Accounting for long-term and short-term loans and borrowings. A. Accounting for received short-term loans and borrowings Short-term loans in accounting

Accounting is a procedure within which the registers of the financial services of an enterprise reflect those related to credits and borrowings. What is specific about these records? Through what accounting entries are long-term liabilities and short-term loans and borrowings reflected?

What is the difference between a loan and a loan?

First, let's study some theoretical aspects of accounting for the obligations in question. So, before considering how credits and borrowings are accounted for in accounting, you can study the differences between them. These criteria can be identified by referring to the provisions of Russian civil legislation.

Regarding the loan: in accordance with the agreement, one party, acting as a lender, transfers the possession of funds or other resources to another economic entity - the borrower, and after some time the second returns to the first this property or equivalent.

Loan agreements can be signed by both organizations and individuals. This agreement must be concluded in writing, unless otherwise provided by law.

Any citizen or organization can be a party to a conventional loan agreement. Operations of this type are not licensed and, as a rule, are not limited. In a manner regulated by civil law, a loan can be obtained, for example, from a founder or a partner organization.

In turn, a loan is a loan that can be provided by an organization only in the status of a financial institution, which requires a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The issuance of loans, in turn, is carried out on the basis of the norms not only of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but also others, financial sources rights. However, they must be provided only on the basis of a written agreement. Bank loans are generally considered to be urgent and subject to payment of interest.

An agreement between a financial institution and a borrower in many cases involves securing the loan with an asset, a guarantee, or by concluding a special agreement with an insurance company. Thus, the fundamental ones are that obligations of the first type:

• arise as a result of the organization concluding an agreement with a specialized financial institution with a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation,
• involve transfer by the lender to the borrower in all cases Money;
• arise as a result of the conclusion of a written agreement between the parties to legal relations.

The contract between the lender and the borrower fixes all the main terms of the loan: the amount of the amount transferred from one party to the other, the amount and conditions for calculating interest and penalties.

Object of accounting for loan transactions in accounting

Let us now consider what objects the accounting of credits and borrowings in accounting can relate to. The main ones are considered to be business transactions arising as a result of the enterprise’s execution of an agreement, according to which one entity - the creditor or lender - transfers, as we noted above, into the possession of another - the borrower, funds, while the second undertakes to return the amount taken to the first, and also, if provided for in the agreement, also interest.

In some cases, the subject of the agreement may be a certain material object - real estate or equipment, an intellectual product (for example, software). In rare cases, the borrower is expected to return less than what was taken under the agreement. As a rule, this is possible if the parties to the agreement - central bank states that have adopted a policy of negative interest rates, as well as private financial institutions. In the Russian Federation key rate The Central Bank is now quite high, so loans issued between various market participants almost always involve the payment of interest.

Accounting for loans and borrowings in accounting is carried out in special accounts 66 and 67. The first reflects transactions on short-term loans, the second - on long-term ones. The procedure for appropriate accounting is approved by a separate source of law - PBU 15/2008. Let us study in more detail how these procedures are carried out based on the provisions of the regulatory legislation.

The procedure for accounting for loan transactions in accounting: regulatory regulation

In accordance with the rules of law according to which credits and borrowings must be accounted for in accounting, the amount of obligations of the enterprise, if it acts as a borrower, is reflected in the accounting registers based on the content of the agreement with the lender. Information about the timing of loan repayments must also be disclosed in reporting sources.

Credits and borrowings are classified into 2 types - short-term and long-term, and their accounting is carried out according to the accounts given above. Expenses associated with loans should be reflected in accounting separately from the amounts taken under the loan agreement. These costs are reflected in accounting documents according to the period in which they appeared. They should also be evenly included in the structure of other expenses of the organization.

Using special accounting accounts, amounts that correspond to the principal amount or interest accrued on long-term or short-term loans or credits are formed accounting entries using accounting accounts. Let's consider their specifics.

Accounting for debt obligations: accounts and postings

In general, as we noted above, long-term and short-term loans and credits are reflected in accounts 66 and 67. Analytical accounting of the relevant obligations is carried out based on their assignment to a specific category, as well as separately (each loan is considered as an independent legal relationship).

The principal amount that the company owes is recorded in accounting as part of the accounts payable in the amount that is reflected in the agreement. The company must also record information about lost funds in the form of loans. IN financial statements The timing of repayment of obligations must also be recorded.

Borrowing costs must be taken into account separately from their principal amounts, in a certain billing period and subject to inclusion in the structure of other expenses. It does not matter on what terms the borrowed funds are provided. As part of interest accounting accounting registers Firms use credit entries for accounts such as 66 or 67, as well as those corresponding to those for which specific sources of payments are reflected.

