The main types of insurance in the Russian Federation are: Types and forms of insurance. Types of insurance by type of danger

Besides, property is insured, most often - expensive and rare, housing - a house or apartment and, of course, business.

Variety of proposed forms and methods insurance makes even those who, in principle, know what they want to get from insurance, think about choosing an insurance company and a balanced policy. Therefore, it wouldn’t hurt to figure it out and get a general picture for yourself. insurance systems.

general information

Implementation of the insurance program lies in the fact that upon the occurrence of a specified event, the policy owner is paid a certain amount - in full or in parts (first risk system) or an amount proportional to the damage caused (proportional compensation system).

The first risk system implies that the insured person, in the event of the occurrence of situations taken into account in the contract, all compensation is paid, but within the insurance limit.

So, for example, if the insurance limit is set at 2 million rubles, and the amount of damage was 1 million rubles, the policy owner will receive full compensation.

But if the damage has already amounted to 5 million, then maximum payout amount, which he will claim is the same 2 million.

The proportional compensation system implies that damages are compensated according to a certain proportion.

As a rule, these payments are less than could be get with insurance according to the first risk system. For example, it may be established that compensation in the event of an insured event is 50%.

Exactly half of the damage incurred will be compensated. Such a policy is much cheaper.

Depending on the payment system, payments may be:

• instant (or one-time);
• partial (in the form of rent).

The latter form is often used for insurance purposes. in case of loss of ability to work, so that the amount of insurance payments “stretches out” for a long time or until the person survives.

According to the duration of insurance there are:

1. For a limited period (for example, valid for 1 year).
2. Lifetime (for example, death insurance).
3. Before the occurrence of a specific event that is not tied to a time limit (for example, a wedding or the birth of a child).

By number of insured There are different types of insurance:

• individual;
• group.

Latest form of insurance most often found in enterprises where there are difficult and dangerous working conditions.

In addition, insurance can be:

• voluntary;
• mandatory (for example, a compulsory health insurance policy or MTPL).

Types of insurance

Personal

This is a type of insurance in which the object of insurance is the person himself, his life and health.

Different types of personal insurance:

1. Life insurance(or death insurance). This is the most popular type of insurance. Many banks refuse to provide a loan if the borrower does not insure against death. This means that if the person insured dies, the company will pay a certain amount to his beneficiary. Usually these are children or a spouse.
2. Health insurance. This type of insurance allows you to receive certain payments if a person requires urgent, expensive treatment or surgery. Medicine becomes more expensive every year, so this policy is the main one for a significant part of the population.
3. Accident insurance. Insurance is paid to a person in case of catastrophes, accidents, unexpected serious illness, and so on. Also, under this contract, loss of ability to work is usually insured.
4. Endowment insurance. It is similar to regular life insurance, but here the premiums are divided into two parts, and one of them goes as a cumulative one. It will be paid to the person at the end of the policy term or to his heirs in the event of the death of the insured.
5. Pension insurance. This type of insurance allows you to get a significant increase in your pension. The size of the payments depends mainly on the length of payments that the person made until he retired.

Property

This type of insurance designed to protect the property of the owners, mainly from damage or theft.

Depending on what is the object insurances are allocated insurance:

• car or other transport;
• real estate (houses or apartments);
• expensive property (for example, electronics);
• interior (repair insurance);
• art objects;
• cargo (private and commercial) and so on.

The most popular type of property insurance among individuals is apartment and property insurance, mainly from fire, flooding by neighbors or theft.

Responsibility

This is the most interesting type of insurance. In this case consequences are insured, which may be caused by the policy holder.

The most classic type is OSAGO, motor third party liability insurance.

This means that if the policy holder will inflict If your vehicle causes damage to another person, the insurance company will compensate for it.

Most often insured responsibility:

1. Driver.
2. Carrier.
3. Medical workers.
4. Lawyers, notaries and other legal professionals.
5. Security guards.
6. The employer from causing harm to the health of employees and so on.

Wherein Not only material damage is insured, but also possible legal costs, payments for claims (for example, recovery of moral damages) and other possible expenses provided for in the contract.

Entrepreneurial risk

This type means business insurance and everything connected with it.

Most often insured the following risks:

• bankruptcy;
• accident;
• unforeseen expenses, including legal expenses;
• costs associated with failure of partners or counterparties to fulfill their obligations;
• the occurrence of an emergency situation at work and others.

At the same time, the structure of the policy can be built in such a way that even the most exotic insurance cases will be covered by the insurance company.

But the onset of which threatens significant costs, for example, an increase in gasoline prices or a collapse in gold prices.

What's not allowed?

Although many insurance companies offer quite flexible conditions, and you can insure against anything, even against abduction by aliens, the Civil Code clearly spells out the risks that cannot be insured:

1. Related to illegal activities.
2. Related to damage from gambling.
3. Expenses that a person may incur when releasing (ransoming) hostages.

Thus, modern insurance system offers a variety of tools for any occasion, even the most exotic.

