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Economic security in ensuring the competitiveness of an enterprise. Competition as a process of ensuring economic security of business entities Competitiveness is a key factor in ensuring economic security

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1 Competition as a process of ensuring economic security 25 COMPETITION AS A PROCESS OF ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES Chekmarev Vladimir Vasilievich Candidate of Economic Sciences, doctoral student. FSBEI HPE “Kostroma State University named after N.A. Nekrasova". Kostroma, Russian Federation. Annotation. Most often, competition is defined as a function of freedom of supply and demand. There are types and types of competition. However, the importance of understanding competition (as an economic process) was the formulation of the task of understanding competition as a process of ensuring the economic security of business entities. Key words: competition; economic security; economic process; definition; economy; research UDC Code: Annotation. Competition is commonly defined as a function of supply and demand freedom. Different types of competition are distinguished. However, the importance of understanding the competition (as in the economic process) appeared to be a statement of a problem of understanding competition as a process of economic security of business. Keywords: competition; economic security; economic process; definition; economy; investigation Defining competition as a process, one cannot avoid the question: why should it be defined as a process, and not as a mechanism, or as a form of relationship? In connection with the questions that arise, we will explain our position. Firstly, encyclopedic publications define competition: a) as the struggle of entrepreneurs to make a profit by using the most favorable conditions for production and sales of products; b) as a process of conscious competition between economic agents for the most favorable terms of sale or purchase on the market. Secondly, in modern microeconomic theory, competition is considered as a certain property of the market. This understanding, as noted in, arose in connection with the development of the theory of market morphology. Considering competition as a property of the market, we can define competition not as rivalry, but as the degree of dependence of general market conditions on the behavior of individual market participants. And in this context, competition can be defined both as (with a certain degree of convention) a form of relations and as a mechanism of interactions. In table Table 1 shows the various interpretations of competition most commonly used in the literature. We believe that, considering competition from different aspects of its content, the most significant for us is the definition of competition as a multi-purpose economic

2 26 V.V. Chekmarev process. Note that the proposed approach allows, in the analysis of economic interactions (economic behavior of business entities), to focus on models in which competition is considered as a process. The theoretical basis of the approach is the work of F. Knight, L. von Mises, I. Kirzner. Definitions of competition and competitiveness Table 1 Researcher Smith A. Engels F. Hayek F.A. McConnell K.R. Porter M. Tatyanchenko M.A. Political economy Zavyalov P.S. Azoev G.L. Definition: Competition is rivalry that increases prices (when supply is reduced) and decreases prices (when there is excess supply). Competition forces industrialists to reduce the prices of goods that, by their type or quantity, do not currently correspond to social needs. Competition, the process through which people receive and transfer knowledge, leads to a better use of abilities and stimulates rationality. Competition means the following: 1. The presence in the market of a large number of independently acting buyers and sellers of any particular product or resource. 2. Freedom for buyers and sellers to enter or leave certain markets. Competition is a dynamic and evolving process, a constantly changing landscape in which new products, new marketing paths, new production processes and new market segments appear. Competitiveness is a relative concept, clearly tied to the market and (for seasonal goods) time of sale. It takes on an individual tone for the seller and is a criterion for assessing whether he satisfies his needs. Competition (from the Latin concurrere to face) is the struggle for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, characteristic of commodity production, and at the same time a mechanism for regulating the proportions of social production. Competition is rivalry between individuals, economic units in any field, interested in achieving the same goal. The competitiveness (i.e., the possibility of sales in a given market) of a product can be determined only by comparing the products of competitors with each other. Competition is rivalry in any field between individual legal entities or individuals (competitors) interested in achieving the same goal.

3 Competition as a process of ensuring economic security 27 Researcher Yudanov A.Yu. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Rubin Yu.B. Definition: Market competition is the struggle of firms for a limited volume of effective consumer demand, conducted by them in accessible market segments. Competition is the process of a subject managing its competitive advantages to achieve victory or other goals in the fight against competitors to satisfy objective or subjective needs within the framework of legislation or in natural conditions. Competitiveness is a property of an object, characterized by the degree of actual or potential satisfaction of a specific need by it in comparison with similar objects presented on a given market. Determines the ability to withstand competition in comparison with similar objects in a given market. Competition is conflictual rivalry for achieving relatively better conditions of existence, functioning and development. One of the goals of competition as a process is to ensure economic security, which we have written about in some detail in a number of works. Note that the proposed approach allows, on the one hand, to overcome the understanding of competition as a negative process that reduces the degree of diversity in the economic space with the ensuing consequences, and on the other hand, it makes it possible to expand the tools that ensure the sustainable functioning (and development) of economic entities and economic actors. space. The traditional understanding of competition as a theory of comparative advantage based on factors of production in our case is transformed due to the fact that factor costs are significant today only for the extractive industries of the national economy. In the new (information) economy, the emphasis is shifting towards economic cooperation. The subject of competition itself is changing. An opportunity arises within the framework of political economic analysis for a deeper understanding of the “forces of competition”. Understanding competition as a process of ensuring economic security allows us to expand our understanding of the future of the modern economy, the center of which is not unmanned computerized production, but knowledge-intensive production based on highly skilled labor. At the same time, one cannot fail to note the fact that the process of ensuring the economic security of business entities itself increases their transaction costs. But the traditional approach to ensuring competitiveness cannot do without these costs. However, the security of each economic entity (other things being equal) increases its competitiveness. There is a synergistic quality of the emergent effect to increase the competitiveness of the region. New opportunities are also opening up for the manifestation of additional reserves for the growth of socio-economic efficiency of the functioning of economic entities. We will show these opportunities through the process of developing the competitiveness of a future specialist. It is noted in the literature (B.T. Likhachev, N.V. Borisov) that the competitiveness of a specialist is an indicator of the quality of university training.

4 28 V.V. Chekmarev The quality of training of graduates of higher educational institutions, where professional competence is the criterion, is considered from the perspective of UNESCO recommendations. The essence of the conceptual requirements for professional competence comes down to expanding the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary directly to increase labor productivity in the sphere of life as a whole. Replacement of concepts of purely labor (production) knowledge, skills and abilities with a full range of knowledge, abilities and skills, including those required for the protection and improvement of health, demographic development, preservation and development of traditions and culture, rational use of natural resources, environmental protection and reducing environmental risk to fulfill an active civic role and competitiveness in the labor market means comprehensively taking into account the interests of the individual and supporting him in the development process. One of the characteristic features of the concept of human competence is the recognition of the increased role of the subject in social transformations, improvements in his ability to understand the dynamics of development processes and influence on their course. These requirements for professional competence are determined by the educational policy of the state. In our opinion, the key concept in the educational policy of modern and future Russia should be the concept of freedom of choice. But freedom, understood reasonably, freedom in the choice of technologies, differentiation of paths and methods of educational activities leading to state, socially and personally significant results, embedded in the form of educational values and goals in the relevant philosophical and educational paradigms, political doctrines and strategic concepts, as well as in a variety of educational standards. What should the university training of specialists be like to provide them with the opportunity to realize their personal and professional potential, while simultaneously meeting the needs of society? It seems to us that the solution to this issue lies in two planes: determining the requirements for a future specialist from the individual himself, individual economic entities, the state and society and choosing the idealization of educational technologies that meet these requirements. The higher education system is currently developing in the context of market transformations, therefore it becomes possible and necessary to apply certain economic categories to its functioning: “market”, “product”, “demand”, “supply”, “competition”, “competitiveness”, “ marketing". Let's try to consider the relationship of these concepts in relation to the main result of the activities of universities - a graduate, a future specialist. Market approach to a specialist. Among the various needs of a market economy, one can highlight, first of all, the needs for intellectual, cultural, physical, moral development and personal self-realization, as well as the needs of individual enterprises and organizations for a highly qualified workforce, for the accumulation and use of scientific, technical and cultural potential. Universities are precisely designed to create opportunities to meet these needs. The level of satisfaction of needs by individual universities depends on the history and time of their creation, on the quality of the material, technical, scientific, information and methodological base and teaching potential. Each university, due to the features noted above, has entered the system of market relations with different starting capital and is forced, as it were, to re-confirm the feasibility of its existence. One of the important criteria for the activities of universities is the quality of the graduate, the future specialist. In this case, it is this product of the university’s activities that is considered, although it is well known that it is not the only one.

