Residual funds. Fully depreciated fixed assets - what is it? Determination of fixed assets for accounting purposes

By fixed assets we mean part of the property, which is used by an organization over a long period (over 1 year) in the process of manufacturing any product, performing work, or providing various services.

Definition

The definition of “residual cost of fixed assets” means OS cost, which can be calculated by determining the difference between the initial cost of an object and its immediate value at the time of operation.

Revaluate fixed assets absolutely necessary, since the cost of assets must fully correspond to market values.

The balance sheet has a special line, “Revaluation non-current assets", in which the indicators of the revaluation should be entered.

Is it necessary to reassess?

This rule is clearly stated in paragraph 3 of Art. 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Based on this, in the period when there was a fact of sale of an incompletely depreciated fixed asset, organizations will be forced to recognize a smaller amount as expenses for tax purposes than directly in the accounting itself.

If this is ignored, then this fact will be considered a gross violation: tax accounting costs will be overestimated, which will entail an underestimation taxable income.

Example

Let's consider a specific situation. In September 2014, the organization sold equipment they were not using.

Values following:

• initial price - 540,000 rubles:
• term beneficial use– 6 years;
• depreciation period - 2 years;
• residual cost at the time of sale – 360,000 rubles;
• the equipment was sold for a total amount of 295,000 rubles, including VAT - 45,000 rubles.

Based on this, the loss on sale is:

295,000 – 45,000 – 360,000 = 110,000 rubles.

It is worth noting that not only in accounting, but also in tax accounting, by mistake the loss was recognized in full for the period of sale. In other words, in September 2014.

Because of this, the authorized person did not display the operation for the sale of equipment with the fact of loss in the corresponding Appendix No. 3 to sheet 02 of the income tax return directly for 9 calendar months of 2014.

But in fact, in tax accounting this loss can be included in the list financial costs from the beginning of October 2014 for 2 years ( (6 years – 2 years) * 12 calendar months).

Speaking in simple words, you need to make monthly payments in the direction of reducing taxable income over the established period of 2 thousand 291 rubles (110,000: 48 months).

Based on this, due to an error, the amount of tax expenses for the month of October turned out to be significantly overestimated - by 110,000 rubles.

Let's assume that the error was identified at the end of November 2014, at the moment when the income tax return for 9 calendar months had already been generated. Due to the fact that in the declaration the amount of financial costs was significantly overestimated (by 110,000 rubles), the income tax for 9 calendar months turned out to be underestimated by 22,000 rubles (110,000 * 20%).

In addition, if an organization uses PBU 18/02, in mandatory It is necessary to make clarifications in accounting, namely:

Debit 09 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” - 22,000 rubles - the deferred available tax asset is displayed.

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax” Credit 09 – 916 rubles – the fact of payment of part of the deferred amount is displayed tax asset for October-November 2014 (for several months).

The training course for calculations according to RAS is presented below.

Before we start talking about the valuation of fixed assets, let us express an idea, the essence of which seems somewhat seditious. It lies in the fact that for an accountant the term “fixed assets” implies, first of all, a cost reflection of the availability of property capital that the organization has. The material content of this phrase in accounting is very secondary.

In fact, in accounting work there is no fundamental difference in how many of any products are planned to be produced today on a specific machine installed in the workshop. Its material indicators serve in accounting work only as identifiers that allow one to “personify” an object. All accounting procedures in relation to any object are carried out in its monetary and value terms.

This is what makes the valuation of fixed assets particularly important for all aspects of the work of an accountant in accounting for fixed assets.

Types of fixed asset valuations

In the management activities of any organization it is used normatively installed system property value estimates used for various purposes of cost measurements - accounting, analysis, forecasting, generation of accounting, statistical and tax reporting data.

Any private situations, such as sales, transfers against barter transactions, an organization receiving a loan under collateral schemes, determining the size insurance compensation or judicial settlement of property disputes are conducted on the basis of data determined in this property assessment system.

There are three basic types valuations applied to the fixed assets of an enterprise:

• Initial;
• Restorative;
• Residual.

Here we should immediately mention the term “book value”, used in accounting to denote valuation. In practice, it is often assumed that the initial and book values ​​are completely identical. However, this is not entirely true.