But the most popular remain:

• life and health insurance;
• disability insurance;
• insurance for loss or theft of property;
• insurance of an apartment or house against fire or natural disaster;
• insurance of your civil liability;
• business insurance.

Depending on the selected type the insurance system, the amount of monthly payments and the amount of insurance coverage are determined - that is, the funds that the policy owner will receive in the event of an accident the situation provided for in the contract.

Useful video!

Not all people have a positive attitude towards insurance. And completely in vain. This is partly due to the fact that they do not understand the nature and form of insurance.

An interesting fact is that in English this type of service is called insurance (from the word sure - trust, confidence). In the Russian language, the root word is “fear”. The difference is obvious - abroad, various forms and types of insurance evoke sympathy on a subconscious level, but in our language - negative emotions associated with fear.

Perhaps this also affects the person who is at a crossroads and does not know whether he should use such services.

What is insurance

Insurance is the name given to the services of a specialized company. It assumes certain risks that may happen to the insured object. Accordingly, she charges a fee for such services. There are various forms of insurance.

When formalizing the relationship between the insurer and the policyholder, a contract is concluded. In the event of the events specified in this document, the company must compensate the beneficiary for losses incurred.

Subjects of insurance relations

An insurer is directly a company that has a license to conduct insurance activities. On its behalf, contracts are concluded and compensation payments are made depending on the form of insurance.

The policyholder is the person who directly enters into an agreement with the insurer for the provision of relevant services. They can be both individuals and legal entities wishing to insure either life or property.

Object of insurance - tangible or intangible assets that are specified in the contract and for which the insurer is liable. Almost all objects can be such objects: a car, an apartment, houses, a plot of land, documents and much more.

In the case of a personal form of insurance, the object will be an individual. You can insure both yourself and another person.

Beneficiary - an individual or legal entity who will receive insurance compensation for losses incurred by the object of the relationship. Such a person must be indicated in the insurance contract.

Agent is a legal entity that has the right to conclude contracts with policyholders on behalf of the insurance company. Typically the agents are banks and other financial institutions.

What are the forms and types of insurance?

In order to better understand what insurance is, let’s define the types and forms that exist today.

Based on organizational and legal forms, insurance is divided into:

• state;
• cooperative;
• mutual;
• private.

It follows from this that both government agencies and other companies can engage in such activities. But, despite the organizational forms of insurance listed above, one can also distinguish between two types:

• required;
• optional.

Through the mandatory form, the state implements its policy in the field of insurance services. In the Russian Federation there is a mandatory form of insurance in the following areas:

1. Civil liability of drivers of motor vehicles.
2. Medical treatment.
3. Passenger transportation.
4. Social insurance.
5. Life insurance for military personnel, as well as tax service employees.

The optional form includes those types of insurance, the use of which or not is determined by each person for himself.

Depending on the type of insurance object, it can be:

• property;

• personal;
• liability Insurance.

The first type includes everything related to human property: cars, apartments, houses, yachts and other valuables.

The second type includes life and health insurance.

In the third case, liability to third parties is subject to insurance. A striking example is the “automobile insurance”, in which the driver’s liability to other road users is insured.

What types of CASCO are there?

CASCO is a voluntary form of car insurance. If you want to protect your vehicle, then you cannot do without CASCO. Such insurance implies compensation for damage due to theft, etc.

In the contract there are no specific differences in the name of the insurance service between insurers. But it is common among people to distinguish between full and incomplete CASCO.

By complete we mean the widest possible list of risks included in the insurance contract that the insurer undertakes to cover. This includes theft, damage to external and internal equipment due to unlawful actions of third parties, negative environmental influences, falling trees, damage due to other events and much more.

Partial CASCO

Partial CASCO is generally considered to be “shortened” offers that do not include some risks. Typically, in such cases, the insurance company does not compensate for damage if it occurred due to bad weather conditions, other events, theft of wheels or rims, moldings, etc.

The inclusion or exclusion of certain options from the insurance contract is due to the fact that the full range of services and the inclusion of all types of risks make the cost of CASCO very high, which not everyone can afford. The insurance payment can reach up to 20% of the cost of the car. And this is far from the limit.

In what case is payment not made?

However, it is worth noting that in all types of CASCO insurance, the form of the insurance contract implies a refusal to pay compensation in the event of:

• driving a faulty car, if the driver knew this before getting behind the wheel;
• violations of safety regulations and operating rules, transportation of various substances, including fuels and lubricants;
• fraudulent actions of the driver or passengers, or other related persons who caused damage to the car;
• driving a car by persons who do not have the right to do so, without documents, without a driver’s license;
• participation of the car in sports competitions, driving lessons or other cases associated with an increased risk of damage to the vehicle;
• damage to a vehicle due to military operations, natural disasters, explosions, etc.

What types of MTPL agreements are there?

Everyone’s “favorite” MTPL liability insurance policy can be divided into several types.

One of them is one that includes in the contract an unlimited number of drivers who have the right to drive a vehicle. Its main advantage is that it will always operate, regardless of who is driving the car.

This type of civil liability insurance is beneficial for businesses involved in the transportation of cargo or passengers. After all, no matter who is put in the truck, the driver’s liability will always be insured.

