One of the main conditions for the transition to a market economy is the change in the role of the state as a regulator of economic processes. In a planned economy, public administration played a decisive role in determining all economic proportions, while in a market economy, the market is the main regulator of economic proportions. Therefore, during the transition period, on the one hand, there is a decrease in the degree of government intervention in the economy and government regulation of economic processes loses its comprehensive character. On the other hand, the forms and methods of state regulation are changing, because the previous ones, which developed in the era of totalitarianism, are unsuitable for regulating the economy in a transitional period. transitional economy the role of state regulation is more significant than in the existing market economy. In the formed market system, the state only supports the aura for the development of the economy. In countries that have just embarked on the path of formation market systems, the market is in its infancy, its regulatory capabilities are not yet high enough. This necessitates a more intensive state intervention in economic processes. The transition from a planned economy to a market economy does not occur automatically, spontaneously. The state is called upon to regulate the transition process, stimulate the creation of market infrastructure, conditions for its normal functioning. In addition, the strengthening of the regulatory role of the market inevitably presupposes that the market itself should become an object of regulation by the state.

The role of the state in the economy is concretized in its functions. Functions of the state - these are the main directions of its activities, through which the purpose of the state as a political organization that has achieved stability in society is realized. All functions of the state in a transitional economy are associated with the formation and development of market relations. After all, the transition to the market from a highly centralized and administratively controlled economy must be purposeful, otherwise the revolutionary breakdown of the old mechanism will lead to economic destruction and stagnation, undermining statehood. Two groups of state regulatory functions can be distinguished. First, a group of functions for creating conditions for effective market operation. Secondly, these are functions for complementing and correcting the actions of the market regulators themselves.

The first group includes the function of providing a legal framework and creating general legal conditions for economic activity of business entities, as well as the function of stimulating and protecting competition as the main driving force in the market environment.

The second group includes the functions of regulating distribution processes and redistribution of income, adjusting the results of market processes, ensuring economic stability and stimulating economic growth.

These functions are inherent in both a transitional and a developed market economy. If in a developed market economy the provision of the legal framework is implemented mainly by monitoring the application of the current economic legislation and making partial adjustments to it, then in a transitional economy it is necessary to re-create the entire economic base. This is far from an easy matter. After all, laws are developed, adopted and implemented by people who have recently lived in conditions that today they are called upon to significantly change. In addition, much in the life of society is changing. When passing laws, you need to be able to foresee the future, because legal basis housekeeping should be stable. Constant and significant changes in economic legislation have a destabilizing effect on the economy.

The state has an important role to play in promoting and protecting competition. In connection with the underdevelopment of competition and the extremely high level of market monopolization, characteristic of the economy in transition, the implementation of this function is of particular importance. First, laws are needed that allow and encourage entrepreneurs to start new firms. Second, the process of privatizing existing enterprises must involve the creation of competitive markets. Third, domestic markets should be opened up to foreign entrepreneurs. Fourth, there must be laws that encourage competition and prohibit monopoly associations and price agreements.

The formation of a market system presupposes the provision of economic and political stability. On the one hand, this is necessary for the nascent domestic business, and on the other hand, for attracting foreign capital.

The need for the state to implement the stabilization function is due to the crisis state of the transition economy, which is characterized by a decline in economic activity and a decline in production, a high level of inflation, a difficult financial situation of enterprises and a decrease in investment activity, unemployment and a drop in the standard of living of most of the population. In such conditions, a sharp dumping of economic problems onto the market mechanisms of self-development based on the recipes of the monetary doctrine will further worsen the market situation. In addition, it is not possible to use purely market forms, because the system of market institutions through which one could influence economic matter is absent in a transitional economy or is in an embryonic state.

The state is called upon to play a significant role in the development of the market and its segments, institutions and infrastructure. Purposeful implementation of the function of economic stabilization by the state should ensure not only balance in the current conditions, but also a way out of the crisis. This can be achieved through the development and implementation of a scientifically grounded model of the formation and development of a market system, built taking into account the prevailing conditions, internal and external factors of economic development.

The transition to a market economy is accompanied by a sharp increase in the differentiation of incomes of various strata of the population. Moreover, this process is taking place against the backdrop of an economic recession and high inflation rates, which exacerbate the problem of inequality, causing a decline in the living standards of the population. The state is forced to participate more intensively in the regulation of distribution processes taking place in a transitional economy. The purpose of government intervention is to reduce the differences in the amount of income between individual subjects by redistributing them.

At the same time, the main role in reducing inequality belongs to transfer payments, since the possibilities for increasing taxation are limited. High taxes reduce contingent activity. The possibilities of using transfer payments as a channel for redistributing income are not unlimited. A significant increase in their size and duration of payments weakens incentives to work, which negatively affects both the economy and the social atmosphere in society.

Through certain financial and budgetary instruments (additional taxation or the provision of subsidies), the state is able to prevent negative and stimulate positive, from the point of view of society, effects of private economic activity.

In those areas where the market is unable to fully meet social needs, in particular in "public goods", the state takes on this function. State intervention here is of an auxiliary nature and is designed to guarantee the necessary supply of goods that, for one reason or another, are not produced by the market or are produced insufficiently, for example, educational services.

The state performs regulatory functions through administrative or economic methods. Administrative, or direct, methods of regulation restrict the freedom of management. They prevailed in the command economy. Economic methods are adequate to the nature of the market. They directly affect the market conditions and through it indirectly on the producers and consumers of goods and services.

Topic number-6 Basic concepts of the relationship between the market and the state

Introduction 3

1 Objective necessity of state intervention in the economy 4

2 Comparative characteristics of the main concepts and models of state regulation of the economy 8

3 Using the concepts of state regulation of macroeconomic policy in the Republic of Belarus 16

Conclusion 29

References 31

INTRODUCTION

The state acts as the main institution of the economic and political system, which organizes, directs and controls the joint activities of citizens and their relations with each other. In relation to other subjects, the state has a certain status, which allows it to occupy a special place among economic agents. The role of the state in a market economy is one of the main problems economic theory, since it is generated by constant changes in the economy, requiring appropriate modification of the scale and instruments of government regulation.

The market economy, while possessing some advantages, has a number of significant disadvantages. One of which is uncontrollability, in which it is difficult to direct the development of the economy towards achieving national goals. That is why there is a need to use various forms and methods of state regulation of the economy, such as legal, financial and budgetary, credit, development of state target programs, indicative planning.

The state has a whole range of methods, means and forms of influence both on the economy as a whole and on individual economic complexes and sectors of the country, which are designed to direct the development of the economy and its economic entities in the necessary direction of national welfare, reduce the severity of the shortcomings of market relations, and protect the most vulnerable segments of the population and support the necessary sectors of the economy, industries and enterprises.

The foregoing determines the relevance of the topic of this study, since the use of various concepts and models of economic regulation allows the state to choose the best of the alternative options for social and economic development country and ensure its implementation.

The purpose of the course work is to study the basic concepts of the relationship between the market and the state.

The tasks of the work are as follows:

1) reveal the need for state intervention in the economy;

2) to make a comparative characteristic of the main concepts and models of state regulation of the economy;

3) analyze the use of the concepts of state regulation of the economy in the macroeconomic policy of the Republic of Belarus.

The object of this study is the economy of the Republic of Belarus, and the subject is state regulation national economy.

The information base of the course work was the works of such scientists as N.B. Antonova, N.I.Bazylev, V.N. Shimov. and etc.; analytical data from the National Statistical Committee; legal information; periodicals.

