Download presentation on population. Population of Russia Geography. Predominance of female population
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Number Over the entire history of mankind, more than 100 billion people were born on Earth. Throughout history, population growth has been slow, accelerating only in modern and especially modern times. At the beginning of our era, 230 million people lived on Earth. The population reached 1 billion in 1820. In 1927 there were 2 billion, in 1960 - 3 billion, in 1974 - 4 billion, in 1987 - 5 billion, in 1999 - 6 billion people. In 2006, the world's population was 6.5 billion people. In 2011 – 7 billion people. The five largest countries in the world by population are China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia. The world population forecast for 2050 is 9.2 billion people. Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
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Population reproduction Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. We can talk about two types of population reproduction.
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First type The first type of population reproduction is a demographic crisis. Not high performance fertility, mortality and, accordingly, natural increase. The birth rate is 11, the death rate is 10 people per 1000 population. The natural increase in countries of this type is on average 1 person per 1000 population. There are countries with an average annual natural population growth of 5 people per 1000 inhabitants (USA, Canada, Australia), countries with zero or close to natural growth (Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Sweden) and countries with negative natural growth (Ukraine, Russia , Bulgaria, Latvia, Belarus, Hungary, Estonia, Lithuania, Germany, Austria, Romania, Slovenia, Czech Republic).
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Second type The second type of population reproduction – population explosion. High and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. The birth rate is 24, the death rate is 8 people per 1000 inhabitants. Natural increase is 16 people per 1000 population. This type of reproduction is typical primarily for developing countries. Countries with the highest natural increase are Yemen, Uganda (35), Oman (33), Madagascar, DR Congo, Chad (30), Mauritania, Somalia, Guatemala (29).
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Average life expectancy Average life expectancy is the expected life expectancy of the population, which is determined using calculations based on probability theory. Depends both on biological and hereditary characteristics, as well as on nutrition, work, and living conditions. Measured in number of years. IN beginning of XXI century, this figure is on average 66 years for the whole world (64 years for men and 68 years for women). The corresponding indicators for economically developed countries are 72 and 80, for developing countries – 62 and 66, including for the least developed countries – 51 and 53 years. The average life expectancy in Russia is 65.3 years (59 years for men and 27 years for women). No other country in the world has such a huge gap between the rates of both sexes.
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Sex composition On average, for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys are born; by the age of 18-20, the ratio of both sexes levels out. But in subsequent age groups the formation of the sex composition of the population in various countries happens differently. In approximately 2/3 of the world's countries, women predominate numerically (CIS countries, Foreign Europe, North America). In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately equal. IN foreign Asia men predominate (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, China).
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Ethnic composition In total, there are 4-5 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes. The classification of peoples by numbers indicates, first of all, the extremely large differences between them. The bulk of the population consists of large and especially the largest nations, for example, the Chinese. Many hundreds of small nations account for only a few percent of the world's population. For example, the number of the Botocuda tribe in Brazil is less than 1 thousand people.
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Linguistic composition The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship. The most widespread language family is Indo-European. The languages of this family are spoken by 150 peoples total number more than 2.7 billion people. Approximately 1.4 billion people speak languages of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 370 million speak languages of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic. The number of most other families is much smaller.
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Religious composition The most widespread of the world's religions is Christianity, which is practiced by approximately 2.4 billion people, mainly in Europe, America and Australia. Islam ranks second in the number of believers - more than 1.5 billion people. Islam has been declared the state religion in many countries, located mainly in Asia and Africa. The third place among world religions in terms of the number of adherents belongs to Buddhism - 370 million people. Buddhism is widespread in Central, Southeast and East Asia. National religions include Hinduism in India, Confucianism in China, and Shintoism in Japan. Judaism also became widespread.
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Distribution of the population The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the earth's land area. Of every 100 inhabitants of the Earth, 80 live in lowlands and plains located at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, which occupy only 28% of the Earth's land. Mountainous areas are less populated, although there are exceptions to this rule: in Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet), the border of human habitation exceeds 5000 m above sea level. More than half of humanity is concentrated in a 200-kilometer strip along the coasts of seas and oceans, and almost 30% in a 50-kilometer strip, which occupies only 12% of the land. In some, mainly island and peninsular, states, this figure is even higher. In Japan, 9/10 of the population lives no further than 50 km from the sea, in Great Britain - 3/4. In Norway, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, Chile, New Zealand, Cuba and the Philippines, the entire population lives no further than 200 km from the sea.