The main disadvantage of such a MTPL policy is its cost. The insurance company is not ready to take on a high level of risks for free, so you will have to pay well for such conditions.

Next, we highlight the type of contract, which includes a specific list of drivers who have the right to drive a car. It is possible to register by name the people who will drive. And the insurance policy will only apply to them.

This option significantly reduces the level of insurance payment under the contract. This is quite beneficial for families who have one car and several driver's licenses. The downside is that if suddenly an insured event occurs and the vehicle was driven by a person not from the list specified in the contract, the insurer will not pay anything.

Seasonal contract is an excellent option for non-permanent work

There are also so-called seasonal MTPL contracts. They differ from others in that they are concluded not for a year, as usual, but for a shorter period. The cost is low, but the validity period is short.

They are beneficial for those who deal with seasonal work. For example, if a truck only transports some vegetables that are harvested once a year, then think about whether to buy annual insurance if you can take out a compulsory motor liability insurance policy for a short period for less money.

Insurance services in the healthcare system

Forms of health insurance: mandatory and optional.

According to statistics, every 7th Russian has a compulsory health insurance policy.

Back in 1993, the government of the Russian Federation decided to introduce compulsory health insurance. It is part of a form of social insurance in the citizen protection system.

Under this type of insurance, the insurer undertakes to financially cover the costs of preventive, sanitary and primary medical care for the insured person.

Voluntary health insurance

An excellent option is optional health insurance. Depending on a person’s financial capabilities, you can insure the health of yourself or your loved ones.

However, you need to remember that not every person can be insured. Typically, the form of an insurance contract implies a ban on its conclusion if a person has:

• various types and forms of cancer;
• tuberculosis;
• the presence of the immunodeficiency virus in both active and dormant phases;
• mental health problems, imbalance, mental disorders;
• disability of 1.2 groups;
• is undergoing hospital treatment at the moment when he came to the insurance company to draw up a contract.

Voluntary health insurance helps cover the costs associated with paying for medical services that are necessary due to health problems of an individual. In addition, it covers the cost of preventive treatment that will reduce morbidity.

Such insurance is useful, since when contacting certain medical or treatment institutions that are provided for in the contract, it is possible to quickly reimburse the financial expenses incurred.

However, it is worth remembering the cases in which insurance payment will not take place in the following cases:

1. Injuries, damage or other harm to health that occurred while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
2. Damage to health caused as a result of unlawful actions of the insured person.
3. Intentional self-harm, injury, or mutilation.
4. Treatment and purchase of medications that are not agreed upon with the attending physician.
5. Injuries and injuries that occurred as a result of other events (nuclear explosion, civil war, military operations, extremist actions, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, etc.).

Insurance is a way to protect yourself

Thanks to this type of service, you can provide yourself and your family with financial assistance in case of unforeseen events. Of course, everyone decides for themselves how to approach insurance, but financial guarantees for a small fee never hurt.

Classification of types of insurance

Classification is understood as a hierarchical system of interconnected links (elements), which makes it possible to create a harmonious picture of a single whole, highlighting its total parts.

The purpose of insurance classification is to divide the entire set of insurance relations into hierarchically interconnected links.

The classification of insurance is based on two criteria:

Differences in insurance objects;

Differences in the scope of insurance liability. The general criterion can be given the following definition: it is a hierarchical system of conditional division of insurance into industries, sub-sectors and types, which are links in the classification.

There are specialized insurance organizations operating on the market, divided according to the form of ownership into state and non-state and selling an insurance product based on the scope of coverage of insurance risks in the form of compulsory and voluntary insurance.

The scope of activity of insurance organizations covers domestic, foreign and mixed insurance markets. This is an organizational classification of the insurance industry as a type of economic activity. According to the form of organization, insurance acts as state, joint-stock, mutual, cooperative. A special organizational form is health insurance.

State insurance is an organizational form in which the state, represented by specially authorized organizations, acts as an insurer. The state's interests include its monopoly on any or certain types of insurance (defined by the law on the status of insurance activities).

Joint-stock insurance is a non-state organizational form, where private capital acts as an insurer in the form of a joint-stock company, the authorized capital of which is formed from shares (bonds) and other securities owned by individuals and legal entities, which allows, with relatively limited funds, to quickly develop the effective operation of insurance companies.

Mutual insurance is a non-state organizational form that expresses an agreement between a group of individuals and legal entities to compensate each other for future possible losses in certain shares according to accepted conditions. Implemented through a mutual insurance company, which is a non-profit insurance organization, i.e. does not pursue the goals of making a profit from the established insurance company. This is a large organizational form of insurance. A mutual insurance company acts as an association of individuals or legal entities created on the basis of a voluntary agreement between them for insurance protection of their property interests. A mutual insurance company is a legal entity and is liable for its obligations with all its property. Each policyholder is a shareholder of a mutual insurance company. The minimum number of shareholders is determined by the company's charter. Currently, in the Russian Federation there is no legal framework for the activities of mutual insurance companies. Abroad, mutual insurance companies are major economic entities in the regional, national and international insurance market.

