copper and bronze, tin and lead. And then people found universal metals for carrying out goods - gold and silver.

Precious metals have all the necessary properties:

• rarity because they are not as easy as iron or stones;
• economic divisibility, in contrast to the skins, which are cut into two parts, it is like throwing away;
• preservation, they do not spoil over time, such as fish, even if dried;
• relatively small sizes, that is, portability, unlike stones, which are difficult to drag;
• uniformity, that is, all the pieces can be made the same, unlike sheep, one of which can be restful to the other;
• Stability, that is, the constant value in contrast, for example, from livestock whose value may fall due to animal disease.

Initially, people simply weighed gold when exchanging it on the goods. Then simplified the task, putting the stamp on the metal, confirming a certain weight. Finally, the ingots began to give a certain form - the form of coins. And the amount performed the number marked on the coin. In the future, the states began to assume the function to certify the weight and reliability of the metal, confirming the definite stamp.

Who was the first to make coins from the metal, and will remain a mystery. Some sources claim that the first money was coins from copper in 18 V to AD. in China. Others argue that the Persian King Darius was the Persian king of Darius. Archaeologists have found more ancient coins of the mighty kingdom of Lydia from Malaya Asia. They were made of gold and silver alloy. Well, the most authoritative in the issue of money (drachma and tetradrakhma) and their designs are considered Alexander Macedonian.

The coins of the Lidiorsky Kingdom, Straighting in the Western Territory of modern Turkey.

From the history

The great commander and conqueror Alexander Macedonsky became famous not only by military victories, but also as a fashion legislator on the design of coins. Before coming to power, Alexander Macedonsky, every Greek city minted her money. Alexander introduced a single coin in the country. Released money from gold and silver, had a single weight and design. On the gold coins depicted the goddess of Athena. And on silver - Hercules in the lion's skin. Later, Macedonian himself was replaced by Macedonian himself. He was deified during his lifetime. Some coins were devoted to the special victories of the great commander. For example, during the battle with the Indian king fell a favorite horse of the commander Bucephal. But the victory was won. So the rare decadohm coin appeared. On one side, an attached king of India is depicted on an elephant, and on the other - Alexander on his battle horse.

Metal money, although not stones, weighed a lot to use are uncomfortable. After the invention of paper, the Chinese decided to make money and money. And in Europe, the first paper money was made in the Netherlands during the English-Spanish War. They were made of pressed paper on which the Bible was printed. After the end of the war, the money was seized from turnover.

And seriously and for a long time, paper money came to Switzerland in 1661. The first Swiss bank Yuhan Palmsk was the initiator of their release. Everything but ended with a scandal, because there was so much money was released that it was difficult to change them on gold and silver, they depreciated. I had to withdraw part of the turnover.

Paper money depreciated and in Russia, issued for the first time under Catherine the second, during the Russian-Turkish war. "Ate" their inflation. This is when the state, not believing with the existing turnover, releases money more to cover its public spending. As a result, a lot of money, but a lot of goods, prices are growing together with demand for goods. And it turns out that the former amount of money to buy the former amounts of products and things is impossible. The attempt to introduce paper bills was in England during Napoleonic Wars, and in the United States during the war with Canada.

To make money from paper did not lose their purchasing power Great Britain introduced the Golden Standard in the 19th century. That is, each bill has a gold mine. All countries rapidly began to move on this standard, the national currencies became strong and reliable, they trusted people. That is, for example, $ 20 could be exchanged for one ounce (31.1 grams) of gold.

England itself and abandoned the Golden Standard in 30 years. It has not been profitable. During the First World War, during financial crises in countries, the economies of many powers shaken, the demand for gold has grown, and the national currency depreciated. But England still remained strong, like her pounds sterling. They began to buy other countries as a currency with a guarantee. England began to lose its own golden stock. The final refusal of the Golden Standard occurred in 1944. Due to military rules, money in many countries depreciated. Only the United States could offer a dollar as global currency. It was reliably provided with gold in a proportion of $ 35 per ounce. Such a course lasted until 1971.

Video: Galileo. The history of inventions. Money

Types of money

The money was held a large evolutionary path: from cattle to virtual analogues, which even feel impossible, for example, electronic money, cryptocurrency, etc. The essence of money, their functions, species changed with the development of commodity relations in society. At the beginning of its evolutionary path, of course, these were commercial money.

Commodity money

Commodity money is a real product-equivalent, the purchasing power of which is fully equal to the value inherent in this product. This is such a type of money that evolved from the essential items to luxury items, and then to gold and silver bars.

Initially, commodity money was salt, skins, tools, livestock, cattle, etc. By the way, the word "product" itself comes from the Turkic word "cattle". Homer estimated the cost of weapons in bulls, and in the ancient Russia, the supplies collector called "cots".

Then the commodity money became metal money. Their nominal value fully corresponded to the cost of the metal, from which they are inhibited - gold, silver, copper or bronze.

In the modern world, commercial money can be called any products that exchange in the barter process. Barter is the type of exchange in which money is not used, and the cost of goods independently evaluate the participants of the transaction.

From the history

An interesting experience of barter deals was from the Soviet Union. When no one had money, exchanged what they had. For example, for the small money, the USSR bought sugar-raw sugar from Brazil, then refined in Ukraine. Ready sugar exchanged oil in Siberia. This oil was changed in Mongolia to copper ore. And in Kazakhstan, copper ore was reworked into copper. And they sold copper in the global market for a very good price in dollars. Received high profits. The entire operation lasted about six months, had large risks, but ended with high results.

• as a souvenir or gift;
• to create and replenish the collection;
• For investment, that is, in order to sell later for a higher price.

People often wonder, and in the store, they say, you can pay such money? Of course, and quite officially for any product or service. But this is not profitable. Actual value investment money Always above nominal. For example, the Storublu Olympic bill can sell today collectors for 3000-5000 rubles. Golden coin "Matsesta", weighing 1 kg, issued in honor of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, has a denomination of 10 thousand rubles. And you can actually receive 2.4 million rubles.

Full money

Full money is all kinds of commodity money, including gold, silver and copper money, the nominal value of which indicated on the front side necessarily coincides with the market. That is, if the coin weighs one gram of gold, then the nominal value of it is the same as gram of gold on the market.

Full money, in fact, does not threaten: money from gold is not depreciated, but on the contrary grow in price. However, thanks to new rich fields, silver and copper, lost in price several times for their history. As a result, an industrially developed England has become the first country, which has become the "Gold Standard", and all others stretched behind it. That is, only gold coins began to be considered full-fledged money, and silver and copper moved into the discharge of defective. What is defective money, read on.

Now full money is used only in the form of a limited issue of collectible, anniversary coins. There is no wide use of this type of cash, and that's why:

• Money from precious metals require expensive production;
• Over time, such money wear out, lose their weight and their real cost;
• The need for such money may not have time for the needs of the market, when the range of goods and services is growing and lacking payments for the turnover of goods and services;
• Not every country has its own deposits of precious metals, they had to buy them from other states.

Infectious money

Infectious money is substitutes for full-fledged money. These are such signs, the manufacture of which is much cheaper than the cost, which is in the face of the monetary sign. For example, the dollar, even if it is $ 100, is only 4 cents. That is, to make 100 dollar bills need to spend only 4 cents. Thus, the dollar, as well as the ruble, is defective money.

In defective money can be divided into three groups:

• paper;
• metal;
• credit.

The first paper money, according to many specialists, appeared in China. In Russia, paper banknotes began to be manufactured since 1769.

In defective money was distinguished on secured and unsecured. Secured defective money were representatives of full-fledged money. In fact, they can even be attributed to the category of commodity money, because they did not have their own worth, but they could be exchanged for a fixed amount of goods or a precious metallol. We have to talk about it in the past time, since secured defective money ceased to exist with the abolition of the "Gold Standard".

Some Americans still believe that their dollars are tied to gold. In fact, neither to gold, nor to silver they are no longer attached, but hold on to the government decree and confidence of people to this decree. The defective money, which people are now used, are not secured. They are called fiatat.