5 Competition as a process of ensuring economic security 29 In the Russian Federation, the concept of “competition” was legally enshrined for the first time in the Law “On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Product Markets” (May 22, 1991), where it is defined as “the competitiveness of economic entities when their independent actions effectively limit the ability of each of them to influence the general conditions of circulation of goods in a given market and stimulate the production of those goods that the consumer requires.” In relation to the activities of universities, it should be noted that, in contrast to the high degree of monopoly in industry, monopoly in the higher education system in our country is much lower. This is determined by the fact that the number of universities as producers of educational services, educational, methodological and scientific and technical products is quite large. In this regard, universities are forced to compete for their consumers, who are applicants (students). Thus, with regard to specialist training activities, we are largely dealing with a market characterized by an excess of supply over demand, especially for technical specialties. Here, to a large extent, the conditions are dictated by “buyers,” i.e., applicants and students, increasing their influence on the quality of educational services and, ultimately, on the entire potential of universities. Therefore, universities are forced to compete both with each other for applicants, funds, material, technical and information resources and scientific and pedagogical workers, and with enterprises offering jobs to school graduates, and other educational institutions, which forces them to respond sensitively to demand and quickly adapt to changes in market conditions . If applicants and students act as consumers (buyers) of educational services, then university graduates are sellers of knowledge and professional skills who are forced to compete for jobs in the labor market. Currently and in the near future in Russia, there will be an excess of supply over demand in the labor market. Here, employers (enterprises and organizations) act as buyers. They, like students, have a powerful influence on the policies of universities and producers of educational services. We have to admit that the dynamics of demand in the labor market for specialists of a certain profile and qualifications in modern Russia has come into conflict with their traditional training, with the range of specialties and specializations. The latter is manifested, in particular, in the fact that students want to receive additional cycles of disciplines to the main ones and acquire additional skills. Their interests are now shifting to the areas of economics, management, jurisprudence, and foreign languages. The origins of these interests are clear, as, I think, it is also clear that this additional training (often with additional payment) does not fit well with the strictly regulated curriculum of traditional training. It should be noted that the current situation of mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market is not a unique phenomenon in the development of the education system. Periodically, there are fluctuations in the demand for specialists from both business entities and applicants and graduates themselves. These fluctuations coincide in time (more and less) with the dynamics and directions of economic development. However, due to the radical socio-economic transformations in the country, today the gap between supply and demand is greater than ever. As for the active forecasting of the needs for the results of higher education, then, as our analysis shows, the trend that has been emerging since the early 1950s is that the pace of training scientific and engineering personnel does not correspond to the pace of scientific and technological progress continues to take place to this day.

6 30 V.V. Chekmarev In the struggle for survival, domestic universities are forced to start using marketing as an effective means, which has been successfully tested in recent years by universities in foreign countries. We accept the definition of the term marketing as “anticipating, managing and satisfying demand for goods, services, organizations, people, territories and ideas through exchange.” When using a marketing approach to organizing the activities of universities, it is necessary, first of all, to study and predict the market situation. The market situation is the current economic situation, which includes the relationship between supply and demand, price and inventory movements, the order portfolio by industry and other economic indicators. Taking into account the specifics of a university as a non-profit, non-profit organization, when studying the situation it is necessary to study not only economic, but also social, psychological, and political factors. Every person now has to do the same, especially university graduates at the individual level due to the current situation on the labor market. The above brief analysis of the approach to training a specialist from the point of view of a market economy provides grounds for exploring the complex of qualities of a future specialist, which would allow him, taking into account the labor market conditions, his own capabilities and needs, to compete effectively and realize his potential. For a university, such a marketing approach to organizing its own activities means the need to search and implement a technology or technologies that would provide a future specialist with a comfortable existence in terms of personal and social development goals. This is possible when a complex personal need to combine narrow professionalism and universalism is consciously developed in the educational process. In our opinion, it is the optimal combination of professionalism and universalism that can provide individuals and future specialists with competitiveness in the labor market, and universities with competitiveness in the market of educational service providers. The above allows, as we see it, to offer an expanded interpretation of the content of the concept of “competition” based on the identification of such a function of competition (as a process) as a function of ensuring the economic security of business entities based on the presence of competitive specialists. REFERENCES 1. Azoev G.L. Competition: analysis, strategy and practice / G.L. Azoev. M.: Center for Economics and Marketing, p. 2. Belousova N.I. Methodological aspects of the analysis of competitive natural monopoly markets and mechanisms of their development / N. I. Belousova, E.M. Vasilyeva // Bulletin of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation S Best M. New Competition. Institutes of industrial development / M. Best. M.: TEIS, p. 4. Great Economic Encyclopedia: the most complete modern edition: more than 7000 economic terms and concepts / [T.P. Varlamova and others]. M.: Eksmo, p. 5. Zavyalov P.S. Formula for success: marketing: (one hundred questions, one hundred answers on how to act effectively in the foreign market) / P.S. Zavyalov, V.E. Demidov. M.: International relations, p.

7 Competition as a process of ensuring economic security Kirzner I.M. Competition and entrepreneurship / I.M. Kirzner; lane from English; edited by A.N. Romanova. M.: UNITY DANA, p. 7. McConnell K.R. Economics: principles, problems and politics: in 2 volumes / K.R. McConnell, S.L. Bru; lane from English M: Republic, Ts. 8. Mises L.-von Human activity: a treatise on economic theory / L.-von Mises; lane from English A.V. Kuryaeva. M.: Economics, p. 9. Modernization and competitiveness of the Russian economy / ed. I.R. Kurnysheva, I.A. Pogosova; scientific ed. S.N. Silverstov. St. Petersburg: Aletheya, p. 10.Knight F.H. Risk, uncertainty and profit / F.Kh. Knight; lane from English M.Ya. Kaedana. M.: Delo, p. 11.Political economy: dictionary / ed. O.I. Ozhereleva [and others]. M.: Politizdat, p. 12. Popular economic encyclopedia / ch. ed. HELL. Nekipelov. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, p. 13. Porter M. International competition / M. Porter; lane from English M.: International relations, p. 14. Rubin Yu.B. Theory and practice of entrepreneurial competition: textbook / Yu.B. Ruby. M.: Market DS Corporation, p. 15. Rumyantseva E.E. New Economic Encyclopedia / E.E. Rumyantseva. M.: INFRA-M, p. 16. Smith, A. Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations / A. Smith. M.: Sotsekgiz, p. 17. Tatyanchenko M.A. Questions of studying economic aspects of product competitiveness / M.A. Tatyanchenko, A.N. Litvinenko // BIKI S. 3. (Appendix) 18. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Competitiveness: economics, strategy, management / R.A. Fatkhutdinov. M.: INFRA-M, p. 19. On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets: Law of the RSFSR of March 22, 1991 948-I // Legislation of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]: website. Access date: Hayek F.A. Cognition, competition and freedom / F.A. Hayek. SPb.: Pneuma, p. 21.Chekmarev V.V. Global innovative hypercompetition as a factor of transformation and development of economic systems / V.V. Chekmarev, S.A. Dyatlov // Bulletin of KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasova S. Chekmarev V.V. Features of ensuring economic security in the context of sustainable development of Russian regions in the processes of achieving socio-economic dynamics / V.V. Chekmarev // Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of Ensuring Economic Security and Qualitative Socio-Economic Dynamics: Economic and Legal Aspects” / ed. O.V. Inshakova, G.B. Kleiner, V.V. Sorokozherdieva. Krasnodar, S. Chekmarev V.V. Economic security and economic security: structure and problems / V. V. Chekmarev // Bulletin of KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasova S

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test, added 04/21/2011

course work, added 11/24/2014

course work, added 11/13/2014

thesis, added 05/09/2014

thesis, added 01/30/2010

Factors influencing the strategic competitiveness of an enterprise. Analysis of the competitiveness of the enterprise Iraf Garment Factory LLC, the main methods and directions for increasing it. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise.

course work, added 06/15/2014

Assessing competitiveness based on an analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise using the example of Iney LLC. Development of activities aimed at increasing competitiveness. Factors influencing the competitiveness of an enterprise.