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Population density The average population density of the Earth is 48 people per 1 sq. km. But the differences between countries are very large. Most often as the most populous country the world is called Bangladesh, where the population density has already exceeded 1000 people per 1 sq. km. But in small, predominantly island states it is even higher: in Singapore - more than 6500, in the Maldives - 1100, in Malta 1200 people per 1 sq. km. In Monaco – 16,400 people per 1 sq. km. Along with this, about half of the inhabited landmass has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 square kilometer. km. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land area.
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Types of international migration Irrevocable (permanent) Temporary-permanent Seasonal Pendulum (border) Illegal (underground) Forced Episodic
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Migration patterns All countries are involved in the migration process Feminization of migration flows Qualitative changes (“brain drain”) Changes in the directions of migration flows Formation of migration networks Discussion of migration problems in the context of human rights
Geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 5
city of Svetly Kaliningrad region
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Topic study plan
- Sex composition of the population.
- Ethnic (national) composition of the population; the world's largest nations and language families.
- Religious composition of the population; world religions and their history and geography.
- The main centers of ethno-religious conflicts.
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Sex composition of the population
- characterized by a predominance of men. The number of men is 20-30 million higher than the number of women.
- On average, 104-107 boys are born per 100 girls. However, the differences across countries around the world are quite significant.
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Predominance of male population
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Predominance of female population
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Age composition of the population; labor resources
- children (0-14 years);
- adults (15-64 years);
- elderly (65 years and older).
When analyzing age composition The population is usually divided into three main age groups:
- the share of children averages 34%,
- adults - 58%,
- elderly - 8%.
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The influence of the age structure of the population on labor resources and economically active population(EAN)
In the world, about 45% of the total population is considered economically active, in countries Foreign Europe, North America, Russia, this figure is 48-50%, in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America- 35-40%. This is due to the level of women’s employment in social production and the share of children in the age structure of the population.
The ratio between the working population and the non-working (children and elderly) is called the demographic burden.
The demographic burden in the world averages 70% (that is, 70 unemployed per 100 able-bodied), in developed countries- 45-50%, in developing countries - up to 100%.
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Age and sex pyramids
For graphical analysis of the age and sex structure of the population, sex and age pyramids are used, which look like a bar chart
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The educational composition of the population as an indicator of its “quality”.
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NUMBER OF STUDENTS PER 100 THOUSAND. RESIDENTS BY COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
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Ethnic (national) composition of the population
Humanity is usually divided into three main races:
- Caucasian (countries of Europe, America, South-West Asia, North Africa);
- Mongoloid (countries of Central and East Asia, America);
- Negroid (most African countries).
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The ethnic composition of the population is the result of a long historical process of mixing and relocation of representatives of different races and ethnic groups.
Ethnicity (people) is an established stable group of people, characterized by a common language, territory, peculiarities of life, culture and ethnic identity.
In total there are 3-4 thousand ethnic groups in the world. Some of them have turned into nations, others are nationalities and tribes.
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Classification of ethnic groups
The peoples of the world vary in size.
The vast majority of peoples are small in number.
Only 310 nations have a population of more than 1 million people, but they account for about 96% of the Earth's population.
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The largest nations in the world by population include:
- Chinese (1,120 million people);
- Hindustani (219 million people);
- US Americans (187 million people);
- Bengalis (176 million people);
- Russians (146 million people);
- Brazilians (137 million people);
- Japanese (123 million people).
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Classification by language:
By language, peoples are united into language families, which, in turn, are divided into language groups.
There are 20 language families in the world
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Distribution of major languages
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Single- and multinational states.
- with a sharp predominance of one nation in the presence of more or less significant national minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, China, Mongolia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, USA, Commonwealth of Australia);
- binational (Canada, Belgium);
- with a complex but ethnically homogeneous national composition(Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos);
- with a complex and ethnically diverse national composition (Russia, India, Switzerland, Indonesia).
- Single-national
- Many national
Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, most Latin American countries.