1 OBJECTIVE NEED FOR STATE INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY

In a market system, the economic functions of the state are embodied in the policy of macroeconomic regulation. There are a number of important reasons for this.

1) the need to compensate for the flaws and weaknesses of the market. Both under capitalism and under socialism, the market is never omnipotent in solving many vital issues, in particular, those related to ecology, social justice, education and the all-round development of the individual. Relying solely on the market can lead to negative results in these areas. After all, success here serves the interests of society as a whole. It is far from always possible to provide an individual or an enterprise.

In addition, market regulation through prices, growth rates and the structure of the economy usually occurs slowly and spontaneously. In addition, the enterprise and the individual usually do not have complete information, as a result of which microeconomic policy is characterized by a certain lack of planning. This is especially noticeable in industries with an extended production cycle ( Agriculture, mining, etc.). Therefore, along with a more efficient distribution of wealth, it is difficult to maintain a balance of supply and demand and ensure stable growth.

Relying only on the market mechanism, it is impossible to achieve a fair distribution of income. Although market exchange is carried out according to the principle of equivalence, people's opportunities are different and their incomes, as a result, differ markedly. The unrestricted action of market mechanisms inevitably leads to social polarization, unemployment and social tension.

2) the need to regulate the relationship between macro and microeconomics, whole and private, center and places. The economic activity of a single enterprise, industry or region is carried out according to the principle of dispersal of responsibility, independent management and self-sufficiency. Each enterprise, industry and region pursues its own specific interests, which is why their activities are to a certain extent spontaneous and selfish and focused on achieving short-term results. Along with this, enterprises are in a competitive relationship, and between the enterprise and the state there are contradictions between the interests of the whole and the private.

The solution of the listed tasks in the conditions market economy requires active government intervention. And the state takes care of the functioning of the market economy, creates equal conditions for all business entities, determines the rules of their economic behavior, protects their interests, realizes the possibility of manifesting the most effective sides of the market mechanism and eliminates its negative consequences.

By optimally combining market and state regulators, the state in a market economy ensures the well-being of the nation as a whole, the protection of its interests, stability and strengthening of the economic system within the country and abroad. This determines the purpose of state regulation of the economy and the role of the state in a market economy.

Thus, state regulation of the economy is a purposeful activity of the state represented by the relevant authorities, which, through various methods, techniques, forms and methods, ensure the achievement of the set goal and the solution of economic and social problems at the corresponding stage of economic development.

State regulation in one way or another affects all participants in socio-economic processes who take part in the regulation process, while being subjects of regulation. The main subject of regulation is the people who elect their representatives to the authorities and thus indirectly participate in the regulation process. All participants in the regulatory process differ significantly from each other in terms of the degree of involvement in it or the form of participation. Distinguish between carriers, spokesmen and performers of economic interests. Bearers of economic interests are physical and legal entities, groups of people differing from each other by regional affiliation, type of activity, profession, income, property, etc. ...

Associations and numerous unions can act as exponents of economic interests. The executors of economic interests are: the state represented by various authorities, built on a hierarchical principle and representing three branches of government - legislative, executive and judicial; central bank country.

The interaction of the subjects of regulation is also ensured through feedback. Main line feedback between the bearers and performers of economic interests is trust or loss of trust, support by bearers and spokesmen of economic interests of the economic policy pursued by the state.

The object of state regulation: may be the country's economy as a whole or its individual regions, industries, spheres, enterprises. The object of regulation is socio-economic phenomena, processes, situations. In the very general view the objects of state regulation are macro- and microeconomics.

Within the framework of macroeconomic processes, the objects of regulation can be: the economic cycle, employment, money circulation, balance of payments, prices, R&D, conditions of competition, social relations, personnel (training, retraining), foreign economic relations, etc. In a market economy, the most important objects of regulation at the macro level are closely interconnected aggregate demand, aggregate supply and aggregate production.

State regulation of the economy specifies the principles of state intervention in the economy for the implementation of its strategic goals in the current period in the context of the following interrelated priority areas of the state's activities:

Institutional policy to change the organization of the economy, create new or eliminate old economic, social and financial institutions, change their functions and relationships;

Structural policy in the field of changes in macroeconomic proportions between final consumption and gross capital formation, government revenues and expenditures, exports and imports, sectoral and regional structures of the economy;

Investment and innovation policy to establish the scale of investments, their sources and directions of use, to create an appropriate innovation activity and susceptibility of business entities;

Monetary policy in the field of the formation of money supply and its aggregates, resource base banking system the country, the development of the stock market, the management of credit resources, the establishment of a currency reversibility regime and an effective exchange rate national currency;

Financial policy in the field of formation and use of state financial resources, management of public debt and budget deficit, control over the targeted use of funds state budget establishing an effective tax system;

Customs policy in the field of forming a balanced customs and tariff policy, its impact on the country's competitiveness and import substitution policy;

Policy in the field of supporting entrepreneurship and business activity in the country, to create conditions for high competitiveness of domestic producers;

Policy in the field of creation and effective use of the logistics system;

Policy in the regulation of property relations, social justice and social processes, in the development of social functions of the state; regional policy in relation to the economic integration of regions and their socio-economic development;

Foreign economic policy in relation to the export and import of goods and services, attracting foreign capital and the export of capital abroad;

Conservation policy environment, maintaining energy conservation policy as an important factor in increasing the efficiency of the economy and environmental protection;

Build Policy economic security country, regulation of the use of monetary factors, natural resources, food reserves, quality of nutrition and the sphere of life of the population;

Defense policy.

The priorities of the state economic policy change depending on the historical stage of the country's development. For each priority area, appropriate goals are set, and a specific strategy for their achievement is developed.

Note that the scale of state regulation of the market economy, the depth of its penetration into socio-economic processes have boundaries determined, on the one hand, by the interests of the owners (and this is, in fact, the main argument limiting the scope of state intervention) and, on the other hand, by the possibilities the state itself. Within this framework, we can talk about the relative boundaries of the effectiveness of state regulation and the effectiveness of one or another measure (form, tool, method) of its impact. So, for example, the public sector and state income (budget, extra-budgetary funds), which are the economic basis of state regulation of the economy, have their own boundaries: the growth opportunities of the public sector are limited by the interests of private property, and an increase in state revenues is associated with the social boundaries of taxation, which affect the interests of almost all segments of the population, and with the conjuncture of the economy itself, the deterioration of which significantly reduces budget revenues... The coincidence of the interests of the state and the owners makes it possible to significantly expand the boundaries of state regulation, and vice versa, if they diverge, the boundaries narrow.

In fact, the depth of penetration of state regulation into socio-economic processes, a combination of market and state regulators, a different combination of forms and methods of regulation are distinctive features state regulation in various models of a modern market economy.

2 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC CONCEPTS AND MODELS OF STATE REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY

The state in all periods of its existence intervened to one degree or another in the economy. Therefore, economists began to investigate this problem. In the history of the development of world civilization, there have been different approaches to assessing the role of the state in the economy. These include Keynesian and classical theories. It should be emphasized that these models are alternative and the views of their representatives on the influence of various factors that violate or establish equilibrium differ markedly.

Consider the views of representatives of these schools on the need for intervention in the economy.

Keynesians are based on the fact that capitalism, and in particular the free market system, suffers from innate defects, the most important of which is the Keynesian assertion that capitalism is devoid of a mechanism that ensures economic stability. The state, from the Keynesian point of view, can and should play a certain active role in stabilizing the economy; discrete fiscal and monetary policy is needed to mitigate the booms and busts that would otherwise accompany the development of capitalism. Through these actions, the mismatch between planned investments and savings actually exists and causes fluctuations in business activity, expressed in periodic inflation and / or unemployment, can be minimized. Many markets are not competitive, which also leads to inflexibility in terms of lower prices and wage rates. Consequently, fluctuations in the aggregate When recommending to abandon the policy of non-interference in economic life and go to active state regulation of the economy, J.M. Keynes proposed directions and methods of such regulation.

