Brick wall height 250 mm thick. How to choose a brick wall thickness? Brick masonry thickness
Brick are made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with the following dimensions:
Brick has 6 surfaces: 2 post, 2 spoon and 2 beds.
Designation of brick masonry elements
In order for this article to be more informative to you, an understanding of simple terms inherent in brickwork, which is presented below.
Brick laying are performed by horizontal rows. Bricks are placed on a solution with a wide face - bed (there are methods for laying on spoons).
Horizontal seam - Seam between neighboring horizontal rows.
Vertical seam - Seam separating the side verge of bricks in contact. It happens transverse and longitudinal.
Inner vest - row brick masonrywhich goes on the inner surface.
Facial or outstanding - A row of masonry that goes to the outer (front) side.
Okunt - Rows placed between the inner and exterior versts.
Spoonful - a row of bricks, which are placed by spoons to the wall, i.e. Long edges.
Tychkin - a row of bricks, which are laid by the walls of the walls, i.e. Short faces.
SUCH Dressing System - a certain order of alternation of spoonful and tychkins.
Spoonful masonry - masonry at which the brick is stacked with a spoon outside with respect to the facial wall surface.
Tychkin masonry - The masonry at which the brick is putting out to the outstand to the front of the wall.
The width of the brickwork must be painted with an odd or even number of halves (1/2) brick.
Brick masonry thickness
Depending on climatic conditions, the design of the structure and the calculated loads brickwork may be the following thickness:
Masonry thickness \u003d total bricks thickness in masonry + solution thickness between bricks. Example of masonry in 2 bricks: 250 mm + 10mm + 250mm \u003d 510mm
The width of the vertical seam in the brickwork when planning the size is considered to be equal to 10 mm, but in practice this number varies from 8 to 12 mm.
Quartwork for a quarter of a brick (1/4) - 65 mm
Masonry in Polkirpich (1/2) - 120 mm
Masonry in one brick - 250mm
Masonry in a half of the brick (1.5) - 380mm (250 + 10 + 120mm)
Laying in two bricks - 510 mm (250 + 10 + 250mm)
Masonry in two and a half bricks (2.5) - 640 mm (250 + 10 + 250 + 10 + 120mm)
In construction, most often use:
- single (normal, standard) brick, which has a height of 65 mm;
- thickened brick with a height of 88 mm.
The height of the horizontal seam in the brickwork when planning the size of the structure is considered to be 12 mm, but in practice, this number varies from 10 to 15 mm.
With the electrical heating of the brick masonry or its reinforcement in the horizontal seams, the electrodes or metal grid are placed. In this case, the seam size should not be less than 12 mm.
Knowing, from which brick (single or thickened) it is planned to build a structure with ease of calculating the height of the future structure:
| Number of masonry rows | Design height, mm | |
|---|---|---|
| from single brick | from thickened brick | |
1 row (height 1 brick + |
77 (65+12) | 100 (88+12) |
2 rows (height 2 bricks + |
154 (65+12+65+12) | 200 (88+12+88+12) |
3 rows (height 3 bricks + |
231 (65+12+65+12+65+12) | 300 (88+12+88+12+88+12) |
4 rows (height 4 bricks + |
308 | 400 |
5 rows (height 5 bricks + |
385 | 500 |
6 rows (height 6 bricks + |
462 and then after 77 mm | 600 and then after 100 mm |
Height 10 rows of thickened brick \u003d altitude 13 rows of single brick \u003d 1000 mm
To extract each time and do not give sketch sizes to a constructive, the designer uses a table of brickwork sizes. www.Syt.
Dressing systems
In order for the rows of brick masonry to combine into a single solid monolithic design, seam dressing systems are used. For theory, we suggest familiarizing yourself with the basic rules of brickwork.
We distinguish the dressing of the following vertical seams:
- transverse
- longitudinal.
The strength and reliability of brick masonry is more dependent on the quality of the dressing of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams.
The bandage of vertical longitudinal seams is carried out by laying the tiley rows and helps to avoid longitudinal destruction of masonry.