Interest on obligations can be attributed to the costs of purchasing material and production resources if the principal amount of the corresponding funds is directly related to them and invested until the relevant resources are capitalized. If this condition is not met, then interest should be taken into account as part of transaction costs - using account 91.

An appropriate amount of capital can be used to invest in non-current resources. In this case, interest on loans is reflected through the following entries:

• under 08, as well as the credit of the main debt accounts in the event that interest was paid until the moment when the funds were put into operation;
• on the debit of account 91 and the credit of the main accounts, if the corresponding funds were transferred after the fixed assets were accepted for production.

If the loan is not repaid on time or if the interest is paid in arrears, then fines under the loan agreement should be reflected in accounting using a debit entry to account 91.2.

Thus, if amounts are borrowed and used for the purpose of investing in non-current assets, then the accountant records them through the following entries:

• Dt 08, Kt 66 (or 67) in the accounting registers, if interest on loans is transferred to the lender before the moment when fixed assets are put into operation or, for example, assets related to intangibles are registered;
• Dt 91, Kt 66 (or 67), if interest appears after the implementation of the noted transactions.

It is worth noting that if loan payments are made by an enterprise in arrears, then the fines provided for in the agreement are included in the structure of expenses, which are classified as non-operating. In this case, entries are generated for the debit of account 91. However, as soon as the credit or loan is repaid, the corresponding operation in accounting is confirmed by the following entry in the registers: Dt 66 (or 67), Kt 50 (or, for example, 51, 52 or 55).

Obligations repaid on time and those fulfilled later than the deadline established by the contract must be accounted for separately. Accounting for settlements on short-term and long-term loans is carried out, as we already know, also separately. It will be useful to consider the specifics of accounting for each type of transaction.

Accounting for liabilities

Regarding long-term liabilities, there are 2 main methods of accounting for them.

Firstly, you can generate transactions on account 67 before the repayment period of the loan expires. Secondly, it is allowed to reflect transactions on the corresponding account until 365 days remain until the corresponding obligations are repaid.

If the period is shorter, then account 66 should already be used, which, in turn, accounts for short-term loans. How long-term loans are reflected in accounting - according to scheme 1 or 2 - must be approved in accounting policy companies.

Loans through issue: accounting features

Characteristic borrowed money, in question, the following. It is worth noting that the entries used to account for the liabilities in question are the same as in the case of conventional loans and borrowings.

The main feature of reflecting in accounting transactions with borrowed funds arising as a result of the issue is that in the case of putting into circulation valuable papers at a value higher than the nominal value or corresponding to it, then the following transactions should be used:

• Dt 51, Kt 66 or 67 (in amounts corresponding to the nominal value of the issued securities);
• Dt 51, Kt 98 (in amounts reflecting the increase in the value of the issued securities relative to the par value).

In this case, the amount reflected on account 98 should be written off evenly within the period while the securities are being circulated, to account 91.

If securities are placed at a value below par, then the corresponding difference must be accrued evenly within the bond turnover period using the entry Dt 91.1, Kt 66 (or 67).

The company in the section in which the accounting of settlements on loans and borrowings is carried out can record that a decrease in the value of issued securities must first be taken into account in the structure of costs of future periods. If this is so, then to record business transactions in the accounting registers, posting Dt 97, Kt 66 (or 67) will be used.

An increase in the nominal price of a loan relative to the cost of its placement is included in the structure of operating expenses on a monthly basis during the period of circulation of securities using the following entry in the registers: Dt 91.2, Kt 97.

Interest should be accounted for separately from the principal. Reflection of transactions with them within the framework of transactions with bonds is carried out using the entry Dt 91.2 Kt 66, 67.

The company can approve in its accounting policy a rule according to which the accounting for the costs of loans and credits when paying interest on bonds, in turn, will also be included in the structure of deferred costs. In this case, wiring Dt 97, Kt should be used. 66, 67.

The amount of interest on securities, while they are being circulated, forms operating expenses - its component amounts are reflected monthly in the entry Dt 91.2 Kt. 97.

Basic and additional costs of obligations

The costs associated with the use of borrowed funds by an enterprise can be basic or additional. The first includes, first of all, the interest stipulated by the contract. The second most often involves exchange rate differences.

Basic costs must be included in the firm's operating expense structure. In order to correctly account for the loan in this case, the following entries are applied: Dt 91.2, Kt. 66 (or 67).