He proceeded from the fact that the state is able and must influence the independent variables of the functional connections of the economic process, i.e. on the propensity to consume, to invest, on the preference for liquidity. J.M. Keynes believed that the total amount of employment is directly dependent on investment, as well as consumer demand and the rate of return, but in inverse relationship - on the level of interest. It is through these functional connections in a market economy that it is possible in the right direction to influence the state aggregate demand, employment, national income thus forming an effective system of economic regulation.

The effectiveness of state regulation of economic processes, according to J.M. Keynes, depends on finding funds for public investment, achieving full employment of the population, reducing and fixing the rate of interest. At the same time, he believed that public investments in the event of a shortage of them should be guaranteed by the release of additional money, and a possible budget deficit would be prevented by an increase in employment and a fall in the rate of interest. In other words, the lower the lending rate, the higher the incentives for investment, for an increase in the level of investment demand, which in turn expands the boundaries of employment and leads to overcoming unemployment.

The main instruments of state influence on the market are J.M. Keynes believed: flexible monetary and active fiscal policy.

Keynes saw the reason for the economy falling into the equilibrium trap under conditions of underemployment in insufficient aggregate demand and believed that the government could influence the state of economic activity by using methods of monetary and fiscal policy to change aggregate demand.

In Keynesian theory of aggregate demand, investment demand is of decisive importance. Fluctuations in investment will cause big changes in production and employment. Among the most important factors that determine the level of investment in the economy, J. Keynes singles out the interest rate. Height interest rate other things being equal, the level of planned investments will decrease, and, consequently, the volume of production and employment will fall.

Using the methods of monetary policy, the state can influence the interest rate, and through it, the level of investment, maintaining full employment and ensuring economic growth.

However, J. Keynes did not take into account the fact that the economy can get into a special state in which an increase in the supply of money does not cause changes in national income. This case is named« liquidity trap» .

« Liquidity trap» means that the interest rate is at a fairly low level and its change is possible only upward. In these conditions, the owners of money will not seek to invest them. A situation arises when even a very low interest rate does not stimulate investment and does not contribute to income growth. The entire increase in money is absorbed by speculative demand, i.e. money is deposited in the hands, and not invested in the economy. Since the interest rate does not change, the investment and income remain constant. The way out of this situation, the Keynesians believed, was possible only with the inclusion of fiscal policy.

The state, according to J. Keynes, has the necessary capabilities to maintain investment demand with the help of budget funds stimulating business activity. In the system of countercyclical regulation, public funds (the budget) can and should support the growth of productive consumption, ensuring an increase in aggregate demand and neutralizing the negative consequences of the propensity to save.

Since the use of budgetary funds occupies a large place in the Keynesian system of government regulation, Keynes assigned a special place to taxes and the use of the tax system. He believed that the implementation of an active investment activities requires a redistribution of national income in order to increase budget revenues through taxes. For the growth of public investment at the expense of budgetary funds, it is necessary to withdraw part of the savings through the tax system. The active use of the tax system is an integral part of the Keynesian system of state regulation of the economy.

While Keynesians recognize the importance of monetary policy, they believe that fiscal policy is a much more powerful and reliable stabilizer. Government expenditures, among other things, are included directly in total expenditures. And taxes are one short step away from them because the impact of changes in taxation on consumption and investment is believed to be reliable and predictable.

Monetarists (neoclassicists) significantly diminish, or, in an extreme case, reject fiscal policy as a means of resource reallocation and stabilization. They believe that absolute helplessness or ineffectiveness fiscal policy due to the crowding out effect. Monetarists argue as follows: suppose the government creates a budget deficit by selling bonds, that is, borrowing money from the population. But by borrowing money, the state enters into a competition with private business for funds. Hence, government loans expand the demand for money. However, the end result of the impact budget deficit on total costs is immaterial.

The monetarist approach is that markets are reasonably competitive and that the system of market competition provides a high degree of macroeconomic stability. The reasoning is based on the fact that the market competition the flexibility of prices and wages leads to the fact that fluctuations in total costs affect the prices of products and resources, rather than the level of production and employment. Consequently, a market system that is not subject to government interference in the functioning of the economy is characterized by significant macroeconomic stability. The problem is that the law on the minimum wage rate, legislative activity in the interests of trade unions, the maintenance of prices for agricultural products, legislation on monopolies in the interests of business and other measures of the state encourage and increase the inflexibility in terms of lowering prices and wages. A free market alone can provide significant macroeconomic stability, but government intervention, contrary to its good intentions, undermines this ability. Public administration, they are considered bureaucratic, ineffective, harmful to individual initiative and containing political errors that destabilize the economy. Moreover, centralized government inevitably suppresses human freedom. The public sector, in their opinion, should be as small as possible.

Thus, the model of state regulation proposed by J.M. Keynes, helped ease cyclical fluctuations for more than two post-war decades. Already from the 30s. it is used in the practice of capitalist management, in the formation of the economic policy of Great Britain, the United States and other countries. She until the end of the 70s. determined the main guidelines of economic courses and economic policy in many countries of the world.

However, approximately from the beginning of the 70s, a discrepancy between the possibilities of state regulation and objective economic conditions began to appear. The Keynesian model was effective and stable only in conditions of high growth rates. High rates of growth of national income created the possibility of redistribution without prejudice to capital accumulation.

But during this period, the conditions of reproduction deteriorated sharply. Keynesian ways out of the crisis only intensified inflation. In this regard, a new model of regulation has developed - neoliberalism.

Neoliberalism as an alternative Keynesian model state intervention in the economy, originated in the 30s XX century. He was a kind of continuation of the classical theory.

The neoliberal theory is based on the idea of ​​the priority of conditions for unlimited free competition, not in spite of, but due to a certain state intervention in economic processes.

If Keynesianism initially considers the implementation of measures of active government intervention in the economy, then neoliberalism - relatively passive government regulation.

Neoliberals advocate the liberalization of the economy, the use of the principles of free pricing, the leading role in the economy of private property and non-state economic structures, seeing the role of state regulation of the economy in its functions " night watchman ".

In general, neoliberal ideas of state regulation of the economy prevailed over Keynesian ones, starting from about the 70s, when increasing inflationary processes, state budget deficits, and unemployment became permanent for many countries. A clear manifestation of the priority of neoliberalism over Keynesianism in the 70s - 80s. is the systematic denationalization of many sectors of the economy that were previously in the sphere of the state economy.

Neoclassical synthesis is a further development and at the same time, in a way, a "reconciliation" of approaches to the analysis of economic processes. If, for example, Keynes rather critically assessed the ability of prices to respond flexibly to changes in market conditions, then representatives of the neoclassical synthesis sought to "rehabilitate" prices, proving that they contribute to optimal distribution and the most full use resources. In considering the problem of employment, proponents of the "mixed" system disagree with the "underemployment" put forward by Keynes. At the same time, the views of Keynes's opponents are being adjusted.

The main idea of ​​"synthesis" is to develop a more general economic theory, reflecting changes in the economic mechanism, the results of later research and everything positive that is contained in the works of predecessors.

The most famous representatives of neoclassical synthesis are American economist Paul Samuelson (born 1915), American economist of Russian origin Vasily Leontiev (born 1906), English scientist John Hicks (1904-1989).