The bandage of vertical transverse seams is performed by alternating spoonful and twitch rows, and in adjacent rows it is necessary to shift bricks on a quarter or half. This bandage provides: a uniform distribution of the load on the nearest sections of the masonry and the longitudinal relationship of adjacent bricks, which in turn gives brickwork monolithium and strength with uneven temperature deformations and precipitation.
Systems dressing seams
In construction, the following seam dressing systems are most often used:
- single row or chain;
- multi-row;
- three-row.
Single-row system (chain)
Single-row stacking of seams is performed by the sequential alternation of tychk and spoonful rows in compliance with the following rules:
- The first (lower) and the last (upper) rows are laid by tyth.
- Longitudinal seams in adjacent rows are shifted by 1/2 (Pollipich) relative to each other, transverse - by 1/4 (quarter of bricks).
- Bricks of the overlying row must definitely overlap vertical seams of the underlying row.
With a single-row dressing in the masonry process, you will need a large number of incomplete bricks (most often 3/4), the cutting of which will entail not only labor costs, but also serious losses of the brick, which will eventually lead to significant financial investments.
It must be remembered that the chain dressing system is the most labor-intensive, but despite this, it is more durable and reliable.
Multi-row system
The multi-rowing of seams is a brickwork, laid out by spoonful rows, which in height every 5-6 rows are replicated by one pumping nearby. With this dressing system, the following rules must be followed:
- The first, he also put the lower row.
- The second row - spoons.
- The third, fourth, fifth and sixth - spoons with sutures in 1/2 (Pollipich). Do it regardless of the thickness of the wall.
- In the width of the wall, vertical longitudinal laying seams of five rows do not need to tie.
- The seventh-row stumps overlap the seams of the sixth spoon row on 1/4 (quarter of the brick).
The advantages of the multi-row dressing system:
- no need for large quantities incomplete brick;
- most productive;
- allows you to apply brick halves for masonry chassis;
- improves the heat engineering characteristics of the masonry (this occurs due to increased thermal resistance, located on the path of heat flux, not tied longitudinal seams of five rows).
Disadvantages:
- the third rule cutting brickwork is not fully respected;
- strength less than at a single-row dressing;
- you can not use when laying brick columns because of the incomplete dressing of longitudinal seams.
Three-row system
The three-rowing seam dressing system is used in brickwork narrow simpleness and pillars whose width does not exceed 1 m.
The main types of dressings of seams
Masonry in 1 Brick (Cross) - Option 1
| View from the facade
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Shuv's bandage
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Masonry in 1 brick (cross) - option 2
| View from the facade
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Shuv's bandage
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| View from the facade. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Inside view. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Masonry in 1 brick multi-row
Masonry in 1.5 bricks Option 1
View from the facade  |
Shuv's bandage
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View from the facade. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry  |
Inside view. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Laying of 1.5 bricks. Option 2.
| View from the facade
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Shuv's bandage
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| View from the facade. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Inside view. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Masonry in 2 bricks
| View from the facade
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Shuv's bandage
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| View from the facade. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Inside view. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Laying in 2.5 bricks
| View from the facade
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Shuv's bandage
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| View from the facade. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Inside view. Gifting 2 and 3 rows of masonry
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Methods of masonry
Internal and outdoor versts are laying in the following ways:
- if
- injection with a trimming solution,
- let's use
Take a snap to the half-grade.
Selecting a specific method depends on:
- year of year,
- requirements for cleaning outdoor masonry surfaces,
- the status of the brick itself (wet or dry),
- plasticity solution.
Masonry technology
Before starting a brickwork on the base, it is necessary to carry out isolation. To do this, on the perimeter of masonry under the brick lay a layer of rubberoid or other insulating material.
With the help of the level of the corners of the base there are several rows of bricks. At the corners are fixed apartments with the help of a bracket. The distance between divisions on the order is 77 mm (65 mm height of single brick + 12 mm height of the solution). On the prescribed orders, the cords of the moorings are tightened, which help to observe the rectinity and horizontality of the erected rows of brickwork. Cord, it is advisable to place every 5 m to prevent its sagging (if the moor is stretched by 10 m, then a lighthouse is made in the form of bricks for tensioning the cord). Purchase cord for external walls is attached to the orders, and for the inner with the help of a bracket.