Fitate money

Fiat money is considered to be such payment resources, the nominal value of which is established and guaranteed by the state. In fact, it is all national currencies - euros, dollars, pounds sterling and others. In Russia - it is rubles. Fiat money can be in the form:

• banknotes and coins;
• Electronic and non-cash money.

Schematically, this can be portrayed like this:

This is "money on trust", provided only by the authority of the state. They have a risk depreciate due to hyperinflation. And inflation, it is possible to say the situation when a large number of Money hunts to a small amount of goods.

Inflation was inflation in the 90s in Russia, when prices for goods in 1992 jumped up 26 times, and in 1993 - 10 times. It happened after the decree of the President of the RSFSR, the price of all goods and services was "released." More the state did not interfere in pricing (except for some socially significant food), the country took a step towards a market economy. And the deficit of goods at that time was simply catastrophic. And this is why: in the USSR, behind the blows of well-being, the lack of products and things of essentials was hidden, inflation was restrained by the state. Although it could be seen everywhere in the image of the queues and the popular phrase: more than two (three) in some hands not to give! Now inflation came out.

The second cause of hyperinflation was the situation when, after the restructuring, almost all factories and plants stopped working, or sharply reduced performance. The main reasons: the planned economy collapsed. And large money from turnover was seized by "confiscection" reforms, which will be described later. Create new economic relations was not easy, especially when lacking current means. Survived those who produced products. But here everything is not easy.

Example

Tuapse ship repair plant, which in the USSR was prosperous. He repaired the Court of Military Fleet and a little - civilian, produced bushings and rings necessary for the repair of vessel engines. Then the orders for repair of vessels became significantly less - the expenses of the country on the army and the fleet decreased, and civilians began to come less frequently, whether they were unclaimed, whether it was not possible to repair.

At first, the plant tried to survive, making focus on the production and sale of bushings and rings for ship mechanisms on international market in Hamburg. It brought a good income in dollars, allowing to keep "afloat" enterprise. Products were a good quality and was in demand. But the plant still ceased to exist, as it was sold to a new owner who was not interested in the production of parts for mechanisms. Until now, he has not decided on how to use the territory of the former enterprise and berths.

There is another opinion about hyperinflation: the shortage of some goods was brought to a critical state artificially. Waiting for the liberalization of prices, pragmatic merchants stranded goods. And the statement about the critical state of the USSR economy was myth. Academician RAS Oleg Bogomolov, for example, does not find explanations, as with a steady decline in production in all industries managed to feed the country and keep it afloat if the Gaidar government, according to them, came to the ruins of the economy? The answer is one: either due to enormous borrowing in the West, or as a result of eating indispensable natural and other riches that have taken into inheritance reformers. Most likely, due to these two factors, it was possible to survive, and not at the expense of shock reforms.

Shock reforms call the reforms of Egor Gaidar - Deputy Chairman of the Government on Economic Issues since the fall of 1991. Even before the Government of Yeltsin-Gaidar, the USSR Finance Minister Valentin Pavlov held a reform in 1991, offering money to citizens for 3 days to exchange money: bills of 1961 issues, a denomination of 50 and 100 for new 1991. And the amount for the exchange was limited in 500 rubles. The surplus was proposed to put on deposit accounts in Sberbank. It was carried out in order to remove extra banknotes from circulation. Excess, because the rubles printed in recent years have not been provided with goods.

With the arrival of Gaidar, people learned the concepts of "privatization", "liberalization". According to his program in 1992, prices were released, and, as a result, hyperinflation broke out. And in 1993, the next one, now the Gaidar reform has made people exchange rubles of 1961-1991 release to the new year of 1993. For 3 days and with the limitations over the amount - no more than 100 thousand rubles (in those years, a thousand has already had a low purchasing power). Many of the exchange did not have time, others simply could not. All Soviet deposits in Sberbank, all accumulations depreciated. Non-citizens of Russia, that is, the inhabitants of the former republics, overnight by the citizens of other states, the amount was limited to 15 thousand.

These reforms can be called confiscational, as they were aimed at removal from people cash. But it seems, the reformers have ceased. Reducing the money supply over a certain limit leads to a decline in production, enterprises simply lacked working capital. Of course, it was necessary to go to other railway rails. But the reforms for a long time left for ordinary Russians distrust of the Russian national currency, which, overnight, can turn into insignificant pieces.

Electronic money

Electronic currency are virtual monetary signs that can be calculated for goods and services through the global information network.

There are electronic fate money and electronic non-pity money.

Electronic fate money Based by the state, referred to in the form of the main currency and they are obliged to take on a par with conventional paper banknotes. Bright example - credit and debit cards. They are stored in them in in electronic formatHowever, this does not prevent us from paying from the card in stores, cafes and other places.

Electronic non-pity money - This is the money of any non-state payment system, which means that the emission and circulation of this currency is subject to the rules of the payment system, which issued it, and not state laws and standards.

A bright example is the WebMoney electronic payment system. It would seem that the calculation system and the course is not much different from ordinary money. However, within this payment system, the webmobile conversion rate is used in rubles, dollars or euros. If for some reason the system will cease to exist, then the money stored on the electronic wallet of this system will disappear with it. They do not have government obligations, which means that you can hardly be returned.

All of the above does not mean that the webmoney system and others do not need to use, or they are unsafe. In the modern digital world, they ranked robust positions in settlement systems, they are actively used, various Internet services, they have their advantages and cons.

Electronic non-pellets are stored in electronic wallet. They can be:

• settle for utilities;
• pay products and delivery;
• Buy tickets for any type of transport;
• Pay fines, taxes, duties;
• get paid for work;
• Translate from one e-wallet to another or on a bank card.

From virtual money, electronic analogs can turn into real money if you translate them to the card, and then with this card to remove as paper money.

There are different electronic payment systems that allow you to produce transactions with electronic money: PayPal, Yandex Money, Webmoney, QIWI.

Digital money, or cryptocurrency

It is impossible not to mention the cryptocurrency (Bitcoin, Ether, Ripl, Lightcoin, etc.), which firmly settled in the modern world. In essence, this is a type of electronic money, but it can be safely allocated to a separate look, since, unlike the same webmores or - cryptocurrency has no intermediaries.

When you make a translation from one webmoney wallet to another, then you will have to pay the commission's commission. In essence, it was created for this. When you pay the Visa or MasterCard plastic card, then an intermediary is also present in each transaction - a bank who also takes the commission to himself. Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrency is transmitted from one owner to another directly, bypassing intermediaries. She was invented for this.

The first cryptocurrency in the world - Bitcoin, deciphered as Bit - Bit and Coin - "Coin". Bit is a unit of measurement of information in a binary number system. On computers all information is measured in bits.

The cryptocurrency is not tied to anything or to the dollar, nor to gold, she does not even have any controlled body, such as the Central Bank of any state that is engaged in emissions, that is, the release of money. Creating cryptocurrencies occurs with the help of mathematical computing of various computers (mining). In this independence, many politicians see a threat to classic currencies, so they try to limit the spread of cryptocurrency.

However, cryptocurrency can already be calmly paid for many products and services on the Internet. It can be earned and then exchanged on another currency. So this is a full-fledged money.

Credit money

Credit money is funds that are issued by banks for interest for a certain period. In their basis - bank deposits. That is, the money that other people posted on the bank.

Loans are used by both individuals and companies and entire states. Loans are usually used when they urgently need money to buy anything, and the person does not have the entire amount, but he expects to get money later and return the duty of parts by paying for the use of money defined in advance (interest).

External and internal money

Money is distinguished on internal and external. Internal money - Those that are created by commercial banks, and external - are issued by the Central Bank. We clarify: - This is the main bank of the country, a state credit institution that is engaged in issuing national money and controls the entire banking system in the country. The central bank does not interact with individuals. For this is commercial bankswhich are intermediaries. For the completeness of information it is worth adding that the Central Bank in Russia, unlike the State Bank in the USSR, is independent legal entityAnd no government branch can manage them.