Competitiveness as a mechanism for ensuring economic security Economic security and competitiveness are in constant interaction. Both economic security and competitiveness are characteristics of the national economic complex and its components. However, if competitiveness is both a goal and a mega-indicator of the degree of development of the national economic complex and its components, then economic security is a condition for its existence and development. In other words, a sufficient level of economic security can be achieved using economic methods, but, being a necessary condition for the existence of the national economic complex as a system, its achievement can be determined by the use of non-economic methods - through direct government intervention. The most acceptable situation is when micro- and macro-level factors, which are simultaneously criteria for competitiveness and economic security, create high competitiveness of the national economic complex and its constituent elements, forming a sufficient level of economic security. In relation to the economic sphere, competitiveness is understood as the possession of properties that create advantages for an economic entity competitions. The whole variety of competitive relations is carried out at three levels: micro - specific types of products, production, enterprises; meso - industries, industry corporate associations of enterprises and firms of horizontal integration type; macro-national economic complexes of intersectoral type of integration (Fig. 11.1). Competitiveness at the micro, meso and macro levels influence each other. This relationship is manifested in the nature of the foreign and domestic policies pursued and in the development strategies of companies. Moreover, the more developed a country’s economic system is, the more clearly this interaction manifests itself: in fact, it is proclaimed as the goal of government policy and company development. In Russia, this interaction is only in the initial stages of formation. Some large companies have not fully realized the need for interaction with the state and society. There is a pattern: the more economically developed the state, the more the initiative for such interaction comes from the micro-level, i.e. from the companies themselves. It is large companies in developed countries that largely determine foreign policy. In Russia, the state must take upon itself the restoration of this chain of competitiveness. General characteristics of the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Competitiveness at the macro level refers to the ability of a country to maintain high rates of economic growth in the medium and long term. To assess the competitiveness of a country, 3 approaches are used: cost-price, rating, and based on realized competitive advantages. The cost-price approach is based on the indicator of labor productivity. Russia, in terms of unit wages (WW), determined by the ratio of wages to labor productivity, has a competitive advantage compared to industrialized countries. However, the extremely low WW indicator is not a consequence of technological progress and growth in labor productivity: it only reflects low wages and poverty of the population , a high rate of labor exploitation and an undervalued ruble exchange rate relative to purchasing power parity (PPP). The analysis of realized competitive advantages is carried out on the basis of data on the volume and structure of exports and imports, as well as changes in the share of domestic goods in domestic trade turnover. The sharp reduction in the scale of the national economy and the accelerated painful transformation of its economic mechanisms are also manifested in the collapse of the foreign economic sector, where the liberalization processes took place most rapidly. Exports are being increased only in mineral fuels, raw materials and metals. For the “machinery and equipment” product group, Russia’s share in world exports does not exceed 0.5%, and for products of knowledge-intensive industries it is less than 0.3%. At the same time, the share of Russian goods in consumption on the domestic market decreased. If for many years before the reform period, the resources of consumer goods for the domestic market were formed by at least 80% of domestic production, then at present, despite the advantages of devaluation, their share has decreased to 70%. The rating approach to assessing competitiveness provides a comprehensive description of the country’s competitive advantages based on the compilation of ratings for different groups of competitiveness factors. Russia ranks last in the WEF composite competitiveness index and in almost all the factors that make it up. However, for some subfactors of the “infrastructure” and “technology” factors, Russia ranks above average. Overall, only our workforce is relatively competitive - it ranks 25th. All other factors require development and represent an extensive reserve for increasing competitiveness. For the most adequate monitoring of changes in competitiveness, which shapes the economic security of the country, it is necessary to use the competitiveness index: IC = 0.35^1 + 0.35^2 + 0.35L:z, where K\ is the ratio of GDP per capita to the subsistence minimum the world average, reflecting the realized competitive advantages of the country; ^2 - the ratio of the average share of expenditures on civil science in the country's GDP over the past 5 years to a similar world average, reflecting the scientific and technological potential of the country; Az - the human development index, characterizing the state of the country's labor resources. Competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. The competitiveness of a subject of economic competition may differ significantly in the domestic and foreign markets. This is explained by various factors that shape the external and internal environment in these markets: the degree of solvency of demand, gaps between domestic and world prices, the nature of the foreign trade policy, etc. Competitiveness in the domestic market differs from competitiveness in the foreign market in that the state can influence competitiveness in the domestic market, while the conditions of competition in the foreign market are an exogenous factor. An important difference between the conditions of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets lies in their volumes, measured by GDP indicators. After all, it is no secret that the large volume of the US domestic market has ensured and continues to ensure the relative economic security of the country. However, the presence of a significant volume of the domestic market does not always make national producers competitive. In general, competitiveness in the domestic market should be ensured by measures of domestic economic (industrial) policy and supplemented by measures of foreign economic policy. Ensuring competitiveness in the foreign market should be carried out by measures of foreign economic policy. In Russia, due to objective circumstances, there are a number of factors leading to a decrease in competitiveness in the domestic, in the foreign market, the main of which is a higher production cost compared to the world average, associated with unfavorable climatic conditions and a large territory. Russia is the coldest and longest country in the world, and this circumstance is the reason for the increase in construction costs, high transport and energy costs. Labor productivity in Russia is only about 20% of its level in the United States. In this regard, in order to maintain the price competitiveness of domestic products, it is necessary either to lower the level of wages by an amount that compensates for the additional costs of transporting goods and increased energy intensity, or to artificially maintain low tariffs. Therefore, an active state policy is needed aimed at leveling these negative factors and supporting national producers. The domestic market should be considered by Russian companies as a launching pad, a mechanism for rejecting new ideas, and the state should strive for maximum convergence of the conditions and mechanisms of the domestic market with the objective, specified requirements of the external one. Of course, gradual convergence can and should be ensured not only by manufacturing companies (on the supply side) and the direct influence of the state, but also by bringing demand factors closer to international standards (attitude to product quality, compliance with the requirements of efficiency and environmental standards, etc.) . According to corresponding member. RAS B. Kuzyka, “...internal competition in the current state of our economy in general and the domestic military-industrial complex in particular is absurd” i. Today, those of our companies that survived and were able to enter the world market must integrate. Even advanced, but single enterprises have little chance of gaining a stable position in the world market. Today they prefer to cooperate with global companies whose product range accounts for 50-60% of the domestic market and at least 5-7% of the world market. Thus, to support shipbuilding companies, B. Kuzyk proposes to form two or three large holdings. Competitiveness is an attribute of a developed market mechanism, based on competition in the domestic developed market, which should be formed in Russia before 2010 as a result of institutional reforms in the state and private sectors, namely in the fields of education, medicine, banking and finance, as well as in commodity markets. But competition is not an end in itself of reforms, but only their consequence. In this regard, it is important to consider the main objectives of the ongoing institutional reforms from the standpoint of competitive relations. The ongoing reform of the educational system is an example of underestimating the possibility of competitive development incentives. The main problem of Russian education is that it is considered by society as part of the social sphere, and not as a production sector. In the government program for the period until 2010, education reform is discussed in the social policy section. At the same time, effective incentives for the development of competitive relations can be created only if we consider higher education as, albeit specific, but still part of the market economy, and universities as corporations producing private and public goods. It is precisely to create competition that the reform of entrance exams should be aimed at, including the introduction of a unified state exam and the implementation of the principle “money follows the student” with the mandatory introduction into practice, especially of elite universities, of providing student loans. In addition, the activities of universities should be characterized by transparency and modern corporate governance, which should be ensured by the publication of annual reports on the results of their activities. Moreover, a system of independent monitoring of the quality of education is needed with the creation of an institute of independent rating agencies that COULD, using data on the careers and earnings of graduates , about the research successes of teachers, to provide the public with information not only about the process of acquiring knowledge within the university, but also about its results. The creation of competition in the field of medical care should occur with the reform of compulsory and voluntary health insurance, which will create the necessary preconditions for the existence of fierce competition for insurance money patient, which will inevitably lead to an improvement in the quality of medical care. Institutional reforms are also necessary in the private sector. Increasing competition and, as a consequence, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in the industry and the industry itself as a whole must be achieved in the electric power industry as a result of its demonopolization and the creation of a free market for electricity suppliers. In the banking sector, competition should occur for depositors' money after the adoption of the law on insurance of bank deposits. In addition, as a result of the pension reform, competition should arise between management companies for the insurance part of the pension savings of Russian citizens. Main mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of the Russian economy1. A skillful combination of market openness with protectionist policies, which requires an effective customs policy with a well-functioning system of import and export customs tariffs.2. An important task for creating a common system for ensuring competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets is the implementation of a balanced policy in relation to the national currency. The deterioration of the ruble as a unitary measure of labor and capital, the circulation of goods, services and money led to the pursuit of a reliable foreign currency. As a result, the single economy broke up into different loosely interconnected enclaves - export (dollar) and domestic (ruble). There is only one way out - to make the ruble the main unit of measurement of costs and results. There are several possible ways to solve this problem: sale of export goods for rubles, gradual revaluation of the dollar taking into account the PPP of the ruble, increasing the security of the ruble based on the assessment of profitable mineral reserves, creating a new payment system based on a payment basket from a group of metals with fairly high and stable prices.3. Increasing the competitiveness of the country's economy is impossible without structural restructuring, which can only be carried out through large-scale investments. Since a significant improvement in the investment climate is only possible in the long term with a reduction in investment risks, a significant part of investments should come not from external, but from internal sources. The savings rate in Russia is 15-16%. The source of accumulation is savings. The savings rate in Russia is about 30%. Most of the difference between saving and accumulation rates is capital flight. The most effective means of combating capital flight is effective foreign exchange regulation, in particular, involving the mandatory sale of 75% of foreign currency earnings.4. Since structural restructuring of the economy takes time, in the short term it is necessary to maintain the price competitiveness of Russian goods on world markets by: 4.1) regulating prices for products and services of natural monopolies, which make up a significant share in the production costs of the national economy. At the same time, the argument that domestic energy prices are many times lower than world prices is not entirely convincing. Calculations show that domestic energy prices, recalculated through PPP into US dollars, are quite consistent with the prices for this resource on the foreign market; 4.2) targeted influence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the exchange rate of the ruble. World experience shows that in developing countries and countries with transition economies, an understated exchange rate of the national currency to maintain a positive trade balance. However, as the economic situation improves, it is necessary to gradually converge the exchange rate of the national currency with PPP without a sharp change in prices. 5. In stimulating the export of science-intensive, high-tech products, it is necessary to use such generally accepted tools as preferential lending and taxation, provision of government guarantees for external financing and supply of products for export credit insurance against risks, government assistance in promoting domestic products to foreign markets, including through the organization of exhibitions and fairs Increasing the export of finished products with a high degree of added value is impossible without R&D. Therefore, it is necessary to provide tax incentives to industries or individual enterprises whose products can compete on world markets: laser equipment and technologies, computer software, products of the aerospace, nuclear, and energy industries. At the same time, targeted funding for R&D is necessary. The production of high-tech products is ensured by only 50 macrotechnologies. The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macro-technologies, have 80% of this market and receive from the export of high-tech products: USA - 700 billion dollars, Germany - 530, Japan - 400 billion dollars. Russia can lay claim to 10-15 macro-technologies, which should become national priorities, which will allow it controls 10-15% of the market for high-tech products. An important reserve for expanding the export of high-tech and knowledge-intensive products is the conversion of the military-industrial complex and the production of dual-use products.