Additional costs most often include those associated with paying for the services of intermediaries when applying for a loan and consultants. It is also customary to include taxes and fees in the corresponding category of costs. In order to correctly account for a loan or credit according to the appropriate scheme, the following entries are used: Dt 91.2, Kt 60 (or 76).

Accounting for debts when purchasing fixed assets

Certain nuances characterize the accounting of loans and credits issued by an enterprise for the purpose of investing in fixed assets. Exactly how these liabilities are accounted for depends on whether depreciation is charged on the relevant funds. If not, then the costs associated with obtaining a loan are included in the structure of operating expenses.

A specific list of fixed assets for which depreciation should not be charged is recorded in Russian PBUs. Accounting for loans and borrowings, if depreciation is accrued, involves including the corresponding costs in the initial cost of resources related to fixed assets. The appropriate procedure can be applied if:

• the company had costs associated with the acquisition or construction of fixed assets;
• the deadline for transferring interest on the issued loan or credit has arrived;
• the cost of the fixed asset is included in the structure of capital investments.

Another significant criterion is that the OS object must not be put into operation.

In order to take into account loans and credits according to the appropriate scheme, a special accounting account must be used - 08. Using it, the posting Dt 08, Kt 66 (or 67) is generated. But if the noted conditions are not met, then the costs of obligations are taken into account as part of operating costs. In this case, postings Dt 91.2, Kt are used. 66 (or 67).

Accounting for debts when purchasing materials

An enterprise can obtain bank loans or loans from partners if it is necessary to invest also in materials used in production. To account for such business transactions, a posting is used in which interest is included in the structure of the cost of materials: Dt 10, Kt. 66 (or 67).

Note that the interest paid increases the price of materials only if they are accrued before the corresponding resources are posted at the company's warehouse. If they are accrued after capitalization, then interest should be included in the structure of operating expenses. In this case, debit entries are used using account 91.2.

Accounting for bill loans

Let's consider another significant aspect of legal relations involving lenders and borrowers: accounting for loans related to promissory notes. Business transactions, which correspond to them, are reflected through postings:

• Dt 51 (52), Kt 66 (or 67), if we are talking about funds actually accepted;
• Dt 91.2, Kt 66 (or 67) in other cases.

Interest or, conversely, amounts reflecting the fact of a decrease in the value of bills of exchange are taken into account in the same manner as the obligations arising from the company as a result of the issue of securities. Closing of operations within the framework of the circulation of bills of exchange is carried out in accordance with the notice banking organization on repayment of debt by recording Dt 66, 67, Kt 62, 76.

If the organization holding the bill returns the funds that were accepted from the bank upon accounting for the decrease in the value of debt obligations due to failure to fulfill the terms of the contract by the original drawer, then posting Dt 66, 67, Kt 50, 51 is applied.

If, as part of the company’s settlements with clients or customers, there are accounts receivable, which are secured by bills of exchange, then they should be accounted for as debits of the accounting accounts.

If interrelated business entities are involved in the company’s settlements with banks, bill holders or lenders, then their accounting is kept using accounts 66 or 67 separately.

Regardless of the success of the implementation entrepreneurial activity At any development cycle of an organization, the need arises to attract additional borrowed funds. This happens for a variety of reasons: fulfillment of obligations to counterparties, settlements with creditors, business expansion, renewal of production capacity. Raised funds have different sources: concluding agreements with credit institutions at interest, loans from founders or counterparties, and more. Depending on the timing of the provision of finance and the purposes, the accounting display of loans and credits differs. This article reflects the main nuances of accounting for debt financing of activities.

Distinctive features of loans and lending

Loan agreement is a transaction concluded, according to which one participant (lender) acts as a creditor and undertakes to transfer finances or goods to another participant (borrower), and the recipient (borrower), in turn, undertakes to return the same amount or the same quantity of accepted products of proper quality.

Loan agreement is a written agreement between a credit institution (creditor bank) to make available to the borrower a pre-agreed amount of finance under the obligation of the borrower to return this amount and pay interest in the amount and amount corresponding to the terms of the agreement.

The main differences between a loan and a loan:

1. Source of raising finance: for a loan - a credit organization, loans - physical or legal entities(non-credit institutions), individual entrepreneurs;
2. Accrual of interest for using a bank loan - the loan can be interest-free;
3. Subject of the agreement: the loan is issued exclusively in cash, borrowed funds - both money and goods.