On a brick, using a trowel, lay a solution, thickness in 30 mm and an indentation from the outer part of the wall - 20 mm. The first row of brick masonry is the twitch. The brick is put in the way "Lettering" or "Rizyk".
Fashion method
The method of "in principle" brick is laid on a plastic solution (sediment of a cone 12-13 cm).
Priority of actions when laying brick "Injection":
- First:
- take a brick in the hands and a little tilting it,
- zagrey the face (a spoon - for a tonch-row, a tych - for a spoonful row) on a brick a bit of the disengaged solution,
- move the brick with a crushed solution to the brick, which was laid earlier.
- Then hesitated brick per solution.
Method of injecting
The method "when" brick is laid on a hard solution (sediment of a cone 7 ... 9 cm) with a mandatory extender and full filling in the seams.
Priority of actions when laying brick "Let's":
- To the vertical face of the previously laid brick, the craftsman is pregnant and part of the solution is pressed.
- Then they put a new brick, be sure to press it to the trowel.
- A sharp movement takes out the trowel.
- Healed brick.
Shumov extending
To obtain a sufficient sealing solution in the seams, as well as give a brickwork a clear drawing from the outside - the joints of the seams applies. In this case, the brick laying is performed with a trimming solution. The seams with the latch give the following forms:
- triangular
- concave
- convex
- rectangular
- rounded.
For example, for obtaining convex seams, we use bunted form.
To obtain better welds and reduce the labor costs of brickwork seams, it is expanding to the moment of setting the solution, following the following sequence:
- brushed or rag wipe the surface of the brick masonry from dissolved splashes, poured on it;
- enormous vertical seams (3-4 spoons or 6-8 chokes);
- expand horizontal seams.
If in the future you are planning to plaster the walls, then the brick laying must be inlet, i.e. A solution of 10-15 mm does not bring to the wall surface. This method Allows the plaster firmly entry on the wall surface. © www.Syt.
VNC  |
Inletovoy  |
Convex seam  |
Went sow  |
Singley sow  |
Two-chamber seam  |
Reinforcement of masonry
Despite intensive development Construction technologies and the emergence of new building materials, the brick remains the most popular and in demand. Explain it is simple: it has unsurpassed performance characteristics and durability. The brick wall erected by all the rules, the thickness of which is designed to take into account the type and appointment of the construction, dozens will be able to serve, and even hundreds of years.
Advantages of bricks
First of all, the brick is a very reliable material. If it has the necessary thickness and is performed with the observance of technology, it can easily withstand significant loads from flooding and roofing design. In addition, this building material has such qualities as low thermal conductivity, good sound insulation, high resistance to deformation and bending.
Calculated in accordance with the established standards brickwork does not require a massive foundation, while it will have an excellent bearing capacity.
Standard Brick Wall Thickness Indicators
The thickness of the wall walls can vary in a rather significant range - from 12 to 64 cm. The thickness of masonry in two bricks is the most common in low-rise construction, as it is capable of providing high stability and reliability of the structure. In addition, such walls will be able to guarantee maximum strength even residential facilities up to 5 floors. The thickness of the brick walls, according to GOST, for the buildings within this floor located in the temperate zones, is at least 51 cm, and this is a laying of two bricks.
Choosing the type of masonry
When choosing a masonry thickness, the following factors are necessarily taken into account:
. In addition to the floors of the structure, the functional value of the masonry plays a large role, that is, it is necessary to decide whether it will be an outer brick wall, or internal carriers or non-relaxing rebounds.
Species and functional purpose of various masonry
- Internal bearing brick walls must have a thickness of at least 25 cm. It corresponds to the length of one brick.
- Partitions that serve to separate the room on the zones, according to the established standards, can have a thickness of 12 cm (masonry in the Polkirpich). Additional rigidity to such structures is attached by reinforcing seams using conventional wire.
- In the regions with cold winters, the preservation of heat in residential premises is a priority. In such cases, the optimal thickness of the brick wall is 64 cm. It should be noted that the total mass of the structure increases, therefore the foundation should be more powerful.
- During the construction of structures in the southern regions, a masonry scheme of 1.5 bricks is fully applicable.
- For the construction of sheds and other utility premises, a sufficient masonry thickness is one brick.