Competitiveness is the most important factor in the strategy of national economic security. The central role of competitiveness in market relations is natural. However, interest in the study of this economic category has increased especially in the last decade of the last century due to the growing internationalization of economic life and the complication of the interrelations and interdependencies of firms and companies of different countries that are part of cooperative ties and developing international specialization at different levels of economic organization: from a fairly simple commodity to more complex - node-by-node and detail-based. It was economic internationalization, which goes deep into production processes, and often precedes them in the form of scientific research and development, that significantly complicated the relationships between competing companies and individual countries, which required a serious analysis of the new situation. Publications appeared, including monographs, and a number of international research projects on competitiveness issues, such as the Economic Commission for Europe project or the WEF project. However, no holistic concept of international competitiveness has yet been created. Unfortunately, in the USSR, and then in Russia, the problem of competitiveness has not received worthy attention. This led to a sharp decline in Russia’s role in the world economy, the loss of many positions both in world markets and in its own market. One of the reasons for the unpreparedness of Russian economic science to comprehend a number of economic categories in rapidly changing external conditions is the extremely rapid and radical nature of the transformation of the national economic system in Russia. Here, the imitation effect of pseudo-market categories of the Soviet period also played a certain role. Price, demand, supply, profit and other economic categories in a planned economy had a different content than what they have in market conditions. Hence the confusion both in concepts and in the methods of their theoretical understanding and practical application. Meanwhile, market economy analysts have accumulated vast experience on this topic of research, and although they did not always directly connect their work with competitiveness, undoubtedly, everything related to prices, market behavior, and analysis of economic activity was imbued with its spirit. Recently, works have appeared that looking at this extremely relevant and mysterious category, but there are still more questions than we receive answers. This is due to the complexity of the subject of research, on the one hand, and the desire to obtain some kind of integrated effect for practical application, on the other. However, the desire to quickly obtain a result for its application in practice often leads to unjustified simplification of complex categories, which only further confuses the problem, making it difficult to find its adequate solution. If we assume that competition is a process of competition, then the ability to successfully conduct such a competition and win in it can be called competitiveness. In relation to the economic sphere, competitiveness in its most general form can be understood as the possession of properties that create advantages for the subject of economic competition (competitive struggle). Let us not forget the difference between competition and competitive struggle. In competition, unlike competition, only winners reach the finish line. The carriers of these properties - competitive advantages - can be various subjects of competitiveness: types of products, enterprises and organizations or their groups forming industry or conglomerate associations, and, finally, individual countries or their associations (regional, political, ethnocultural), leading a competitive struggle for leadership in various areas of international economic relations. Competitiveness is a concept that not only more fully reflects the requirements of the market, but also, what is especially important, orients the subjects of competition to active actions to gain market positions, retain them, strengthen and expand. Competitiveness is a category , mobilizing economic agents to be more active or, perhaps, even more aggressive in a positive sense. Competitiveness is often confused with efficiency. Competitiveness is a broader category than efficiency. It includes efficiency as a component category, but describes more complex relationships between business entities, individual firms and corporations, their industry associations and national economies of individual countries. Two fundamental differences between competitiveness and efficiency can be identified. Firstly, the difference is formal and semantic, resulting from the etymological difference between both terms. Efficiency is the ratio of costs to results, showing how effectively the resources available to the subject of competition are expected to be used (calculated efficiency) or used (actually achieved efficiency). Competitiveness is potential, the ability to compete. This ability may not be realized. It is determined by a set of indicators characterizing the resource potential (in the broad sense) available to the subject of competition. This is not a result, but the ability to conduct successful competition. Secondly, competitiveness is, as a rule, not an absolute characteristic of resource potential, but relative, in relation to some other competing market entity (product, company or country). This, in turn, means that an inefficient market entity can be competitive if other competing entities are even less efficient. It follows that competitiveness can be achieved not only by improving one’s own characteristics, but also by using various kinds of measures to block the development of competitors, for example, by undermining their competitive potential or disrupting plans and programs to increase the competitiveness of market opponents. Moreover, such disruption often turns out to be cheaper and more effective than developing and implementing one’s own expensive programs for improving technology, training personnel, finding new ways to satisfy consumer demand, etc. In addition, destructive measures can often turn out to be more effective in terms of “cleaning up” the competitive field and for some period of time ensure a stable leading position for the company or country practicing such measures. Although such destructive policies are recognized as unfair competition and are fraught with punishment in law, nevertheless, the temptation to use destructive methods along with constructive methods of competition often wins. How individual companies , and individual countries are forced to consider this circumstance in the practice of competition. The degree of protection they build from such measures also largely determines the level of their competitiveness, which in this formulation of the problem is aimed at ensuring economic security (of a company or a country). Thus, competitiveness practically includes the concept of economic security, without which neither an individual company nor a country can in the conditions of the modern world market, it is quite long time to maintain market positions. It is especially important to take this factor into account when assessing the competitiveness of a country (i.e. at the macro level), since practically no single legal field has yet been created between countries (it is just being formed, and, moreover, in a very unique way - based on the legal systems of leading industrialized countries). At the same time, already within the framework of this new system, such strategic conceptual positions are being built that can often thwart the attempts of potential competing countries to create and strengthen their own competitive springboard. Thus, the concept of competitiveness actually includes the concept of efficiency and is complemented by the fact that it requires ensuring economic security. If your Highly efficient production, trade, finance or insurance business is not provided with the necessary level of protection from competitors, you cannot consider yourself competitive. If a system of such security is not built, your competitive advantages will not save you. They will certainly become the prey of a competitor. Ensuring security, as a rule, excludes the loss of competitive advantages or their transfer from one competing entity to another. Therefore, we can simply say that COMPETITIVENESS = EFFICIENCY + SAFETY. At different levels of organization of economic activity, security is achieved in different ways. One more note: the nature of the competitive struggle conducted by market entities at different levels of economic organization varies greatly. The competition of goods sold in the market will be completely different from the competition of firms, companies or industry complexes. The competition between individual countries differs even more significantly. Therefore, the concept of competitiveness as applied to each level will be different. Obviously, it is impossible to approach the analysis of the competitiveness of a product and a country in the same way. The point is also that different levels of formation of competitive advantages are closely related to each other, but this very circumstance is not always taken into account today. Today, in most scientific works, competitiveness is considered at the micro- and macro-level. At the same time, the micro level is understood as the enterprise level, and the macro level is the country level. This approach has a right to exist, but it practically disappears the competitiveness of goods - the level at which each buyer, making a decision to purchase a product, confirms its competitiveness almost every day. The commodity world, although it is created by enterprises, companies and firms, has its own specifics. Moreover, with competition between goods, i.e. When buyers identify their preferences, the latter are often interested not so much in who produced them, but in their actual quality and price. Although for many products the manufacturer is very important to the buyer, this relationship is constantly changing as the role of sellers in the market changes. Some works question the concept of national or macrocompetitiveness, and propose to limit the analysis of competitiveness to the level of products and firms. But then it turns out that along with competitiveness, the problem of the economic security of the country and the national economy disappears. However, this only indicates that the issue of competitiveness is not sufficiently developed and requires further systematic research. Nevertheless, today it is possible to formulate some generalizations that, in our opinion, will make it possible to more clearly connect this category with the problem of economic security that interests us. To identify In the structure of the concept of competitiveness, several criteria can be used. The main one is, in our opinion, the criterion of subjectivity. The main question to which we must get an answer when determining the level of analysis of this category: who is the bearer of competitiveness or competitive advantages? By answering it, we can build a three-level system for the formation of this category: 1) micro level - goods (specific types of products and services); 2) meso level - individual enterprises, firms, their corporate associations, industries, industrial complexes; 3) macro level - national economies of individual countries. To these three levels you can also add the hypermacro level, when as subjects of competition It is not individual countries that act, but