Domestic (checks, promotions, bills and bonds) are someone's assets on the one hand (from depositors, capital holders) and someone's debt obligations on the other hand. Some make a profit for keeping money in a bank account, others pay the percentage for being in debt money. The percentage of the use of the loan above came, which receives the capital owner as a percentage. For example, in deployment, a person will receive 6% of the invested amount for the year. And the one who borrowed will pay 19% per year from the amount taken on credit. The difference remains a jar as a profit. This turnover of money allows us to develop the production and economy of the country as a whole.

Receipt - Document confirming payment non-cash payments. I received a check with the signature and printing of the bank account owner, may require money on it in a bank. Based on this document from the personal account of the payer, the specified amount on the check will be written off.

Stock - Such a view securityconfirming the percentage of any enterprise in its owner. OJSC or CJSC will issue shares. Open joint-stock company Sells its shares in public markets, and closed - distributes shares only between those who have invested in the company's creation.

A bills and bonds are similar in that and the other paper is issued instead of a certain amount of money, which one who released this financial product takes place. But unlike an exchange, allowing only to return money on time, the bond brings and additional income in the form of interest. Bonds can be issued not only by the firm, but also by the state.

External money - this is more often fate money, as well as foreign currency, gold and silver bars stored in the Central Bank. Cash and deposits of the central bank are called a "monetary basis". It was the Central Bank that controls the activities of all other banks and serves state accounts. Thanks to the Central Bank, the state has data about the entire money supply in the population, carries out financial and credit policies, charges taxes from citizens through bank accounts, fines, can freeze money on a bill with judicial problems.

There are two types of monetary systems: metal and monetary. They, in turn, are also divided into subspecies.

Metal system

She rushed into the summer, as gold and silver coins came out of circulation. But still it is necessary to remember her, because it is the generic team of the classical system of money circulation.

Monetary system

This system works in all countries to this day. And no one came up better. After leaving the turnover of gold and silver coins, they came to shift paper money and credit cards. They are not secured gold, just "money on trust", nevertheless it works fine.

Monetary system: what is it and what types there are

Monetary system - This is a circulation of money mass inside the state. Daily people use money and are part of this monetary system. The monetary system is subject to certain rules that are regulated by law, as well as the main supervisory authority - Central Bank Russian Federation.

Regulated money circulation regular laws:

• Constitution Russian Federation;
• Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)";
• The law "On currency regulation and currency control";
• Law "On Banks and banking activities»;
• The law "On countering the legalization (laundering) of income received by criminal, and the financing of terrorism".

The monetary system of any country is characterized by the following features:

1 Monetary unit. She must have a name (ruble, dollar, euro, pound, yen), abbreviation (RUB, USD, EUR, JPY, GBP), symbolic designation (₽, $, €, £, ¥), digital or numeric code (used In countries where there is no use of the Latin alphabet, such as the ruble code 643, and the American dollar 840), exchange coins (the ruble has a penny, the dollar is cents, etc.), as well as the calculus system (1 ruble 100 kopecks is A simplified decimal calculation system when the base currency consists of 100 derivatives of units).

2 View of the monetary sign. It can be paper or metal

3 denominations. This is the cost of a monetary unit that is indicated on a bill or coin. The nominal is determined by the Issuer, that is, the organization that issued this monetary unit. We use banknotes with a nominal 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5,000 rubles. As well as coins with a nominal value of 1, 5. 10, 50 kopecks and 1, 2, 5, 10 rubles.

4 Cash circulation structure. This is how the cycle of money in the internal and external economy of the state, the existence and functioning of cash and non-cash forms of payment, interbank payments and translations.

5 Emissions of monetary signs. That is, the manufacture, as well as the procedure for replacing spoiled coins and bills, seizure them from the appeal, entering new ones.

6 Procedure for the appeal of foreign currencies.This includes the rules for the use of foreign currencies, their course towards national currency, exchange methods.

7 Rights and obligations of the Central Bank. All of them are registered in the relevant laws.

8 Rules of work of commercial banks, investment companies, pension funds and other participants in the economic market. All of them must work according to one rules, obey the laws not to undermine the country's economy.

9 state monetary policy. Differently speaking, this is part of the overall economic plan of actions aimed at improving the life and well-being of people. The main tool here is the key bet on the size of which the size of inflation depends. And the standard of living of people depends on the size of inflation. The higher the inflation, the more depreciates the money and the people are depreciated. In this context, the main task of the central bank is to provide stable low inflation.

Covers and coins are manufactured at special enterprises, they are also called mint.

In Russia, the coin coin and the stamp of banknotes is engaged in OJSC Gosznak, which is 100% owned by the state. The composition of the State Summary includes the following enterprises:

• Moscow Print Factory
• Moscow typography,
• Moscow Mint
• St. Petersburg Mint,
• St. Petersburg paper factory,
• Perm printed factory,
• Krasnokamskaya paper factory)
• Research Institute (research institutes).

At the enterprises of the State Disc, are not only money (banknotes and coins), but many other products, among which:

• forms of passports and passports, other identity documents;
• Policy medical insurance;
• Labor books;
• military tickets;
• Driver license, registration certificates vehicle (STS), vehicle passports (TCP);
• stamps;
• orders, medals, state awards;
• SIM cards for phones;
• plastic cards for banks;
• printing products with watermarks, holograms and other security elements;
• equipment for processing, controlling and accounting products;
• control identification signs that are used, for example, for labeling products from fur;
• excise stamps;
• and many other products.

The state commencement produces products not only for Russia, but also supplies products to export to more than 20 countries of Asia, Africa, Europe and the CIS countries.

From the history

The most famous counterfeiter in the USSR was Viktor Baranov, chauffeur in the specialty. He himself created a printing machine, paints. Baranov printed the most difficult money marks for fake, a denomination of 25 rubles. Now the paints of Baranov are in demand even abroad. And some know-how is still used in the work of the GoKonatic.

Hitler flooded the whole world with fake dollars, which paid as an international currency with many countries. Moreover, the quality of fakes was such that it was not possible to distinguish genuine borrowings from fake. After the defeat of the fascism of the Federal Republic of Germany, there was no right to print monetary signs in its territory until 1955. They were printed in London for the country.

Banknotes and coins of the Bank of Russia

Here's what the banknotes of the Bank of Russia look like. Click on the photo, it will open in a larger area where you will see the front and root side of the bill. Pictures depicted including recently issued banknotes with a denomination of 200 rubles and 2000 rubles.

Coins. Click on the name of the coin.

1 cop. Cop 10 kop 50 kop 1 ₽ 2 ₽ 5 ₽ 10 ₽ 10 ₽

Material: Bimetal (steel plated by Melchior)Material: Total with brass electroplating

Where to take money how to attract them in your life

Without money, it is impossible to present life at all. For everything you need to pay. Money can and need to earn. Ways for this are different:

• earn as a hired employee;
• find a part-time job or shabbi;
• Work on yourself by creating your own business;
• Receive passive income from investment or real estate.

You can still sell unnecessary things, turn the hobby into income, provide intermediary services, engage in network marketing, make money on the Internet. There are many ways, in this article we will not sharpen your attention on each of them, since all this is described in detail in our article where we recommend money, we recommend reading.

Of course, there are distant, sorry villages and villages, where to make money extremely difficult. In this case, you need to find strength in yourself and leave from there. Money always concentrate around large megacities, as well as places rich natural resources (oil, gas, coal, precious stones, iron ores, forest, etc.). Work in such places is always there.

Some people do not want to leave their native places, as they love and are accustomed to the conditions created, everyday life, etc. In this case, you can consider the issue of a temporary move. Earn Capital, create passive sources of income on it, and then return back to native pinat.

There are no hopeless situations, there is laziness and unwillingness to change herself, their usual way of life, go beyond the comfort zone. And all these problems are resolved primarily through the correct placement of life goals, your values \u200b\u200band beliefs, desires and aspirations.