Brick dimensions
The modern building materials market offers various types of bricks:
- Single. Size: Length - 25 cm, width - 12 cm and height - 6.5 cm.
- One-hour - 25 x 12 x 0.88 cm.
- Double - 25 x 12 x 13.8 cm.
From an economic point of view, one-time and double bricks are the most efficient options. Their dimensions allow to build bearing walls or base of buildings of a large thickness using a smaller amount of solution, rather than during the construction of similar designs from a single brick. Internal undesseluctive partitions are advisable to build from a half or single brick. According to current standards, the minimum thickness of the internal brick walls should be 1/20-1 / 25 from the height of one floor. For example, at the height of the floor in 3 meters, the inner walls must have a thickness of at least 15 cm.
Parameters depending on the correct calculation of brick wall thickness
- Strength, stability and reliability of the structure. It should be noted that when the carrying inner or carrier brick wall is built, its thickness should be sufficient to ensure the stability of the house. At the same time, the walls must withstand not only the weight of all the floors and floors, but also the negative external impact of natural phenomena, such as rain, snow and wind.
- Durability of the structure.This parameter provides many factors, including the correct selection of materials, compliance with construction technologies, taking into account the peculiarities of the soil and climate, etc., but the thickness and strength of the walls are in the first place.
- Heat and sound insulation.When the brick wall is erected, its thickness must be calculated in such a way that it can optimally provide isolation from external sounds and cold. Thus, the thickness of the wall, the more effectively protect against these factors. However, taking into account the cost of building materials, the walls are thicker than the standards for certain climatic zones provide, it is simply irrational.
Brick varieties
By its structure, bricks are divided into hollow and full-scale.
Hollow brick has air pockets. On his production goes less materialTherefore, the cost of such products is below. At the same time, the strength of the hollow brick is no worse than that of full-time, and heat-saving properties are even higher due to the presence of air emptiness.
Full brick is a more expensive option compared to the hollow. It is characterized by high strength characteristics and low thermal conductivity.
Selection of optimal masonry thickness
It would seem that it is enough to make walls thicker, and the questions of sound insulation and the conservation of heat in the future house will be solved. However, it should be noted that in addition to the external brick walls in the buildings of a large area, also internal bearing walls must be erected, as well as non-carrying rebels. The thickness of these structures should be in a certain ratio with the parameters of external bearing walls. Thus, the calculation of the thickness of all planned walls should be made at the design stage of the house, and not in the construction process.
When choosing the optimal thickness of external walls, factors are taken into account:
- features of the climatic zone;
- characteristics of the location of the future structure;
- size and layout of the house;
- building budget.
It should be understood that the thickness of the external walls cannot be less than 38 cm, which corresponds to the masonry in a half brick. In cold climatic zones, the recommended masonry thickness is 51-64 cm.
Methods for reducing the thickness of bearing walls while improving thermal insulation
Any person planning construction own house, concerns the issue price. Natural desire is to reduce this process, but it is so that the savings do not affect the durability, reliability and thermal insulation properties of the construction.
The method of such exists. This technology is called well-shaped masonry. The principle lies in the construction of bearing walls in two rows, between which the empty space remains in 25 cm, which is then filled with a certain porous material. As such aggregate use:
- little concrete mix;
- slag;
- organic insulation;
- ceramzit;
- polystyrene foam.
This design of the bearing walls allows to reduce the amount of brick required, reduce the total weight of the building, increase the noise and thermal insulation. Walls are obtained thick, durable and reliable.
Additional thermal insulation
To create an irresistible barrier for cold, it is recommended to build a ventilated facade with special thermal insulation panels, various facing materials or plaster.
When finishing the outer wall with facing brick from the inside, it must be insulated. This operation is performed according to the following scheme:
- The inner surfaces of the carrier outer walls are trimmed with insulation.
- On the layer of insulation, a vapor barrier film is mounted.
- The resulting design is covered with reinforcing metal grid and plastering (as an excellent alternative to plaster can be used drywall).
- The final stage is the decorative finish of the inner walls. Choice finishing materials due only to the taste preferences of the owners of the house.
Such technology provides houses high performance and makes it possible to reduce construction costs. Using the well-shaped masonry of the outer bearing walls, followed by additional insulation, it is possible to reduce the initial cost of the object by an average of 20%.