Reflection of loans and borrowings in accounting

Accounting for attracted borrowed financing of activities is carried out according to the standards regulated by PBU 15/2008 “Accounting for expenses on loans and borrowings”. The borrower's accounting must have a separate display:

1. Principal debt (amount of attracted financing);
2. Costs of funds raised;
3. Charged fees for the use of funds;
4. Additional costs for obtaining and further support of borrowing.

The chart of accounts provides the following accounts for displaying borrowed financing:

1. 66 “Calculations according to short-term loans and loans";
2. 67 “Calculations according to long-term loans and loans"

These are passive accounts, therefore, the receipt of funds and the accrual of interest is displayed on the credit of the account, repayment - on the debit.

In addition, for separate accounting operations, the organization can open additional sub-accounts, for example:

1. 03 “Long-term loans”;
2. 04 “Interest on long-term loans.”

Something to keep in mind! The company can independently add subaccounts analytical accounting, for example, for the purpose of separating lending from loans or foreign exchange transactions.

How the principal amount is displayed

In accounting, the principal amount of debt for the provided debt financing is accounted for as accounts payable:

1. On the day of receipt of funds (but not before signing the agreement). That is, to reflect accounts payable, the actual receipt of finance is necessary;
2. In the amount actually received (but not more than specified in the agreement). That is, if there is a clause in the agreement on partial transfer of funds, the debt increases on the date of each receipt.

Based on the duration of the agreement on the provision of finance, accounts payable are divided into:

1. Long-term – when providing a credit (loan) for a period of more than 12 months;
2. Short-term – when providing a loan for a period of less than 12 months.

Accounting for expenses on loans and borrowings

In accordance with PBU 15/2008, the costs of provided debt financing include:

1. Accrued interest payable for the use of attracted funds;
2. Additional expenses:
   • Costs of consulting specialists;
   • Costs expert assessment contracts;
   • Other costs of borrowings. Since the list of costs is not given, it is advisable to consolidate it in the accounting policy.

Features of interest accounting

The display of accrued interest, based on the requirements of the credit agreement (loan agreement), occurs evenly, including reporting period to which they belong.

Based intended purpose attracting financing, there are certain nuances regarding the display of interest:

1. Purchase of goods and materials - payment for the use of borrowed resources is included in the cost of goods (work, services) sold;
2. Purchase of fixed assets, intangible assets - payment for the use of borrowed resources is accepted into the cost of purchasing equipment before commissioning, after which it is reimbursed with the company’s own funds (other expenses).

Attention! For companies that have the right to carry out simplified accounting, accrued interest can be included in other expenses of the company, regardless of the purpose of attracting financing.

In accordance with current legislation The calculation of interest recognized in the costs of the enterprise is determined by the following formula:

Interest = Loan size * (interest rate per year / 365 (366)) * number of days of use of borrowed funds in the current month.

Accounting entries for borrowed financing

On November 10, 2016, Solnyshko LLC entered into an agreement with the bank for 13 months to provide a loan for the purpose of purchasing materials. On December 1, the agreed money in the amount of 300,000 rubles was transferred to the current account. Based on the terms of the signed agreement, interest is calculated based on a rate of 20% per annum and is transferred monthly.

Accounting:

Dt51 Kt 67.01

300,000 – receipt of loan

Dt 91.02 Kt 67.02

5082 (RUB 300,000 * 20% / 366 * 31 days) – interest accrual for November

Dt 67.01 Kt 51

10,000 rubles - amount to repay the loan

Dt 67.02 Kt 51

5082 – interest repayment

Dt 91.02 Kt 67.02

4925.90 – interest accrual for January on the remaining amount (290,000)

Conclusion

Many organizations attract additional funding at any time during their business activities. The display of these transactions in accounting is clearly regulated by PBU; special accounting accounts are provided to reflect all transactions.

It should be borne in mind that the distribution of the volume of assets available on the balance sheet of an enterprise between its own and borrowed finances is important indicator, characterizing financial stability companies. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly monitor accounts payable to increase the attractiveness of the organization for potential counterparties and credit institutions.

A loan is a relationship in which one party (the lender) transfers money or other things defined by generic characteristics into the ownership of the other party (borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the same amount of money (loan amount) or an equal number of other things received by him. same kind and quality. Thus, both cash and material assets can act as borrowed funds. The subject of the loan may also be foreign currency and foreign currency values.

A loan agreement is concluded between legal entities only in writing and is considered concluded from the moment of transfer of money or other things.

Accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term credit and loans” and 67 “Settlements for long-term credits and loans” are intended to summarize information on the status of settlements for loans received. On their basis, sub-accounts are opened to record loans received:

66-2 “Settlements for short-term loans”

67-2 “Settlements for long-term loans.”