The borderline point that introduces differences between them is the case of revaluation of fixed assets. The cost of objects that have been revalued is the replacement value, and these objects are subsequently taken into account in the balance sheet.
Property acquired after revaluation is taken onto the balance sheet in its initial valuation. The amount at which both fixed assets are accounted for is the balance sheet amount. However, in terms of economic content, the book value of some is replacement value, while others are original.

This is evidence that in practice property accounting is carried out in a mixed form of assessments. Further, to denote the cost at which fixed assets are accounted for, we will use the concept of “book value”, if necessary indicating the category of its filling, initial or replacement.

Initial

Determines the value at which the property unit was registered as a fixed asset. The formation of the initial assessment of property is directly dependent on the method of its receipt.

When purchasing or creating or constructing, the initial amount is formed based on the total actual costs of acquisition or creation. In case of receipt in the form of a contribution to authorized capital, the initial cost is established according to the estimate agreed upon by the founders. The basis for the formation of the initial amount upon receipt under exchange agreements (barter) is the amount of material assets transferred in return. If the objects are received free of charge, the current market price of similar ones is recognized as the initial price.

In addition, in all cases, when forming the initial amount, the costs of delivery, storage and installation, as well as other expenses directly related to the implementation of the facility, are taken into account.
Thereafter, the original carrying amount generally remains unchanged. A change in the initial amount may occur in the process of its clarification during revaluation or undertaking measures that significantly change the condition of the object. Moreover, such a change can be either an increase, in cases of major repairs or modernization, or a decrease in the case of partial liquidation.

Restorative

In practice, situations arise when the current book value no longer corresponds to the actual economic situation on the market. In this case, the organization can exercise its right to revaluate the property. During the revaluation, the balance sheet valuation of the fixed asset is adjusted taking into account data on market value costs of creating or purchasing an object identical to the revalued one.

As a result of revaluation, the replacement cost of fixed assets is established. It is the replacement amount from this moment that is accepted as their book value. To establish the amount of an object in a restoration assessment, various sources of information can be used, including:

• Information from manufacturing companies of identical objects;
• Information on price levels obtained from government organizations or special public sources;
• Expert assessment by independent specialists
• It should be noted that in the future, previously revalued fixed assets must be revalued so that there are no significant differences in the current replacement cost of the revalued objects.

Residual

For the full management of economic processes, an important role is played by economic information about the state of property capital. One of its main indicators is the residual valuation of property, defined as the difference between the book value (initial or replacement) value of fixed assets and the amount depreciation charges.

Thus, the residual valuation of an object reflects that portion of the cost of the fixed asset that has not yet been transferred to the manufactured product at the moment.

Based on the residual value, the degree of deterioration of the property is determined and the need for its renovation is identified. Funds with zero residual value should be removed from the property due to their economic inefficiency.

In cases of reconstruction, modernization, major repairs, completion of fixed assets, their residual value increases in an amount calculated based on the amount of costs for these activities.

Some points related to the valuation of fixed assets in tax accounting

In both accounting and tax accounting, there is one system of categories - initial, replacement and residual values. However, it should be noted that the final results of the formation of the initial cost for accounting and tax registers may have differences.

This is often due to the moment of accounting for amount (exchange) differences that arise in the process of acquiring objects, the payment for which is determined in relation to foreign currency. The total (exchange rate) difference in such cases is determined as the difference between the ruble equivalent of the payment debt in foreign currency terms on the date of its occurrence and on the date of its repayment. The differences are calculated according to official rate established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

In the Regulations defining the procedure for accounting for fixed assets, the difference between exchange rates that arose during the period of payments for the acquired property is included in the costs incurred by the enterprise upon receipt of fixed assets. At the same time, the Tax Code, namely Article 256, clearly interprets exchange rate differences as falling into the category of non-operating income or expenses.

The result is an increase or decrease in the “accounting” initial book value fixed assets in relation to the initial valuation calculated for tax purposes.

Article 264 of the Tax Code also provides food for discrepancies. A number of types of costs, in accordance with this article, attributable for tax purposes in accordance with this article to other expenses associated with production and sales, on the basis of PBU, can also be included in the initial cost of property.