associations of countries that previously agree to pursue a coordinated economic policy, i.e. create aggregate competitive advantages at the macro level. The most striking example is the European Union, but there are others - NAFTA, ASEAN. Aggregate competitive advantages are more reliable, and things are gradually moving towards the fact that competition will move to this hyper-macro level, although this process is not simple and fast. By the way, unlike ours competitors, we (meaning the former USSR, and today Russia) actually voluntarily abandoned our total competitive advantages, destroying the common economic space of the CMEA and the USSR, and have not yet made any serious efforts to restore it (this space, not the USSR and the CMEA, of course).It is obvious that the loss of these aggregate competitive advantages plays into the hands of our competitors, since they only benefit from this, turning the lack of our competitive advantage into their own. The concept of macrocompetitiveness can also include regional economic complexes at the national level, since the principle of forming their competitive advantages will be very close (one's own city macro level of the second order). However, there are some features of the connection between such macro-competitiveness and economic security. The concept of “micro” is used, as a rule, to distinguish small forms of economic activity from large (macro) forms. But for the classification and structuring of the conceptual framework that describes such a complex organism as the modern economy, this is clearly not enough. In accordance with the chosen levels of analysis, it is advisable to distinguish between the range of factors that shape micro-, meso- and macro-competitiveness. In each of these areas, specific approaches and research methods are used . Each of the listed concepts of competitiveness should be described by its own set of indicators. This type of structural analysis can be called vertical, since it reveals the hierarchy of the formation of competitive advantages. At each level, certain tasks are solved with the help of competition, therefore, when analyzing competitiveness, it is important to understand what the main goals are pursued in the competitive struggle of subjects - carriers of competitive advantages. It is clear that enterprises and countries will have different goals, and therefore competitiveness will differ in content. These goals, in accordance with the levels of competitive advantages, usually differ in scale and time horizons: short-term - at the micro level, medium and long-term - at the meso level and ultra-long-term (historical ) - at the macro level. It is generally accepted that the competitiveness of a country is formed as the totality of the competitiveness of its goods, enterprises and firms. But this is only an external representation, i.e. what lies on the surface. In fact, the competitiveness of goods and firms is formed on a national sociocultural and historical basis. It is this sociocultural foundation that creates the prerequisites for the formation of the structure of the national economy, the image of economic behavior, and the country’s specialization in the production of certain products and services. There is an accumulation of factors for the formation of competitiveness from the macro to the micro level. Products and services only cap this complex process of developing competitiveness. Finally, it is important to find out what advantages can be achieved to achieve the goals set by competing entities. Three groups of them can be distinguished: 1) resource - the possession of resources of a special quality or quantity (natural or acquired); 2) operational - characterizing the degree or efficiency of use of available resources; 3) program-strategic - the development strategy of the subject - the bearer of competitive advantages and the quality of this strategy. The first two advantages are interconnected by the fact that the availability of resources largely ensures the efficiency of their use. For example, accumulated fixed production assets and qualified personnel allow the enterprise to effectively use available natural resources. But with changes in modern technologies, such resource characteristics can often turn out to be a heavy burden, slowing down the use of rapidly changing technologies and preventing the formation and strengthening of competitive advantages. The last advantage, on the contrary, becomes especially important in the modern period, since today the competitive struggle actually turns into a struggle of strategies at almost all levels, and the strategic component, in fact, is the leading characteristic of competitiveness, although this characteristic creates difficulties, since it is practically not quantifiable comparison. If the first two advantages are quite traditional, then the last requires some explanation. Since competitiveness is a concept associated with the formation and use of the potential of a market entity, its formation and implementation can be effectively carried out only according to a specific program, plan or in accordance with a pre-developed strategy. It is no coincidence that the development of a strategy in competitive struggle is the main and starting point of such a struggle. Today's motto sounds something like this: NO STRATEGY - NO SERIOUS COMPETITIVE STRUGGLE. And we will add that there is no serious economic security. In modern conditions, even an individual seller, if he is going to stay on the market for a more or less long time, needs to have at least a simple strategy for getting into a competitive environment. Strategy development consists of the following three main elements: 1) assessment positions of the object of competition (in our case, the country); 2) forecasting changes in the conditions of the competitive environment; 3) the actual development of a strategic action plan with options for reacting to various forecast situations. All these elements remain important for any level of competition. But the more complex and large-scale the subjects of this struggle, the more important and complex the development of strategy becomes at its initial stage - the assessment of competitive positions. For an enterprise, such characteristics as its position in the industry, the structure of the industry, the rate of its growth and structural changes, the assessment of barriers to entry of potential competitors into the industry, the degree of technological, organizational and financial and economic integration of the industry, the presence of cartel agreements in it, etc. are important. Finally, it is important to qualitatively assess the position of the company as a subject of competition in a rapidly changing competitive environment. Particularly important and at the same time difficult is the assessment of the starting positions for the country: the totality of socio-economic, national-cultural and military-political characteristics that can, to one degree or another, influence its competitive position in the world. A qualitative assessment of its position as a subject of competition in a rapidly globalizing world economy is especially important for a country. The main task here is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a competing entity. If this part of the work is done correctly, it allows you to get rid, on the one hand, of illusions, and on the other hand, of unnecessary fears. Developing a strategic plan or program is, first of all, a creative task, the directions and parameters for solving which are in many cases difficult and sometimes impossible determine in advance. Therefore, the more competitive advantages there are in a strategic component, the more difficult it is to compare these advantages and assess the competitiveness of subjects. THE STRATEGIC COMPONENT, OTHER EQUAL CONDITIONS, INCREASES FROM THE MICRO TO THE MACRO LEVEL. Therefore, reducing competing entities to a common denominator that allows them to reliably compare their competitive advantages and assess their competitiveness on the basis of integrated indicators is becoming increasingly difficult and sometimes impossible. The growth of competitiveness and a series of victories in the competition ultimately lead... to the formation of a monopoly. And a monopoly in a market economy suppresses competition and leads to a decrease in the company’s interest in developing competitive advantages, since the incentive for this - the competitor - disappears. This applies to both an individual company and an individual country. In turn, this development of events leads to stagnation and degradation. Therefore, in a market economy, the contradictions between tendencies of monopolization (a consequence of the natural growth of the power of individual companies and countries) and the need to maintain a competitive climate as the main driving force of economic development of an economic system based on market principles are usually eliminated through external (non-market) regulation. As a rule, these functions are assumed by the state and/or public authorities. Their task is to find and establish in each specific case the optimal relationship between the permissible level of monopolization and the degree of competitive tension. Another aspect of this problem is ensuring the same economic security. It is non-market regulation that makes it possible to implement the requirements of economic security in the country’s economic practice. At the same time, the state should play the main role in the implementation of this function. Here we are faced with the problem of choosing between a private and state monopoly. Many specialists (economists, lawyers, not to mention sociologists and political scientists) do not make such a distinction and, as a rule, consider any monopoly to be evil. This is categorically false, especially in relation to a state monopoly. Any private company seeks to create monopoly conditions for its existence in order to obtain monopoly excess profits. Otherwise, such aspiration loses its meaning. But a private monopoly company operating under the control of the state or the public already finds itself under conditions of restrictions in obtaining monopoly profits. This is especially true for a state monopoly. The state, taking into its hands the monopoly right to set prices, simultaneously assumes responsibility to the population of the country for the fair use of this right, i.e. that responsibility that a private monopoly firm is completely deprived of. Thus, a state monopoly differs from a private one in that it is, as a rule, accompanied by social responsibility, which includes solving the problem of ensuring the economic security of the country. A private monopoly has practically no such responsibility. This circumstance is important be taken into account when forming a macro-strategy for competitive development, since social stability in the country and its economic security are the determining conditions for competitiveness at the micro-, meso- and macro levels. Increasing economic efficiency in a market economy can (and often does) conflict with social efficiency, creating unemployment and excessive export orientation (to the detriment of national needs or interests) or import dependence, etc. All these problems are solved within the framework of the implementation of the economic policy of the state, which is responsible to the population of the country for internal social stability and external security. Therefore, a competitive strategy at the macro level, closely related to the solution of economic, social and political problems, is the actual result.

