Generalized characteristics of foreign Asia. Lesson summary on geography "foreign Asia" Characteristics of the population and economy of foreign Asia

Detailed solution to Topic 7 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Draw a mental map of foreign Asian countries. Using the “calling card” of countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their forms of government. Based on knowledge from history courses, explain why no other part of the world has preserved as many absolute monarchies as in overseas Asia. Draw republics and monarchies on an outline map. Label the federal states on it. Also use the table. 2 "Appendices".

Asia has the largest number of absolute monarchies. This can be explained by social factors: the population of these regions professes Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism, etc. In these religions, following traditions is revered.

Task 2. Using table. 1 in the “Appendices”, draw on a contour map the countries of foreign Asia that gained political independence after World War II. Enter the dates of independence and compare the countries of the four subregions according to them.

Task 3. Based on the text of the textbook, a physical map of foreign Asia, as well as maps of land, water and agroclimatic resources of the world in the atlas and table. 6 in the “Appendices” characterize the natural conditions for the development of agriculture in foreign Asia. Also use the knowledge gained from studying the geography of continents and oceans in 7th grade.

Foreign Asia is a very large region, as a result of which the natural resource prerequisites for the development of agriculture in the region are also very diverse. So the climate of Central Asia in the northeast is temperate, in the south it is subtropical, but everywhere it is sharply continental. The climate of East Asia is characterized by monsoons, and therefore the seasonality of moisture is pronounced. South and Southeast Asia are located in the subequatorial climate zone with a pronounced monsoon circulation. In summer, high temperatures (above 28 degrees Celsius) and large amounts of precipitation are observed over the entire territory. The maximum amount of precipitation is typical for the foothills of the Himalayas. South-West Asia is located in a subtropical and tropical climate, and therefore the climatic conditions are characterized by pronounced aridity. Most of the territory is desert.

However, for most countries in the region as a whole there are two main problems:

The problem of lack of land resources (The presence of large mountain ranges, desert and semi-desert spaces has a strong impact on the structure of the land fund, limiting the share of agricultural, and especially arable land in it);

The problem of water supply (moisture resources are distributed extremely unevenly in foreign Asia. If in areas of monsoon climate irrigation is used only in winter, then in the arid tropics and subtropics of South-West Asia it is necessary throughout the year).

In a significant part of the region, natural conditions (deserts, highlands) do not allow people to engage in agriculture and forestry at all.

Task 4. Using the map of the peoples of the world in the atlas, determine which main language families the population of East, Southeast, South and South-West Asia belongs to. Name the largest nations representing individual families.

East Asia: Sino-Tibetan language family, the largest people are the Chinese;

Southeast Asia: Tai-Kadai languages, languages ​​of the Austroasiatic and Austronesian families,

South Asia: Dravidian languages ​​(common in India)

South-West Asia: languages ​​of the Indo-European family.

Task 5. Complete the characteristics of the population of foreign Asia with figures and facts contained in Figures 14, 15 and in tables 2-4 of the textbook, as well as in the atlas maps and in tables 14-16 of the “Appendices”.

In terms of population, Foreign Asia ranks first among all regions of the world: its share in the world population reaches 60%. This is explained by the fact that most countries in the region are still at the second stage of the demographic transition, i.e. at the stage of the demographic explosion, although in the 90s. XX century he was clearly on the decline. This region contains the largest agglomerations in the world. Thus, in the list of the largest agglomerations in the world, the first 7 lines are occupied by Asian cities (each with a population of more than 20 million people).

Task 6. Using Fig. 15, tab. 16 in the “Appendices” and additional sources of information, make a table in your notebook “The level of urbanization in foreign Asian countries” highlighting low-, medium-, highly urbanized and very highly urbanized countries.

Task 7. According to the economic map of South-West Asia in the atlas and fig. 59 of the textbook, characterize the location of the oil industry in this subregion. Name the main oil fields, oil refining centers, oil pipelines, seaports through which oil is exported.

South-West Asia is the leading region in the world in terms of oil reserves and production. The record holder for oil production is Saudi Arabia; the top ten world leaders also include the following countries in this region: Iraq, Iran, UAE, Kuwait. The largest oil fields on land are Al-Ghawar (Saudi Arabia), on the sea - Safaniya-Khafji (Saudi Arabia), Greater Burgan (Kuwait), Rumaila and North Rumaila (Iraq). Saudi Arabia's largest oil refining centers are located in Ras Tanura on the Persian Gulf coast. Also powerful refineries are located in Yanbu, Al-Jubail, Riyadh and Jeddah.

The largest oil pipelines include:

The 600 km long South Iranian oil pipeline has been laid to the Persian Gulf;

The Kirkuk-Ceyhan oil pipeline is a 970-kilometer oil pipeline, the largest oil pipeline in Iraq, connecting the Kirkuk field (Iraq) with the oil loading port in Ceyhan (Turkey);

The East Arabian Oil Pipeline, 1,620 km long, supplies hydrocarbons to the coast of the Persian Gulf.

Task 8. Using the map of China in the atlas, determine with which states this country has land borders. Compare it with Russia in terms of the number of neighboring countries.

China has land borders with Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, and North Korea. Thus, China neighbors 14 countries, the same number as Russia.

Task 9. Using the text of the textbook, the “business card” on its flyleaf, the textbook’s drawings, tables in the “Appendices” and atlas maps, characterize the population of China. State the main facts and draw conclusions. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the population of a country (region) on p. 283.

Task 10. Using atlas maps, give examples of the largest industrial centers representing the main industries of China. Plot these centers on the contour map.

Task 11. Using the agroclimatic map of the world and the economic map of Central and East Asia in the atlas, determine: 1) within which agroclimatic zones the territory of China is located; 2) what agricultural crops are typical for it; 3) where are the main areas of their cultivation. Indicate how China's agricultural specialization changes as it moves from North to South; from West to East.

Answer: 1 - China is located within three climatic zones: temperate, subtropical and subequatorial. In connection with this, China has a huge variety of agroclimatic resources.

2 and 3 - The northern half of China is occupied by the so-called “yellow China”, with a predominance of wheat, kaoliang, corn, millet, and radishes. The southern half of China is occupied by “green China,” whose specialization is determined primarily by rice crops. In the northwest, in “dry China,” the predominant type of economy is extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding. In the southwest, in “cold China” (Tibet), agriculture is poorly developed. (Change specialization from north to south)

Industrial crops occupy about 1/6 of the sown area. China ranks first in the world in cotton harvesting; jute, hemp, and kenaf are also grown. Important sugar crops are sugar cane and sugar beets. The main oilseed crops in China are soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, and sesame. China ranks second in the world in tea production and tobacco cultivation.

Task 12. Draw on a contour map the main areas of rice, wheat and tea cultivation in China. Explain their placement.

The cultivation of these crops depends on the natural conditions of the region. Since rice is a heat-loving crop that requires heat and moisture, its cultivation gravitates to the zone of variable-humid (monsoon forests) and is located in the southeast of China. Wheat is not as demanding as rice, so its growing area is shifted to northern China. Tea cultivation gravitates to mountainous areas with tropical and subtropical climates, which is why in China tea plantations are located in the south and southeast of China, where there are appropriate terrain and climate conditions.

Task 13. Using additional sources of information, select new material about the development of trade and financial relations between China and Russia.

Russian-Chinese interaction is characterized by a wide range of areas of cooperation, including intensive contacts at the highest level, trade, economic and humanitarian ties, as well as cooperation in the international arena. In recent years, trade and economic relations between China and Russia have seen an increase in the growth rate of trade turnover and an expansion of investment cooperation. Chinese exports to Russia are dominated by manufactured goods, and there is also an increase in the share of high-tech products: mechanical products, chemical products, clothing and textiles. Major investment projects being implemented by Russian companies in China include the creation of a joint venture for the development and production of construction plastics and alloys. Another of the most important joint projects is the construction of an oil refinery in Tianjin.