Cooperative insurance is a non-state organizational form. It consists of carrying out insurance operations by cooperatives.

According to Russian law, insurance can be carried out in voluntary and compulsory forms. Voluntary insurance is carried out on the basis of a contract, compulsory - by force of law. Insurers are legal entities that have permits (licenses) to provide insurance of the appropriate type. Social insurance stands out as a special type of insurance. In Russia, this is a state system of material support for employees in the event of disability, old age, and in other cases provided for by law (for example, sanatorium treatment, recreation, medical nutrition).

Type of insurance is the specification of objects in a certain volume of insurance liability at appropriate tariff rates (for example, mixed life insurance or civil liability insurance for vehicle owners).

Depending on the differences in the objects of protection, insurance is divided into four main sectors:

Personal insurance - the object of insurance is the life, health and ability to work of a person;

Property insurance - the object of insurance is property in its various types);

Liability insurance - the object of protection is liability to third parties who may suffer damage (harm) as a result of any action or inaction of the insured;

Economic risk insurance is insurance against possible losses, where the object of insurance protection is the result of business activity - profit or income.

Each industry is divided in turn into sub-sectors and types of insurance. Personal insurance is divided into life insurance and accident insurance.

Property insurance is divided into several sub-sectors depending on the form of ownership and categories of policyholders: insurance of public, private, rented property and property of individual citizens on the basis of personal property rights.

Sub-sectors of property insurance include:

Insurance of means of transport (air, land, water, railway);

Cargo insurance;

Insurance of state property and citizens' property;

Insurance of technical, space, production risks;

Insurance of electronic computer equipment, know-how, etc.

Insurance of state and domestic animals, poultry, bee families, dogs, etc.

Insurance of financial (commercial, entrepreneurial and other risks);

Insurance of other types of property.

There are two sub-branches of liability insurance - civil liability insurance and professional liability insurance.

There are also two sub-branches in business risk insurance - insurance of the risk of direct losses and insurance of the risk of indirect losses.

Depending on whose initiative the insurance is carried out, there are compulsory and voluntary forms of insurance.

With compulsory insurance, the consent of the policyholder and the insurer is not required. The types, conditions and procedure for compulsory insurance are determined by relevant laws. Compulsory insurance ensures the stability of the insurance fund at low insurance rates and guarantees compensation for damage. At the same time, it is of a compulsory, tax nature and does not take into account the financial capabilities of the policyholder. In countries with market economies, compulsory insurance has always been considered a factor restraining competition. Therefore, its application is limited to the protection of only socially significant interests.

Voluntary insurance is carried out on the basis of an agreement between the policyholder and the insurer. The basis for concluding an agreement is the initiative of citizens or business entities who independently decide on the need for insurance protection. The rules of voluntary insurance are established by the insurer independently in accordance with current legislation. Voluntary insurance fully corresponds to the nature of market relations, therefore it is the main form of insurance in a market economy.

Let's consider the classification of types of insurance based on the European Economic Community (EEC) Directive of 1977 and the Community Insurance Laws of 1978 for all insurance companies of EEC member countries. These acts established the following types of insurance.

It is worth highlighting the types of long-term insurance:

1. Life insurance and annuities.

2. Insurance for weddings and birth of a child.

3. Related or mixed insurance.

4. Continuous insurance.

5. Capital compensation insurance (financial losses).

6. Pension insurance.

Let us highlight the general types of insurance under EEC legislation:

1. Accident insurance.

2. Health insurance.

3. Car insurance.

4. Railway transport insurance.

5. Aircraft insurance.

6. Ship insurance (hull insurance).

7. Transport cargo insurance (cargo).

8. Insurance against fires and natural disasters.

9. Property insurance.

10. Civil liability insurance for transport drivers.

11. Airline civil liability insurance.

12. Insurance of civil liability of shipowners.

13. General liability insurance.

14. Credit insurance.

15. Insurance against financial losses.

16. Insurance against financial losses associated with employee abuse

17. Legal expenses insurance.

It should be noted that all links of the classification cover two forms of insurance - compulsory and voluntary. The combination of compulsory and voluntary insurance makes it possible to form an insurance system that provides a universal scope of insurance protection for both social production, social relations, and the personal interests of citizens.

Main types of insurance

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Main types of insurance
Rubric (thematic category)	Finance

This paragraph will discuss property and personal insurance, compulsory and voluntary.

Property insurance

Domestic legislation identifies three of all types of interests associated with property and introduces special rules for their insurance. These highlighted interests include:

The interest is that the property is not lost or damaged;

The interest is to avoid liability for obligations;

Interest associated with possible losses in business activities.

Such common insurance interests as, for example, interest associated with losses not only from business, but also from any other activity or failure to fulfill an obligation on the part of a partner, do not belong to any of these three types. At the same time, there is no direct prohibition in the law from insuring other interests; it’s just that the Civil Code of the Russian Federation has rules for these three types, but nothing is said at all about others. One should proceed from the general principle that “everything is permitted that is not directly prohibited.”