The credit of these accounts reflects the increase in debt to the lender upon receipt of funds (valuables) from them. In this case, entries are made for the credit of subaccounts 66-2 “Settlements for short-term loans”, 67-2 “Settlements for long-term loans” in correspondence with the debit of the accounts:

10 “Materials”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and others - for the amount of a loan received in the form of material assets;

50 “Cash desk”, 51 “Current account” - for the amount of the loan received from lenders to the organization’s cash desk or to the current (settlement) account;

52 “Currency accounts” - for the amount of foreign currency received under loan agreements to the organization’s foreign currency account.

Obtaining loans in certain cases established by law is carried out on the basis of permits National Bank Republic of Belarus to host foreign exchange transactions related to the movement of capital.

When receiving a loan in foreign currency Periodic revaluation of accounts payable is carried out due to changes in the exchange rate of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus. The following entries are made in accounting:

On the debit of subaccounts 66-2, 67-2 and on the credit of account 97 “Deferred expenses” - for the amount of negative exchange rate differences;

On the debit of account 97 “Future expenses” and the credit of subaccounts 66-2, 67-2 - for the amount of the positive exchange rate difference.

In many cases, the lender has the right to receive interest from the borrower on the loan amount in the amount and manner specified in the agreement, unless otherwise provided by law.

Interest payable on a short-term loan is reflected in the credit of subaccounts 66-2 “Settlements on short-term loans”, 67-2 “Settlements on long-term loans” in correspondence with the debit of the following accounts:

07 “Equipment for installation”, 08 “Investments in non-current assets” - accrual of interest on short-term and long-term loans received for capital investments;

10 “Materials”, 11 “Animals for growing and fattening”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 41 “Goods” - calculation of interest on short-term and long-term loans received for the purchase of inventory assets, before accepting these values ​​for accounting accounting;

91 “Operating income and expenses” - accrual of interest after taking into account inventory items acquired through short-term and long-term loans, as well as interest on other loans.

When paying previously accrued interest, an entry is made as a debit to subaccounts 66-2, 67-2 and a credit to cash accounting accounts.

The borrower returns the received loan amount to the lender on time and in the manner provided for in the loan agreements. The loan amount is usually considered repaid when it is transferred to the lender or the corresponding funds are credited to his bank account. The supporting documents in this case are the goods transport and invoices, an extract from bank account and others.

The following entries are made in accounting for the amount of the repaid loan:

on the debit of accounts 66-2, 67-2 and the credit of cash accounting accounts - when repaying a loan previously received in the official monetary unit Republic of Belarus or foreign currency;

on the debit of accounts 66-2, 67-2 and the credit of accounts 10 “Materials”, 41 “Goods” and others - when repaying debt on a loan previously received in the form of material assets.

When repaying commodity loans for products own production The following records are compiled:

Debit account 90 “Sales” - Credit account 43 “ Finished products» - the cost of products sold;

Debit of subaccounts 66-2, 67-2 - Credit of account 90 “Sales” at selling prices;

Debit of account 90 “Sales” - Credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” - for the amount of accrued VAT.

To receive additional funds for short-term and long term goals organizations can also raise loans by issuing and placing bonds.

If bonds are placed at a price exceeding their face value, then accounting The issuing organization makes the following entries:

on the debit of cash accounting accounts and the credit of subaccounts 66-2 or 67-2 - by the nominal value of sold bonds;

on the debit of cash accounting accounts and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” - by the amount of the difference (excess) between the placement price of bonds and their par value.

The above difference during the bond rotation period is evenly written off from account 98 “Deferred income” to the credit of account 91 “Operating income and expenses”.

When placing bonds at a price below their face value, an entry is made in the accounting records of the issuing organization as a debit to the cash accounting accounts and a credit to subaccounts 66-2 or 67-2 - for the cost of the bonds at the placement price.

The difference between the par value of the bonds and their value at the placement price is accrued evenly during the period of rotation of the bonds, reflecting the operation on the credit of subaccounts 66-2 or 67-2 and the debit of account 91 “Operating income and expenses”.

Bonds can be issued by legal entities only against collateral (property pledge, bank guarantee, guarantee). The collateral can be real estate and securities (government securities, certificates of deposit).

When repaying a loan raised by issuing bonds, an entry is made in the organization’s accounting records for the debit of subaccounts 66-2, 67-2 and the credit of cash accounting accounts.