Features of neoclassical synthesis:

1) Neoclassical synthesis is characterized by the expansion and deepening of research topics. It is not about a radical revision, but about the development of a generally accepted theory, the creation of systems that unite and reconcile different points of view;

2) The widespread use of mathematics as a tool for economic analysis;

3) Proponents of neoclassical synthesis clarified the old and developed new problems in accordance with the changes taking place in the industrial basis and the mechanism of the market economy. Discussing with opponents, they tried to synthesize traditional views with new ideas and approaches.

First, the theorists of neoclassical synthesis are accused of unjustifiably narrowing the range of problems under consideration. Being active supporters of the mathematization of economic science, they are primarily and mainly interested in those issues that lend themselves to formatting, can be expressed using formulas and equations. And what goes beyond the bounds of strict quantitative assessments, for example, clarifying the goals of social development, ways to achieve national accord, is outside the bounds of pure theory.

Secondly, attention is often focused on secondary issues, on the consideration of private changes and side processes. Fundamental, fundamental, structural changes are forgotten by the economists of the neoclassical school. Quite often, very important processes, deep interconnections, long-term trends remain the lot of representatives of an unorthodox economy.

Thus, the views of Keynesians and monetarists on the private and public sectors are almost diametrically opposed. From the Keynesian point of view, the instability of private investment leads to the instability of the economy, and the state plays a positive role by applying the appropriate stabilization means. In contrast, monetarists believe that the state has a detrimental effect on the economy, it creates inflexibility that weakens the ability of the market system to provide significant stability; it implements fiscal and monetary measures that, although they have a good purpose, cause the very instability they are designed to combat.

Today, there are several hundred of the most diverse methods and instruments of state regulation, which differ from each other in the directions and scope of their application, their use to solve global or private problems within the entire socio-economic system, as well as its individual elements.

The regulation method should be understood as a method, a technique for the implementation of a regulatory impact, with the help of which the set social and economic goals and tasks.

A method can contain a specific set of tools that provide its implementation. Moreover, under different conditions, the same method can be implemented using a variety of tools.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, which affect the scale of its application.

The regulatory influence of the state on economic and social processes involves the choice of the most acceptable method from the entire set of existing alternative methods, replacing one method with another.

Many different methods require their certain systematization and classification. Today, in the economic literature, various classifications of methods are presented, which are based on various classification signs: the scope of application, the content of the method, the type of impact, etc.

According to the form of state participation in the regulation of the economy and the nature of its influence on the object, administrative-administrative and economic methods are distinguished, as well as direct and indirect (Figure 1.1). But it should be noted that they are closely related to each other, and there is always a question of finding the optimal combination of administrative-administrative and economic methods of state regulation between each other and the existing market mechanism.

Figure 1.1 - Methods of state regulation of the economy

Note - Source:

Administrative and regulatory methods are based on the strength of state power and include measures of prohibition, permission and prevention. They, as a rule, are mandatory and are formalized in the form of legislative acts, orders, decrees, etc. These include the distribution of centralized investments or other state-controlled resources, licensing of certain types of activities, quotas for exports, imports, etc. For example, when the authorities are interested in stopping a certain type of activity, they can stop issuing licenses, and vice versa, in order to expand this or that activity, they can permit its conduct. Coercive measures include rules, conditions, the observance of which is mandatory for business entities.

Administrative and regulatory methods of state regulation are effective in the field of control over monopoly markets, in the field of ecology, in the development national system standardization and certification, in determining and maintaining the necessary parameters of the population's life, etc. In developed countries with market economies, the use of administrative and regulatory methods is limited, but in critical situations (military operations, economic crises, natural disasters) their role increases.

Economic methods of regulation affect the interests of the subjects of regulation indirectly: through economic legislation, financial, monetary, credit system... At the same time, there is no direct coercion or encouragement. The subject of regulation is free to choose options for action, but it obeys and does not contradict the current legislation.

The structure of the methods used depends on the forms of ownership of the objects of regulation. Direct and administrative-regulatory are more often used in the management of enterprises of state and communal forms of ownership. For enterprises of the same non-state forms of ownership, mainly indirect and economic methods of regulation are applied.

All of these methods are closely interconnected and complement each other. By correct use and a combination of methods, the state ensures the solution of the tasks it faces and the achievement of the goals of the country's socio-economic development, ensure the highly efficient system of state regulation.

3 USE OF THE CONCEPTS OF STATE REGULATION OF THE MACROECONOMIC POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The strategic long-term goal socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus is a forward movement towards a society of a post-industrial type, taking into account national characteristics, to increase the level and quality of life of the population, improve the living environment based on the formation of a new technological mode of production and a mixed economy with a significant role of the state in its transformation and reform.

This is the general goal. Its achievement presupposes the gradual development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus, which is reflected in the forecast and program documents of the country.

So, according to the Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015. the strategic goal of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus in 2011-2015 is a dynamic increase in the welfare of the people based on balanced and sustainable economic growth, ensuring rational employment of the population and bringing the welfare and quality of life of citizens of the republic closer to the level of economically developed European states. The achievement of this goal is associated with the acceleration of institutional and structural transformations of the economy and the improvement of all qualitative parameters of its functioning.

The main goal of 2011–2015. is to ensure sustainable economic development of the country and, on this basis, increase the level of well-being of the people, bringing it closer to the level of economically developed European states.

Main tasks for 2011-2015:

1) further improvement of the structure of the economy through the accelerated development of sectors of the social and cultural complex, science-intensive, resource-saving, export-oriented and import-substituting, environmentally friendly industries;

2) expansion of sales markets in non-CIS countries by improving the quality and competitiveness of Belarusian goods, reducing production costs;

3) improving the mechanisms for transforming domestic savings into investments for priority sectors and industries, wider attraction of foreign direct investment and loans;

4) improvement financial results work of state and privatized organizations, allowing to maintain a high level of scientific, technical and production capacities;

5) development of market infrastructure, ensuring the rapid accumulation and flow of capital into priority sectors and industries.

The following priorities have been identified as priority areas of socio-economic development for the forecast period, which, on the one hand, develop the main directions of development of the previous period at a higher quality level, and on the other, include new priorities that ensure the transition to an innovative path of development, the formation of a new postindustrial information society. These include:

Comprehensive harmonious development of a person, the formation of effective systems of education, health care and other branches of the service sector;

Innovative development of the national economy, energy and resource conservation;

Building export potential based on increasing the level of competitiveness of the national economy;

Improving the level and quality of life rural population on the basis of further development of the agrarian sector and agro-towns;

Development of economic methods of land management in order to replenish local budgets;

Integrated development of territories, small and medium-sized cities, taking into account the preservation and improvement of the environment;

Improving the structure and increasing the comfort of the housing being built on the basis of improving its consumer and operational characteristics.

The implementation of these priorities will ensure the continuity of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus, activate the transition of the national economy to an innovative path of development and, on this basis, significantly increase the level of well-being of the people.

The implementation of the main directions and targets of the country's socio-economic development is largely predetermined by the presence of effectiveorganizational structure of government.

The organizational structure of public administration concentrates in itself the diverse capabilities of the state and represents a certain composition, organization and interconnection of system-forming elements.It is due to the socio-political nature, social and functional role, goals and content of public administration in society. and ensures the formation and implementation of the state's administrative influence on the processes taking place in society.

Fundamental featuresorganizational structure are:

1. having a goal;
2. the presence of backbone elements (governing bodies);
3. the presence of an internal coordinating center that ensures the stability and balance of the organizational system;
4. self-regulation provided by the center on the basis of available information;
5. isolation (the presence of boundaries separating the organizational structure from the outside world);
6. organizational culture based on norms of activity and behavior.