Task 14. Using the textbook text, fig. 60 and atlas maps, give a comparative description of the three economic zones of China.

In order to improve territorial planning in the 1980s. In China, three economic zones were identified: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern (coastal) zone is economically the most developed. Most industrial centers and hubs, many agricultural areas, transport routes, and all seaports are located here. The largest cities are also located here. The Central zone is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products, and food. In the West, preference is given to livestock farming and processing of mineral raw materials.

Task 15. Imagine that you are a tour guide and you are tasked with giving a tour of the center of Beijing. Using the text of the textbook, the map of Beijing in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare material for such an excursion and “carry out” it with your comrades.

Beijing, the capital of China, is the political, educational, cultural center of the country, and is the main railway and air transport hub. The central historical part of the city has retained its traditional rectilinear layout. There are many historical and cultural attractions here. The central part of Beijing includes the Inner (Forbidden) City with former imperial palaces, with many other buildings, some of which have been turned into museums. South of the main street of Changanjie (Street of Long Peace) and the central Tiananmen Square (Square of Heavenly Peace) is the Outer City - industrial, trade, craft and residential districts. Tiananmen Square is considered the largest in the world; it can simultaneously accommodate 2 million people. The Inner and Outer City together form Old Beijing. And beyond their borders a New Beijing grew.

Task 16. Using the textbook text and fig. 62 describe the structure of Japan's exports and imports. Using the figures from Topic 5, characterize the main import flows of fuel and raw materials into Japan.

An important feature of the Japanese economy is its extremely strong involvement in international economic relations. Japan's imports are primarily focused on the import of energy resources and raw materials (oil, gas, coal), since the country is poorly supplied with minerals. The import structure also includes food products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, and textiles. Japan exports mainly goods from the engineering and chemical industries, cars, steel and complex microcircuits used in high-precision instruments.

Task 17. Using the textbook text and figures 67 and 68, characterize the Pacific belt of Japan. Using the economic map of Japan in the atlas, specify the following provisions of the textbook: 1) “The majority of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, metallurgical, oil refining and chemical plants, and machine-building plants are located here”; 2) “Within its borders there are many main areas of intensive agriculture, and the main transport routes, and the most important ports.”

The Pacific belt stretches in a narrow strip (15-65 km) along the coastal lowlands, primarily on the island of Honshu. This belt is the socio-economic core of the country.

Here are the main industrial areas of Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kitakyushu, most thermal power plants (Kawagoe, Higashi, Kashima, Hekinan), most nuclear power plants (Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, Fukushima and Fukushima-1, Ohi), metallurgical plants (the largest plant is located in Fukuyama) , oil refineries and chemical plants (in Tomakomai, the Fuji Oil refinery in Sodegaura, etc.), engineering plants that focus on imported raw materials and fuel and the export of their products. Also in this region are many of the main areas of intensive agriculture, and the main transport routes (the Shinkansen high-speed railway), and the most important ports of the country (the port of Kobe, Nagoya, Osaka, Shimizu, Yokohama ).

Task 18. A typical tourist route in Japan includes Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, and Hiroshima. But it does not give a complete picture of this country. Using the text and pictures in the textbook, as well as additional sources of information, create a route that would show both “faces” of Japan.

This route passes through the Pacific belt of Japan, which is also called the “front” part of Japan. To get a more complete acquaintance with the country, you can visit the “rear” part of Japan (the so-called peripheral zone). It includes primarily the mountainous forest areas of the island of Honshu, where timber harvesting, livestock farming, mining, and hydropower prevail. You can start your journey from Fr. Kyushu, which is considered the most international region of Japan, can be extended across the island. Honshu (the cities of Fukui, Toyama, Niigata, Akita) and then continue along the island. Hokkaido.

Task 19. Using the textbook text, fig. 69, tables 14, 15, 16 in the “Appendices” and a map of the peoples of India in the atlas, give a description of the population of India. Name the main peoples and indicate which language families they belong to. Name millionaire cities. Calculate the average population density for 1951, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011. Compare the data obtained and explain what they indicate.

In terms of population, India is the second country in the world after China. Analysis of population censuses indicates a very rapid rate of population reproduction. The ethnic composition of India's population is diverse; several hundred ethnic groups and tribes living on its territory speak different languages. The official language is Hindi - the language of the Hindustanis, the largest of the Indian nations. English is also used as a language of international communication, especially in cities. In addition, each state has its own most common language. 80% of the residents profess Hinduism and about 14% are Muslim.

In India there are 9 cities with a population of more than 1 million people (millionaire cities), 2 of them have a population of more than 10 million people - Delhi (16 million people), Mumbai (12 million people).

The area of ​​India is 3,287,263 km2.

The data obtained on the growth of average population density indicates the growth of the population of India, especially during 1980-2011.

Task 20. Using the economic map of India in the atlas, identify its main manufacturing centers.

For a long time, India was a country with a predominance of light and food industries. The main branch of light industry is textile, which is represented in all regions of the country. Today, the industrial structure includes mechanical engineering (located in all regions of the country), ferrous metallurgy (it uses its own iron ore, the main production of ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in the east of the country - Rourkela, Jamshedpur) and non-ferrous metallurgy (also in the east of the country – Korba city, Bhilai city). The main centers of manufacturing industry in India are the following cities: Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras. Industries such as bicycle assembly, household appliances, paper, fertilizers and cement are also developed. Electronics is actively developing.

Task 21. Using the textbook text, the physical map of Asia and the economic map of South and Southeast Asia in the atlas, describe Indian agriculture. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the country's (region's) agriculture on p. 283.

Task 22. Using the map in the atlas, plot on the contour map the areas of cultivation of rice, wheat, millet, cotton, jute, sugar cane, and tea. Determine which areas (types) of agriculture from foreign Asia are represented in India.

Task 23. Using additional sources of information, prepare an oral report on the topic “UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.”

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India includes 35 items: 27 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 7 sites - according to natural criteria, 1 site - according to cultural and natural criteria. Here are just a few of them: Ajanta Caves, Taj Mahal, Rani ki Vav Well, Mahabodhi Temple, Qutb Minar, Pattadakal Monuments, Khajuraho Monuments, etc.

Mahabodhi Temple is a famous Buddhist temple in the state of Bihar, located in the place where Gautama Sidhartha achieved enlightenment and became Buddha. The temple complex also includes the holy Bodhi tree. This tree was grown from the seed of the tree under which Buddha found enlightenment.

Task 24. Carefully look through the text and pictures of Part I of the textbook and select from them everything related to Australia. Use the atlas maps for Australia and the tables in the Appendix. Based on these materials, complete the brief socio-economic description of this country given in the textbook.

Australia is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent (with adjacent islands). Australia's population is 22 million people, of which only 2.3% are indigenous people of the mainland (Aborigines). Thus, the majority of the country's population are descendants of immigrants from Europe and modern immigrants. The average population density of Australia is less than 3 people. per 1 km2. But the population is distributed extremely unevenly, with the majority of the population concentrated on the east and south coasts of Australia, while the central regions of the country are practically uninhabited. The country's urbanization level is 86%. On the international market, Australia specializes in the supply of mining products. The country is among the top three countries in the production of coal, iron ore, bauxite, uranium, gold, and diamonds. Its share in their exports is even higher: it is here that many of the main sea “bridges” begin - bauxite, iron ore, coal, which lead mainly to the countries of Asia and Europe. Australia also stands out in terms of agricultural production. Australia ranks second in the world in the number of sheep, and as a result in the production and export of wool. It plays a prominent role in world production and world trade in wheat, meat, sugar, fruits, and wine.

Task 25.

25.1. Make a logical summary of one of the paragraphs of topic 7.

Outline for paragraph No. 3 “We are exploring Japan”

The abstract should cover the following questions:

Characteristics of the territory (territory and borders, neighboring countries);

Characteristics of the population (total number, density, type of reproduction, age and sex structure of the population, ethnic and religious composition, population distribution, level of urbanization, features of internal and external migration, largest cities);

Characteristics of the farm (general provisions);

Characteristics of industry (level of development of industries, prerequisites for their development, territorial location);

Characteristics of agriculture (description of agro-climatic resources, main agricultural crops, regions of their cultivation);

Characteristics of the transport network (level of development, density of the transport network, maritime transport);

Description of the structure of export and import.