It is equally important to consider the limitations imposed tax code, on the procedure for determining the restoration amount of the object. Chapter 25 establishes that inclusion in income or expenses taken into account for taxation includes only those results of revaluations that were taken into account before 01/01/2002.

The results of revaluations made later, or the results of revaluations made before the specified date, but accepted for accounting after it, are not accepted for determining the replacement cost and calculating depreciation for tax purposes.

Residual value OS represents the cost of an asset after depreciation has been calculated during the period of use. You can learn more about how the residual value of fixed assets is determined from this article.

The residual value is calculated as the difference between the primary price of the property and the depreciation accrued over the period of its use. That is, to carry out calculations, use the following formula:

• Ос – residual price;
• Ps – initial price;
• Sa – the amount of accrued depreciation for the entire period of use.

The residual price calculated using this formula can also be called historical cost. It is calculated based on actual expenses that are associated with the purchase and with future reconstructions and upgrades of the operating system, without taking into account the amount of accumulated depreciation.

From the formula above, another formula can be extracted:

A company can calculate the amount of accumulated depreciation using this formula.

This produces the following algorithm for calculating depreciation. At the end of each year, accounting employees revaluate fixed assets, calculating their residual price. Using the last formula they calculate new size depreciation.

The need to re-evaluate the OS

Thanks to the revaluation of the fixed assets, it is possible to clarify the replacement price and bring it to market sizes. Revaluation allows you to take into account the market price of the asset, as well as ensure the completeness and authenticity of information when compiling financial statements.

Revaluation of OS is voluntary. It can only be carried out for those objects that the company owns by right of ownership. Revaluation is carried out by recalculating the current and replacement price and the entire amount of depreciation accrued during the use of the property.

How is revaluation carried out?

All fixed assets owned by the company must be revalued. When the process is completed, the replacement price becomes the original price. The results of the revaluation carried out are not included in the accounting. report of the previous period, but is used when collecting information about the balance sheet in accounting. reports for January of this year.

The revaluation is shown in the accounts as depreciation. It implies a gradual transfer of the price of fixed assets to the goods produced by the organization and services provided. Thanks to this mechanism, it is formed cash flow, which can be used to increase the fixed capital.

If a firm makes products and then sells them, it can determine the cost of goods produced. By adding this figure and the amount of expected profit, the final price of the product is obtained. If you write off all costs at once, the price of the product will be very high, which will make it uncompetitive in relation to similar products.

Calculation of residual value after revaluation

As mentioned above, once a year (at the end of the year) an organization can re-evaluate its operating systems. Before 2011, revaluations had to be carried out at the beginning of the reporting period.

After changes have occurred in the legislation, the residual price is calculated taking into account the replacement cost obtained after revaluation, and not taking into account the original price. The residual value will be determined by the following formula:

• Ос – residual price;
• Sun – replacement cost;
• Sa is the amount of depreciation.

The residual value of fixed assets corresponds to their original cost, with the exception of depreciation accrued during their useful life.

During the useful use of fixed assets, they produce in order to accumulate funds for the restoration of damaged and fixed assets. The amount of these deductions is influenced by the useful life. This category refers to the time period when the use of an object brings a certain income to the enterprise and serves as a means to achieve its goals.

Residual value of fixed assets

The useful life period is calculated based on the projected duration of operation of the facility with the required parameters of power, productivity and degree of wear under certain operating conditions of the organization. Operating conditions depend on the number of work shifts, the effectiveness of repair and maintenance work, and the aggressiveness of the surrounding influence. The criterion for determining the period of useful operation of an object is the regulatory and legal conditions operation of the object. For example, when transferring a fixed asset to trust management the determination of its useful life will be carried out in accordance with the clauses of the contract.

To calculate the residual value, subtract the amount of depreciation from the initial cost of the fixed asset. Residual value is often called book value because it is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. Due to the fact that the factor in determining the book value is the initial cost, from its real precise definition The correctness of determining the residual value of the object also depends. In addition, the amount of depreciation deductions will depend on the size of the initial cost. The methodology for determining the initial cost does not take into account factors such as inflation, innovation processes, which reduce the cost of production, and at the same time, the cost of fixed assets.

Thus, as the market for fixed assets changes, the enterprise regularly performs revaluations, which change the original cost. Typically this revaluation is made at the beginning of each year.