Property insurance stands out from other types of property insurance by two distinctive features.

First- property insurance is carried out in case of its loss or damage, ᴛ.ᴇ. the property being insured must be available at the time the insurance contract is concluded and there must be a possibility of its loss or damage.

Second a distinctive feature of property insurance is that it can only be carried out in favor of the person whose property is lost or damaged, ᴛ.ᴇ. , as lawyers say, in favor of a person, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ bears the risk of loss or damage to property. In most cases, this is the owner, but the owner can transfer this risk to another person by concluding an appropriate agreement with him. There are other cases where the risk of loss or damage to property rests with a person other than its owner.

You can insure your house against fire for your benefit or someone else's house against fire for the benefit of its owner, but you can insure your house for the benefit of another or someone else's house for your benefit only if the person for whose benefit the house is insured, suffered the risk of loss and damage to this house.

Personal insurance

Unlike property insurance, with personal insurance the insured person must only be a person, while with property insurance they can also be insured. and interests of organizations. The insured, of course, can also be an organization, but the insured interest in personal insurance is always an interest associated with a person. with a person, not with property. At the same time, for personal insurance, unlike property insurance, there are no separate types of insurance in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Almost any interest related to a person’s personality can be insured, and no special rules have been established for certain types of such interests.

The main types of personal insurance are:

Life insurance;

Insurance against accidents and illnesses (example: social insurance fund);

Insurance in case of other events in the life of the insured.

Life insurance- cumulative. By regularly paying insurance premiums, a person can provide for his relatives in the event of his own death, if he does not live to a certain age, or provide for himself in the event that he lives to reach this age.

You can insure not only your life. Very often, parents use life insurance for their children to save money for their eighteenth birthday.

There is also mixed life insurance - this is insurance in case of the occurrence of one of three events:

Survival;

Damage to health due to an accident. A special type of life insurance - pension insurance is provided only in case of survival.

Insurance for other events in the life of the insured

It is advisable to repeat once again that personal insurance is possible for almost any event in a person’s life. You just need to remember the restrictions and prohibitions.

There is insurance in case of job loss, in case of the birth of a child, in case of marriage and divorce, in other words, in case of any event in the occurrence or non-occurrence of which a person has an interest.

But losing at cards or betting may be an event in the life of the insured, but it is prohibited to insure.

Compulsory and voluntary insurance

When it comes to protecting interests, it would seem that everyone has the right to decide whether to protect their interests or not, especially if they have to pay for it. Freedom of contract and restrictions on the freedom of the insurer have already been discussed. At the same time, society imposes restrictions on the freedom of the policyholder. In certain cases, the state legally obliges a number of persons to insure certain interests as insurers. First of all, this concerns the interests of society as a whole, for example, environmental pollution or, for example, spaceship accidents, from which it is extremely important to protect yourself regardless of anyone’s desire. Secondly, there are harms caused to private individuals that society also considers necessary to protect, regardless of desire.

There are quite a lot of such interests. These include the costs of medical care (medical insurance), and protection in case of disability (pension and social insurance), and accidents with passengers, and the life and health of military personnel, and damage caused by environmental pollution, and many others. The form of insurance in which the insurable interest is subject to protection regardless of whether anyone wants it or not is called compulsory insurance (in contrast to voluntary insurance, which is carried out at the request of the interested parties). Moreover, the protection of these interests is mandatory only to a certain extent, and for each of them, protection must be strengthened voluntarily by voluntary insurance in case of greater damage than provided for by compulsory insurance, or in case of other events than provided for by compulsory insurance.

Object Compulsory insurance does not cover all interests. Since compulsory insurance ultimately places an additional financial burden on people, society itself puts certain restrictions on this form of insurance.

First of all, it is prohibited to make it mandatory to insure your business risk. Everyone conducts business at their own risk, and the danger of ruin concerns only the entrepreneur himself.

Secondly, it is prohibited to oblige a citizen to insure his life and health. It is one thing to care for the disabled, regardless of the cause of the disability - age, illness, accident. For this purpose, there are compulsory pension and social insurance, and employers make corresponding contributions - they pay for insuring the interests of others. Another thing is to oblige a person to insure his life and his health. Society does not consider it possible to interfere in such a private matter of a citizen.

At the same time, there is compulsory passenger insurance, which does not quite fit into this principle, although it does not formally violate it. Indeed, formally the responsibility to insure the life and health of a passenger lies with the transport organization - the railway, the bus fleet, the airline, which is what they do. However, it is allowed to carry out this insurance at the expense of the passenger. Although the law does not oblige the passenger to insure his life and health during the trip, it places the financial burden of this on him, ᴛ.ᴇ. in this particular case (and only in this case) no deviation from the principle of non-intervention still occurs.

Thirdly, you cannot be obliged to insure your property, except in one case when this property is in state or municipal ownership, but is transferred to the economic management or operational management of an organization. In this case, you can oblige the organization to insure this property.