Try to imagine your dream life. What is she? Find a secluded place so that no one interfere with, disconnect the phone and try to imagine what looks like a perfect day from your dream. What do you do? How are weave? What is your home? Car? Where do you live - a private house Or a spacious apartment?

Such technique is called visualization and it helps to attract money to your life. Try to think more often about these things, for example, before bedtime. The thought is material and all that you think - attracts into your life as a magnet.

If you are poor and you have no money, it is quite possible that with your negative, negative thoughts you pulled your lack of money. Thoughts may be idle when you think only about how to descend money on entertainment, clothes, women. Often in reality occurs also.

When you discuss in your thoughts a clear picture of the life of your dreams, start thinking about how to achieve it. What do you do now contribute to this? Will your activity help get the desired? If not, look for options, read the biographies of successful people, find out what helped them achieve success in life. Learn business literature, read economic logs and sites. This will help you rebuild your consciousness to attract money.

The topic of attracting wealth and good luck is extensive, here we give you only general principles, if you want to know more about it, then read our article how to attract money and good luck.

Answers to frequently asked questions

What role do money in the economy?

In the modern economy, the key role that money performs is the savings of time and effort in carrying out trade operations. Previously, for example, when there was no money, people had to change the goods for goods. Imagine a peasant who grows vegetables (potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, etc.) and suddenly he wanted to eat the meat. To do this, he would have to go to the market, having previously stamped the full cart of vegetables, and there to replace it all on a lamb or a pig.

Just imagine what labor costs it would have to be incurred: digging the potatoes, wash it, download it on the cart, bargaining the horse, get to the market, stare with the owner of the pig, unload the potatoes to him, download the pig and take it all back. Also imagine how much time it takes. The money allowed to reduce costs, freeing the resources that went to an increase in labor productivity and, ultimately, led to economic growth and the development of civilization.

What is best to invest in 2018?

2018 is the year of instability. Russia is still under sanctions, Western countries find new prepositions to strengthen the pressure on our economy and, thus, to the political leadership of the country. And this means that it is necessary to extremely carefully approach the selection of investment instruments.

• Shares

According to analysts of leading investment companies, the shares of many domestic enterprises are undervalued. And this means that in the long run is favorable attachment. Pay attention to the phrase "in the long run" - under it it is understood as an investment horizon for no less than 2-5 years. If you have accumulations about which you are ready to forget for the next 2-5 years, then this is one of the best and reliable ways to invest money.

• Bonds

Until April 2018, bonds could be considered factive way Cash attachments, their yield exceeded. But after entering the spring sanctions this investment instrument Founded in a danger zone.

• The property

One of the popular ways of investing free money has always been real estate. It is the opinion that real estate is always growing in price and it is better to have a roof over your head than money that can depreciate as a result of inflation, the growth of the dollar's course, or some crisis. This is logic, but if we consider real estate from the point of view of investment, now it brings low dividends and make money with its help will not work.

In 2018, investments in real estate are complicated by instability. The year began successfully, inflation indicators in the country among the lowest in history, which allowed the central bank of the Russian Federation to reduce the key bid, which in turn was reflected on credit and mortgage rates - they also dropped.

Cheap loans allow construction companies to attract funds for the construction of new homes, and a cheap mortgage allows you to increase housing sales. However, new sanctions in considerable days can weaken the ruble, which will entail an increase in the dollar's course and then the key rate will take off again, and the mortgage market will change again. The high dollar will also affect the prices in stores and will help reduce real incomes of the population.

• Bank deposits

Reducing or enhancing the key rate of the Central Bank also affects bank deposits. The lower the key rate, the lower the profitability of deposits, and vice versa. In 2018, the bet on deposits is low, which does not allow you to call a bank deposit in a competitive way to invest money. However, he never was.

When making a decision in favor of this or that tools, it is necessary to repel from the amount of investment, on the period, from your tendency to risk, therefore, it is not possible to give unequivocal recommendations.

How much money is needed in Russia for normal life?

What does the concept of "normal life" mean? Everyone has its own presentation. But the generally accepted one:

• availability of own housing on the room for each family member;
• having a car;
• The opportunity to make travel once a year;
• the ability to get paid education without a loan;
• be able to repair accommodation every five years and buy new furniture;
• every season update the wardrobe;
• There is what is useful and tasty.

As the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" writes for the normal life of a family of three Russians, Russians called the amount of 83.6 thousand rubles. The survey was conducted in different regions of the country by specialists of the Romir Research Holding.

Conclusion

So, money is a tool to achieve goals. Indeed, having enough money, you can live that life that you dream about. You can afford to do what you like, and not what you need, get the freedom of choice in everything.

The author of the blog "My Ruce", in the past, the head of the credit department in the bank. In this online entrepreneur, an investor. I tell about how to effectively manage my money, it is advantageous to increase them, more earn money. Thanks to the Internet moved to the sea. You can follow my life in the social networks below.

What role is the money playing in a person's life? How much is a person from them dependent? And what needs to be done to have a lot of money in order to provide themselves with everything necessary in this life? Let's figure it out. We all know that the importance of money in our lives is enormous, and at the same time, the ability to make money and competently dispose of them, they are not really learning anywhere. At school, this topic is not discussed at all, and in many financial and economic institutions basically teach theories, very far from practice. Therefore, even a good economic education does not give a person to a complete understanding of what money is and how they work. And this is quite explained, because any specialists are preparing, first of all, for hired labor, and not for the management of money. Therefore, much of what we need for life, it is to us, and not to someone else - we ourselves need to be learned. What we will do on this site.

The importance of money

Money is important. And we know it. But at the same time, we all have a different attitude towards them. Someone is ready for everything for money, and someone has no money in the first place in life. And at the same time such people do not dare. Why is that? Everything is very simple - the importance of money is determined by two things: the need for them and the ability to extract them. If I know that thanks to my skills, I will never stay without money, whatever I have to do in life - I do not exalt money, I do not make them the center of my life, do not worship them. Why should I do this if I know that I always can earn them, what should I be afraid of? On the other hand, if a person does not represent himself or thinks that he does not represent anything and does not know how to mine money - for him they will be of great importance, because he does not do them, and they do it. As a result, the struggle for the money we see today is the struggle of people for their lives, both in direct and figuratively. That is, you need money to survive and for becoming as a person.

And just, if a person does not know how to manage money - he is constantly experiencing the need for them, which means they are for him a deficit, which in turn makes them a vital resource for him. And in order to manage money, as I said above - you need to be able to manage resources, including human, including yourself. And in order to manage the resources - you need to possess the appropriate knowledge, including more extensive knowledge of money that I give you on this site. A person who has no understanding of what money is, cannot find them the right place in his life and proper use. Well, yes, money is a means by which you can get a lot of what you want, but how does this tool work and what is needed to make money for you? That's few people understand. And how to understand it? Look at those who already have a lot of money and analyze these people. Examine them in all details. Learn more about them and then compare their quality with your qualities, and you will see what the difference between you and them. This will allow you to improve yourself in the right place in the right places to become stronger. And the money and power in this world, as you know - get it precisely strong people.

In my opinion, I write about so obvious things that somehow somehow writing about them. But she does not understand God, they don't understand them, because I see - how easily and simply manage with the help of money, turning into obedient and fireless puppets who are ready to sell relatives for money. But money often does not cost this. Pay attention to the happiness that follows money - how long and really, if the money came to a person by chance? She is fleeing. Give most people a lot of money, a million or ten million, and after they only work out them, their lives will only be unhappy. The thing is that life for money is very narrow, very limited life. People do not notice a lot in their lives and do not know how to enjoy what they have, if they are constantly thinking about money. At the same time, the most discerning thing in this is that they are often missing themselves. And you now know why. Because it is not necessary to think about money, but about what it leads to them.