25.2. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, make a map diagram “The most important products supplied by foreign Asian countries to the world market.” Show with arrows the exports of mining, manufacturing and agricultural products.

25.3. Select one of the foreign Asian countries you would like to visit. Find interesting material about this country. Describe it as if from personal impressions.

Visit Nepal. Nepal is the highest mountainous country, with more than half of the territory located at an altitude of more than 3000 m above sea level. On the border of Nepal and China is the highest mountain on Earth - Everest. The capital of the state is the city of Kathmandu. It is a large city with narrow houses and unusual architecture. Among the city's attractions, the Boudhanath temple complex stands out especially clearly. This Buddhist temple on the outskirts of Kathmandu is the holiest site in the city and the main center of Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal.

The main attraction is Durbar Square (Palace Square), which brings together a complex of palaces, Buddhist and Hindu temples. This site is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Another site included in this list is the Royal Chitwan National Park. It is located 200 km from Kathmandu and is the first national park of Nepal. The park is one of the few places in the world where wild animals can be observed in their natural habitat.

25.4. Determine what types of thematic maps in the textbook and atlas you used when studying topic 7.

Answer: In the process of studying the topic, we used maps showing various characteristics of the population (density, religious composition, ethnic composition, urbanization map), industry, agriculture, mineral maps, etc.

Self-control and mutual control block

Try answering:

1. Why, of all the economically developed countries, did the “shift to the sea” of the economy receive the most pronounced expression in Japan? Why did Japan become a pioneer in the construction of supertankers, coal carriers, ore carriers, and car carriers?

Japan is characterized by dependence on imports of mineral raw materials, energy resources, and food products. Since Japan is an island state, the main mode of transport through which goods are imported and exported is sea. Therefore, this country is a leader in the production of large ships for transporting various products.

2. Why is population density greatest in valleys and river deltas in South and Southeast Asia?

This distribution of the population is influenced by a historical fact (the formation of settlements near water), as well as the fact that the main agricultural crop of these regions is rice, which requires a lot of water to grow. Rivers are also an important transport route connecting cities.

3. Why did livestock farming become the main industry in Mongolia?

The territory of Mongolia is characterized by a sharply continental climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters. As a result of the influence of climate, the extending natural zones are steppes and forest-steppes, and deserts also occupy a significant part of the territory. These conditions limit the development of crop production, and therefore livestock farming predominates in the structure of Mongolia's agriculture.

4. Why can the Mekong River be called the “Danube of Asia”?

Since the Mekong River flows through the territory of several states at once and is actively used for navigation and trade between countries.

5. Why in the industrial structure of Japan the extractive industries account for only 0.3%?

The mining industry accounts for only 0.3% of Japan's structure, since the country is poor in mineral resources.

6. Why do they say: “To know India, you have to live in a village”?

Since India has a low level of urbanization, only 32% of the population lives in cities, the rest of the population lives in rural areas.

7. Why are primarily oceanic territories developed in Australia?

Since the central part of the continent is occupied by deserts, unsuitable for life.

Choose the correct answer:

1. The subsoil of the countries of South-West Asia is rich in: oil, natural gas, iron ore, uranium, and non-ferrous metal ores.

Answer: The subsoil of South-West Asia is rich in oil and natural gas.

2. Among the agricultural products of South Asia, the following stand out: rice, bananas, dates, wheat, tea, cotton, wool.

Answer: Rice, wheat, tea.

3. The most economically developed of the four main Japanese islands is: 1) o. Hokkaido; 2) o. Honshu; 3) o. Kyushu; 4) o. Shikoku.

Answer: Honshu Island.

Eliminate incorrect answers:

1. Japan exports: ferrous metals, cars, ships, electronics products, coal, oil, iron ore, timber, livestock products.

Answer: the following types of products must be excluded: ferrous metals, coal, oil, iron ore, timber, livestock products.

2. “Tea landscapes” are typical for: 1) Iran; 2) India; 3) Nepal; 4) Sri Lanka; 5) China; 6) Japan.

Answer: Iran, Nepal, Japan must be excluded.

Can you:

3. Indicate which of the following countries are newly industrialized countries: North Korea, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Iraq?

Answer: Republic of Korea, Singapore.

4. Indicate which of the following capital cities are coastal cities: Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, Tokyo, Seoul, Hanoi, Delhi, Baghdad, Ankara, Beirut?

Answer: Tokyo, Beirut.

5. Name the countries of Southeast Asia that are members of the ASEAN integration group?

Answer: Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines.

6. Indicate which of the following countries is characterized by a particularly large excess of men over the number of women: 1) Turkey; 2) Iran; 3) India; 4) Malaysia; 5) China; 6) Japan?

Answer: India and China.

7. Name five major cities in Australia?

Answer: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide.

Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:

1. The country ranks first in the world in terms of average population density (excluding microstates).

Answer: Bangladesh.

2. The country ranks first in the world in terms of oil reserves.

Answer: Venezuela.

3. The country ranks first in the world in terms of irrigated land area.

Answer: India.

4. A country in Southeast Asia, stretching along the sea coast for 1700 km and specializing in the production of rice, tropical fruits, and coffee.

Answer: Vietnam.

5. A continental country that is part of the Commonwealth.

Answer: Australia.

Lesson:

“General characteristics of Foreign Asia”

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Educational objectives of the lesson:

To prove that the 21st century can be the century of Asia.

Consider the uniqueness of the Asian region, its composition and geopolitical position.

Give an economic assessment of natural resources and natural conditions, show the special role of the natural resource factor in the economic and social development of countries.

Continue to develop the ability to work with maps and tables, draw up a detailed plan of the material being studied during the lesson.

Teaching aids: political map of Asia, map of mineral resources of the world, geographical atlases for grades 10 - 11, a reader on the economic and social geography of the world.

During the classes

Organizing time

Determining students’ readiness for the lesson and taking notes

setting lesson goals and objectives

recording the lesson topic

Learning new material

What associations do you have when you hear the word Asia?

(Slide show, “Asian song by Yuri Vizbor”)

The student's abstract should include the following characteristic features of the countries of Foreign Asia:

1. Distinctive features (appearance) of the countries of Foreign Asia:

Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of humanity, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, and many cultural values.

Territory – 27.7 million. sq.km. (second only to Africa)

Population – 3.75 billion people (exceeds all other regions)

On the political map of Foreign Asia there are more than 40 sovereign states (many of them are among the oldest in the world)

2. Heterogeneity of Asian countries (they are very different)

Conclusion: there is a need to classify them

3. Classification of countries:

a) by area

b) by population

c) according to GP

Question: how countries are classified according to SOEs, give examples of each group of Asian countries.

Archipelagos

Island

Peninsular

With a seaside location

Deep

d) according to the political system.

Practical task: using the “calling card” of the countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system (form of government and administrative-territorial structure).

e) by level of socio-economic development:

ERS (Japan and Israel)

Oil exporters (give examples and show on the map)

NIS (give examples and show on the map)

Teacher's comment: The standard and trigger for their policy of catching up development was the experience of Japan, the Japanese development model. Economists say they have followed Japan like a wedge of cranes or a flock of flying geese.

Key

Least developed (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh)

Others

Socialist (China, Laos, Vietnam, North Korea)

4. Political map of Overseas Asia (press conference)

The heterogeneity of countries and their colonial past aggravates territorial, political and interethnic problems in the region.

Has undergone great changes recently.

Before the Second World War, 90% of its population lived in colonies and semi-colonies.

Currently, almost all countries in the region are sovereign states.

Question : Which countries were the colonies of which Asian countries?