Self-forming elementorganizational structure isgovernment agency- a unitary structure of power, formally created by the state to implement the goals and functions assigned to it (for example, a ministry, a committee). State bodies, within the limits of their powers, are independent, interact with each other, restrain and balance each other. They make and implement management decisions.

The multifaceted functions of the state, the variety of relations with society and the political, socio-economic, scientific, technical, environmental and other processes taking place in it determine the multidirectional and diverse nature of the activities of government bodies, the methods and extent of their impact and participation in these processes. The organizational structure shouldprovide and regulate:

Completeness responsibilityof each governing body for the achievement of the assigned goals and the functions assigned to it;

- balancegoals of all links of a lower level with the goals of a higher one;

Complexity performing management functions in relation to the set goal horizontally and vertically;

Rational division and cooperationefforts between links and levels of the state apparatus;

- exercise of rights and responsibilitywhen solving a management problem;

- full complianceexecution to the scope of competences and rights.

The organizational structure of public administration is influenced by external and internal conditions and factors, socio-economic and political requirements.To a large extent, the organizational structure depends on human potential, information support, the style of government, on the ability of the state apparatus to master modern scientific methods and technical means of management.

In accordance with the Constitution, the Republic of Belarus is a unitary, democratic, social, legal state. The President is the head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, human and civil rights and freedoms.

The President represents unity of the people, guarantees implementation of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, presents The Republic of Belarus in relations with other states and international organizations, takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, its national security and territorial integrity, provides political and economic stability, continuity and interaction of public authorities, carries out mediation between public authorities. The president in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarusissues decrees and orders,binding on the entire territory of the Republic of Belarus, as well asdecrees having the force of laws and ensuring their implementation.The President forms, abolishes and reorganizes:

Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus;

Government bodies;

Advisory and other bodies under the President. Determines the structure of the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

With the consent of the House of Representatives, appoints the Prime Minister, appoints and dismisses the Deputy Prime Ministers, ministers and other members of the Government, decides on the resignation of the Government or its members. With the consent of the Council of the Republic, the President appoints the Chairman and members of the Board of the National Bank and dismisses them from office. Appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the State Control Committee. Appoints the heads of the republican government bodies and determines their status.

Government departmentsOf the Republic of Belarus include:

Parliament - National Assembly;

Council of Ministers;

The Presidential Administration;

Judicial authorities and the prosecutor's office;

State Control Committee.

The representative and legislative body of the Republic of Belarus is the Parliament -National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus,consisting of two chambers - the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic.

For the conduct of legislative work, preliminary consideration and preparation of issues related to the jurisdiction of the House of Representatives, from among the deputies of the Chamber for their term of office,standing commissions:

- Commission on Legislation and Judicial-Legal Issues;

National Security Commission;

Commission for State Building, Local Government and Regulations;

Commission on the problems of the Chernobyl disaster, ecology and nature management;

Commission on Budget, Finance and Tax Policy;

Agrarian Commission;

Commission for Education, Culture, Science and scientific and technological progress;

Monetary Policy and Banking Commission;

Commission for Industry, Fuel and Energy Complex, Transport, Communications and Entrepreneurship;

Health Protection Commission, physical culture, family and youth affairs;

Commission on Labor, Social Protection, Veterans and Disabled Persons;

Commission on Human Rights, National Relations and the Media;

Commission on Housing Policy, Construction, Trade and Privatization;

Commission on International Affairs and Relations with the CIS.

The right to legislative initiativein the republic there is a President, deputies of the House of Representatives, deputies of the Council of the Republic, the Government, as well as citizens who have the right to vote, in an amount of at least 50 thousand people. A bill becomes law when passed by the House of Representatives and approved by the Council of the Republic by a majority vote of the full membership of each house.

The executive power in the Republic of Belarus is exercisedGovernment - Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.The Council of Ministers iscollegial centralthe body exercising executive power in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus and managing the system of government bodies subordinate to it and other executive bodies. In its activities, the Council of Ministers accountable to the President and responsible before the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. The competence of the Council of Ministers, structure, procedure for its formation and activities, functions, as well as management of the activities of republican government bodies are determinedThe Law of the Republic of Belarus "On the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus".

The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus includes:Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Belarus, Chairman of the State Control Committee, Chairman of the Board of the National Bank, President of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ministers, Chairman of the State Security Committee, Chairman of the State Committee of Border Troops, Chairman of the State Customs Committee, Chairman of the Board of the Belarusian Republican Union of Consumer Societies.

The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus has broad powers in the field of economy, social sphere, environmental protection, foreign economic activity, personnel policy, in the field of ensuring the rule of law and law and order. At meetings of the Council of Ministers, the following are considered:

1. issues of preparation and execution of the republican budget, formation and use of state extrabudgetary funds;
2. projects of programs for economic and social development of the Republic of Belarus;
3. the main directions of domestic and foreign policy.

As permanent body,ensuring the prompt resolution of issues within the competence of the Council of Ministers, operatesPresidium of the Council of Ministers. It includes - Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, his deputies, Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Belarus, Chairman of the State Control Committee, Chairman of the Board of the National Bank, Minister of Economy, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Organizational and technical support for the activities of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus is carried outOffice of the Council of Ministers.In accordance with the Regulation on the Government Office, he provides advisory and methodological assistance to the state bodies subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and other state organizations.

Direct regulation of the socio-economic development of the republic is carried out by the republican government bodies subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.

To republican government bodiesinclude: ministries of the Republic of Belarus; state committees (State Security Committee, State Committee border troops, State Aviation Committee, State Customs Committee),whose chairpersons are ministers by status;committees under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and state organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

The system of republican bodiesstate administration, subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, is built onfunctional and industry principles.It provides regulation of the most important areas of society and states:

The economic sphere;

Social sphere;

Foreign economic and foreign policy activities;

Scientific and innovative activities;

Environmental protection and use of natural resources;

Branches of the national economy.

To ensure the activities of the President of the Republic of Belarus, aAdministration of the President,carrying out information, organizational and technical activities and being the working body of the President. Its composition and activities are determined by the President of the Republic. Territorial bodies play an important role in the system of public administration -local government and self-government bodies,implementing state policy, taking into account the interests of the population of the corresponding territory, decisive economic, social, environmental and other issues at the local level. The management activities of local government and self-government bodies are based on the currentConstitution of the Republic of Belarus and Law "On local government and self-government in the Republic of Belarus".

TO local authorities management and self-government include: local Councils of Deputies, executive committees, bodies of public self-government.Councils of Deputies(rural, settlement, district in cities, city, district, regional Councils) arerepresentativelocal government bodies.

In the Republic of Belarus, there are three territorial levels of local Councils:

1) primary (rural, settlement, urban - district in cities of district subordination);

2) basic (urban - cities of regional subordination, district);

3) regional (regional and Minsk City Council).

Thus, a multi-level system of state regulation of the economy has been created in the republic, including analysis, forecasting and programming of directions and measures of monetary regulation in the long, medium and short term aspects.