Money and mind

I like when I have money, especially when there are a lot of them. But even more I like to improve the methods of their prey. And I can't stand when money come to me too easy, because I know that it is relaxing me. I am absolutely convinced that light money is the essential evil, the same as, say, the oil curse. When a person has money, a lot of money - he spends them, practically without thinking about how competently and effectively he does it. But when he doesn't have them, he either works for them as a horse, if he has no mind, or thinks about how they have to get if he still has the mind. That is, in the first case, there is a thoughtless process, often instinctive, not involved your mind. Moreover, even by buying human strength, you do not think about the opportunity to do it without money - you do not look for the opportunity to achieve from people what you need without money. So you do not think. And what, as you think, is more contributing to your mental development? The waste of money or the search for the methods of their prey? You yourself answer yourself to this question, because in the end, such obvious things should be more understood by people on their own, rather than explain to them by someone else.

In this game in money, there will always be winners and losers, as not to twist. But it is not important that it is important, who you will be. And you will be able to make themselves. You will make yourself a master of money, with the help of the right self-development implies the study of you important for the life of things, such as human management, money management, other resources - your life will be beautiful. And if you make yourself a slave of money, which is ready to fulfill any work, just gain money - all my life you will fulfill other people's orders and experience. Well, as a rule. So the money in a person's life is what he does them himself.

Why do people need money

What the money is all knowingly everyone. But if you ask the townsmaids, why you need money, the answers will be completely different. Why? First of all, because the function of the money is multifaceted, and even because the attitude towards money is laid in our childhood, depending on which countries we brought up, and what values \u200b\u200bparents were vaccinated.

And really, why do you need money? Evil they or, nevertheless, good? Do they corrupted us or stimulate to develop? Let's try to find answers to these difficult, but at the same time important questions for us.

Money in global understanding

To begin with, let's try to figure out why in principle you need money and could humanity live without them?

There is a wonderful expression "Money rules world!". We often pronounce this phrase, but do not think at all, about what sense is in these words. In fact, money is of exceptional importance for the system in which we all live with you. We can say that money made people from us. In a global understanding, money is not only equivalent to the cost of certain things and services, it is a way to maintain order and stability in our civilized world.

Look: to receive money, every person is forced to do something, earn them, and not just aimlessly live their lives. That is, thanks to the money, a person keeps a certain discipline. To make money, a person creates some benefits that go to society. Thus, he not only earns himself, but also, in parallel, it develops this society. But the resulting money man spends on himself, but, again, puts them into the economy of the state, in its development.

Submission to such a system of money cycle allows the state to control us. And if we suddenly give up the money, the world's usual for us will immediately fall apart, turning into chaos. World history knows a lot similar examples And, given that the modern economy has long been cracking on the seams, in the future we risks once again to face the social madness of a global scale.

Thus, forming your attitude to money needs to be thought not only about yourself, but also about the entire system, thanks to which we live in a relatively calm world. We are talking about the relative peace of mind, because even in a global understanding of the existence of money there is a side effect. Even states want to have as much money as possible and power, and therefore "hot spots" arise on Earth, and there are no obey people.

Money in the understanding of man

And now let's go directly to the question of the value of money for each of us. And here for a particular person, this value may differ. To begin with, let's talk about the owners of large financial resources, and people who have grown in prosperity.

For the most part, the person who has brought up in full failure does not feel special needs in money. He knows that they are always enough, he does not disturb him a permanent thought: "Where to get money?", And therefore he can devote his life to personal development and self-realization, in parallel to multiplying the means. That is, money in the life of such a person is played by a non-primary role, but still their meaning is not questioned.

Thanks to the big money, such a person acquires freedom, which means that can engage in charity, to create something, develop his own business, connecting to this other people, and therefore bring benefits and to themselves and others. In this way, a person makes this world better using that freedom and those opportunities that give money. And as a reward for their attitude to life and money in particular, this person receives universal recognition and respect. And this is perhaps the best example of attitudes towards money.

True, some people perceive the freedom that money gives, somewhat distorted. Freedom in their understanding is very soon turning into Vigility and permissiveness. That is why their behavior and their actions go beyond the generally accepted norms.

Each of us had to see secured and even frankly rich personalities who possessing big money began to feel in real "owners of life." Such people can afford absolutely everything: to robber in airplanes, go to the oncoming lane on the road, to arrange an accident, including victims, to manage to employees of law enforcement, and at the same time do not worry at all over the consequences. They are absolutely not interested in the opinion of others, but all because possessing unlimited finances, they can pay off responsibility.

Moreover, these people are accustomed to "throwing" money - buy defiantly expensive clothes, spend fabulous amounts for cars, live in luxury apartments and relax so that the whole world envied their ability to "sift money"! You know, for what purpose are such huge funds? In this way, recognition and respect is bought, that is, those high statuses that these people cannot achieve, studying creating and good deeds.

So, every day I feel like the value and self-sufficiency of my space increases even without my participation.

Why do you need money? Replies psychologist

Protection against terrible and frightening world, confirmation of its right to exist, a way to avoid proximity. All this is different uses of money "not intended." If you deal with these problems, then the question is how much money you need can be solved in general in a different way.

Many people come to therapy with the question: "I can't earn enough money, what am I doing wrong?" According to a psychologist, Gestalt therapist Tanya Amvrosimov, most often the case is not in money at all.

On the fact, money is just paper. They are impossible to eat, they can not live in them, they will not protect from the cold and heat. Each of us invests meaning in money yourself, and it will vary depending on our needs.

Why do you need to know? First, many needs, at least partially, can be satisfied not only by increasing the amount of money in the bank account. Secondly, some needs, as it were, I would not like, it is impossible to satisfy at all at the expense of money. And then to solve the issue of increasing earnings, of course, it is possible, but the result will not bring happiness and pleasure.

To me periodically come to consult with the question: "I can not earn enough money, what am I doing wrong?" One of the answer options is that, as desired, improving his financial situation is not at all traction for money. By the way, another popular topic in my office: "I have everything, but I feel emptiness in the soul." Very often the roots of this problem will also lie in the substitution of needs, but about it, another time.

And now - the somewhat most common hidden meanings of money in the life of the person who we turned together with customers. Each of them has pluses and pitfalls. All of them are only partially about the money, but mostly - about completely different needs, to solve which is best not to raise their income. Well, or not only them.

If the world around the world seems to be something terrible, and its life seems to be a feature that is driving around the sea by the waves. Or speaking more landing:

- If you are afraid of the need to communicate with fellow travelers in the subway, officials in institutions, sellers in stores and in general, all these strangers, not always tactful and pleasant in communication with people;

- If you feel powerlessness before the fate, before life circumstances, the money may seem to be a wall that protects against the need to communicate, decide and choose something in your life.

Explicit advantages: For money, you can hire people who communicate instead of you. Instead of the subway you can drive on a personal car, buy tickets to the business class on the plane, hire a housekeeper that will shop instead of you, and so on.

Implicit cons: If you have not received a fabulous inheritance, then you need to earn money. And for this most likely you will have to communicate, decide and choose. Yes, and after, receiving money, you will be forced to either save our best to have enough for life, or continue to earn them. Do not you think that in the idea of \u200b\u200bmaking money reliable protection from the world there is some kind of catch?

It so happened that the amount of money is hard associated with your assessment of yourself, well, and others, of course. You can be proud of a lot of money, you can respect yourself, and indeed you can consider yourself for a person. Money is tight - ". And you still try to talk something? "

Explicit advantages: Money is power. Many people are ready to respect, be tactful, attentive and careless to those who have more money. With their help, you can get a good ratio of a certain circle. A person with money most often has many acquaintances, so that outwardly loneliness does not threaten.

Implicit cons: The feeling of internal emptiness and still loneliness. All the same capital truths: familiar will not replace close friends, love can not be bought. You can buy manifestations of love, but proximity is still being built on other basics. Another minus is an excavating level of internal anxiety, because if the money becomes little, it means that I will have to admit that I am a complete loser in this life. And it is the internal installation - no one loves losers, and indeed, who needs they need, "scares the most.

Protection from near

We are all smart and know: Speak the child with expensive toys instead of spending emotions on him, time and love, bad. But often adult men and women with money and gifts replace tenderness, attention, joy and all other manifestations of feelings in relationships. For example, the husband earns money for the family and. everything. Or a woman shifts his mother money and. Also everything. No, there is nothing wrong with money, but why then a feeling of artificiality arises and dissatisfied with your loved ones?