It is very difficult to understand the intricacies of the destinies of Asian countries; only an experienced orientalist can do this, but among us there is a novice orientalist who will try to prove to us why the Asian region plays such an important role in the modern world. We will hold a small press conference, in which we will all be participants.

1st journalist:

Question: why do they say thatXXIcentury could become the century of Asia? What arguments can you give in support of this statement?

Answer: The Asia-Pacific region remains the most dynamic in the world, despite the “Asian crisis” of 1997-1988. According to forecasts for 2020 7 of the 10 leading countries in the world will be Asian by this time. China could become the first country in the world in terms of GDP, pushing aside the United States, Japan will remain third, India will take fourth place, Indonesia will take fifth place, South Korea will take seventh place, and Thailand will take eighth place, if by this time it has not become a real integral part of China.

2nd journalist:

Question : What geopolitical conflicts have already emerged or are emerging in Asia?

Answer: Asia is a gigantic field of modern, and perhaps even more potential, geopolitical conflicts.

Firstly , these are two global “centers of power” - China and Japan, with India becoming the third. Russia's presence and influence remains in the north. In the Asia-Pacific region there is a “triangle” of connections and contradictions: USA – Japan – China.

Secondly , Asia is a junction of civilizations: Confucian, Islamic and Japanese. In the west and north they are adjacent to the Christian one; The “contact” zone here is Türkiye.

Third , the danger of confrontation is aggravated by the fact that three countries in the region possess nuclear weapons. China for 1964-1996. conducted 45 tests, and India and Pakistan conducted them in 1998, after which India announced a moratorium on further explosions.

Fourthly , there are also acute conflicts within the same civilization: the war of the 1980s. between Iran and Iraq, tense relations between the DPRK and South Korea, difficult relations between the PRC and Taiwan.

Fifthly , the “West-non-West” conflict constantly manifests itself, especially in the Middle East: the confrontation between OPEC and oil monopolies, Western support for Israel against the Palestinians and the Arab countries supporting them, the US operation “Desert Storm” in 1991, the war in Iraq, the overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime, the fight against international terrorism - all this makes South-West Asia the epicenter of military confrontation.

Problematic question.

How do you think. Is Russia more of a European or an Asian country in its mentality?

(mentality – way of thinking, worldview, spiritual disposition)

5. EGP

1. The territory of Foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand. km.

2. The borders pass along well-defined natural boundaries (mountains and rivers). In some places, such as the Himalayas, this poses serious obstacles to economic and other ties.

EGP is characterized by three main features:

Firstly. This is a neighborly position that in many ways unites the countries of each of the 5 subregions of Asia

secondly, this is the coastal position of most countries, providing access to the seas of 3 oceans, where the most important world trade routes pass

thirdly, this is the deep position of some countries, which in general is much less advantageous

Exercise: justify these features and give specific examples (working with the textbook, pp. 223-224)

6. Subregions of foreign Asia.

Foreign Asia consists of 5 SUBREGIONS (large parts of regions that have specific features and characteristics within themselves)

Central and East Asia

Southeast Asia

South Asia

Southwest Asia

middle Asia

Work on k/k: identify the boundaries of subregions, the countries included in them, their capitals. In a symbolic way, show the form of government and political-administrative structure.

Problematic question.

Why is a single historical and geographical region divided into 5 parts? Will this division interfere with the creation of a general characteristic of Overseas Asia?

7. Natural conditions and resources

Practical task: Using the atlas maps, page 225 of the textbook, determine what types of agricultural products the countries of Foreign Asia have. (the class is divided into 4 groups, each of which is assigned one of the subregions). The task is performed in the form of compiling a table and looks approximately as follows:

Group 1 – South-West Asia

Asia has 65% of the world's oil reserves. Saudi Arabia alone accounts for 25%. Resource availability is 94 years. The region provides more than 1/3 of world oil exports. Iran, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia rank 2-5 in terms of natural gas reserves

In most countries of the subregion, the composition of the population is characterized by a pronounced “incompleteness”. The only exceptions are Türkiye and Iran.

Group 2 – South Asia

India leads the world in manganese ore reserves

Among the countries of the region, India especially stands out for its wide variety of mineral raw materials. The rest of the countries are resource poor.

Group 3 – Southeast Asia

Indonesia ranks 2nd in the world in terms of tin reserves (after China)

the richest countries in the region in mineral resources are Malaysia and Indonesia, but there is a pronounced “incompleteness”

Group 4 – East and Central Asia

China ranks first in the world in reserves and production of coal, high-quality iron ore, tungsten, tin, and lead.

China is the richest country in mineral resources.

General conclusion:

In general, the region’s mineral resources provide the basis for the development of heavy industry and are highly diverse.

The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores are concentrated on the Chinese and Indian platforms.

Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals are concentrated in mountainous countries.

The main wealth of the region is oil, which largely determines its role in the MGRT. Oil reserves are concentrated in the countries of South-West Asia.

8. Natural resource prerequisites for the development of agriculture.

The natural resource prerequisites for agricultural development are very diverse. However, for most countries there are two main problems:

Firstly, there is the problem of lack of land resources (the presence of large mountain ranges, desert and semi-desert spaces). The low supply of arable land per capita in the countries of the region is only 0.1-0.2 hectares (page 32 of the textbook, Fig. 7).

Secondly, this is the problem of rational use of agroclimatic resources (heat reserves in most of the region ensure plant growth almost all year round, and moisture resources are distributed extremely unevenly). Many countries use artificial irrigation of fields. This is where ¾ of the world's irrigated land is located.

9. Forest resources.

Forest resources are one of the main resources of Foreign Asia. In terms of timber reserves, Asia is second only to America, and Russia accounts for 2/3 of Asia's forest resources.

Exercise: Analyze the text map (page 32 of the textbook) and name the countries that have the maximum size of forested areas.

Exercise: Based on the population indicators on the flyleaf of the textbook, calculate the provision of forest resources per capita of these countries.

Homework:

Page 223-226

Prepare material for presentations of foreign Asian countries.

Compose a crossword puzzle on foreign Asian countries (optional).

1. General characteristics.

Overseas Asia includes 39 countries.

Territory - 27.7 million km 2.

Population – about 4 billion people.

The length from north to south is 7 thousand km. From west to east - more than 10 thousand km.

Share of world population – 60%

Natural increase - 16‰

Average life expectancy is 68 years.

Urbanization – 45%.

Features of the economic and geographical position - 1) neighboring position of the countries; 2) coastal location; 3) the deep situation of some countries.

Subregions: Central Asia, South-West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia.

2. Natural resources.

The region's mineral resources are highly diverse. The main wealth of the region is oil.

Natural conditions for agricultural development are also diverse.

The main problems in agriculture are 1) lack of suitable resources.

2) the problem of rational use of land.

Overseas Asia contains 3/4 of the world's irrigated land.

3. Population.

1st place in terms of population. Most countries in Western Asia are still at stage 2 of the demographic transition.

4. Ethnic and religious composition.

More than 1 thousand peoples. The birthplace of all world religions. Religion has a great influence on the life of society, unlike Western Europe.

Many countries have a complex national and religious composition. (India, Indonesia - more than 150 nations; China, Vietnam - about 60).

Interethnic and religious contradictions exist in India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Indonesia.

The distribution of the population is highly uneven. In Bangladesh, the population density is 1141 people. per km 2. (Russia – 8.36); Singapore – 7326 people. per km 2.; China – 139 people. per km 2; India – 361 people. per km 2. China and India rank 1st and 2nd in the world in terms of the number of urban residents.

5. Economics.

There are 5 economic centers in Western Asia, which are increasingly influencing the world economy. 1). Japan, 2). China, 3) India, 4) Newly industrialized countries/Rep. Korea, Singapore, Taiwan/. (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand), 5) Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf.

6. Agriculture.

The majority of the working population of Western Asia is employed in agriculture. A characteristic feature of the agricultural economy of Western Asia is the combination of commercial and consumer farming. Food crops predominate; the main ones are rice, tea, wheat.