Brick as a building material is known for a long time. The mention of it can be found in the Bible, in the stories about the times after the Great Flood.
Construction brick houses It is rooted deep in history, there are many such buildings in any country, whose age has no one ten years. There are home-long-lived houses, built 150, and even 200 years ago. Brick always remains the most popular and popular building material in the world.
What was the builders so much so loved? Here you can select some explicit advantages.
Strength
In construction, M100, M125, M150, M175 is used. The digital index after the letter denotes the strength and indicates that this species is withstanding the load 100, 125, 150, 175 kg / cm 2. M100 Mark is suitable for building a house in 3 floors.
Durability
The house, which has a good brick thickness built from high-quality material and for all the rules of house-building, can stand more than a century.
Ecology
The brick includes natural substances that do not contain harmful impurities - clay, sand, water. And he passes the air, "breathes" and does not rot.
Universality, aesthetics
And technology of laying embodies the most bold architectural projects. An individual style of a brick house will give him originality and uniqueness.
Frost resistance
Extensive experience in the use of bricks in construction and testing it in different climatic zones confirm that this material has a high frost resistance, which is indicated by F25, F35, F50.
The digital index indicates the amounts of frost and thawing bricks in a saturated water condition, after which irreversible changes begin.
Foreign safety
Brick is a refractory material that meets all the standards and rules of fire extinguishing, and the thickness of the walls in the brick house will not allow fire to turn from the room into the room.
Soundproofing
Brick is a good insulating material, much better than wood and reinforced concrete panels. In a brick house, it protects well from street noise.
Minimum wall thickness
One of the main characteristics of the brick house is the wall thickness. The size of the usual ceramic brick is 250x120x65 mm. Construction standards and rules are taken to determine the thickness of the walls, multiple 12 (half of the brick half).
It turns out that the wall thickness is equal to:
- in Pollikirpich - 120 mm;
- in one brick - 250 mm;
- in a half of the brick - 380 mm (10 mm added to the thickness of the seam between bricks);
- two bricks - 510 mm (10 mm per seam);
- two and a half bricks - 640 mm.
The same building standards clearly defines the minimum thickness of the brick wall. It must be between 1/20 to 1/25 floors. A simple calculation shows if 3 meters, then the walls should be a minimum thickness of 150 mm. Brick wall, the thickness of which is less than 150 mm, is suitable for simple internal partitions.
External bearing brick walls
The strength and stability of the entire building provide external walls. They are called carriers because all the load acting on the building is distributed. They carry the severity of overlaps, superior walls, roofing, operational load (furniture, things, people) and snow.
The starting point for any masonry is the corners of the building. On each of them there is a lighthouse (an angle of bricks is removed from the vertical and the axes of the building). The angular laying rises by 6-8 rows. The angles of exterior walls are recommended to reinforce the metal mesh from the wire with a diameter of 6 mm. Then between the beacons at the level of the top brick along the edge of the wall stretches the twine, which denotes the outer axis of the structure. From one lighthouse to another, brickwork is carried out, the wall thickness consists of an outer part, internal and medium, which is filled with insulation or beaten by another material. The brick on the wall is laid with dressing, after three or five spoonful rows you need one tile. There are many brick laying schemes. Depending on the selected scheme, the order of the arrangement of spoonful and tychkins may differ. The same applies to the seams, they should not be located over the other. With the help of halves and quarterly bricks easily shift towards the bottom row. After laying several rows, the level verticality of the wall is checked to avoid different bertifications of the plane that can spoil the aesthetic appearance of the building.
The thickness of the brick bearing wall is chosen on the basis of features ambient and our own opportunities. But with any calculations, it should not be less than 380 mm (the laying "in a half of the brick"). In the northern regions, the thickness is usually increased to 510 mm, and even up to 640 mm.
To reduce the load of the walls on the foundation and facilitating the design, the outer walls are clagging from the hollow brick. It is unprofitable to make a solid laying, it requires high costs and reduces thermal protection of the structure.
Wall insulation
Often use the technology by which the laying is carried out with the well device. It represents two walls distant from each other by 140-270 mm with a mandatory ligation of the series every 650-1200 mm. Wells between masonry are filled with insulation with mandatory ram. It may be lightweight concrete, slag, crumples, sawdust, etc. When using their use, the thermal protection of the building increases by 10-15%.