Keywords

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT / INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS / COMPETITIVENESS / ECONOMIC SECURITY / ECONOMIC THREATS / SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT/ INVESTMENT APPEAL / COMPETITIVENESS / ECONOMIC SAFETY / ECONOMIC THREATS

annotation scientific article on social and economic geography, author of the scientific work - Makhanko Galina Valentinovna

The article addresses issues economic security And competitiveness region as the most important component economic security Russia. It is substantiated that the essence economic security of a region as an economic category is revealed through a system of interconnected elements, such as regional interests, identifying threats to the region’s economic security, assessing threats according to various criteria and indicators, determining their threshold values and comparing them with actual indicators. Moreover, it is necessary to define a so-called “corridor” designating a safe zone. formation of the economic policy of the region and development of effective mechanisms to prevent these threats, targeted organized provision of protection economic security region. Justification for the dependence is given economic security region on the ability of regional authorities to create effective mechanisms to ensure competitiveness economy of the region, socio-economic stability and sustainable development of the territory as a relatively independent structure, organically integrated into the economy of the Russian Federation. Competitiveness region is considered only as a factor economic security region and the country as a whole and, being an economic category, can itself be considered as a system, as well as part of the system economic security region.

Economic safety and competitiveness of THE region as the major component of economic safety of Russia

The article considers the issues of the economic security and competitiveness of the region as an important component of the economic security of Russia. It is proven that the essence of economic security of the region as an economic category is revealed through a system of interconnected elements, such as regional interests, identify the threats of economic safety in the region, the assessment of threats by various criteria and indicators that define their threshold values and their comparison with actual performance. Moreover, it is necessary to determine the so-called "corridor", denoting a safe zone, the formation of economic policy in the region and to develop effective mechanisms to prevent these threats, targeted organized protection of the economic security of the region. We give a justification according to the economic security of the region on the ability of regional authorities to establish effective mechanisms to ensure the competitiveness of the regional economy, socio-economic stability and sustainable development of the territory as relatively independent structures, organically integrated into the economy of the Russian Federation. The competitiveness of the region is considered only as a factor of economic security of the region and the country as a whole and, as an economic category, may itself be considered as a system and as part of a system of economic security of the region. The article proves that the competitiveness of the region should be considered as a system consisting of such elements as competitive potential of the region, the factors and conditions shaping the competitive environment, resource use efficiency, competitive advantage, competitive strategy business entities state and market mechanisms to manage the economic potential of the region to better meet human needs. The analysis of the factors ensuring the competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the region on the world market and the problems of its socio-economic development was made; great attention was paid to the analysis of the socioeconomic potential of the Krasnodar region, the strengthening of its economic security

Text of scientific work on the topic “Economic security and competitiveness of the region as the most important component of Russia’s economic security”

ECONOMIC SECURITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION AS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC SECURITY

Makhanko Galina Valentinovna

Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Economics and

SPIN code: 4229-4773 [email protected]

Kuban State Agrarian University. Krasnodar, Kalinin street 13.

The article discusses issues of economic security and competitiveness of the region as the most important component of Russia's economic security. It is substantiated that the essence of the economic security of a region as an economic category is revealed through a system of interrelated elements, such as regional interests, identification of threats to the region’s economic security, assessment of threats according to various criteria and indicators, determination of their threshold values and their comparison with actual indicators. Moreover, it is necessary to define a so-called “corridor” designating a safe zone. formation of the economic policy of the region and the development of effective mechanisms to prevent these threats, targeted, organized protection of the economic security of the region. A justification is given for the dependence of the economic security of the region on the ability of the regional authorities to create effective mechanisms to ensure the competitiveness of the regional economy, socio-economic stability and sustainable development of the territory as a relatively independent structure, organically integrated into the economy of the Russian Federation. The competitiveness of the region is considered only as a factor in the economic security of the region and the country as a whole and, being an economic category, can itself be considered as a system, as well as part of the economic security system of the region.

The article substantiates that the competitiveness of a region should be considered as a system consisting of such elements as the competitive potential of the region, factors and conditions for the formation of a competitive environment, efficient use of resources, competitive advantages, competitive strategies of business entities, state and market mechanisms for managing the economic potential of the region for better satisfaction of human needs. Conducted

ECONOMIC SAFETY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC SAFETY OF RUSSIA

Makhanko Galina Valentinovna Dr.Sci.Econ., associate professor, the Chair of economics and foreign trade SPIN-ID: 4229-4773 [email protected]

Kuban state agrarian University, Krasnodar, Russia

The analysis of the factors ensuring the competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the region on the world market and the problems of its socio-economic development was made; great attention was paid to the analysis of the socio-economic potential of the Krasnodar region, the strengthening of its economic security

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analysis of factors ensuring the competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the region in the world market, as well as the problems of its socio-economic development, with much attention paid to the analysis of the socio-economic potential of the Krasnodar Territory, strengthening its economic security

Keywords:

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS, COMPETITIVENESS, ECONOMIC SECURITY, ECONOMIC THREATS

Keywords: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INVESTMENT APPEAL, COMPETITIVENESS, ECONOMIC SAFETY, ECONOMIC THREATS

The basis of the economic security of the region as a category, first of all, reflects regional interests, including: ensuring and maintaining a decent standard of living for the population, rational use of the existing economic potential, implementation of an independent regional

socio-economic policy of the region, balance and

integration into the country's financial system. In addition, one should take into account the need to protect them from various types of internal (arising within the region) and external (from the ongoing economic policy of the state, administrations of other regions, foreign states) threats while maintaining a balance with national interests.