Livestock farming is developed in Central and South-West Asia.

China.

Ranks 1st in terms of population. (1 billion 305 million people).

3 by territory (9.57 million km 2).

From west to east – 5.7 thousand km. From north to south – 3.7 thousand km.

1st place in the world in terms of the length of land borders - 22 thousand km.

23 provinces (including Taiwan). 4 cities under central jurisdiction (Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin). 5 autonomous regions: Xinjiang Uygur, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia - Hui, Guangxi - Zhuang.

The country is in phase 3 of the demographic transition.

The working population is 700 million people.

The vast majority of China's population is Chinese (Han)/eastern part of the country/. 8% are national minorities (60 nations, more than 100 million people).

1st place in the world in terms of the number of citizens. (657 cities) - /according to the UN recommendation, a city - from 20 thousand inhabitants/. 1st place in the world in number of villages (700 thousand).

Farming.

Modern China is a powerful industrial-agrarian country that occupies an important position in the world economy. It is the third center of the world economy. It ranks first in the world in the production of 26 types of industrial and agricultural products./mining of coal, iron ore, tungsten, zinc, smelting of iron, steel, production of mineral fertilizers, chemical fibers, cement, radios, televisions, washing machines, bicycles, footwear, growing grain crops, potatoes, peanuts, fruits, vegetables, oil seeds, cotton, meat, fish and seafood, cigarettes/.

1st place in the world in exports. 2nd place in the world in terms of GDP.

In recent years, electronics, aerospace and other high-tech industries have developed widely. In 2003, China carried out the first launch of a spacecraft with a person on board.

The Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges rank 4th and 5th in the world.

Industry.

Heavy industry is the backbone of China's industry

The basis of China's fuel and energy complex is the coal industry. The main coal mining areas are located in the north of the country. (Datong).

China ranks 4th in oil production - 578 tons per day. The main deposit is Daqing – 1/3 of all production. The process of development of the continental shelf is underway.

4/5 of all electricity is produced at thermal power plants - 84%. Hydroelectric power stations are concentrated along the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. There are 11 nuclear power plants in the country, generating 1.3% of electricity.

China's mechanical engineering industry is distinguished by a wide range of products, from mining equipment to electronics. Mechanical engineering enterprises are concentrated mainly in areas of large cities and ports. The north of China specializes in the production of ferrous metallurgy products (Harbin, Shenyang). Electrical equipment is produced in the south in cities on the ocean coast. China ranks 3rd in the world in ship production.

The production of locally produced cars, as well as the assembly production of global automakers, is growing rapidly.

The chemical industry is distinguished by two groups of production: 1) mineral fertilizers; 2) household chemicals, pharmaceuticals.

The main branch of light industry is textile. China ranks first in textile production.

Agriculture.

Since the mid-80s, food supply has been achieved.

450 million people are employed in agriculture. The main agricultural regions of the country are located in the east. Main crops: rice, wheat, tea. The main areas of cattle breeding (nomadic and semi-nomadic) are the north-west (national regions). In the southwest (Tibet), agriculture is underdeveloped.

China ranks first in fish catching.

Transport.

Length of roads - 3.9 million km / railways - 76.6 thousand km. – of which – 7531 km. – high-speed.

Air transport in China - 980 domestic flights and 130 international routes. The share of river transport is 11% of the total volume of transportation.

Foreign economic relations.

The PRC maintains trade and economic relations with 182 countries.

A characteristic feature of the modern Chinese economy is its dependence on the foreign market. In terms of export volume, China ranks 1st in the world. Export provides 80% of the state's foreign exchange income. Export industries employ about 20 million people. The main trading partners are developed countries - the USA, Japan, Western Europe.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the structure of China's foreign trade. In exports, in addition to China’s traditional coal and textile products, the share of industrial products is growing: machine tools, equipment, consumer electronics, and weapons.

The following agricultural products are exported: vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, cotton.

Import: oil, gas, military equipment, timber, metals, high-tech equipment.

Internal differences between regions.

China is divided into 3 economic zones: 1) Eastern, 2) Central, 3) Western.

The eastern region is the most developed. The majority of industrial centers, main agricultural areas, transport routes, all seaports and major cities (Shanghai, Beijing) are located. There are 5 SEZs (14 cities), high-tech industries are located.

The Central zone is dominated by the fuel and energy complex, chemical production, production of raw materials and semi-finished products, and food.

In the Western zone, livestock farming and mineral processing are developed.

Japan.

The country is an archipelago. 6852 islands. (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku). A constitutional monarchy. Unitary state. Divided into 47 prefectures.

Area – 377.9 thousand km2. Population – 127.3 million people. Population density – 337 people. per km 2. 80% of the population lives on the island of Honshu.

Urbanization – 89%. 1st place in the world in terms of life expectancy.

Japan is a mononational state - 98% Japanese.

The first type of population reproduction is inherent.

2nd economy in the world. 3rd place in the world in terms of GDP.

Japan is poor in mineral resources, being, apparently, the only major country in the world so “deprived” in this regard. The needs of the Japanese economy are almost completely satisfied by importing raw materials and fuel, with the only exception being relatively large reserves of native sulfur and limestone.

Japan's level of self-sufficiency in primary energy was 22%, coal - 3.2%, oil - 0.2 and natural gas - 3.7%.

The branches of the mechanical engineering complex currently produce almost 44% of all industrial products, including 17% in the radio-electronic and electrical industries, 14.5% in transport engineering, 10.5% in general mechanical engineering. Among other industries, the most noticeable are the metallurgical industry (ferrous and non-ferrous) - 7.8%, chemical and food - 7.1% each.

The main feature of the location of industrial enterprises remains their excessive concentration within the Pacific industrial belt.

Japan exports approximately 6 million cars annually.

Japan ranks first in the world in terms of the number of industrial robots used.

In terms of steel consumption, Japan ranks third in the world, after the USA and China. Thus, despite the fact that Japan does not mine iron ore, it is nevertheless one of the world leaders not only in steel consumption, but also in its production.

Japan is a leader in the share of R&D

Japanese agriculture has a pronounced food focus, providing 100% of rice consumption and 65-95% of vegetables and meat and dairy products in the country.

The agricultural sector is heavily subsidized and protected in every possible way, so Japan's harvests are the highest in the world. But we still have to import approximately 60% of food. Japan's agricultural land makes up about 13% of its territory. More than half of these lands are flooded fields used for rice growing.

Japan has one of the world's largest fishing fleets, accounting for almost 15% of the world's catch.

A characteristic feature of Japanese agriculture is the limited land area suitable for farming and animal husbandry.

Japan ranks second in terms of consumption of fish and seafood, second only to Iceland. It is the world leader in the volume of imports of fish and seafood.

The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.

Energy. Despite the fact that Japan is poor in energy resources, it ranked third in the world in electricity production in 1995 (950 billion kWh).

31% of electricity is produced at nuclear power plants. (52 reactors). This is the third indicator in the world after the USA and France.

Japan currently has one of the most developed transport systems in the world.

The total length of railways is 23,670.7 km.

Japan has 1,152,207 km of roads.

Foreign economic relations.

Japan is one of the world's largest trading powers. Its high dependence on external economic relations is determined primarily by the need to import the predominant part of consumed industrial raw materials, fuel, as well as a sufficiently large amount of food. The share of imported oil, iron ore, bauxite, natural rubber, cotton, wool, corn and some other goods reaches almost 100% of their consumption in Japan, wheat and legumes - 90%, natural gas, timber, salt - 70-80%.

Exports currently consist of 75% of mechanical engineering products, including about 1/4 of radio-electronic and electrical goods, 18% of automobiles, and 15% of modern metalworking equipment.

Japan's main export partners were the USA (20.4%), China (15.3%), South Korea (7.6%), Taiwan (6.3%), Hong Kong (5.4%), and in import - China (20.5%), USA (11.6%), Saudi Arabia (5.7%), UAE (5.2%), Australia (5%), South Korea (4.4%) and Indonesia (4.2%).