Compulsory insurance is mandatory for the insured, or better yet, for the one who must act as the insured (Law of the Russian Federation “On the donation of blood and its components”, Federal Law “On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers”, “On compulsory motor third party liability insurance”, “On compulsory medical insurance”, “On compulsory social insurance,” etc.).

It is important to note that for insurers it is not at all necessary to conclude a contract on the terms that the policyholder will offer. More precisely, if the conditions of compulsory insurance are described in sufficient detail in the law, as is done when insuring rescuers or passengers, the insurer is obliged to comply with the law and can only agree with the policyholder on those conditions that are not specified in the law. If we are talking about donors, the conditions of compulsory insurance for which are practically not specified in the law, then they can be agreed upon in the contract. Moreover, the policyholder and the insurer are in an unequal position: the policyholder is obliged to conclude an agreement, but the insurer is not. Here the policyholder is helped out by the publicity of the personal insurance contract, which was mentioned earlier. In the case of compulsory personal insurance (and these are the majority of types of compulsory insurance), the insurer does not have the right to refuse the policyholder to conclude an agreement because of its public nature. But with compulsory property insurance, for example space objects, the position of the policyholder can be difficult.

If a person named in the law as a potential policyholder does not fulfill his obligation, then a whole range of unpleasant consequences occurs for him. First of all, the one in whose favor compulsory insurance must be carried out has the right to demand its implementation in court. Secondly, if insurance is not carried out or carried out not as required by law, and the insured event provided for by law occurs, then the person obligated to insure can be required to pay the amount due as an insurer.

Finally, if the person obligated to provide insurance does not pay the appropriate insurance premium, then, among other things, the amount of the contribution must be withdrawn to the budget by the court with the accrual of interest, ᴛ.ᴇ. , the sanctions are quite strict.

Main types of insurance - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Main types of insurance" 2017, 2018.

Insurance is a special type of economic relationship designed to provide insurance protection for people (or organizations) and their interests from various types of dangers.

Insurance is a system (method) for protecting the material (property) interests of subjects of the insurance market (individuals and legal entities), the threat of which always exists, but is not mandatory.

The term “insurance” is primarily associated in the human mind with the word “fear” (fear for the safety of one’s property, for one’s health, life, etc.). It was the fear of incurring material losses and the need to compensate for them that gave rise to insurance.

Insurance in the narrow sense is a relationship (between the policyholder and the insurer) to protect the property interests of individuals and legal entities (policyholders) upon the occurrence of certain events (insured events) at the expense of monetary funds (insurance funds), formed from the insurance premiums they pay (insurance premium ).

ESSENCE OF INSURANCE

Almost any area of ​​economic activity is risky, since there is always the possibility of incurring financial losses caused by adverse events or their consequences. A possible danger perceived by a person is expressed in the concept of “risk”. In a society in which commodity-money relations operate, risk from an everyday concept becomes an economic category.

Typically, the concept of risk (riskiness of a situation) is associated with possible future negative consequences of the event. Risk is a future probable event with negative economic consequences of unknown magnitude. The actual unfavorable outcome of the risk is expressed through damage, which is subject to a specific material measurement. The factor of risk and the need to compensate for possible damage requires the organization to have a mechanism to protect against accidents.

Society uses various measures that make it possible to predict with certain reliability the likelihood of a risk occurring, which makes it possible to reduce its negative consequences. One of the ways to manage risk is the insurance system. The essence of insurance lies in the emergence of monetary redistribution relations between policyholders and insurers. These relations are carried out through insurance reserves (money funds) specially created from the money of policyholders.

Thus, the essence of insurance is the creation of insurance funds through contributions from parties interested in insurance and intended to compensate for damage. The essence of insurance is realized through special functions.

INSURANCE FUNCTIONS

The economic essence of insurance is embodied in functions that reflect in reality the social purpose of this category.

Insurance creates nothing. It only distributes the created social product, closing interruptions in production, distribution, exchange and consumption that have arisen due to natural disasters and other reasons.

Thus, insurance, through its inherent distribution function, contributes to the continuity of social reproduction at all its stages.

The main distribution function of insurance is implemented through auxiliary specific functions characteristic only of insurance: risk, preventive and savings.

The risk function of insurance provides insurance protection against various types of random events leading to losses. As part of this function, monetary resources are redistributed between all insurance participants in accordance with the current insurance contract, after which insurance premiums (cash) are not returned to the policyholder. This function reflects the main purpose of insurance - protection against risks. There is a risk - there is potential for insurance with all its attributes, its manifestations.

The preventive function of insurance is implemented in reducing the degree of risk and the destructive consequences of an insured event. It is carried out through financing from the insurance fund of various measures to prevent, localize and limit the negative consequences of disasters, accidents, and accidents. In order to implement this function, a special monetary fund is formed.

In addition to the specific functions mentioned above, insurance performs investment, credit and control functions.
The investment function of insurance makes it possible for temporarily free funds of the insurance fund to participate in the investment activities of insurance organizations and to replenish state budget revenues from a portion of the profits from insurance and other business operations.
The credit function of insurance is the repayment of insurance premiums.
The control function is organically connected with the credit side of the essence of insurance. The insurer receives money from policyholders as a loan. Insurance reserves (funds), formed from a large part of the money (contributions) of policyholders, are their property. The control function of insurance is the strictly targeted formation and use of insurance fund funds. Implementation is carried out through financial control over the legal conduct of insurance operations.