Analytical accounting for accounts 66-2 “Settlements for short-term loans” and 67-2 “Settlements for long-term loans” is carried out in the statement of analytical accounting for settlements for loans and loans, form No. 26-APK. Here information about the lender is provided, the total amount of the loan under the agreement is shown, the period for which the loan was received and the interest rate are indicated. For each loan received, information is reflected on the organization’s debt at the beginning and end of the reporting period, the amount of credit turnover (the amount of loans received, accrued interest), as well as debit turnover (repayment of principal on loans, interest). Entries are made on the basis of bank statements and attached primary documents. When receiving commodity loans, entries can be made on the basis of invoices, delivery notes, and transcript sheets.

At the end of the month, the results of all operations are calculated in the statement and the final line of the statement for each subaccount is transferred to the journal order of Form No. 4-APK.

Synthetic accounting for short-term and long-term loans is maintained in journal order No. 4-APK, where separate sections are opened for accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans.” Entries for each account are made in the context of sub-accounts opened in the organization, and, if necessary, in the context of analytical accounts based on the statement of analytical accounting of calculations of credits and loans, Form No. 26-APK. For each subaccount, information about balances at the beginning and end of the month is entered, the credit turnover on the accounts is deciphered in correspondence with the debit of the corresponding accounts, and the total amount of turnover is given on the debit of the corresponding subaccount.

At the end of the month, the journal calculates the totals of the accounts. Before transferring credit turnover on accounts to the General Ledger, they are reconciled with other accounting registers:

50 “Cashier” - with a journal-order form No. 1-APK and so on;

51 “Current account”, 52 “Currency accounts” - with a journal order of form No. 2-APK.

Other subaccounts can be opened under 66 “Settlements for short-term loans” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans,” for example, to record transactions related to the receipt and repayment of tax credits.

Upon receipt tax credit(for example, for VAT), an entry is made for its amount in the organization’s accounting in the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” and the credit of accounts 66 “Calculations for short-term loans” or 67 “Calculations for long-term loans.”

Interest accrued for the use of a tax credit is reflected in the debit of account 91 “Operating income and expenses” in correspondence with the credit of accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans.”

When repaying a tax credit and interest on it, accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans” are debited in correspondence with the credit of cash accounting accounts 51 “Current account”, 52 “Currency accounts”, 55 “ Special accounts in banks."

Account 67 is designed to collect information about credits and loans issued for a period of more than 1 year. This contains detailed information about the amounts provided, interest accrued and the repayment process. Long-term liabilities can arise in different ways: when issuing bonds, issuing a loan or loan, issuing bills. Each of the situations finds its place in account 67. Let's consider the types of long-term liabilities and the organization of their accounting.

Types of borrowed funds

The legislation provides two methods legal registration provided borrowed funds. This is a credit agreement and a loan agreement. When concluding them, two parties are involved - the lender and the borrower. A legally fixed transaction is made, according to which the lender provides the borrower with a certain amount of material assets for a specified period. Upon its expiration, the borrower undertakes to return the original amount of funds provided and pay interest (if provided for in the agreement). After the transfer of valuables from the lender to the borrower, the agreement is considered active.

Depending on the terms of the agreement and the categories of persons who take part in it, there are two main types of borrowed funds: credits and borrowings. Taken together, they form one of the most important elements in the formation of enterprise sources. Borrowed funds, along with own funds, significantly influence well-being and development economic activity legal entity.

Types of loans and borrowings

Account 67 contains information about different types borrowed money. The only thing they have in common is the commitment period, which is at least 12 months from reporting date. Loans may look like targeted funds, bills or bonds. The main difference between this method of attracting assets is that a bank cannot act as a lender. A loan is a legally formalized transaction, according to which the parties agree to transfer funds or property into ownership on the terms of return with or without payment of interest for use. To conclude similar agreement individuals and legal entities can, with the exception, as already mentioned, of banks. One of the ways to attract loans is to issue securities (bills, bonds, shares).

A loan is a relationship between parties in which funds are transferred on loan on the terms of urgency, payment and repayment. The procedure for granting and repaying loans is regulated by law. The rights and obligations of the parties are specified in loan agreement. Account 67 contains information about long-term loans and interest on them.

Characteristics of account 67

This account is included in section VI of the Standard Plan, in which the accounts of the settlement group are located. They are created to characterize relationships with different debtors and creditors. In conditions modern economy It is difficult for the average enterprise to manage without borrowing funds. Often this step becomes a “breakthrough” in the development of entrepreneurship.