Explicit advantages: People with money in our society are valued, so the partner will not be so easy to get away from you, even the only thing you are willing to share, are material benefits. Fortunately, your self-perception does not depend on the availability or lack of money, and to help other people materially - this is one of it is quite good species help and care.

Implicit cons: Your self-perception does not depend on the availability or lack of money, but without a penny in your pocket you are likely to feel with other people about the same "cozy" like a naked person on a busy area. Money is trying to replace the proximity to people who are afraid of relationships. It doesn't matter why - they do not know how to support them, they feel not good enough, they shame their clumsation, they do not know how to withstand aggression in relations, without which nowhere. At the same time, they actually really want these close relationships, but it is impossible to get them for money. Here is such a paradox.

Before applying read - need compulsory consultation with professionals.

Krylova Alexander

In the course of the study, I planned to find out what money is and for what they need a person to justify the reason for the need for reasonable handling of money.

Since humanity has invented money, they play a very important role in life and society and every person individually. The expression "no money" we hear constantly. Everyone lacks money. And not only those who have a small salary, but also those who have it big. And all because many people simply do not know how to consider their money, do not know how many they need to live to the next salary, and do not know how to spend correctly so that there is no continuous overrun.

Knowledge that I acquired during my study will help me in the future - adult life, planning my purchases and expenses, all this will save my time and money.

Download:

Preview:

Nizhnekamsk city

MBOU "Gymnasium № 25"

Class 4.

RESEARCH

Subject: What is money and why do they need a person?

Head of Krylova Olga Sergeevna

first qualifying category

Student of Krylova Alexander Vladimirovna

2011

1. Introduction

2. Main part

3. Conclusion

4. List of references

5. Appendix

Introduction

Since humanity has invented money, they play a very important role in life and society and every person individually. The expression "no money" we hear constantly. Everyone lacks money. And not only those who have a small salary, but also those who have it big. And all because many people simply do not know how to consider their money, do not know how many they need to live to the next salary, and do not know how to spend correctly so that there is no continuous overrun.

Purpose of the study:
Find out what money is how they appeared; Justify the reason for the need for reasonable change with money.

Research tasks:

1. Get acquainted with the history of making money; Find out what a family budget is.

2. Analyze the knowledge gained during the study.

3. Make a conclusion about the need for reasonable use of money.

Main part

1. The history of the emergence of money. Where did the money come from? Who came up with money?

Long ago, in the age of stone, people fully accounted for without money. Why did they need them? They got everything necessary for life from nature. After all, the main thing for a person - there would be food and housing. And people lived in the caves, went hunting with batons and stone axes, collected plants.

But it turned out that not every person who signed to make axes and other weapons was at the same time and a good hunter! An idea arose: let the gunsight make weapons, and the hunter with this weapon walks on the hunt, while the Hunter will pay the gun for the weapon!

This arose mutually beneficial exchange -barter . What a person himself does, including what he does not understand, is it better to distribute duties and one products change to another that you can not do?

Over time, goods that were easily exchanged were distinguished. These were animals, fur, precious stones, salt, grain, dishes, furniture, shoes, clothes, precious metals, etc. Just from precious metals (gold and silver) began to cover the first coins.

It is believed that for the first time the coins appeared in 687 BC, in Lydia, today the Asian part of Turkey, and the first Lidia king, which minted gold coins was Cres. Lidia coins minted fromelectrum - varieties of native gold, with a high content of silver.

Lidiya coin VI century BC

Coins - metal plates with a pattern. To confirm the established weight, the pieces of metal were stamped with a drawing. The mined drawing played the role of printing, or stamps that the ruler guaranteed the accuracy of the weight of the coin. Coins quickly spread in the Allen world. The experience of making coins was successful and soon spread to Europe.

Total half a century passed - and the coins were already produced in mass order. However, do not forget that by this time, regardless of European civilization, coin coinching invented in ancient China. Their coins were created by the original way of casting, they had square holes in the middle, which made it for the convenience of storing them on the lace.

Chinese coin

2. Study of the function of money.

Money is a means of sharing. People get money in return for the goods and services they provide; In the future, they can spend money on those products and services that they need.

Money functions.

Output: Money is a means of sharing. Most often people enjoy the following money functions: a measure of cost, means of circulation, means of payment, means of savings, global money. Paper money we use are paper tools of value, they are substantive money substitutes.

3. Investigation of the reason for the need for reasonable handling of money.

Study family budget:

Having studied the necessary information, I learned what a family budget.

Family budget- The ratio of income and expenses for the week, month or year, characterizes its well-being, the degree of wealth.

At home with parents, I analyzed the profitable and consumable part of the family budget. The revenue part accepted for 100 points. The consuming part designed in the form of a diagram. (Attachment 1)

According to the results of the work carried out, the family can spend only the amount that its members earned. Most of the funds earned, parents spend on food, buying clothing and utility bills.

Output: Money must be spent with the mind, soberly assessing its financial capabilities and needs. Savings reduces optional costs and spend money on more necessary things.

4. Investigation of prices for some products in the city stores. I decided to find out how prices for selected products in the city stores are different. On November 8, 2010, shops were visited: "People's", "Essen", "Magnit", "Forkaty".

The results of the observation was designed as a table. As a result, the study found that the same products in different stores stand in different ways.(Appendix 2)

Output: Going to the store for purchase It is necessary to remember that the price of goods in all stores is different. In order to save, you need to find a better place to buy. Based on the study, we conclude that the buyer acquire products is more profitable in supermarkets and hypermarkets.

5. Study on the topic: "Desired and necessary."

On the instructions of the teacher made a list of products that I would like to buy for 100 rubles, I learned the exact cost in the store. Then I tried to check what useful products could be used for this money.(Appendix 3)

Output: There is a famous folk wisdom "Buy not what I want, but what is needed." When you want to buy or ask your parents, you want to do not forget that your whim can cost the same as the necessary thing for the family.

Conclusion

In the course of the study, I planned to find out what money is and for what they need a person to justify the reason for the need for reasonable handling of money. Using various research methods, I reached the goal. My family buys food in those stores where the price is lower than in other stores. Therefore, I can spend saved money at my own discretion. Knowledge that I acquired during my study will help me in the future - adult life, planning my purchases and expenses, all this will save my time and money.

A study that I conducted a lot taught me, but I do not want to stop there. I plan to hold a new study that will help me find out how much money is significant for the economic prosperity and well-being of our country. For this, I want to find out what the state budget is why you need to pay taxes, why you need to save light, gas, water.

Literature:

1. Mukhina E.A. People and money "On the role of money in world history" 2006

2. "Financial well-being lessons" (for children and their parents) Jane Pearl

3. Children's encyclopedia "I will know the world" Economics ""

4. Materials Internet sites:

application

1. Attachment 1

Family Budget Wallea Alexandra

2. Appendix 2.

Products	The shops
	"People"	"Essen"	"Magnet"	"FARTORY"
Sugar Sand (1 kg)	36 rubles.	33 rubles.

MUP "Gymnasium № 2"

Urban Research Competition of Junior Schoolchildren "Eureka"

"Why do people have money?"

Hearts Nikolay Danilovich 20.04.2001

2 "b" class

Ul. Mitrofanova 25/1 square. 65 T. 40-43-53

Contact phone: 8-906-961-21-93

Leader: Savelyev Love Alexandrovna

MUP "Gymnasium № 2" teacher NCH. classes.

T: 8-913-085-64-21

PLAN

It would be nice to live without money.

How the money appeared.

What is money?

Types of currencies.

Types of modern money.

Conclusion.

It would be nice to live without money

How good it would live without money. Came to any store, take everything you want and how much you want. Any toys, bicycles, ice cream, candy. And calmly, not counting, you go home. But that then it turns out: since I can take everything I want, it means that Mom may not go to work, but to read the books with me. And the dad can go to fishing with me, he also does not need to earn money. I came to school, and there is no teacher, she left in the studio sewing dress. I decided to make a day off. After all, you do not need to pay for the dress. And the baker decided to never go to work at all. And when we come to the store, there will be no bread buns there. No one is bored. And I did not get a bike, Sasha, from the next entrance I took all bikes. Why does he have so much? Says: "One will break, I will ride on the other."