The results of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus in 2013 indicate only partial implementation of the program of the country's socio-economic development and are characterized by the following dynamics of indicators (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 - Fulfillment of the most important parameters of the forecast of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2013

Index	Forecast	Fact
		January	January March	January June	January-September	January December
Gross domestic product	108 , 5	103,3	103,8	101,4	101,1	101,1
Labor productivity by GDP	109 , 3	104,4	105,0	102,5	102,3	102,3
Export of goods and services	115 , 2	87,0	82,1	79,3	82,3	83,1
Balance of foreign trade in goods and services,% of GDP
Foreign direct investment on a net basis, USD billion
Decrease in energy intensity of GDP,%			18,7	18,3	14,1	12,0
Real disposable cash income of the population	106,5	121,5	121,4	119,8	118,1	117,2
Commissioning of housing at the expense of all sources of financing, mln. m

Note -

Introduction

Economics is defined as the science of choosing directions for the use of limited resources (factors of production and consumer goods). The market economy is characterized by the presence of "failures" of the market system and objective circumstances that necessitate government intervention in the economy. To eliminate this situation, state regulation of public goods, public expenditures, management tax system. An important point in this work is the competent formation of the structure of public expenditures, management tax burden... Errors in these issues can lead to serious economic problems in the state, as well as at the level of macroeconomic processes. This will explain the relevance of the selected topic.

The purpose of the work is to study the issues of state regulation of the public sector of the economy. Achieving the goal is possible by solving problems:

Study the concepts of "market" and "state";

Consider the concept of "public goods", their properties;

Analyze the problems of shifting the tax burden, study the concept of "excess tax burden";

Identify the reasons for the growth in the share of the public sector in the market economy, give examples, identify trends;

Determine the structure of public spending, identify the dependence of the structure on the factors of the country's economy.

The theory of public goods has been developed in sufficient detail by modern economics and is widely covered in the economic literature. In preparing this work, materials from educational literature on macroeconomics and economic theory were used.

Market and state

The market system of management, based on the market mechanism of self-regulation and management of economic life, is recognized by economists as the most effective form of organization of the economy. This is due to the peculiarities of the market itself, which, without the intervention of outside forces, ensures: efficient allocation of resources through the use of the most effective technologies, the best methods of organizing and managing production; economic freedom, both for producers and consumers (in other economic systems, absolute freedom of choice is impossible). Also, the market has a high degree of adaptability and adaptability to any changes, both external and internal; can function successfully with very limited information (prices carry the main information in the market system); ensures the optimal use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress (in a competitive environment, manufacturers, seeking to maximize profits, take the risk associated with innovations); able to meet the most varied needs, stimulating the improvement of product quality.

At the same time, as practice shows, the market as a self-regulating system does not always cope with a number of problems, the solution of which is necessary for society. We are talking about situations when the market mechanism, which is a self-adjusting mechanism, induces the subjects of market relations to make non-optimal or undesirable economic decisions. Moreover, these decisions are not the result of the mistakes of individual market actors, and the result of the functioning of the market mechanism itself, and they are generated by its nature. In economic theory, these market failures are denoted by the word "failures" - "failures", "fiasco", "insolvency", "defects". These "failures" of the market system are the objective circumstances that necessitate government intervention in the economy. Major market failures include: the reproduction of significant inequality in income distribution; orientation mainly not on the production of socially necessary goods, but on meeting the needs of those who have money; inability to eliminate so-called externalities, for example, the market does not solve environmental problems; public goods are either not produced or produced in insufficient quantities (examples of public goods are national defense, law enforcement, ambulance services, public infrastructure); inability to provide full employment economic resources, which manifests itself, first of all, in such a phenomenon as unemployment; susceptibility to unstable development with inherent recessionary and inflationary phenomena; within the framework of the market system, competition relations may weaken (oligopolistic and monopolistic markets arise); inability to set and solve major national tasks, problems of a political nature; the market itself cannot create some necessary elements for the functioning of the economy ( different kinds legislation, issue of money, etc.).

So the market system is not perfect. In this regard, it becomes necessary to carry out external correction of the market “failures”, that is, what the market self-regulation mechanism cannot do from the inside. These functions are assumed by the state. In addition, the state is the initiator and conductor of various kinds of economic transformations and reforms in countries with a transitional (transitional) economy. In these countries, the state carries out the functions of creating the foundations of the market.

State interference in the economy should not be excessive. In order not to suppress the market mechanisms of the functioning of the economic system, not to deprive it of its flexibility and adaptability, not to reduce economic efficiency, the state should focus its efforts where the market reveals its insolvency. This predetermines the main economic functions of the state.

Most of the generally accepted oppositions between the market system and the state do not justify themselves upon close examination. First of all, the market is usually characterized as the private sector, while government agencies and employees are classified as the public sector. What is it all about? Of course, this does not mean that consumers and managers of business firms pursue private interests, while everyone who works in a government agency cares for the public interests. The senator, who claims that "public interests" govern all his decisions, is in fact guided by his personal view of the public good, closely intertwined with his most varied private interests - re-elections, relationships with colleagues, with the press, concern for his public image, place , which will be allotted to him in historical research. Senators may be less motivated than business leaders to maximize their private cash income but they are probably, on average, more interested in acquiring prestige and power.

The same can be said for any employee. state institution, whether he is a high-ranking official in a government commission or an employee just starting his career at the lowest level. No matter how lofty, noble and disinterested the official goals of a government institution may be, its daily activities are determined by decisions made by mere mortals under the influence of incentives very similar to those in the private sector. Moreover, in recent years, the leaders of many leading corporations have declared their special commitment to the "public interest", trying to convince us that the main criterion for them in formulating policy is not maximizing profit, but fulfilling obligations to society. Therefore, one should not trust all rhetorical statements about the opposition of private and public interests. It is more important to identify the incentives that actually influence the decisions people make.

Features of the economy of the public sector - the state is one of the subjects of economic activity, although it has one difference: the state and its bodies have the right of coercion within the framework and on the basis of laws, coercion, justified from the point of view of economic efficiency and social justice.

It is assumed that :

The state, like entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations, functions in a market environment, and the need for its participation in economic life occurs then and only then, the free action of market forces does not ensure the optimal allocation and use of resources;

The goals of state bodies and how to achieve them, as well as the strategies of the enterprise and non-profit organizations ultimately determined by the interests of individuals and formed in the course of their interaction;

The state uses, first of all, financial instruments to achieve its goals (taxes, public spending).

While many economists recognize the need to combine the market and the state, there are serious disagreements about the proportions and relationships of this combination, the lower and upper boundaries of the role of the state in the economy, and the forms of state control.

There are two opposite points of view on this:

Neoliberals (minimum state);

Radicals and statists (leading role of the public sector, direct control through state ownership).

Many economists believe that for the development of modern society there must be such a scope of functions of the state, which, while ensuring macroeconomic stability, would at the same time promote microeconomic competition. In addition, the observance of the principles of social justice, respect for the human person for improving the quality of life of people would be achieved.

The economic role of the state in modern world increases due to the growth of the scale and complication of the structure of the market economy. The level of the implemented policy is increasing.

The state can, with the help of legal, administrative and economic methods, on the one hand, promote the development of a market competitive mechanism and entrepreneurship. On the other hand, to correct the imperfection of the market due to the increasing differentiation of income levels of the population, the discrepancy between the necessary individual preferences of people, especially in the long and medium term, incomplete economic information and the presence of a high level of risk in some areas of socio-economic life.

The state must create normal framework conditions for the functioning of a market economy.

First, the most important task of the state is to establish and maintain a legal regime that provides for the right to free personal development and guarantees the equality of all before the law, guarantees of private property, freedoms (speech, etc.).

Secondly, the state is doing everything possible to maintain and develop effective competition.

Thirdly, the state is eliminating market deficiencies, pursuing a stabilization and structural policy.

Fourth, it provides social protection, tries to equalize the incomes of workers.