The most efficient insulation is the foam. Its use allows you to reduce the wall thickness to 290 mm (brick 120 mm + foam 50 mm + brick 120 mm). And if you leave the well 100 mm wide (for two layers of foam placed with overlapping seams), then such a wall on thermal conductivity will be equivalent to a solid laying with a thickness of 640 mm. The brick wall, the thickness of which is 290 mm, should be additionally rejected by grids through 5 rows.
To make housing even more comfortable, arrange additional insulation outside or inside the building. The polystyrene foam, foam, mineral wool and other, soft or solid materials are suitable here. With them can be increased to 100%.
Internal bearing walls
Buildings with a length or width of more than five and a half meters are separated along the long side by internal carrier walls. They produce face supporting overlaps or design coatings.
The thickness of the walls of brick internal is less than the outer, because there is no insulation, but not less than 250 mm (the masonry "in the brick"). All carrying walls, and outdoor, and internal, are interconnected and formed along with the foundation and roof, a single design is the elastic of the building. All loads acting on the structure are evenly distributed by its area. The locations of the outer and interior walls are reinforced with grids or separate reinforcement through 5 rows of masonry. Sleepy arrange at least 510 mm wide and reinforced them too. If you need to put the pillars as carrier supports, the cross-section of the designs should be at least 380x380 mm (the laying "in a half of the brick"). They are also reinforced with a wire of 3-6 mm through 5 rows in the height of the masonry.
Partitions
These walls produce a zonal separation of large space space. Since partitions are not carriers, and there are no loads in addition to their own weight, then here you can choose which thickness of the brick wall is more suitable for this room.
Partitions with a thickness of 120 mm (the masonry "In Polkirpich") are arranged mainly between rooms, bathrooms. If it is required to separate a small room of the pantry type, here it is possible to post a wall with a thickness of 65 mm (masonry "on the edge"). But such a partition must be reinforced with a wire of 3 mm every 2-3 row of masonry in height if its length is more than one and a half meters.
To facilitate weight and reduce the load on the overlap of partitions make from the hollow or porous ceramic brick.
Masonry solution
If the outdoor masonry wall is underway "under the frame", then the quality, composition and proper use of the solution depends on how aesthetically brick wall will look like. The thickness of the seams should be the same everywhere, and it is necessary to fill them completely, the voids are not allowed. The solution must be prepared before the start of work and apply within two hours. For plasticity, clay, lime or marble pulp are added to it.
For horizontal seams, a thickness of 10 to 15 mm is used, for vertical - from 8 to 10 mm.
When building a brick building, it is necessary to know that any deviation from the project may subsequently lead to unpredictable consequences. The stability and strength of brick bearing walls is easy to reduce if:
- reduce their thickness;
- increase their height;
- increase the area or number of openings;
- reduce between the openings of the width of commonens;
- arrange additional niches or channels in the walls;
- use heavier overlap.
Brick wall, the thickness of which is less project, should be additionally reinforced.
All changes in the project must be made by experts, it is impossible to do this.
Buildings from bricks possess the obvious advantages that put them on the step above houses from any other materials. Performed by original projectsThey have their own style and charm. And still that a good option For the investment and transfer of real estate, descendants inheritance.
V.V. Gabrushenko
Design standards (SNIP II-22-81) are allowed to make the minimum thickness of the bearing stone walls for masonry I group ranging from 1/20 to 1/25 height of the floor. At the height of the floor up to 5 m in these restrictions, the brick wall is fully fitted with a thickness of only 250 mm (1 brick) than the designers use - especially often recently.
From the point of view of formal requirements, designers act on quite legally foundation And vigorously resist when someone is trying to interfere with their intentions.
Meanwhile, thin walls are most strongly reacting to all sorts of deviations from the design characteristics. Moreover, even on those officially admissible by the rules of the rules of production and acceptance of work (SNiP 3.03.01-87). Among them: the deviations of the walls along the displacement of the axes (10 mm), in thickness (15 mm), by deflection by one floor from the vertical (10 mm), on the displacement of the slabs of the overlap plate in the plan (6 ... 8 mm), etc.