It turns out some kind of disorder! It turns out without money. Every work should be paid for, whatever people go to work and worked in good faith. So that the goods in the store bought in the amount of how much it is necessary.

How did it happen that our life is so dependent on money?

How the money appeared

When the primitive people appeared excess some products, they changed them from each other to other necessary products. So the natural exchange appeared. The price (proportion) was established depending on random circumstances. In the shepherd tribes, the exchange instrument was a live cattle: sheep, cows, bulls .. Northern people exchanged fur - fur money. Also money served bird feathers, grain, salt, cocoa beans, dried fish. The tribes who lived on the shores of the warm seas were used as a sink money. Eated on a thread in the form of jewelry - shell money. They turned out to be the most sustainable form of commodity money. The most frequently exchanged goods became a means of exchanging different goods to each other, as if turned into money. There were different "exotic" money in the world. Fairies are stone circles, with a hole in the center, similar to millstone mills. The diameter of such "coins" reached sometimes several meters, and the mass is up to a ton. The owner of the Fairy put on her sign. When something they bought something, the new owner was erased by that sign and set his own. Slaves also used as money. It was all called product-money. Such "money" could be exchanged for other goods or use in their farms in direct appointment. But these were uncomfortable money! Sheep and bulls need to keep and feed somewhere. The products are also spoiled from long storage. Fur eating mole. People needed practical money. So that you can wear them with you and at any time to buy a large thing or small. And the very first thing about the type of money was Kauri's sinks. For a long time they were in circulation. Foreign merchants have been dragging them throughout the world. But the sinks were cheap and not comfortable with large transactions.

The most comfortable in circulation turned out to be products made of metal. Over time, noble metals (silver, gold) began to perform the role of money material. At first, metal money had a shape of rings, necklaces, bars, golden sand. Then they began to do them in the form of bars with a certain weight. Later from the metal, coins begin to minted - monetary signs that have the form established by law and weight. Money had a wide variety of shapes: square, seven-angled, octshedrals, but the most comfortable turned out to be a round form.

Money from noble metals were more comfortable. Strong enough, do not be abrase, do not rust, have long retained their kind, they have almost the same composition. Of these, it is very easy to make standard coins of different nominal nominal. It is difficult to fake such fake money. Gold and silver coins overwhelmed all previous forms of money. They did not require much care. Long and conveniently stored. They were easy to wear. They did not spoil, did not occupy a lot of space. And they could be paid for any product. Gold and silver money began to appear in all countries of the world.

But such money also had their drawbacks. It was not safe to wear them and stored. They were not comfortable when making small transactions. And it was always necessary to check their authenticity and weight. Gold and silver began to deposit gold masts, having special storerooms and ready to provide them for rent. Having received such a contribution, gold cases master issued a contributor to the receipt. Then people began to exchange these receipts on the goods. So it turned out as if paper money. China began to make money from white deer skins. All white deer belonged to the emperor. For money there were special signs and print. By order of the emperor, people were calculated by such money.

Golden coins were abrained, they were cut and even drowned up to a simple piece of paper. Increased the need of gold on production. But there was no such amount of gold. So there were paper money. For the first time, paper money appeared in China. By themselves, they did not cost anything. Each state gave them forced prices. The release of paper money as it would increase the state treasury. But the release of them was limited to certain rules.

What is money?

Money is a product intended for exchange. The goods that are in demand in all states has been many years and plays an important role in the development of society. Money binds the manufacturer and consumer. Money fulfills five different functions.

1. The most important role of money is a universal meter. With the help of money, the price of the goods is set. After all, for the exchange of goods should be some unit of measuring the proportions of exchange. The price may rise and descend, it depends on different factors, for example, from the cost of goods, from competition. Pricing also facilitates making transactions between countries.

2. Money is universal wealth, you can save, postponing them, for example, to the bank. So they are treasure. And if you save them to buy equipment for your production, it is capital.

3. We constantly change the money for the goods we need and on the contrary, the product produced is changed for money: T-dt. So the money is constantly in motion, moving from one person to another, forming a single process of circulation of goods. We pay money for the services of the hairdresser, seamstress, in repair shops.

4.Money are also used as a means of payment: buy goods on credit, and then repayment of loans, paying taxes, etc. Bank bills, electronic money and plastic cards on them, it all contributes to the acceleration of payments.

5. The development of international economic relations, world trade, led to the emergence of global money. World money is used for commercial exchange between states. They are also used in providing loans of one state to another. Worldwide money includes the money of the richest countries. Foreign money is called currency.

Types of currency

Ruble - Monetary Unit of Russia.

Euro - a monetary unit that is used in several countries:Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France. Thus, the euro is a single currency for millions of Europeans and in our time is the most expensive and common monetary unit.

DOLLAR- US monetary unit and is one of the main reserve currencies of the world.

Yen -monetary unit of JapanHttp: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F, one of the main reserves of the world after the US dollar and euro.

SWISS FRANK- Monetary Unit of Switzerland

POUND STERLING - English monetary unit.

Types of modern money

Nowadays, money is very different. Cash and non-cash. There are iron coins - a trifle, which we are calculated in stores. Coins made of gold and silver are sold in a bank for collectors. Paper money for which we make purchases and pay for services. There are credit money. We can buy furniture, car, apartment, etc. on them. Credit money is the money provided to us in a debt, which we will have to pay later. People came up with credit cards - "Plastic Money". " They are easy to handle. It occupy little place in the wallet, and at the same time they may be quite a big amount of money. There are electronic money. We pay these money through the Internet. Electronic money come to us at the expense in cell phones.

Conclusion

During the study, I concluded that money is one of the great inventions of human thought. They appeared as a result of long-term development of commercial exchange. Of the huge commodity world, a special product was allocated, convenient and practical, who fulfilled the role of money. Nowadays, money is needed for the life and development of every person. We can't live without money and the day. For money, we can purchase products, clothing, books, toys, go on a trip. They make our lives comfortable and diverse. The desire to buy something forces us to work for the benefit of society. So we earn money. To earn more money, people have to work more and better. Because of this, the quality and number of goods and services produced. The hairdresser tries to cut more beautiful and faster so that he has more satisfied customers. Bulkhechnik tries to tell more and tastier the cheesecakes. Confectioners come up with new, more delicious candy to increase the demand and sale of their goods. The economy is growing. Rises the standard of living of society. So, money contributes to the evolution of mankind.

But for some people they become dangerous. These people worship money. Famous economists in their writings argue: "Money is broken down by people. Because of them, they suffer, they work for them ... Money is a captivating, repeating, changing mystery masks. "

If there was a monetary god, then I think he would look like a golden idol with five people. All persons must be the same, round and flat as a coin. Eyes should be from diamonds. On the one hand, he should have scales in his hands - measure the value of the cost. On the other hand, he should have a chest with a large castle - to store and save the treasure. The third party should keep the wheel - money turnover (product-money-product). On the fourth side, he should have a big coin in his hands, on which the image of the globe should be on top, global money. And on the fifth side, he should have money in one hand, which he gives, and he must take them with the other hand - a means of payment. Why should we money ? Money .... Content: I. What for us money? ................................................... ......................................... 1 1.1 Functions ... money Almost everyone will do for of people. Money ...

What for Signs are needed

Essay \u003e\u003e Foreign language

... (paust.); In addition, I had to send money one aunt in Vladivostok, and the other ... cultural, adhered to literary forms to people Correctly understood each other. For ..., you need to use book vocabulary. What for Need introductory words introductory words ...

what money

Abstract \u003e\u003e Economic theory

I will tell you how what for appeared moneyWhat are their functions and features, what ... Trade and household services. It allows people with remote terminals send to banks ... in order to explain peoplethan fake money differ from the real bills ...

by Money, loans, banks (2)

Examination \u003e\u003e Banking

State forced course. Credit money. Credit money - arise with the development of commodity ... people I tried a lot of "money", while they came to money Metallic. But these money ... in the bank. It would seem that, what for take money Duty, when there is already ...