One of the main conditions for the transition to a market economy is the change in the role of the state as a regulator of economic processes. In a planned economy, public administration played a decisive role in determining all economic proportions, while in a market economy, the market is the main regulator of economic proportions. Therefore, during the transition period, on the one hand, there is a decrease in the degree of government intervention in the economy and government regulation of economic processes loses its comprehensive character. On the other hand, the forms and methods of state regulation are changing, because the previous ones, which developed in the era of totalitarianism, are unsuitable for regulating the economy in the transition period.

However, in a transitional economy, the role of state regulation is more significant than in an established market economy. In the formed market system, the state only supports the aura for the development of the economy. In countries that have just embarked on the path of the formation of market systems, the market is in its infancy, its regulatory capabilities are not yet high enough.

Two groups of state regulatory functions can be distinguished. First, a group of functions for creating conditions for effective market operation. Secondly, these are functions for complementing and correcting the actions of the market regulators themselves.

The first group includes the function of providing a legal framework and creating general legal conditions for economic activity of business entities, as well as the function of stimulating and protecting competition as the main driving force in the market environment.

The second group includes the functions of regulating distribution processes and redistribution of income, adjusting the results of market processes, ensuring economic stability and stimulating economic growth. These functions are inherent in both a transitional and a developed market economy.

The state has an important role to play in promoting and protecting competition. In connection with the underdevelopment of competition and the extremely high level of market monopolization characteristic of the economy in transition, the implementation of this function is of particular importance.

The transition to a market economy is accompanied by a sharp increase in the differentiation of incomes of various strata of the population.

In those areas where the market is unable to fully meet social needs, in particular in "public goods", the state takes on this function. State intervention here is of an auxiliary nature and is designed to guarantee the necessary supply of goods that, for one reason or another, are not produced by the market or are produced insufficiently, for example, educational services.

Conclusion.

The economy in transition has a number of specific characteristics that distinguish it from an economy in a relatively stationary state and developing on its own basis. First, the transitional economy is multi-structured. The economic structure is a special type economic relations... Diversity - the presence of a number of sectors of the economy, characterized by various forms of production. The main feature of the intersystem transition is that economic relations of both economic systems coexist in society - both the outgoing and the emerging ones. Secondly, the instability of development. Each of the mature stages of the evolution of society and the economy was and is integral system... A transition economy is characterized by a mix of both old and new economic forms and relationships. Therefore, it is objectively incomplete, and therefore unstable. An economy in transition presupposes a search for new, more effective forms of economic relations. On this path, both miscalculations and mistakes are made. Reverse movement is possible. For example, in cases where the use of a particular economic innovation worsens the macroeconomic situation. Third, alternative development. The results of the development of an economy in transition may be options. Economic reforms are aimed at achieving a certain expected result. However, these reforms may not meet expectations. Many economic transformations either did not give positive results, or they did, but they were too insignificant. As a result of the completion of the period of transition from one economic system to another, different variants of the economic structure may be formed, which represent different options for the development, evolution of society. Fourth, the special nature of the contradictions. In a transitional economy, economic contradictions are contradictions of development (between new and old elements of production relations), and not contradictions of functioning (within each production relation). Fifth, historicity, that is, the transitory nature of the transitional economy, which is replaced by a period of mature development of the economic system. The duration of transformations in a transitional economy is explained both by the complexity of the ongoing processes and by the inertia of the previous economic system (the inability to quickly change the technological basis and structure of the national economy, create new economic institutions, train personnel, etc.) . The transition period is a historically short period during which the liquidation or radical transformation of one economic system and the formation of another take place.

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9. World economy and international relations.

Economy

State and market

L.M. Garipov

Postgraduate student of the Department of Macroeconomics and Economic Theory, Kazan State Institute of Finance and Economics

Historically, the state has always interfered in the functioning of economic systems, but the forms and scale of this influence have changed greatly over the past hundred years. The state from the "night watchman" of the economy has turned into an active participant and regulator of market activity, while the choice of the optimal ratio of state and market regulation is becoming increasingly important, the author's attitude to which is given in the article.

World practice shows that a purely market economy does not exist in any country. The state influences the economy by the very fact of its existence, but this impact can be different in terms of goals, objectives, scale, forms of this intervention. In the last century, there has been a tendency to strengthen the role of the state, which manifested itself not only in the growth government spending and their share in GDP, but also radical shifts in the understanding of the functions of the state.

But while the leading capitalist countries improved state regulation of the economy, in Russia in the 90s of the twentieth century, a radical restructuring of the entire economic system took place: from a command-administrative system it began to turn into a spontaneous market one.

In recent years, two trends have simultaneously coexisted in the Russian economy and throughout the life of the country. On the one hand, although inconsistently, liberal transformations are still continuing - from monetization to corporatization of scientific institutions and housing and communal services enterprises. On the other hand, the opposite tendency is rapidly gaining strength - the growth of government intervention in all spheres of society.

To the greatest extent, it affected the political aspects, but to a large extent also affected the economy - from the "YUKOS case" and overall growth the share of the public sector in the extractive industry, before the strengthening of informal bureaucratic control over small businesses.

The growth of the second trend forces us to return to the question of the benefits and harms of state participation in economic life. As you know, there are different points of view on this score, and in Russia the most popular are polar views. Liberal reformers, referring mainly to the experience of Western countries and especially Ireland, as well as China and Korea, argue that the less participation of the state in economic life, the greater the economic success. The most radical views are characteristic of A. Illarionov, who called the share of government spending in GDP in the region of 18-21% the optimal level at which Russia can achieve the greatest economic success. Their opponents, on the contrary, believe that only the efforts of the state and massive state intervention can make the market economy successful, and these arguments, as a rule, are also based on the experience of Western

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countries ("New Deal" by F. Roosevelt, Swedish socialism), countries - Asian "tigers" and, first of all, China.

Opinion polls show that the second point of view is more popular. In combination with the trend of increasing state control over economic processes, this makes the forecasts of Russia's economic future more and more uncertain.

It is generally recognized that the market performs a very important function, focusing on the effective demand of the population, taking into account the constantly changing needs of people. In addition, it forces the manufacturer to seek to reduce costs in the production and promotion of goods, creates competition. At the same time, market mechanisms are not able to fully take into account all the needs of society and avoid the so-called “failures” of the market. To neutralize the negative effects of market relations, government intervention in the economy is carried out using various instruments. Thus, the problem of the relationship between the state and the economy goes to new level discussion and practical action.

The transitional stage of the formation of a market economy in Russia should be considered over time, which implies a change in the functions of the state and the formation of new institutional solutions. In this regard, the role of the state should be intensified in achieving social compromise, in the formation of a system for the distribution of property rights, etc.

V economic history XX-XX1 centuries, there are four main concepts of the relationship between market and state regulation - classical (liberal-monetary), Marxist, dirigistic and institutional.

Classical theory self-regulating market economy proceeds from the fact that market mechanisms automatically bring the competitive system to an equilibrium state. Fluctuations in prices, interest rates and the elasticity of price-wage ratios ensure full and efficient employment and successful economic growth.

The state should only protect the competitive system, support purchasing power money and a deficit-free budget, without interfering with the functioning of the economy. Even changes in the money supply in circulation, taxation systems and public procurement under normal conditions (if there is no war, natural disasters, mass epidemics, etc.) do not have a significant impact on the equilibrium level of national income and employment, changing only the general price level.