India.

Peninsular country with a federal structure. (29 states, 6 union territories, 1 capital district).

Area – 3 million 287 thousand km 2. (7th place in the world).

Population – 1 billion 210 million people. (2nd place in the world).

Population density – 364 people. per km 2.

The average age of the population is 25 years.

Average life expectancy is 68 years. (Population growth – 2.3 ‰). (72 in China).

The average literacy rate is 64.8%.

Religious composition - 80% - Hindus, 14% - Muslims, 2.3% - Christians.

India is the most multicultural country in the world.

Economy.

India is one of the key developing countries. In terms of GDP volume – in 4th place. At the same time, it ranks 128th in per capita income ($977 per year), 27% of the population is below the poverty level.

India is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of industrial production.

India is rich in mineral resources. The country has the world's largest iron ore reserves (estimated at 22 billion tons), 25% of world reserves. India exports iron ore mainly to Japan and also to some European countries. It ranks third in the world in terms of manganese ore reserves. (Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country). India accounts for about 4/5 of the world's exports of mica sheets.

India is the world's chromium exporter. It occupies a leading place in reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium and 2nd place in the world in titanium mining.

Coal reserves of all types in India are estimated at 120 billion tons.

India is an oil-producing country, however, India meets about 50% of its needs for oil and petroleum products through imports.

Electric power industry.

Thermal power plants generate 60% of electricity; Hydroelectric power station – 36%; NPP – 4%.

India is a leader among developing countries in the development of the nuclear industry. (14 power units).

Industry.

Industry provides 28% of GDP. India ranks 12th in the world in terms of industrial production.

The traditional industry is textile. Provides up to 20 million jobs, 20% of the value of industrial products and 33% of export earnings.

Currently, the share of light and food industries is declining

Industrialization has led to the fact that the areas adjacent to the ports are turning into the center of heavy industry, displacing the textile industry.

India exported St. 1/3 of all electronics industry products and 70% of computer programs.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking (including the automotive industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronics industry) are developing at an accelerated pace.

The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.

The main industrial centers are Kolkata, Madras, Mumbai, Delhi.

Rural farming.

Agricultural products provide 20% of GDP. 60% of the working population is employed.

India ranks 2nd in the world in terms of agricultural production.

India ranks first in terms of area of ​​irrigated land and in the number of cattle (but in terms of meat consumption it is one of the last places).

The country ranks first in the world in the production of tea, milk and sugar;

India is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, fruits and vegetables.

India also accounts for about 30% of the world spices market, exporting about 120,000 tons per year.

Transport.

Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network.

India ranks 5th in the world in terms of cargo transportation volume.

In domestic transportation, the main role is played by railways, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight transport.

Road transport occupies second place in domestic transportation. The total length of Indian roads is 1970 thousand km.

Foreign economic relations.

India's largest trading partners are the USA, China, Japan, and Great Britain.

Export– fabrics, ready-made garments, jewellery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, iron ore, engineering products and software, tea, coffee.

Import– machinery and equipment, oil, petroleum products, fertilizers, non-ferrous metals (except aluminum), cars, electronics.

Australia.

Country is a continent.

Area – 7 million 786 thousand 850 km 2. (6th).

Population – 23 million 073 thousand. people

Population density is 2.8 people per km 2.

Life expectancy is 80.7 years.

GDP – $919 billion. (12th place).

Economy.

The Australian mainland is rich in a wide variety of minerals, which are widely used in industrial production within the country, providing almost all its needs.

Industry contributes 26.4% of GDP.

The mining industry played an important role in the overall economic development of the country, since mining raw materials were, and still are, one of the main items of Australian export.

In Australia, such new branches of mechanical engineering as the production of aircraft and automobile engines, locomotives, tractors, trucks and cars, electrical equipment, electronic equipment and various complex instruments are developing especially rapidly. Mechanical engineering products largely satisfy the country's needs.

Large metallurgical plants with a full production cycle are located in the east of the country. They use local coal and imported iron ore. Heavy engineering factories, as well as chemical enterprises producing various products (fertilizers for agriculture, etc.) are concentrated in these same cities.

In many large port cities, powerful oil refineries were built, operating on domestically produced and imported oil (Australia mainly meets its needs for petroleum products).

The food industry, both in the past and today, is characterized by an export orientation. A significant part of fully or partially processed agricultural products is sent to other countries.

Agriculture contributes 3% of GDP, but is one of the main sectors of the economy.

The peculiarities of Australian agriculture are that it uses a huge amount of land per employee, and there is also the opportunity for year-round out-stall keeping of livestock for grazing.

Australian agriculture is one of the world leaders in labor productivity.

Australian agriculture exports 60% of all products produced, including 97% of wool, 80% of sugar, 75% of grain, 30-40% of beef and lamb.

One of the most important products of Australian agriculture is wool.

The main grain crop here is wheat. It accounts for 35-40% of the volume of crop production and 18-19% of the total volume of agricultural products.

Australia has been a leader in global wheat exports for many years, second in volume only to the United States and Canada.

Foreign economic relations.

About half of Australia's exports come from agricultural products and more than a quarter from mining products.

Australia exports meat, butter, cheese, wool, wheat, iron ore and concentrates, coal, and some types of machinery and equipment.

In imports, various machinery and capital equipment come first in value (over three-fifths of the total cost); Australia also imports consumer and food products, especially mineral raw materials and semi-finished products (oil and petroleum products, phosphates).

Export partners Japan - 22.2%, China - 14.6%, South Korea - 8.2%.

Import partners China - 15.4%, USA - 12%, Japan - 9.1%.

Topic 7. FOREIGN ASIA. AUSTRALIA

BLOCK OF ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Exercise 1. Using the “calling card” of foreign Asian countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Based on knowledge from history courses, explain why no other part of the world has preserved as many absolute monarchies as in overseas Asia. Draw republics and monarchies on an outline map. Label the federal states on it. Please also use Table 2 of the Appendix.

Additional Using Table 1 in the “Appendices”, plot on the contour map

adjective countries of foreign Asia that gained political independence after

tribute(us- Second World War. Enter the dates of independence and false). compare the countries of the four subregions.

Task 2. Using atlas maps, determine what types of mineral resources the countries of foreign Asia possess. Distribute them among the main countries and draw conclusions about the “completeness” and “incompleteness” of the composition of their mineral resources. Give examples of territorial combinations of these resources. Please also use Tables 3, 4 and 5 in the Appendices.

Task 3. Based on the text of the textbook, the physical map of foreign Asia, as well as maps of land, water and agroclimatic resources of the world in the atlas and table 6 in the “Appendices,” characterize the natural conditions for the development of agriculture in foreign Asia. Apply a standard plan for characterizing natural conditions for the development of agriculture in a country (region) on p. 272. Also use the knowledge gained from studying the geography of continents and oceans in 7th grade.

Task 4. Using the map of the peoples of the world in the atlas, determine which main language families the populations of East, Southeast, South and South-West Asia belong to. Name the largest nations representing individual families.

Task 5. Complete the characteristics of the population of foreign Asia with figures and facts contained in Figures 17, 18 and in Tables 2 and 3 of the textbook, as well as in the atlas maps and in Tables 11-17 of the “Appendices”.

Task 6. Using the economic map of South-West Asia in the atlas and figure 61 in the textbook, characterize the location of the oil industry in this subregion. Name the main oil fields, oil refining centers, oil pipelines, seaports through which oil is exported.

Task 7. Using the map of China in the atlas, determine with which states this country has land borders. Compare it by the number of neighboring countries with Russia.

Task 8. Using the text of the textbook, the “business card” on its flyleaf, the textbook’s drawings, the table in the “Appendices” and the atlas maps, characterize the population of China. State the main facts and draw conclusions. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the population of a country (region) on p. 272.