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The main centers of ethno-religious conflicts
- with the actual economic and social inequality of peoples in some developed countries, the infringement of the cultural identity of national minorities (Basques in Spain, Corsicans in France, Scots in Great Britain, French-Canadians in Canada);
- with the process of uniting related tribes into nationalities, and nationalities into nations in many developing countries(India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Zaire, Sudan);
- with the consequences of European colonization, in which the oppression of the indigenous population (Indians, Eskimos, Australian aborigines) persists;
- with racial discrimination (South Africa, USA);
- with the formation of new states in the territories former USSR and socialist countries of Eastern Europe.
The problem of interethnic relations is currently quite acute. It's connected:
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Classification of world religions
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Religious composition of the population
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Religions and social life
Most of the world's religions attach special meaning continuity, traditions, adherence to certain norms of behavior. From this point of view, religions definitely play a conservative role in society.
Religions are often an obstacle to demographic policy.
Religions have an indirect influence on development Agriculture, limiting the consumption of certain foods (at certain times of the year) and assigning symbolic significance to pets.
More than 260 million Buddhists are vegetarians, Hindus do not eat beef, Muslims do not eat pork.
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Adherents of various religions
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Christianity
- appeared at the beginning of the first millennium AD in the east of the Roman Empire, on the territory of modern Israel, as a protest against Judaic exclusivity.
- It quickly spread among slaves and the poor.
- Having proclaimed the equality of all people, Christianity rejected the existing slave-owning social order, giving the desperate hope of gaining freedom through the knowledge of the divine truth that Christ brought to earth.
- According to Christianity, God exists in three persons - the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
- God the Son accepted martyrdom to atone for the sins of people and come to Earth a second time to establish the kingdom of heaven.
- The holy book of Christians is the Bible, consisting of the Old Testament and the New Testament.
- The main ethical standards are patience and forgiveness. In 1054 there was a complete break between the Roman (western) and Constantinople (eastern) branches of Christianity, it was divided into Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
- The main differences between them are the question of the origin of the Holy Spirit: Catholics believe that it came from God the Father and God the Son, Orthodox believe that it came from God
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Catholic Church
- strictly centralized, has one center - the state of the Vatican City, a single head - the Pope (Jesus' vicar on Earth).
- The clergy in Catholicism takes a vow of celibacy.
- The Catholic Church has a huge army of clergy, subject to strict discipline, numerous monastic orders, and charitable organizations.
Population of Russia At the end of 2002, the population of Russia was 145 million people. Accurate information is provided by the population census, which is conducted once every 10 years. The first population census was carried out in 1897. The last population census was conducted in the fall of 2002.
Demographic crisis A sharp decrease in population (as a result of excess mortality over birth rate) is called a demographic crisis. Causes of the crisis: Wars Famine Epidemics Revolutions Repression Political and Economic instability years Million people
Population reproduction The nature of population reproduction (renewal) is determined by the ratio of the size of the generation of children and the generation of parents. Traditional type of reproduction - each subsequent generation is 1.5 times larger than the previous one. There was no family planning. + = Modern type of reproduction - Planning the number of children in the family. + = The family becomes small.
Fertility number of births per year per 1000 inhabitants (c) Factors influencing fertility: wars; social conditions; health and medical care; level of education and culture; national and religious traditions; economic and political stability; women's economic activity.
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Population reproduction Questions 1. What type of reproduction does our country belong to? 2. Name the region where the transition from traditional to modern type of reproduction began. 3. Where was the slowest transition to the modern type of reproduction? Assignment Find out the number of children your ancestors had up to the 3rd or 4th generation, where they lived and build a graph.
Sex and age structure There are slightly more boys born than girls (there are boys per 100 girls), so why by the age of 60 there are twice as many women as men (18 million and 9 million, respectively)? Reasons: Male professions are dangerous and harmful. Men die in wars and conflicts. The way of life and behavior of people. The female body is more stable and viable.
Age structure of population in countries traditional type reproduction, the share of children in the population ranges from 40 to 50%, and the number of elderly is insignificant. Which countries in the world would you classify as this type? In countries modern type reproduction, the share of children is less than 20%, and the elderly - 20% of the total number of inhabitants. Which countries belong to this type of reproduction?
Dynamics of the age composition of the population
Territorial differences in the age structure of the population Oldly developed areas - Tula region, Moscow min - children, max - elderly. Slightly industrialized areas, national territories - Dagestan, Tyva max - children, min - elderly. Regions of the Far North, population who came to work - Magadan region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug max - able-bodied, min - elderly.