The economic security of the region is a component of the economic security of the country, because The region, being an integral socio-economic entity, is at the same time part of the economic system of the state. That is why it is so necessary to maintain a balance of regional and national interests. Each region, while experiencing a strong influence of all-Russian socio-economic trends, still has its own specific security problems, which are determined by the characteristics of the region itself, for example, its geopolitical position, climatic conditions, availability of natural resources, the structure of economic sectors, and the national composition of the population. Regions have the right to decide independently

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issues of development and use of natural resources, development of trade, services, regional infrastructure, maintaining law and order. But at the same time, it is necessary to maintain a single economic space of the country, ensuring the free movement of goods, raw materials, labor resources, and capital.

The state regional policy of Russia is designed to resolve the contradiction between the need, on the one hand, to intensify integration processes aimed at strengthening the Russian

statehood and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, and, on the other hand, localize and prevent various regional conflicts to ensure the security of the country as a whole.

The essence of the economic security of a region as an economic category can be revealed through a system of interconnected elements.

The development of the region's economy is determined, on the one hand, by its own economic potential, and on the other hand, by the ability of regional government institutions to create effective mechanisms for managing this potential and its increase while maintaining a balance of regional and federal interests. The less developed is its own regional economic potential to ensure economic security, the more dependent the region is on external resources and the process of effective economic interaction with other regions within the federal state.

The region's economic security system includes the following elements:

1. Regional interests.

2. Identification of threats to the regional energy security.

3. Assessment of threats according to various criteria and indicators:

Socio-demographic indicators characterizing the level and quality of life of the region’s population;

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Economic, characterizing the ability of the region’s economy to function under conditions of expanded reproduction;

Indicators characterizing the food situation

provision of the region;

Investment indicators;

Financial indicators characterizing the stability of the region’s financial system;

Indicators characterizing the effectiveness of institutional reforms and the degree of controllability of the economy.

4. Determination of their threshold values and their comparison with actual indicators. Moreover, it is necessary to define a so-called “corridor” designating a safe zone.

5. Formation of economic policy in the region and development of effective mechanisms to prevent these threats.

6. Purposeful, organized protection of the economic security of the region. Selecting the optimal management solution to ensure the economic security of the region while maintaining a balance with national interests.[ 1. 2]

Thus, the economic security of the region is not so much the state of protection of regional interests, but the ability of the regional authorities to create effective mechanisms to ensure the competitiveness of the regional economy, socio-economic

stability and sustainability of the development of the territory as a relatively independent structure, organically integrated into the economy of the Russian Federation. The competitiveness of the region, thus, is considered only as a factor in the economic security of the region and the country as a whole and, being an economic category, can itself be considered as a system, as well as as part of the economic security system of the region.

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Russia's competitiveness can only be ensured through the creation of competition between regions. Thus, issues of regional economic development and regional competitiveness have become one of the most important issues for the Russian Federation today.

Regions of Russia at this stage of economic development, being subjects of management, directly implement the goals and objectives set for society. Therefore, a region that is capable of achieving the main target - sustainable socio-economic development while ensuring a high quality of life for its population can be called competitive.

The competitiveness of a region is determined primarily by the competitiveness of firms and enterprises located on its territory, and their success in competition depends on the created socio-economic conditions that characterize the state of the competitive environment. Creating conditions for the development of competitive relations within the region and the country as a whole is one of the main regional and national priorities of any country, the most important function of state regulation of the economy.

The competitiveness of a region reflects, first of all, the ability of local producers to be most productive, i.e. with sufficiently high productivity, to use the available economic potential of the region. It is important, in our opinion, to understand that a region does not need to have rich natural and economic resources to be competitive.

The competitiveness of a region can be considered as a system consisting of such elements as the competitive potential of the region, factors and conditions for the formation of a competitive environment, efficient use of resources, competitive advantages, competitive strategies of businesses

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subjects, state and market mechanisms for managing the economic potential of the region to better meet human needs.

Of particular interest is the question of the competitiveness of the Krasnodar Territory, a region that today is of increased interest both within the country and abroad. Thus, Vladimir Putin noted at one of the video conferences that Kuban is one of the country’s supporting regions. “Today we have formed a core of strong regions. These are Tatarstan, Krasnodar Territory, Tyumen, Belgorod Region...,” said the head

government

Foreign countries also show their attention to the region, which is due to the presence of a certain potential in the region; especially noteworthy is the interest associated with hosting a world-scale event - the Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014.

Regional competition is accompanied by concentration and centralization of production and capital in the most promising areas for market development. It strengthens the power of big capital and generates incentives for the development of production of goods needed by the population. In this regard, it should be noted that the Krasnodar Territory is among the top three in the “Best Regions for Business” rating according to Forbes magazine (see Table 1)

Table 1 - Best regions for business

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Region name

Republic of Tatarstan 3 800 1 13 4 6 2 1

Sverdlovsk region 4 300 5 5 3 3 20 7

Krasnodar region 5 200 4 14 1 8 3 5

The subject of competition between the subjects of the Federation can be state programs and projects related to the location and territorial organization of the economy, as well as the solution of social problems. Here Kuban occupies a worthy place within the framework of the implementation of national projects and federal programs. In addition, regional programs are being successfully implemented in the region, among which special mention should be made of the pilot, but already proven project to provide the population with housing - “People's Mortgage”. All this significantly elevates the region above other regions of the Russian Federation and ensures its competitiveness.

The competitiveness of a region also refers to the presence and implementation of the competitive potential of a given region. At the same time, the competitive potential is multifaceted and is formed as diverse characteristics of the region’s ability to participate in competitive relations, both between regions and in national competitive relations,

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interacting with other countries of the world.

The competitiveness of a region in the above sense of the word is described by such characteristics as the competitive advantages of the region in a variety of spheres and sectors of the economy and social sphere, the conditions of existence of the region (climate, geographical location), the presence of natural resources, and the intellectual level of development of the population.

The basis of the productive forces of the Krasnodar Territory is the industrial, construction, fuel and energy complexes, the field of information and communication technologies, as well as the agro-industrial, transport, resort, recreational and tourist complexes.

The last three areas of activity (agro-industrial, transport, sanatorium-resort and tourist complexes) correspond to the priorities of the socio-economic development of Russia and determine the special status of the Krasnodar Territory in the country's economy.

The dynamic development of the agro-industrial complex of the Krasnodar Territory ensures the country’s food security:

The region has the richest resources of agricultural land, including black soil, the area of which is 4,805 thousand hectares (this is more than 4 percent of Russian and about 2 percent of world reserves);

The region ranks first among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of production of grain, sugar beets, fruits and berries, second in the production of sunflower seeds and honey;

The region ranks second among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the production of eggs, livestock and poultry meat (in live weight), and third place in the production of milk.

Krasnodar region is one of the most economically developed and infrastructurally equipped in Russia.

The economy of the region is based on favorable natural and climatic conditions.

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conditions and large population. The Sea of Azov and the rivers of the region are rich in fish. The Black Sea coast of the region is an almost continuous chain of resorts, among which the city of Sochi stands out. Mineral resources include deposits of non-metallic building materials, as well as small reserves of oil and gas.

It is impossible to fully characterize the competitiveness of a region without neglecting the most important socio-economic indicators. In this regard, it should be noted:

In agriculture, at the end of 2013, a high result was obtained - more than 258 billion rubles of gross output, or 106.9% by 2012. The main positive impact on the results of the industry was the increase in yields and gross yields of grain and oilseeds.

The region holds a leading position in the country's agriculture: the region accounts for almost half of all agricultural products in the Southern Federal District and over 7% in Russia. Due to the increased level of supply of construction organizations with orders and financing, the volume of construction work completed amounted to almost 460 billion rubles with a positive growth by 2012 of 100.2%. High volumes of housing construction have been maintained - 3.9 million square meters. m. In terms of the volume of housing commissioned, the region ranks second in the country (after the Moscow region).

Due to the positive dynamics in the markets for goods and services, due to the growth of incomes and effective demand of the population, the results of 2013 for retail trade turnover are positive - an increase by 5.7% compared to 2012, public catering - by 3.6%, paid services of the population - by 7.5%.