It should be noted that the leading representatives of this concept were not radical liberals at all. Thus, Adam Smith, placing great hopes on the "invisible hand of the market", did not at all believe that the selfish actions of people lead to the common good. On the contrary, he showed that market commerce suppresses the aspirations of a person, his mind narrows and loses the ability to exalt, and human ambitions lead to cunning decisions that exacerbate chaos. These thoughts are especially relevant for the 21st century. Monetarist J. S. Mill wrote in the middle of the 19th century: “The most vividly discussed issue at the present time is the question of the reasonable limits of functions in the sphere of government activity; no other question has caused such heated debate in our age. " In his opinion, this issue does not admit of a universal solution and provides for two types of state intervention - directive and recommendatory. In the first case, the activities of individual industries are prohibited or permitted, in the second, recommendations are issued and information is provided without restricting freedom of action in achieving public benefit, along with the creation of its own state-owned factory or postal department for the same purposes. He comes to a completely dirigistic conclusion: "everything that, with private initiative, can be done only by joint-stock companies: all this can be just as good, and sometimes even better, done by the state."

Liberal-monetary theory assumes that only economic freedom, as the opposite of regulation, can ensure sustainable growth. Economic index

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mental freedom, calculated by the Canadian Institute according to M. Friedman's methodology, takes into account five factors: 1) the size of the public sector of the economy, budget expenditures and government participation; 2) the structure of the legal system, protection of property rights; 3) companies' access to investment resources; 4) the degree of openness of the economy; 5) development of economic, banking and labor law.

Russian liberals - radicals consider the main condition for sustainable economic growth to reduce government spending.

So, for example, according to economists, the total amount of actually collected government revenues in Russia was at the end of the 90s. 35-36% of GDP, which is higher than in the USA (31.7%), Japan (32.3%), Australia (33%), although less than in Sweden (60%), and taking into account tax credits and borrowing costs of the state - in Russia 47-48%, in the USA, Japan, Australia - 33.5-37.4%, in Sweden - 69% of GDP. In 2000-2006. government spending on defense, law enforcement, education, health care and science has risen sharply, although in relation to GDP it has declined due to high rates his height.

It seems that the problem is not in the amount of government spending, but in their structure and efficiency of use, as well as in the development of non-state financial institutions capable of investing in science, education and health care, infrastructure modernization, foreign economic expansion and international cooperation, mass entrepreneurship and social services. Conductors argue with radical liberals. The state, in their opinion, as an agent of civil society, must act on an equal footing with all others. At the same time, the state social Security gives the universal and guaranteed character of the realization of the inalienable human rights to a decent life support (social justice) and modern education (economic efficiency). The system of state social guarantees should not interfere with the development of institutions that mobilize and invest personal savings.

Academician D. Lvov and a number of other economists proposed a new system of state property management - a system of national property, in which a significant share of resources is recognized as the collective property of the entire society and transferred to economic exploitation on a competitive market basis. The national dividend, that is, part of the entrepreneurial income and all the rent from the commercial exploitation of national property are appropriated by society, and become the main source of the fund for social guarantees. The national dividend translates into the income of all members of society. However, the main drawback of this proposal is the pressure on inflation and the dispersal of huge funds that could go to major investment projects.

Radical conductors advocate the transformation of the title owner into a symbolic figure of the turnover of property rights. Its connection with a private person (natural or legal) acts rather as an inevitable burden on the economy, which pays for the fictitious "service of the owner". It is proposed to gradually replace private individuals by the state, who will perform the nominal function of the title owner, since in this role the state acts as the preferred entity.

However, in modern conditions the juxtaposition of state and private property is illegal. Joint-stock companies with state participation can and should operate on market conditions. The main owners of large corporations are no longer private individuals, but financial institutions... The opposition of planned and market economy in modern conditions is also illegal. This is proved by both theoretical studies and practical experience of Japan, France, Scandinavian countries, not to mention China.

The dirigist concept has much in common with the Marxist one. J.M. Keynes was not a Marxist in the political sense, but considered planning, a combination of public power and private initiative, state control over investments, the business cycle, the labor market and welfare

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the standing of the people. The market in the Marxist tradition is considered as a sphere of exchange, where indirectly (with the help of money) and retroactively (after the completion of production) the quality of socially necessary labor embodied in a commodity is revealed. Property is treated as a temporary state-issued right to economic activity, profitable, which can be withdrawn at any time. According to the theory of labor value, all other factors of production, except labor, do not create, but only redistribute the surplus product in accordance with the laws of the market. The system of prices developed on this basis still affects the underestimation of the cost of energy resources and their excessive consumption (the loss of fertile land, fish resources, air pollution are not properly taken into account), the underestimation of the cost of labor and the high labor intensity of production.

The object of planning is not only material and material proportions, but, first of all, the social and institutional conditions of reproduction, its subjects are all independent economic entities that enter into contractual relations with each other. Along with contractual planning on the part of the resource owner, such forms of planning as marketing, forecasting and programming are of particular importance.

The institutional concept of the relationship between state and market regulation is based on three main provisions. First, the economy is seen as a subsystem of society, along with cultural, political, demographic and ecological subsystems. Secondly, economic growth is not an end in itself, but a means of improving the quality of life, including not only material well-being, but also the development of people's creative activity. And most importantly, without a developed system of institutions protecting the rights of producers, the population and the state, modern market cannot function effectively. Directive regulation, being an alternative to market self-tuning, is not, however,

antipode to the market. This is its product and an important constituent element.

The state, as studies show, has three main directions of influence on the market: direct regulation through legislative, administrative and redistributive activities; management of state property, including the public sector; influence on the economy through the mechanism of public-private partnership.

If we assess the possibilities of the state's influence on the market, then the management of state property in general and the state sector in particular should be considered as a pivotal element of the state's activities in the process of regulating the economy. The public sector, in turn, also has a significant impact on society, since its efficiency is one of the clearest examples of the efficiency of the state as a whole. Observing the institutional environment and the social climate within public sector enterprises and in relations between them, assessing the norms, rules, traditions that develop there, society and its citizens make a conclusion regarding the general direction of institutional dynamics encouraged by the state.

The state acts not only as an equal partner of society and business, but also as a guarantor of the country's political and economic integrity. First of all, the institutional function of the state follows from this mission. We are talking about the creation and consolidation of institutions - formal and informal laws, rules and norms of public life. Can be called following components the institutional function of the state: rule-making - the creation and practical implementation of legislative and other normative acts regulating the life of the country, including the imposition of restrictions and prohibitions; creation of norms as samples or standards; normalization of the activities of social and economic agents and their groups, including preventing an excessive increase in the size or influence of some agents to the detriment of the rights of others. Here

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the same can be attributed to the implementation of antimonopoly policy, maintenance of conditions of equal competition, the fight against all types of legal discrimination, the use of public resources to support private entrepreneurial initiatives.

A special position within the framework of the model of interaction "society - state - economy" is assigned to the institution of public-private partnership, which is a self-regulating economic and legal form of contractual relations, the peculiarity of which is that it is considered as one of the methods of state regulation of business and elements of state contractual systems. The proposed concept opens up ways to search for new forms of interaction between society, government and business within the framework of public-private partnerships. The most interesting is the introduction of outsourcing into Russian practice, in which the rights to provide various kinds of public services are transferred to business entities: state, social, non-state social and others.

Thus, we can conclude that market mechanisms for coordinating the actions of individual entities in the direction of achieving socially significant results should be complemented by collective mechanisms. The world experience of state regulation of the economy and solving the "state-market" problem shows that state and market regulation is a single organism that adapts to the changing internal and external circumstances of the market situation. The condition for the successful development of the economy is a balanced

the relationship between the state and the market. This means that government intervention in the economy should compensate for the defects of the market, which, in turn, should help to overcome the shortcomings of the former through the development of competition.

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