Principles of insurance

Insurance activity is based on the principles of equivalence and chance.

The principle of equivalence expresses the requirement of balance between the income of an insurance organization and its expenses. Many people are at risk, but only a few are actually affected by insurance claims. Payments for insured events are covered by contributions from many policyholders who avoided this risk.

The principle of randomness is that only events that have signs of probability and randomness of their occurrence can be insured. Intentionally carried out actions are not insured, since they lack the principle of chance.

Basic principles of insurance:
- insurance activities are based on the principles of equivalence and randomness;
- the principle of equivalence expresses the requirement of balance between the income of the insurance company and its expenses;
- presence of insurable interest;
- payment of insurance compensation only if an insured event occurs;
- only certain risk damage is insured, which is subject to monetary assessment.

Signs of insurance:
- emergency, which connects insurance with a certain protection of social production;
- isolation, when the breakdown of damage between policyholders is based on the fact that the number of victims is always less than the total number of insured;
- damage indemnity, in which the more territory and the number of insured objects are covered by the insurer, the more effective the redistribution of funds (payment of maximum damage for minimal contributions);
- repayment of payments made in the specified territory is on average 5 years.

TYPES OF INSURANCE

In accordance with the law “On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation,” the entire set of insurance relations can be divided into several types of insurance. The division of insurance into types is based on differences in the objects of insurance.

A type of insurance is the insurance of specific homogeneous objects in a certain amount of insurance liability at appropriate tariff rates. Insurance relations between the insurer and the policyholder are carried out by type of insurance. Let's look at the most common types of insurance.

The legislation provides for four main types of insurance: personal, property, liability insurance, and business risk insurance.

The main difference between these types is what the insurance contract is aimed at. When insuring the property of individuals and legal entities, the object of insurance is certain material assets belonging to them. In relation to life insurance, the subject of insurance is the health, life and working capacity of the insured person. In the case of liability insurance, the subject of insurance is the liability of the policyholder to third parties. In this case, the insurer compensates third parties for damage caused by the actions or inaction of the policyholder.

The law also lists types of insurance that cannot be insured: those related to illegal actions, gambling-related expenses, expenses that a person is forced to pay in order to free hostages.

Personal insurance

In this type of insurance, the object is property interests related to the life, health, ability to work and pension provision of the policyholder or the insured person. Personal insurance includes: life insurance, accident and illness insurance, and medical insurance.

In personal insurance, the insurer assumes the obligation to pay the amount stipulated by the contract in the event that the occurrence of an insured event entails damage to the health of the policyholder (insured person) or his death. Payment of the insurance amount can be made at a time or periodically. All types of insurance in personal insurance are tied to an independent object and a list of insurance risks provided for in each specific insurance product.

The following types of personal insurance for citizens can be mentioned:
- mixed life insurance;
- accident insurance;
- insurance in case of death and disability;
- insurance for children;
- health insurance;
- additional pension insurance;
- other types of personal insurance.

Property insurance

In property insurance, the object of insurance is property interests associated with the ownership, use and disposal of property.

The type of property insurance is divided into insurance of property of individuals and property of legal entities. This includes insurance for buildings, household contents, animals, vehicles and much more. A property insurance contract stipulates the insurer's obligations to compensate the policyholder or beneficiary for material damage to the insured property in the event of an insured event. In this case, the payment of compensation is limited to the amount specified in the contract for this type of insurance.

When insuring property, there are the following risks against which insurance protection is provided.
The first is insurance against fire, flood and other natural disasters, in this case the object of insurance can be buildings, structures, equipment, goods, household movable and immovable property and much more.
The second risk is damage to property by water from central heating systems, water supply systems, as well as sewerage and other things.
The third type of risk is intentional damage to property by third parties. This can include hooliganism and so on.
The fourth type of insured peril may be theft of property as a result of illegal entry, robbery or seizure.

This type of insurance has spawned many insurance products. You can insure financial risks related to loss of income due to a stoppage of the production process as a result of the occurrence of an insured event. Property insurance can be a way out in the event of bankruptcy of counterparties or their failure to fulfill their obligations, as well as in a number of other cases. Property insurance includes:
- insurance of ground transport;
- insurance of water transport;
- insurance of air transport;
- cargo insurance;
- insurance of other types of property, except those listed above;
- business insurance;
- insurance of financial risks.

Types of property insurance are also:
- property fire insurance;
- hurricane property insurance;
- property insurance against flooding;
- insurance against losses due to production interruption;
- many other types of property insurance.

Liability Insurance

This type of insurance provides as the object of insurance liability to third parties (citizens or enterprises) who could potentially suffer damage due to any actions (inaction) of the insured. A liability insurance contract shifts responsibility for possible damage to the insurance company, which undertakes to compensate the insured for the amounts that he must pay to third parties as compensation for the damage caused. This type of insurance protects the property of the insured and insures his liability for potential harm to the health and property of citizens and legal entities.