Additional Using the following toponymic dictionary, “decipher” the names

adjective some provinces of China, indicated in Figure 65: “bei” - north, giving (for"nan" - south, "dong" - east, "si" - west, "shan" - mountain, "yuan" and "ning"

pleasure).- plain, “he” and “jiang” - river, “hu” - lake, “yun” - cloud.

For example: “Hebei” - “north of the river” (Huang He).

Task 9. Using the figures and tables in Part I of the textbook, as well as Table 23 in the Appendices, create a table-diagram for China similar to Figure 59 for Japan.

Task 10. Using atlas maps, give examples of the largest industrial centers representing the main branches of heavy industry in China.

Additional Plot these centers on the contour map. Think about the reasons for them

telny task (complicated). occurrence.

Task 11. Using the agroclimatic map of the world and the economic map of Central and East Asia in the atlas, determine:

1) within which agroclimatic zones is the territory of China located; 2) what agricultural crops are typical for it; 3) where are the main areas of their cultivation. Try to name the main reasons for their specialization.

Additional Draw on a contour map the main areas of rice and wheat cultivation

telialbehindgiving (complicated). and tea in China. Explain their placement.

Task 12. Using the text of the textbook, Figure 65 and atlas maps, give a comparative description of the three economic zones of China.

Additional Imagine that you are a tour guide and you are tasked with conducting

adjective excursion around the center of Beijing. Using the text of the textbook, the plan of Beijing in giving (for atlas and additional sources of information, prepare

pleasure). material for such an excursion and “carry out” it with your friends.

Task 13. Using the text of the textbook, the political map of the world and the economic map of Japan in the atlas, characterize the EGP of Japan. Apply the standard plan for characterizing the EGP of the country (region) on p. 222.

Additional Using the text and pictures of the textbook, as well as atlas maps, give

telialbehind- comparative characteristics of the EGP of Japan and Great Britain; define tribute(mustachefalse). similarities and differences.

Exercise14 . Using the textbook text and Figure 69, characterize the structure of Japan's exports and imports. Using the figures from Topic 5, characterize the main import flows of fuel and raw materials into Japan.

Task 15. Using the text of the textbook and figures 70 and 72, give a general description of the Pacific belt of Japan. Using the economic map of Japan in the atlas, specify the following provisions of the textbook: 1) “The majority of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, metallurgical, oil refining and chemical plants, and machine-building plants are located here”; 2) “Within its borders there are many main areas of intensive agriculture, and the main transport routes, and the most important ports.”

Exercise16 . A typical tourist route in Japan includes Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto,

(creative Hiroshima. But it does not give a complete picture of this country. Using

some!). textbook text and pictures, as well as additional sources of information, create a route that would show both faces of Japan.

Exercise17. Using the text of the textbook, Figure 74, tables 14, 16, 17 in the “Appendices” and the map of the peoples of India in the atlas, characterize the population of India. Name the millionaire cities. Calculate the average population density for 1951, 1981, 1991, and 2001. Compare your findings and explain what they indicate.

Exercise18. Using the textbook text, the physical map of Asia, and the economic map of South and Southeast Asia in the atlas, describe Indian agriculture. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the country's (region's) agriculture on p. 242.

Additional Using the map in the atlas, plot the cultivation areas on the contour map.

telialbehind- production of rice, wheat, millet, cotton, jute, sugar cane, tea. giving (us- Determine which areas (types) of agriculture in foreign Asia

false). presented in India.

Task 19. Carefully review the text and pictures of Part I of the textbook and choose from

(creative They are all related to Australia. Use atlas maps of Australia

skoe!). and "Appendices" tables. Based on these materials, complete the brief socio-economic description of this country given in the textbook.

Task 20. 1. (Work in a notebook.) Make a logical summary of one of the

(final). topic 7 paragraphs.

2. (Work on a contour map.) Using the text and pictures of the textbook, make a map diagram: “The most important products supplied by foreign Asian countries to the world market.” Show with arrows the exports of mining, manufacturing and agricultural products.

3. Select one of the foreign Asian countries that you would like to visit. Find interesting material about this country. Describe it - as if from personal impressions.

4. Determine what types of thematic maps in the textbook and atlas you used when studying topic 7.

5. Using picture 73 of the textbook, describe the drained coastal area of ​​​​the sea in Japan.

Try answering:

1. Why, of all the economically developed countries, did the “shift to the sea” of the economy receive the most pronounced expression in Japan? Why did Japan become a pioneer in the construction of supertankers, coal carriers, ore carriers, and car carriers?

2. Why is population density greatest in valleys and river deltas in South and Southeast Asia?

3. Why did livestock farming become the main industry in Mongolia?

4. Why can the Mekong River be called the “Danube of Asia”?

5. How does the specialization of China's agriculture change as it moves from north to south? from east to west?

6. Why do extractive industries account for only 0.3% of Japan’s industrial structure?

7. Why do they say: “To know India, you have to live in a village”?

8. Why are primarily oceanic territories developed in Australia?

Check if the following statements are correct and, if necessary, give the correct answer:

1. Every fifth inhabitant of the Earth is Chinese.

2. Japan, unlike other Asian countries, is characterized by the first type of population reproduction.

3. South Asia is the most multinational and multilingual region in the world.

4. Japan became a leading industrial power with only one type of resource - labor.

5. Peasants in the monsoon regions of Asia grow wheat and barley.

6. Australia ranks second in the world in sheep population and first in wool production.

Choose the correct answer:

1. The subsoil of the countries of South-West Asia is rich in: oil, natural gas, iron ore, uranium, and non-ferrous metal ores.

2. Among the agricultural products of South Asia, the following stand out: rice, bananas, dates, wheat, tea, cotton, wool.

3. The most economically developed of the four main Japanese islands is: 1) o. Hokkaido, 2) o. Honshu, 3) about. Kyushu, 4) o. Shikoku.

Eliminate incorrect answers:

Japan exports: ferrous metals, automobiles, marine vessels, electronics products, coal, oil, iron ore, timber, livestock products.

Can you:

1.Place the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps on a contour map of the world from memory: Mongolia, North Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Israel?

2. Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on text maps: Shanghai, Osaka, Jakarta, Bangkok, Mumbai, Kabul, Riyadh, Istanbul, Sydney, Melbourne?

3. Indicate which of the following countries are newly industrialized countries: North Korea, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Iraq?

4. Indicate which of the following capital cities are coastal cities: Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, Tokyo, Seoul, Hanoi, Delhi, Baghdad, Ankara, Beirut?

5. Name five major cities in Australia?

1. The country ranks first in the world in terms of average population density (excluding microstates).

2. The country ranks first in the world in terms of oil reserves.

3. The country ranks first in the world in terms of irrigated land area.

4. A continental country that is part of the Commonwealth.

METHODOLOGICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 7

What to remember

1. Political map, peoples and countries of foreign Asia. (Geography, 7th grade.) 2. Features of the physical-geographical position, relief, minerals, climate, waters, soils and vegetation of foreign Asia and Australia, natural areas within their borders. (Geography, 7th grade.) 3. Asian states in ancient times and the Middle Ages. (History, grades 5, 6.) 4. Features of the historical development of China, India and Japan at the end of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries. (History, grades 8, 9.) 5. Materials from Part I of the textbook. 6. Concepts and terms: climatic zones, monsoons, soil erosion, land reclamation, rain-fed farming, reservation.

What you need to know

Leading ideas of topic 7:

1. In recent decades, the role of countries in foreign Asia and the Asia-Pacific region in world politics and economics has been increasing. 2. On the territory of foreign Asia, separate large cultural regions have historically developed.

Main scientific knowledge of topic 7:

1.Characteristic features of the economic and geographical position, geography of natural conditions and resources, population, industry, agriculture, environmental problems of foreign Asia and four subregions. 2. Economic and socio-geographical characteristics of China. 3. Economic and socio-geographical characteristics of Japan. 4. Economic and socio-geographical characteristics of India. 5. Brief overview of Australia. 6. Keywords: 1) interethnic and religious conflict, 2) separatism, 3) eastern (Asian) type of city, 4) megalopolis, 5) “growth pole”.