Accounts 66 and 67 were created specifically to record transactions on loans and credits issued to the company. The procedure for organizing accounting for them is similar, but has one significant difference - the duration of the relationship between the lender and the borrower. Account 66 describes the relationship of the parties to short-term loans, i.e. those that last less than 12 months. Account 67 is intended to account for longer-term transactions occurring over 12 months or more.

It has a passive structure, since account balances at the end of the month are reflected as part of the company's sources. For a loan, there is an increase in borrowed funds (an increase in accounts payable), and for a debit, there is a decrease in debt obligations.

Analytical accounting

Account 67 combines a lot of information: the amount of loans by type, the amount of accrued interest, penalties for late payments. To avoid confusion, it is necessary not only to distinguish from each other different types long-term obligations, but also to single out each creditor separately. An enterprise, in accordance with the recommendations of the accounting policy for organizing analytical accounting for account 67, can open the following sub-accounts:

• 67/1 “Long-term loans”;
• account 67/2 “Long-term loans”;
• 67/3 “Interest on payment of loans and credits”;
• 67/4 “Fines and penalties for the payment of loans and borrowings”;
• 67/5 “Overdue loans and borrowings”;
• 67/6 “Loans for the issue of securities”;
• 67/7 “Loans and credits for employees.”

The data is reflected in summary statements, with the help of which the accuracy of analytical accounting will be checked.

Debit transactions

Entries drawn up in the debit of account 67 mean a decrease in accounts payable for long-term loans. In this case, several scenarios are possible:

1. Repayment of a loan (loan) by transferring funds. Accounts 51, 52, 55 will be interconnected.
2. Completion of obligations after offset of counterclaims of the same type (Dt 67 Kt 62/76).
3. Translation long-term debt short-term, if there are less than 365 days left until its maturity (Dt 67 Kt 66).
4. Crediting an unfulfilled long-term liability after expiration limitation period among other income (Dt 67 Kt 91.1).
5. Transfer to other income of positive exchange rate differences on a long-term loan or loan in foreign currency.

Thus, the amounts indicated in the debit of account 67 always mean a decrease in the amount of debt on a long-term loan or credit.

Loan operations

Credit 67 of the account shows the amount of debt on credits and loans issued for a period of more than 1 year. Special attention You should pay attention to drawing up entries for the receipt of amounts or property in accordance with the loan (lending) agreement. Regardless of the purpose of registration, the amount is indicated in the credit of account 67. But determining the corresponding account is somewhat more complicated. Amounts must be charged to the asset account that is directly attributable to the loan or credit.

Let's consider typical cases:

• registration of a loan for the purpose of purchasing property or starting construction is reflected in the debit of account 08; in this case, expenses that are associated with obtaining a credit (loan) and its use are charged either to account 91.2 or as part of the initial cost of fixed assets (if depreciation is charged on them and additional conditions are met);
• if the loan is provided in the form of property, then its amount is entered in the debit of the accounts of such property (10, 11, 41);
• cash and non-cash funds received in connection with the issuance of a long-term loan are indicated in the debit of the accounts of Section V (50, 51, 52, 55);
• if a credit or loan is issued to cover other obligations, then the amounts are credited to these settlement accounts (60, 68, 76);
• expenses associated with the maintenance of a loan (credit) and the imposition of penalties and interest are classified as other expenses;
• Negative exchange rate differences on loans and borrowings in foreign currency are also classified as operating expenses.

Issue of bonds

Issuing bonds is a common way to obtain long-term loans. For such purposes, account 67 contains subaccount 67.6, which reflects information on the issue of securities. Bonds can be placed on the market at more than their face value, or, conversely, at a lesser price. In the first case, the accountant records the nominal value in account 67, and writes off the excess amount to future income (account credit 98). The current account usually corresponds with them.

If bonds are sold at a reduced price (with a discount), the difference is evenly and gradually accrued during the period of their circulation from the amounts of other income. Regarding this situation, an enterprise can write a clause in its accounting policy according to which the discount is preliminarily taken into account among the expenses of future periods (debit 97). And then the amounts are gradually written off as other expenses in the debit of account 91.2.

The interest that the issuer undertakes to pay to the owners of securities is reflected separately in a separate sub-account and includes the amounts as operating expenses (account 91.2). Or they are taken into account similarly to the previous case as part of deferred expenses with a gradual write-off to account 91.2.