Sex and age pyramid of Russia Analyze the pyramids on page 249 Why do women predominate over men in older ages? Why is the population of Russia in 1997 generally older than in 1959? Why is the preponderance of older women in 1959 so much greater than in 1997? Why is there a “failure” in the age group in 1959, and the opposite picture in 1997? Why is the 1997 pyramid configuration for ages 30 to 40 and 2 to 10 years very similar (“tapering” at the base of the pyramid)?
Employment structure Share in %EgyptRussiaUSA Industry and construction Agriculture and forestry Transport and communications 386 Trade Management, science, culture, education, medicine
LABOR RESOURCES part of the population capable of working in the national economy. The bulk of the labor force consists of adults from 16 to 54–59 years old, i.e. working population. Working pensioners are part of the labor force. The unemployed are part of the labor force that wants to work, is looking for work, but cannot find it.
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Population of Russia
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Population
The population is the object of study of socio-economic geography, which establishes the general patterns of its development, considering its life activity in all aspects: historical, political, economic, social, medical and statistical.
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In Russia, records are kept demographic dynamics population: Censuses (the last census was conducted in 2010) Current population census (necessary between censuses, allows to estimate demographic situation at any time) Current accounting of natural movement ( federal Service state statistics(Rosstat) and its territorial bodies, as well as registry offices) Current accounting migration movement(conducted by passport offices upon arrival)
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According to the latest census data, 141.9 million people live in Russia. (2010 data)
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Population reproduction
Under reproduction ( natural movement) population understand the totality of the processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
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Formula for natural increase EP = P - C, where P – birth rate (number of births per year per 1000 inhabitants) C – mortality (number of deaths per year per 1000 inhabitants) EP – natural increase(decrease)
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Demographic crises
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS is a period of sharp decline in the country's population due to wars, revolutions, epidemics, and other social upheavals. XX century: 1 demographic crisis: 1914-1922 (1 World War, revolution of 1917, Civil War, emigration) 2 demographic crisis: 1932-1937 (collectivization of agriculture, famine of 1933-34, repressions) 3 demographic crisis: 1941-1945 (Great Patriotic War) 4 demographic crisis: 1990 - present (economic crisis , instability, unfavorable environmental conditions)
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Mortality rate is a statistical indicator that evaluates the number of deaths. In demography, the ratio of the number of deaths to total number population.
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Depopulation is a systematic decrease in the absolute population of a country or territory as a result of narrowed population reproduction, when subsequent generations are numerically smaller than previous ones (mortality exceeds birth rate, high emigration, there are circumstances that cause large losses of people - for example, war), that is, during depopulation there is a population decline.
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Age composition of the Russian population
Indicators 1897 1939 1959 1979 2000
Population, million people including persons (%) 68.0 108.4 117.8 137.4 145.0
up to 15 years 40 38.8 30.0 23.3 20.0
16-59 years old 51.3 52.6 58.3 60.4 59.3
over 60 years old 8.7 8.7 11.7 16.3 20.7
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Fertility is a demographic term defined as the ratio of the number of births over a certain period per 1000 inhabitants.
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In Russia on this moment 141.8 million people live. The mortality rate exceeds the birth rate According to statistics, for every 10 women there are 8.5 men Now average duration life of a Russian for 67 years
Results of the subsection of the presentation “Population of Russia”:
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National composition
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Ethnographic position of Russia:
1. The junction of Europe and Asia 2. Western part - European influence. 3. The Caucasus is an independent entity, but is very closely connected with the Near and Middle East. The junction of the Christian and Muslim worlds. 4. Central Asia is a meeting place of different cultures. 5. The Far North - the “fourth world”, the land of nations (26 - 180 thousand). The area is unfavorable for living.
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In 1st place in terms of number is the Indo-European language family. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Ossetians. In 2nd place is the Altai language family. 12 million people. Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Altaians, Khakass, Tuvans, Yakuts, Balkars, Kumyks, Karachais, Kazakhs. Ural-Yukaghir family - Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari. The North Caucasian family is the most compact range.
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A significant part of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their republics. The dispersed distribution of many peoples, their intensive contacts with each other and especially with the Russians contributed to the process of assimilation (“dissolution” of some peoples among others).