In accounting, the residual value is reflected in two accounts “Depreciation of fixed assets” - 02 and “Fixed assets” - 01, which take into account the movement and condition of fixed assets.

The first of the listed accounts shows depreciation accumulations. Its debit includes the write-off of depreciation in the event and the adjustment that arises during revaluation in the event of a decrease in the original cost. The credit of the account displays the opening balance, accrued depreciation and the adjustment made for increases after revaluation of the initial value of the fixed asset. Closing balance reflects the amount of depreciation accumulation.

The “Fixed Assets” account shows their condition at replacement cost. The debit of this account takes into account the remaining fixed assets, the initial cost of new assets and the increase in the initial value due to revaluation or reconstruction. The loan reflects the initial cost of disposal of fixed assets, which is divided by the amount that includes the residual value and depreciation charges.

Using both accounts, the real residual value is determined, which is calculated as the difference in the balance of the Fixed Assets account and account 02.

Residual value is intended to reflect the real price of an asset in the current time range. The indicator is necessary for correct drafting accounting reporting and formation tax base. The financial result that will be obtained after the sale of a used fixed asset directly depends on its value.

The essence of the concept of residual value

The residual value is displayed for . It represents the initial purchase price adjusted to the value expression of the degree of deterioration of the property. The level of wear and tear is regulated through depreciation charges, which are determined cumulatively over the period of operation of the fixed asset.

FOR REFERENCE! Residual value is the amount that will be expensed when the asset is written off the balance sheet.

The residual value indicator is the basis for determining property tax liabilities. In management accounting, the monetary expression of the current price of an asset is required to calculate the level of operating efficiency of the fixed assets available to the company. The residual value is required:

• when concluding transactions on exchange transactions if the subject of the agreement is property assets;
• when selling equipment and other types of fixed assets;
• when applying for a loan for which the collateral is the property of the enterprise;
• in the case of using fixed assets in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital;
• to determine the amount of the insured amount, if necessary, insure the organization’s property;
• to provide judicial authorities in the form of reference information during proceedings on a property dispute;
• at the start of establishment activities.

Distinctive features of residual valuation

When characterizing non-current assets, several types of valuations are used. These include initial and residual. The first type is the amount a business pays for an asset when it purchases it. This indicator includes the actual costs incurred due to the transaction:

• payment of the cost of the contract object;
• transportation costs to the destination;
• repayment of customs duties, duties, registration fees;
• the estimated cost of services received for installation, assembly, adjustment, and modification of purchased equipment.

The initial value is characterized by the constancy of its monetary measurement. From year to year, this indicator remains unchanged in the accounting data. Adjustments are possible in cases of revaluation or depreciation of an asset, modernization of equipment, partial destruction and liquidation.

Residual value does not show signs of permanence. Its meaning changes systematically. The basis for its calculation is the initial assessment. Every month the remaining price becomes smaller. Based on the residual value, property owners determine the moment when it is necessary to decommission a non-current asset. The initial assessment is formed at the time the asset is accepted for accounting, and the residual assessment is formed during operation.

Calculation method

The final value of the residual valuation of non-current assets is displayed as of a specific date. Such a threshold date may be the day of reporting or the end of the reporting interval, the date of the inventory. IN accounting registers There are two types of cost:

• original variety;
• restorative look.

The residual must always be determined by calculation. The basic formula for calculating it can look like:

1. Initial assessment – ​​The amount of accumulated depreciation for the entire period that the asset is in operation.
2. The size of the replacement price is the depreciation accumulated at the time of settlement transactions.

PLEASE NOTE! The calculation method based on replacement cost is relevant for objects for which reporting date revaluation was carried out.

A more complex calculation method involves the participation of the indicator. It is used in tax accounting. In this case, the algorithm of actions will be as follows:

• the total monetary value of the depreciation type of premium is subtracted from the value of the initial assessment;
• from the resulting difference the amount of depreciation deductions derived for one monthly interval is subtracted;
• the remainder of the amount is multiplied with a number equal to the total number of months the object in question is in operation.

Depreciation charges are typical for fixed assets, the procedure for their calculation is regulated by PBU 6/01, and for - regulation of operations falls within the sphere of influence of PBU 14/2007.