The growth in indicators is due to an increase in cash income and the level of consumer demand of the population, the development of consumer lending, the entry of large Russian operators and representatives of international retail chains into the market, the evolution of trade formats (construction

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modern shopping centers, hypermarkets), the development of modern forms of service, as well as small businesses.

The result of economic development was a further increase in the living standards of the population. The average per capita cash income of the population exceeds the subsistence level by 3.3 times, the average salary exceeded 24 thousand rubles. This is the highest figure in the Southern Federal District (in the Rostov region the average salary is 21.6 thousand rubles, in the Volgograd region - 21.2 thousand rubles, in the Astrakhan region - 22.5 thousand rubles).

The growth rate of real disposable cash income of the population has increased - from 106.4% in 2012 to 109.6% at the end of 2013. The dynamics of real wages is positive - 106% compared to the previous year against the background of 112.5% in 2012. Nominal wages reached 24.3 thousand rubles per month. Due to the stable situation in the regional labor market, registered unemployment indicators remained at the 2012 level and amounted to: the number of unemployed - 18.5 thousand people, the unemployment rate - 0.7% of the economically active population.

The most important factor ensuring the competitiveness of the region is the image of the region, its reputation. The Krasnodar region positions itself as a dynamically developing region of Russia; as a region that has achieved success in increasing capacity in the agricultural, industrial, transport sectors, and construction; a region that occupies a leading position in the rational use of its own capital investments and in attracting foreign partners to cooperation in investment programs;

Throughout 2013, high investment activity was maintained; over 907 billion rubles were invested in the development of the economy and social sphere (an increase compared to the level of 2012 amounted to almost 110 billion rubles). This growth is due to the implementation of a large number of investment projects related not only

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with the Olympics, but also with the development of the agro-industrial sector, transport infrastructure, oil refining, construction industry, woodworking and other industrial sectors. In terms of investment growth rates, the region entered the top twenty regions of Russia, and in terms of the volume of attracted investments it ranks 3rd. The bulk of these investments are in such industries. as transport - 130.5 billion rubles or 30.4% (a significant amount of investment falls on the infrastructure facilities of the Olympics, the repair of highways within the framework of the federal target program “Development of the Russian Transport System (2010-2020)” and the construction of a new gas pipeline system); activities in the field of sports - 88.5 billion rubles or 20.6% (investments in Olympic sports facilities, including budgetary allocations for the implementation of the Program for the construction of Olympic facilities and the development of the city of Sochi as a mountain climatic resort); production of petroleum products - 53.5 billion rubles or 12.4% (investments in the reconstruction of oil refineries).

Between 3% and 6% of investment is in activities such as agriculture, hunting and services in these areas; wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items; health and social service provision; public administration and military security, social insurance; real estate transactions, rental and provision of services; hotels and restaurants; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

For 9 months of 2013, the total volume of foreign investments (including ruble investments converted into US dollars) into the regional economy amounted to 778.7 million US dollars, and increased by 1.3% compared to January-September 2012.

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The bulk of foreign investment was directed into financial activities (26.8%), into the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco (23.2%), into real estate transactions, rental and provision of services (16.1%), in wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items (16%), in the production of machinery and equipment (5.2%), in healthcare and the provision of social services (4.5%). According to operational data for January-November 2013, large organizations spent 502 billion rubles in investments in fixed assets, which is 111.6% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. Almost 90% of all investment injections come from the cities: Krasnodar (247.5 billion rubles with an increase of 8.1% compared to January-November 2012), Sochi (174.9 billion rubles with an increase of 39.1%) and Novorossiysk ( 27 billion rubles with a decrease of 20.2% due to the completion of large investment projects for the reconstruction of a cement plant and oil depot).

In total, according to the municipalities of the region, about 230 large investment projects with a total value of more than 944 billion rubles (with a implementation period until 2025) are in the active stage of implementation. As a result of their implementation, it is planned to create about 36 thousand new jobs, of which over 11 thousand jobs have already been created.

Among the largest investment projects that influence the volume of investments being developed are: the radical reconstruction of the Tuapse Oil Refinery, the modernization of the Afipsky and Ilsky oil refineries, the reconstruction of Tuapsenefteprodukt, the construction of residential complexes in Krasnodar and a multifunctional complex with temporary residence apartments in Sochi, a technological line for the production of cement on the territory of the Pervomaisky cement plant, construction of a greenhouse complex using energy-saving technologies for year-round

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growing cucumbers and tomatoes, construction of the 2nd stage of the Abinsk Electrometallurgical Plant, reconstruction of the bitumen plant, reconstruction and development of the logging and wood processing complex, organization of the production of MDF boards, carpentry and furniture products from MDF on the basis of the production facilities of the Apsheronsk PDK.

In order to promote the region to interregional and international markets, the region is implementing a departmental target program “Formation and promotion of an economically and investment-attractive image of the Krasnodar region outside its borders” in 2012 - 2014.

All this indicates that the region is competitive and investment-attractive both in the Russian and global markets.

However, one cannot help but note the fact that there are a number of problems of socio-economic development in the region. One of them is insufficient

efficiency of commodity producers and, as a consequence, insufficient competitiveness of manufactured products, goods and services. To a certain extent, this concerns the level of services provided in the resort and tourist-recreational complex, but it is also of particular importance for the stability of the situation in the agro-industrial complex of the region. Moreover, Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization may significantly aggravate this problem.

This is due, first of all, to the outflow of qualified personnel from the agro-industrial complex and the loss of technologies and traditions of agricultural production as a result of low wages in agriculture and industrial production.

In the Krasnodar Territory, transport and utility infrastructure is underdeveloped, which seriously hinders the further development of seaports and resorts and negatively affects the mobility of the population, reducing their effective labor activity.

Despite the positive dynamics of the unemployment rate in the region,

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There is a threat of an increase in the demographic burden on workers; in general, a rather difficult situation has developed in the labor market.

A fairly high risk of man-made and environmental problems, a lack of energy resources and the region’s high dependence on energy prices negatively affects the image and attractiveness of the region for living and working. All this contributes to a steady decline in the level of competitiveness of the Krasnodar region.

It must be remembered that the region cannot be competitive in all areas and sectors of the economy, because in order to remain

competitive, it is necessary to develop profitable activities, those areas in which the region has competitive advantages or the potential for their creation and development. Taking this into account, one of the most important, significant and effective ways to increase the competitiveness of the region is to support small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the creation of new enterprises. For this purpose, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of the market, look at the experience of foreign companies in order to find that niche, that field of activity in which the region will have a minimum of competitors due to regional characteristics, for example, geographical, climatic, demographic, etc. In this case, production should be high-tech, innovative, closely connected with organizations involved in scientific activities. This project will certainly be expensive, but given the investment attractiveness and potential of the region, the issue of raising funds, in our opinion, will not be so difficult. The creation of such production facilities in the Krasnodar Territory will contribute to the development of the region, improving the economic situation, solving unemployment problems and, as a consequence, some demographic issues. In this way, organizations and institutions engaged in science will be given the opportunity to develop and compete with each other, steps will be taken

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aimed at creating new jobs, which will partially solve the issue of employment of the population, in particular, graduates of educational institutions. All this will subsequently lead to an increase in the standard of living of the population and an improvement in the attractiveness of the region for living and working and, as a consequence, to its economic security.

Thus, in the market space of the country, the influx of capital into a particular region is determined by the competitive capabilities of the region and the prospects for their expansion. Entrepreneurial capital flows into those areas and areas of activity where competitive production can be located and profitable businesses can be organized. Each region is called upon to assess its competitive position in order to help attract the region to the implementation of programs for the location and territorial organization of productive forces and help strengthen its economic security.

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3. Kavun E., “Putin called Kuban one of the strongest regions of Russia,” article, 01/11/2012 // Internet access mode: ;

4. Mikryukova N.N., Tyukhteneva R.T.., “Competitiveness of the region: factors and assessment methods”, article, 01/20/2012 // Internet access mode;

5. Ministry of Economy of the Krasnodar Territory, “On the results of the socio-economic development of the Krasnodar Territory in 2013 11/14/2013 // Internet access mode: ;

6. Forbes, “Best regions for business”, article, 05/30/2013 // Internet access mode: .

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