What you need to know

1. Characterize the natural prerequisites for the development of agriculture in the country (region). 2. Give characteristics of agriculture in the country (region). 3. Give a description of the population of the country (region). 4. Make a logical summary of part of the textbook text. 5. Make maps.

Instructions and plans for mastering independent study skills.

1. Plan for characterizing natural conditions for agriculture in the country (region):

1. Terrain relief conditions and their influence on the location of agriculture. 2. Agroclimatic characteristics of the territory. 3. Soil and plant conditions of the territory. 4. General assessment of the natural prerequisites for the development of agriculture.

2 . Plan for characteristics of agriculture in the country (region):

1. Industry importance and product size. 2. Natural conditions for the development of the industry. 3. Features of agricultural relations. 4. Industry structure, ratio of crop production and livestock production. 5. Geography of crop and livestock production, agricultural areas (zones). 6. The country's dependence on the export and import of agricultural products. 7. General conclusion and prospects for the development of the industry.

3. Plan for characterizing the population of the country (region):

1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy. 2. Age and sex composition of the population, availability of labor resources. 3. National (ethnic) composition of the population. 4. Social class composition of the population. 5. The main features of population distribution, the influence of migration on this distribution. 6. Levels, rates and forms of urbanization, main cities and urban agglomerations. 7. Rural settlement. 8. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.

Topic 8. AFRICA

BJIOK ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

Exercise 1. Using Table 1 in the Appendices, plot the African countries that gained political independence after World War II on an outline map. Indicate the dates of independence and compare the countries of Northern and Tropical Africa in this regard.

Additional Using the “business card” on the flyleaf of the textbook, select the appropriate

telialbehind- warring “pairs” of countries in Africa and foreign Europe, approximately equal in

giving (for pleasure). according to the size of the territory.

Task 2. Using atlas maps and tables 3-5 of the “Appendices”, classify African countries according to the degree of their wealth in mineral resources. Make a table in the following form:

Draw conclusions about the provision of these countries with raw materials and fuel for the development of heavy industry.

Additional Using the same sources, determine the main territorial combinations

adjective mineral. Describe the composition of the fossils in each of them; giving (us- try to connect it with the tectonic structure of the territory. Apply false). combinations of minerals on a contour map.

Task 3. Using Figures 7, 8 and 9, tables 6, 7 and 8 in the “Appendices” and atlas maps, specify and supplement the characteristics of land, water and agroclimatic resources of Africa contained in the text of the textbook.

Task 4. Using Table 3, quantify the urban explosion in Africa. What conclusions can be drawn based on these calculations?

Additional Prepare a summary of the report on the topic: “Population of Africa.” Use

adjective text and pictures of topics 3 and 8 of the textbook, atlas maps, “Appendices” tables, giving (complicated). additional literature.

Task 5. Analyze Figure 77. Using the economic map of Africa in the atlas, indicate specifically which ore, non-metallic minerals, food products and types of agricultural raw materials determine the monocultural specialization of each of the countries indicated on the graph.

Task 6. Using the physical and economic maps of Africa in the atlas, determine: 1) the main areas of the mining industry in Africa and their specialization, 2) the main areas of commercial agriculture and their specialization, 3) trans-African transport routes. Also use the pictures from Topic 5 of the textbook.

Additional Using the atlas maps, make a table in your notebook “Zonal specialization”

adjective zation of export and consumer agricultural crops in

tribute (creative!) Africa" ​​in the following form:

Draw all possible conclusions from the analysis of this table.

Task 7. Using the text from the textbook and the map of Cairo in the atlas, prepare a message

(creative on the topic "Cairo - an Arab city in North Africa." Also use

some!). additional sources of information.

Additional Imagine taking a trip down the Nile from Aswan to

adjective mouth. Describe your journey in a letter to a friend. Try to do giving (for so that a colorful image of this territory appears.

pleasure).

Task 8. What do you think needs to be done to prevent it in the future?

(creative!). repetition of the “Sahel tragedy”? Give a rationale for your “project.”

Additional In his novel Five Weeks in a Balloon, Jules Verne talked about

adjective traveling around Africa in a hot air balloon. "Repeat" the route of this giving (for trips. What countries are they located in and what are they like? pleasure). the areas of Africa described by the writer today?

Final 1. (Work in a notebook.) Compare the countries of Northern, Tropical Africa and

task 9. South Africa according to some indicators characterizing its population and economy. Identify similarities and differences. Present the necessary data in the form of a table.

2. Compare the major extractive industries of North Africa and Southwest Asia. What conclusion can be drawn from this comparison?

3. Compare the main export crops of Tropical Africa and South Asia. What conclusion can be drawn from this comparison?

4. Prepare a small album entitled “Geography of Africa on Postage Stamps” for classroom demonstration.

SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL BLOCK

Answer the questions:

1. Why is the population shift to the coasts of oceans and seas in Africa less pronounced than in foreign Asia?

2. Why is the Congo River not used to export industrial products from the Copper Belt region?

3. Why is Cairo called “the diamond button that fastens the delta”?

4. Why is Senegal called the “peanut republic”?

Are the following statements correct: ^Ш

1. Most African countries achieved independence in the second half of the 20th century.

2. Africa has the highest birth rate and highest death rate in the world.

3. African countries are characterized by high rates of urbanization.

4. Nigeria's main mineral resource is bauxite.

Choose the correct answer:

2. The most important types of mineral resources in North Africa are... (coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, natural gas, phosphorites).

3. The least developed countries in Africa include... (Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Somalia, South Africa).

4. The main export agricultural crops of Tropical Africa are... (wheat, millet, cotton, citrus fruits, peanuts, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sisal).

Can you:

1. Place on a contour map of the world from memory the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps: Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ghana, Congo, Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique, Madagascar?

2. Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on the maps: Cairo, Kinshasa, Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Lagos, Dakar, Luanda, Johannesburg?

3. Explain the meaning of the following concepts and terms: monoculture, subsistence farming, apartheid?

4. Indicate which of the following countries are the main producers and exporters of cocoa: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Angola?

Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:

1. A country located on an island with an area of ​​1,600 thousand km 2.

2. Countries located “inside” the territory of South Africa.

3. A country lying along the middle reaches of the Niger River and without access to the seas.

4. A country whose capital is Nairobi.

5. A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in an area occupying less than 4% of its total area.

Fill in the blanks in the following phrases:

1. The copper belt stretches from Zambia to the southeastern part of ....

2. ... is Africa's largest oil producer and exporter, a member of OPEC.

3. South Africa produces... all of Africa's manufactured products.

METHODOLOGICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 8

What to remember

1. Political map and peoples of Africa. (Geography, 7th grade.) 2. Features of the physical-geographical position, relief, minerals, climate, waters, soils and vegetation of Africa, natural zones within its borders. (Geography, 7th grade.) 3. Ancient Egypt. (History, 5th grade.) 4. The main content of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Africa at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. (History, 8th grade.) 5. Material from Part I of this textbook. 6. Concepts and terms: colony, bantustan, platform, desert, savannah, equatorial forest, kimberlite pipe, national park.

What you need to know

Leading ideas of topic 8.

Transforming the socio-economic structure of Africa requires great efforts on the part of both African peoples and the entire world community.

Main scientific knowledge of topic 8:

1. Characteristic features of the economic and geographical position, geography of natural conditions and resources, population, industry, agriculture, environmental problems of Africa. 2. The concept of monoculture. 3. Image of the territory of North Africa. 4. Image of the territory of Tropical Africa. 5. Brief overview of South Africa. 6. Key words of the topic: 1) colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy, 2) monoculture, 3) Arab type of city.

What you need to know

1. Using a textbook and atlas, independently obtain the necessary knowledge for characterization. 2. Carry out comparative characteristics of industries, regions and cities. 3. Prepare a summary of a report on a given topic.