What causes these deviations, consider on the example of an inner wall with a height of 3.5 m and a thickness of 250 mm from the brick of the brand 100 on the solution of the brand 75, which supports the estimated load from the overlap of 10 kPa (the plates by flying 6 m on both sides) and the weight of the overlying walls . The wall is designed for central compression. Its calculated load bearing capacitydefined by SNIP II-22-81 is 309 kN / m.
Suppose that the bottom wall is shifted from the axis by 10 mM to the left, and the upper wall is 10 mm to the right (drawing). In addition, 6 mm to the right of the axis shifted slabs of overlapping. That is, the load from the overlap N 1 \u003d 60 kN / m is applied with eccentricity 16 mm, and load from the overlying wall N 2. - with an eccentricity of 20 mm, then the eccentricity is automatically composed of 19 mm. With this eccentricity, the bearing capacity of the wall will decrease to 264 kN / m, i.e. by 15%. And this is if there are only two deviations and, provided that deviations do not exceed the values \u200b\u200ballowed by the norms.
If you add to the asymmetric loading of the overlaps of the temporary load (right more than the left) and "tolerances", which allow themselves the builders, - thickening of horizontal seams, traditionally poor filling of vertical seams, poor-quality bandage, curvature or slope of the surface, "rejugation" of the solution, excessive The use of half amenis, etc., etc., the carrying capacity can decrease at least 20 ... 30%. As a result, the overload of the wall will exceed the value of 50 ... 60%, behind which the irreversible process of destruction begins. This process is not always manifested immediately, it happens - years after the completion of construction. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the smaller the cross section (thickness) of the elements, the stronger the negative effect of overloads, since with a decrease in thickness, the possibility of redistributing stresses within the section due to plastic deformations of the masonry decreases.
If you add more uneven deformations of the bases (due to soaking of soils), fraught with a turn of the basement of the foundation, the "hanging" of the outer walls on the inner bearing walls, the formation of cracks and a decrease in stability, then the speech will not just go about overload, but about a sudden collapse.
Supporters of thin walls may argue that for all this it is necessary too much a combination of defects and adverse deviations. Reply to them: the overwhelming majority of accidents and disasters in construction occurs when there are several negative factors in one place and at the same time - in this case there are no "too much".
conclusions
The thickness of the bearing walls should be at least 1.5 bricks (380 mm). Walls with a thickness of 1 brick (250 mm) is allowed to be used only for single-storey or for the last floors of multi-storey buildings.
This requirement should be made to future territorial design standards. building structures and buildings, the need for the development of which has long been abandoned. You can only recommend the designers to avoid the use of bearing walls with a thickness of less than 1.5 bricks.
One of the main issues that is solved during the construction of a private house is what thickness of the walls to choose. Everyone want to save, so the designated in the project, for example, 370 mm brickwork thickness "look erroneous", because the neighbor built the walls in 190mm and nothing. " Indeed, recently, the walls are often often made in the construction of private houses are not wide, - from a brick of 250 mm, and from heavy concrete blocks and 200 mm. The same values \u200b\u200bare sometimes asked by projects. low-rise houses. Is it always suitable for the walls of the walls?
Why depends the thickness of the wall of the house, which thickness of the wall of the house prefer, and what to pay attention to when choosing this parameter for your own dwelling ... ..
What loads act on the wall of the house
- A vertical compressive load formed by weight of the masonry itself and above arranged overlaps, roofs, snow, permanent and variable operational load is valid for the outer bearing walls of the house.
A simple calculation shows that a wall with a thickness of 190 - 250 mm of bricks or heavy concrete blocks, laid on a conventional cement solution, has a large supply of compressive strength. Such a wall can withstand significantly large compressive loads. - On the walls there are loads directed horizontally, the planes seeking to overturn them. Horizontal loads can be caused by the wind pressure, so all houses are calculated on the wind load. Also, a significant side load on the wall may occur due to the retrace from the rafting roof system. The wall should be resistant to certain side load values. The space from the elements of the roof should be compensated in the roof structure itself, for example, you can read
- On the wall there are various bending and torque. The nature of their occurrence may be different, for example, due to the foundation drawdown, due to the larger pressure from overlaps or facade finishes on the edges of the wall, due to the irregularities of the masonry and the tilt of the wall and others. Efforts to bend and twisted in various directions may be higher than The strength of thin walls. Carrier walls of brick and concrete blocks with a thickness of 190 - 250 mm do not have big stock Strengths to bending loads. Such thickness of the walls on this factor must be confirmed by the calculation for each specific design of the house. At the same time, according to the practical experience of a wall with a thickness of 350 mm and more possesses a significant margin of strength in a wide variety of building design options.