Residual price estimate

Legislation allows commercial business entities to revaluate the assets they own. The frequency of such manipulations should not be more than once per year. This operation is carried out at the end of the reporting year. For revaluation, groups of similar objects are formed. The current value is taken as a basis.

If the revaluation of property assets was carried out once, then in the future it will be carried out on a regular basis. This is necessary to create conditions for the correspondence of the price of the object in the accounting data with the cost assessment of the restoration type. Scheme of actions of an accountant when revaluing property:

• recalculation of the asset value;
• recalculation of depreciation for the facility;
• reflection of updated data in accounting separately from other indicators;
• the amount of the revaluation is entered in;
• the amount of markdown is equal to other costs that are used to withdraw financial result activities of the enterprise.

IN balance sheet the revaluation results are shown in a separate line.

IMPORTANT! Revaluation can be initiated only in relation to assets that the organization owns by right of ownership.

Techniques for changing the estimated value are used by enterprises to bring the accounting price to the market value. This is necessary to give accounting information reality in the current conditions market trends. For example, a year ago the company bought a computer:

• it has an initial cost of 87,000 rubles;
• depreciation on it was accrued in the total amount of 7,500 rubles;
• The estimated residual value is RUB 79,500. (87000–7500);
• the forecast price at which the company could sell the equipment at the current moment does not exceed the threshold of 66,000 rubles;
• to bring the book price into line with the realities of market conditions, a revaluation is carried out in accounting;
• the result of the change in value at the end of the reporting period was a markdown in the amount of 13,500 rubles;
• replacement assessed value is market price used computer equipment.

NOTE! Revaluation is always voluntary. Legislative norms do not oblige property owners to make a markdown or revaluation; accounting rules give the management of enterprises the authority to independently make decisions on the issue of value adjustment.

Accounting Features

The residual value can be calculated by comparing the balances of several accounts. To do this, you need to know the totals of turnover on a specific date for synthetic accounts 01 and 02. Account 01 is used to indicate the initial assessment of property assets in the form of fixed assets. On it, all expenses incurred by the company when purchasing or creating an object are accumulated in debit turnover. To calculate the residual value, only the debit balance of this account needs to be taken into account.

Account 02 systematizes data on accrued depreciation for fixed assets. Depreciation-type deductions made on a regular basis are entered into the account credit. They accumulate until the asset is written off from the balance sheet of the enterprise. The credit balance reflects the total amount of depreciation generated during the operating period.

When calculating the residual value of the debit balance on account 01, subtract the credit balance on account 02. If depreciation charges were made not only for assets listed in account 01, but also for objects from among the income-generating investments in material assets, it is necessary to separate such accruals from the total amount. This approach is implemented in order to determine the residual value of not only a group of fixed assets, but also profitable investments. These categories of indicators are reflected in the balance sheet separately from each other:

• line of the balance sheet form number 1150 displays the residual value estimated value, formed by account 01;
• cell with code 1160 shows the size of the residual value for profitable investments, produced in relation to a number of material assets.

If it is necessary to determine the residual value for a group of assets from among intangible assets, the data on accounts 04 and 05 is taken as a basis. The debit of account 04 collects the amounts for the cost of the original type of intangible asset, and credit 05 reflects the accumulated depreciation. The calculation is carried out by subtracting the credit balance of account 05 from the debit balance of account 04.

When selling property assets, the residual value must be indicated in accounting. It must be written off separately from depreciation. As a result, it turns out that the entire original cost of the sold object will also be written off. Correspondence when transferring ownership of fixed assets to third parties will be as follows:

• D91–K01, the record records the fact of writing off the residual value;
• D02–K01, the accumulated amounts of depreciation charges in relation to an individual asset are written off from the balance sheet.

For transactions characterizing the disposal of fixed assets, the analytical subaccount “Disposal” is entered into account 01. This is necessary to distinguish between the original cost and the selling price of the property.

When selling fixed assets, simplifiers can show income in accounting by the date of actual receipt of revenue into the current account. At common system taxation, the result of writing off assets can be profit or loss. In the latter case, the accountant, when conducting a transaction for the sale of property, shows the result obtained by debiting account 99 and crediting account 91.