Civil liability insurance is one of the most numerous types of insurance, with a large number of varieties. There are also many insurance products based on it. Liability insurance includes:
- insurance of civil liability of enterprises - sources of increased danger;
- insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners;
- carrier's civil liability insurance;
- insurance of liability for failure to fulfill obligations;
- professional liability insurance;
- insurance of other types of civil liability.

Types of liability insurance are also:
- insurance of employer's liability in case of harm to employee's health;
- motor vehicle liability insurance (vehicle owner, CASCO, MTPL);
- shipowners' liability insurance;
- insurance of personal liability to third parties due to the negligence of the policyholder or his family members;
- insurance of liability of the manufacturer of the goods (intermediary or seller) to consumers and others for harm, illness or loss (damage) arising as a result of the supply of goods;
- professional liability insurance (for example, lawyer, notary, doctor and other specialists);
- other types of liability insurance.

Entrepreneurial risk insurance (business)

With this type of insurance, the object of insurance is property interests associated with compensation to the entrepreneur for losses, as well as lost income from business activities, provided that his counterparties violate their obligations or other changes in the conditions of activity due to circumstances beyond the control of the entrepreneur.

In business activities, insurance is used quite often - in cases where possible losses are significant and critical for the financial condition of the insured person and their occurrence cannot be predicted. This type of insurance reduces the necessary reserves for unexpected expenses and helps protect the business from too large one-time losses.

Types of business risk insurance are:
- insurance against business interruption due to loss or damage to property as a result of fires, explosions, accidents and other events;
- insurance of investments against political and commercial risks;
- non-payment risk insurance;
- deposit insurance;
- insurance of financial guarantees;
- export credit insurance, etc.

Insurance can be state or non-state. State insurance is a form of insurance organization in which the insurer is a government organization. Currently, state insurance is carried out under conditions of a partial state monopoly on certain types of insurance.

Non-state (joint-stock and mutual) insurance - non-state legal entities of any organizational and legal form provided for by Russian legislation can act as insurers.

Insurance can be carried out in voluntary and compulsory forms.
Voluntary insurance is insurance based on an agreement between the policyholder and the insurer. Insurance rules are established by the insurer.
Compulsory insurance - insurance by force of law. The types, conditions and procedure for compulsory insurance are determined by the relevant laws of Russia.

As a rule, the following types of insurance are mandatory:
- health insurance;
- passenger insurance;
- state personal insurance of civil servants;
- personal insurance at the expense of the employer of citizens engaged in life-threatening activities;
- life and health insurance of aircraft crew members;
- liability insurance for damage caused during construction;
- fire insurance.

Insurance funds

Insurance, being a category of distribution, expresses certain production relations arising in connection with the formation and use of the insurance fund.

The insurance fund is a reserve of cash or material resources, formed from contributions from policyholders and under the operational and organizational management of the insurer.

There are three main forms of organizing an insurance fund.

Centralized insurance (reserve) funds created at the expense of budgetary and other government funds. The formation of these funds is carried out both in kind and in cash. State insurance (reserve) funds are at the disposal of the government. Their task is to compensate for damage caused by natural disasters and large-scale accidents.

Self-insurance as a system for the creation and use of insurance funds by business entities and people. These decentralized insurance funds are created in kind and in cash. They are designed to overcome temporary difficulties in the activities of a specific commodity producer or person. The main source of formation of decentralized insurance funds is the income of an enterprise or an individual.

Insurance itself as a system for creating and using funds of insurance organizations at the expense of insurance premiums from parties interested in insurance. The formation of the fund occurs in a decentralized manner, since insurance premiums are paid by each policyholder separately. It has only monetary form. The funds from these funds are used to compensate for damage incurred in accordance with the terms and conditions of insurance.

Legal basis of insurance

In the insurance market of the Russian Federation, there are insurers with various organizational and legal forms (joint stock company, limited liability company, etc.).

The legislation of the Russian Federation does not establish any exceptions regarding the organizational and legal forms of commercial insurance organizations. The only requirement is that only a legal entity can act as an insurer.

The founders of an insurance company can be both individuals and legal entities, including foreign ones.

The system of government regulation measures includes the following:
1. Licensing - registration of insurance organizations and issuance of licenses to them for insurance activities and for carrying out certain types of insurance. A license to conduct insurance activities is issued in accordance with the conditions for licensing insurance activities on the territory of the Russian Federation.
2. Control over ensuring the financial stability of insurers.
3. Development of forms and procedures for statistical reporting, control over the timely submission of financial statements of insurance organizations.
4. Taxation of insurers and policyholders.
5. Other measures of state regulation of insurance activities, including control over compliance with the procedure for paying insurance compensation.

The legal basis for insurance is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation No. 4015-I of November 27, 1992 “On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 31, 1997, November 20, 1999, March 21, April 25, 2002, 8 , December 10, 2003, June 21, July 20, 2004) and other regulatory documents.