Those. big influence The choice of wall thickness has a specific design of the house. Consider in more detail factors that significantly affect the choice of wall thickness.
How does the construction of the thickness of the thickness affect
For stability, the strength of the building wall basic influences its design. The most significant following factors:
- Wall thickness. With a decrease in thickness, the likelihood of the wall destruction is significantly increasing, primarily due to bending loads.
- Height wall. The higher the wall, the significantly heavy loads on it are affected, the less its stability.
- Square of openings in the wall. The openings are significantly weakened by the wall. The more the opening, the smaller the stability of the wall.
- Number of openings (wall width between openings). The greater the total area of \u200b\u200ball openings than the walls of the wall between the openings, the less the stability and margin of the wall strength.
- The presence of a subjoiler from the adjacent bearing wall. The greater the walls of the wall without a lateral subjoiler perpendicular (adjoining) wall, the less stability of this site. Conjugated walls (with masonry interlacing) increase the stability of a particular wall area.
- The presence of reinforcing belts. To increase the stability in the wall, reinforcing belts are laid, various laying reinforcement, which significantly increase the stability of walls from piece materials.
- The presence of strokes, internal channels, niches, etc. in the wall. The depth and length of various disorders of the walls are determined by the project and confirmed by the calculation.
- Blocks are used, brick with a lower class of strength than the project provided. A masonry solution is used, the composition of which differs from the projected one.
- Allowed masonry curvature more regulatory. A large tilt of the wall vertically is allowed. The horizontal straightness of the masonry is not respected.
- The seams between the blocks are not completely filled with a solution completely.
- Enhance the thickness of the seams. The number of seams is increased and the size of the piece material is reduced, slices of bricks and blocks are applied.
- No docking of overlaps (floor beams) with walls with anchors, their number is reduced, changed location.
- It is incorrectly performed a burning of bearing walls, a drawing density is reduced.
- No reinforcement of walls according to the project, the number of rows is reduced, the material brand is changed, etc.
- The construction of the foundation, roofs, other adjacent structures is broken, as a result of which significantly large bending, tipping the efforts ...
- For one-storey house Walls are applicable 200 - 250 mm thick. The same wall thickness can be at the top floor of a multi-storey building.
- For the house in two floors, the thickness of the walls in 200 - 250 mm must be confirmed by calculations, certified by the designer. The project should also be based on the studies of the building site. Such a project must perform qualified specialist construction builders. A qualified technical supervision of construction should be carried out.
- For two and three storey houses, carrying walls of lower floors with a thickness of 350 mm and will more than have a sufficient supply of stability to compensate for some adverse factors.
In addition to constructive factors for the stability of the wall, construction factors are influenced or " human factor" So, the strength of any wall will change, if you change the brand, the class of brick, blocks, or masonry solutions .... Changes in materials and structures of adjoins, roofing or even foundation. All this will affect the stability of the walls of the house.
What violations significantly reduce sustainability
In the construction process, there are situations when there is no required amount of material with the necessary qualities. Also often construction brigades They want to simplify work and design and offer "make easier and more reliable." The owner needs to control the construction process and compliance with the requirements of the documentation. Do not deviate from the project, norms and rules. All changes in the design of walls and overlaps must be coordinated with the designer. Implemented changes must be certified by signatures, seals of responsible persons and organizations.
This is especially important for thin walls, whose margin of safety is small. Errors and shortcomings in the construction process sharply reduce the already low stability of the thin wall, it becomes possible to destruction.
What is the thickness of the walls in most cases
Improved extensive experience in building low-rise private houses from large density materials. If you use heavy brick or concrete on cement-sandy solution, you can say that satisfactory stability will be at the carrier walls of the next thickness.