Friends greeting you!

In my past article we reasoned about . Today we will develop a topic and touch the issue of money.

The money is so smoothly and organically entered our existence that they became practically invisible as hair on the body. And each of us, every day, smoking in the swamp every hour, it seems, there is a reasonable answer to the banal question: why do we need money?

And the first answer, which scores from the mouth of all 11 and 10 respondents: "To better live?"

Are you really confident that the quality of life depends on the prosperity?

And here I am ready to meet the first wave of indignation - "Enough to treat us", "Major himself Molon himself" or "Do not learn to live - help financially!" .

After the first, most not weathered, splashed their shallow and aggressive feelings, will go to the second tax of obvious explanations:

• to live in his pleasure
• to get what I want
• to ensure a comfortable old age
• to point to Bali and send away these vile neighbors, which fry on the Sundays in the morning and drove me the whole apartment, etc.

Honestly confess that this question for me was not once. And, I think he meets with those who have already earned good money in life. Because those who do not have enough fundamental food and basic medicines, as well as payment of utility services for such issues, and in the face to give the sorry. Although such, I think some interests interest. Even my parents living now on income commensurate with 20-25 thousand rubles for two Not only a set of basic services are allowed.

So, at different stages of life I had different income and various questions, but there were always money in your hands. And I can not say what was distinguished from the majority of the population. If the money came easily, then they also went easy . If the money was harsh, then I copied them, saved, bite in response to requests to give a little and eventually lion's share with the depreciation of real estate and the honest fulfillment of my loan agreement. And the amount, well, at least for me, was not small.

Therefore, there is always a moment in life when a similar question "Why do we need money?" he knocked from the black entrance to my hidden consciousness and every time I could not find an answer on him. I had to throw in extremes: either to lower my beloved, or to hide the currency in banks and mugs, or give money earned by parents, but to devote yourself to activities for the benefit of humanity, since it didn't mean to live meaning for yourself (I was young and me then The girl threw).

I even wrote an edible story of temporary days in my first flight. "After the ball" In the style of the action and patriotic "nafig, you need to" (somehow lay out this "work" in a closed heading or send subscribers). Although he himself did not know the answer to this question, but only he understood that something was wrong here and sail along the flow as everything is not a way out.

And today, from the height of their age, Jesus Christ, I can say, I could form your opinion about the benefits of money and attitude towards them. Of course, perhaps you are not interested at all. There are many other interesting ideas and opinions. You can listen to the guise of financing "What do you think about yourself" and opposite religious beliefs "I'm not a body, I'm a soul - life is beautiful, good" and find your golden middle.

You can and need. Do so get your personal insight from this And enjoy the daily drift of life further. We have more in the fresh air and do not eat canned products.

In principle, I have everything!

But if you have tried all this and you did not succeed, then let's understand further.

How much is the pound of flesh?

I was always surprised that people are often illegible in the methods of making money. Many people believe that in earning there is nothing attractive, it's just a job to get the "manna heaven" equivalent to a certain amount in dollars for the development of families and personal ambitions.

At one time I found myself in the marine profession. I was sympathetic for the captain's epaulets and the financial confidence that they provide. But in his life I saw only one happy captain. And believe me, he was so renounced from the money that I even began to worry about him. His seriousness turned in me everything! It was after conversations with him, although they didn't touch the personal time management and lifestyle, a lot has changed in me.

And then I came to the thought that if you are so obsessed with money, then the best option for you - it sells your kidney. In the market, it costs expensive, and there is no need to rip the day and night. But now a very interesting intelligence test.

Imagine that you have implemented your kidney to someone. After that, clearly dispersed in the notebook, what you spent your money and analyze. And now think - is it worth everything that you have allowed the parts of your flesh. Well, according to the results of the random, either melting their inhumanity, or think about your unreasonability.

I think you understood me.

Is everything worthwhile, which we buy today, our life, our energy and our attention in general.

After all, for all these phones, Kabaki and "Environmentally friendly products" we pay our own life. And when you do not feel joy or at least pleasure, then indulge in artificial stimulation of joy - Alcohol, drugs, sex. Everything! We arrived.

And where is the "exhaust"?

What is the joy of life? Who did you help someone? Did you do something for people? Did you get sincere joy in this life or only minute drops of pleasure from the stomach stomach, a magnificent reason or sensual stimulation of childbearing organs?

To start your own rebirth, I propose to answer 3 questions:

1. "When will you earn a million, what will you do with it?"
2. "When will you start living really, and what does it mean for you?"
3. "How much is your greatest joy in life?"

The problem of the present television radio Internet broadcasting is that they are presented by common thoughts, but offer completely no sound results of this thinking. It's like I will give you a barrel with honey, and then I will give a rusty fork and say: "Enjoy" .

And here the question is born: how soon do you drop a rust plug and start taking honey with your own hands? Will you listen to others or think of taking control of the situation?

There are many similar ideas in the world and their ugly shells. . But we will analyze only one.

The "Universe is immense" broadcast us the prophets and recommend every armed bag more to grab your piece of well-being. But why are we sitting on your ass, without making anything special, not seeking to anything creative, should be sure that something falls from the universe?

What about competition? You have not seen these prophet films or serials when, with a decrease in resources, people begin a desperate struggle with the others for their piece of well-being, believing that it was him that he was "put on" well-being.

Why do I need someone else's grief?

I was always worried about those moments that occur mainly at the time of danger, when someone, in the end, believing in the universal justice of the price of his life, he saves another, which he considers more valuable. The first similar moment made me break down like a girl when watching the film "Bloody diamond", Where the hero di Caprio is a passage and an enterprising smuggler, at the end of the film, rethinking his inner world, sacrifices his life for the sake of others. And there are many such moments.

From here I have now and matured conclusion to the eternal question "Is there any life of one person ten others" . I think it is worth. But God forbid me in life it will be useful to make this choice.

The Universe is truly immense, but he will give their wealth only to those who deserve it and who needs it. Go to the goal, do something, give birth to such an idea that will give you not only prosperity, which will really come automatically, but also happiness, pride, dignity, thanks to others and the magical sense of satisfaction that can be obtained only from creation.

Moreover, notice, I specified weakness, not a certain amount. And we do not decide how much money for us in life.

Do business, improve the world, create a positive reality and stop calculating the debit with credit and interest dividends!

Life is too beautiful to spend it on any nonsense. Whether to prevent your real form and make this earth Spin in the desired direction. Well, at least a little bit!

Lack of own ideas, time, desires, discipline, finance, house by the sea, etc. Well, then take yourself personal coachwhich will strain you besides your will. And if you want everything right away, then check this book For 150 rubles. You still will not save you anyway, but perhaps something in your head to shoot and soon you will not recognize yourself))

If you consider it necessary to express your thoughts about the monologue read by me, I will be happy to hear them in the comments. Even if you disagree with me and voiced here, then this is a good reason to find out the truth and shed light on the problem for others. So, do not hesitate and write your thoughts right under this article.

Well, according to tradition, soulful song))

Good luck, friends!

P.S. Most recently, before writing the article, I learned the news from my wife that our bank went bankrupt and about 200,000 rubles remained on our accounts. Perhaps we will be returned to their insurance, maybe not. I will be at home only a few weeks and I can restore justice, or perpetrate on fate.

You can not believe me, but I'm completely calm and not a drop without worrying for the fate of this money. Do you know why? Because I earned them with a difficulty, which I have brought pleasure, the sense of realization itself and the benefit of others. And this is the whole kayf. Even if they disappear, I am sure that the Universe will give me the opportunity to earn them again. If they do not disappear, then they will use me to implement my grand planners in the future about my native and beloved city of Sevastopol.

And this, I tell you, and there Nirvana)))

I wish you to try such feelings at least once!