According to the rules tax accounting the loss must be indicated in expenses in equal parts throughout the calculation interval. This period of time is determined in months. To derive it, it is necessary to subtract from the estimated operating period of the asset (in months) actual figure service life. This calculated value can be adjusted if during application depreciation bonus decreasing or increasing coefficient values ​​were introduced.

Nuances also arise when using the accelerated method of calculating depreciation. Letter from the Ministry of Finance dated 08/04/2009. No. 03-03-06/1/511 recommends reducing billing period. In situations where a reduction factor has been applied, the calculated rate of the design interval must be adjusted upward. The justification is the text of the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated November 23, 2011. No. 03-03-06/2/180.

An example of recording the sale of an asset in accounting

The company purchased new printers. For this reason, the company's management decided to sell one printer, which had been used by the accounting department for 2 years. The initial cost of the technical equipment in accounting is fixed at 55,050 rubles. During the period of use of the equipment, depreciation was charged on it in the amount of 28,000 rubles. The estimated selling price is RUB 34,220. After completing a transaction to sell a used printer, the accountant makes the following entries:

• D62–K91, RUB 34,220, shows revenue from the sale of the printer;
• D91–K68/VAT, 5220 rubles, VAT was charged at a rate of 18%;
• D01/Retirement–K01, 55,050 rubles, the initial valuation recorded was written off;
• D02–K01/Disposal, 28,000 rubles, indicates write-off depreciation accumulated over 2 years of actual operation;
• D91–K01/Retirement, 27050 rub. (55050 – 28000), the residual value was written off as expenses in accounting transactions.

Sale at residual value

When selling new or used equipment and other types of property assets of non-current funds, a standard set of documentation is prepared. To justify the transaction you will need:

• waybill according to the form;
• an invoice issued within 5 days after the grounds for charging VAT arise;
• act of acceptance and transfer of property, the form of the act can be based on a template or OS-1a.

In the acts, the parties indicate the day on which the buyer actually received the asset transferred to him. This form confirms the fact of transfer of ownership from one person to another business entity. After the sale of the property, notes are made on the inventory card characterizing the movement of the object and its disposal.

REMEMBER! The moment when income should be reflected does not coincide according to accounting and tax records.

In accounting, you need to focus on the date on which it was made by the buyer state registration property ownership rights. The norm is disclosed in PBU 9/99. In tax accounting, income receipts are recognized upon signing the transfer and acceptance certificate. The justification is given in Art. 271 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Due to the temporary differences that arise, the selling party is given the opportunity to exclude the object transferred to third parties from the tax base when calculating property tax. The norm applies to assets that have in fact already been given away, but the buyer did not have time to register the property. In this situation, the seller's property must be excluded to prevent misstatement. tax obligations on property tax. The rule was approved by the Letter of the Ministry of Finance dated March 22, 2011. No. 07-02-10/20.

In accounting for correspondence in the event of a delay in state registration of the transfer of ownership, the ownership rights will be as follows:

• D01/Retirement–K01, the disposal of the property from the seller has been recorded;
• D02–K01/Disposal, write-off of depreciation amounts;
• D45–K01/Retirement, the actual disposal of property is indicated;
• D62–K91, shows the amount of proceeds;
• D91–K68, VAT;
• D91–K45, the buyer transferred ownership rights to himself, the seller has grounds to write off the asset from the balance sheet as expenses in the amount of the residual value.

Cases of sale of assets at a value below residual value

It is legally permitted to put property assets up for sale at a price that is lower than the residual value recorded in accounting. This situation is associated with the occurrence of a loss as a result of the transaction. The resulting damage is entered into accounting in full as part of costs, linked to the month when the property was sold. The norm is confirmed by the provisions of PBU 10/99.

In tax accounting, damage begins to be written off from the month in which the property alienation transaction was completed. But the entire amount of damage cannot be recognized at once. The amount of the loss is divided into equal parts and recorded monthly in the accounting registers. A consequence of differences in tax and accounting accounting is the formation of a deferred tax asset. Its reflection in accounting is regulated by PBU 18/02.

For simplifiers, nuances arise if the object of taxation “income minus costs” is applied. At the time of purchasing an asset, the business entity does not show the price paid as an expense in full. When the object is subsequently resold, costs cannot arise again. The entire proceeds are included in income. The amount of damage cannot be classified as a cost; it is not included in tax list allowed expenses.