Bank loans

Account 67.1 contains information about issued long-term loans. Upon receipt of funds, amounts are credited to 67.1 and debited to the accounts to which they were sent. The transactions describing this operation are as follows:

• Dt 50–55 Kt 67.1 – credit received/credited.
• Dt 60 Kt 67.1 – debt to suppliers is repaid using loan proceeds, or the loan is used for prepayment to the supplier.
• Dt 68 Kt 67.1 – debt to the budget is covered with a loan.
• Dt 76 Kt 67.1 – debt to another creditor is repaid using a loan.

The long-term loan (account 67) is repaid with even simpler entries. To do this, the account is debited in correspondence with the cash accounting accounts (51–55). Interest is calculated for using the loan using account 91.2, and payment is made in the same manner as debt repayment.

Applying for a loan for staff

Loans issued to employees for the purpose of housing construction and other needs are reflected in a separate sub-account (under the terms of this article 67.7). The organization records the amounts received on credit 67.7 in correspondence with the cash accounts. After the loan is issued to the staff, Dt 73 Kt 51 (50) is posted. Funds contributed by the employee to repay the debt are taken into account in debit 73. The company “closes” the loan with the posting Dt 67.7 Kt 51.

The capital of any enterprise is nothing more than the totality of attracted and own funds. Carrying out effective economic activity is almost impossible without loans that contribute to the development of the enterprise. Raising funds on a long-term basis is carried out mainly for investment, modernization, construction or acquisition of fixed assets. Amounts, interest and penalties on them are reflected in account 67, the rules for maintaining which were discussed in detail in the article.

Basic concepts, content and procedure for accounting for current and long-term liabilities.

In accounting, long-term liabilities include long-term loans and borrowings (repayment period over 12 months), deferred tax obligations, under short-term liabilities - short-term loans and borrowings (repayment period less than 12 months), as well as accounts payable.

Short credit issued for the needs of the organization’s current activities (necessary to implement the plan) and is usually provided for a period of up to one year. Long term credit used for production and social development organizations (for the construction and acquisition of fixed assets, expansion and improvement of production, etc.) and is issued for a period exceeding one year.

To obtain a loan, the organization sends an application to the bank, attaching copies of constituent documents, calculations, accounting and statistical reports and other data confirming the security of the loan and the reality of its repayment.

Banks and others credit organizations determine interest rates for a loan for organizations differentially - depending on the period of use of the loan, as well as taking into account the emerging demand and supply for credit resources.

To record transactions for obtaining and repaying loans, passive accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings” are used. Loans received are reflected in the credit of these accounts in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for cash and settlements, and repayment of loans in the debit of the accounts in correspondence with the cash accounts.

Organizations can receive short-term and long-term loans by issuing and selling shares of the workforce, shares and bonds of the enterprise, as well as against bills and other obligations.

Accounting for loans is carried out on accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings.” Loans received for a period of up to one year are reflected in the first place, and in the second place – for a period of more than one year.

Receipts from the sale of shares of the workforce, shares and bonds of organizations, as well as other obligations are reflected in the debit of cash or account 70 “settlements with personnel for wages” and the credit of accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” and 67 “Settlements on long-term loans and borrowings.”

If securities are sold by an organization at a price exceeding their face value, then the difference between the sale price and the face value is reflected in the credit of account 98 “Deferred income”, and then written off evenly throughout the entire term of the loan from the debit of account 91 “other income and expenses” "

If bonds are placed at a price below their par value, then the difference between the placement price and the par value of the bonds is accrued evenly throughout the circulation period of the bonds. For the amount of additional accruals, account 91 “other income and expenses” is debited and account 66 or 67 is credited.

Interest due on loans received is reflected in the credit of account 66 or 67 and the debit of the payment sources: in the debit of accounts 10,11,15,08 and other accounts, if the loans received are related to the acquisition inventories, non-current assets and other property. After the specified objects are capitalized, accrued interest on loans is reflected in the debit of account 91. Accrued interest amounts are taken into account separately from the amount of loans.

Expenses associated with the issue and distribution of securities are taken into account as a debit of 91 ks of the credit of the corresponding settlement, cash and material accounts.

Accounts payable refers to the debt of a given organization to other organizations, employees and persons who are called creditors.

Creditors whose debt arose in connection with the purchase of material assets from them are called suppliers. Debt according to accrued wages employees of the organization, according to the amounts of accrued payments to the budget, off-budget funds, social funds and other similar accruals are called mandatory distribution. Creditors whose debt arose from other transactions are called other creditors. Accounts payable are reflected mainly in accounts 60 “settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”.

After the expiration of the limitation period, accounts payable must be written off. Total term The statute of limitations is set at three years. For certain types of claims, special limitation periods may be established, reduced or increased in comparison with the general period.