Salary and Personnel / 26.03.2020

What factors affect the quality of life of the population. Quality of life as a socio-economic category. Principles of State Social Insurance

Introduction ………………………………………………. ………… page 3.

1. Quality of life as a socio-economic category… .p. 4.

2. Factors affecting the quality of life of the population …………… p. 7.

3. Methods for assessing the quality of life of the population …………………… p. eleven.

4. System social protection population ……………………… .p. 13.

5. List of countries by quality of life compiled by the UN… …… p. 16.

Conclusion ……………………………………………………. …… p. 17.

List of used literature ………………………. …… p. 18.

Introduction

The quality of life is viewed as a system of indicators characterizing the degree of implementation of people's life strategies, satisfaction of their vital needs. Programmatic improvements in quality of life are seen as social project aimed at increasing the ability of people to solve their problems, achieve personal success and individual happiness.

Quality of life - a set of indicators of the general well-being of people characterizing the level of material consumption (standard of living), as well as the consumption of directly unpaid goods.

Quality of life presupposes:

Clean environment;

Personal and national security;

Political and economic freedoms;

And other conditions of human well-being that are difficult to quantify.

Quality of life is not as standardized as the concept of "quality" presented in the international ISO standards. Each community develops this concept independently, based on its ideals. In many countries the idea of quality has become a national idea. The quality of life is usually understood as the financial security of the community, unity with nature, responsibility to future generations, and much more.

1. Quality of life as a socio-economic category

Characterizing the essence of the quality of life as a socio-economic category, it is necessary to emphasize a number of its features:

First, the quality of life is an extremely broad, multifaceted, multifaceted concept, incomparably broader than the “standard of living”. This is a category that goes far beyond economics. This is, first of all, a sociological category that encompasses all spheres of society, since they all include the life of people and its quality.

Secondly, the quality of life has two sides: objective and subjective. The criterion for an objective assessment of the quality of life is the scientific standards of the needs and interests of people, according to the ratio with which one can objectively judge the degree of satisfaction of these needs and interests.

On the other hand, the needs and interests of people are individual and the degree of their satisfaction can only be assessed by the subjects themselves. They are not fixed by any statistical values and practically exist only in the minds of people and, accordingly, in their personal opinions and assessments.

Thus, the assessment of the quality of life comes in two forms:

· The degree of satisfaction of scientifically grounded needs and interests;

· Satisfaction with the quality of life of the people themselves.

Thirdly, the quality of life is not a category separated from other socio-economic categories, but unites many of them, includes them in a qualitative aspect.

Thus, the components of the quality of life are also the way of life, and the standard of living, and the environment, enriched with qualitative assessments. For example, when characterizing the quality of life, one cannot limit oneself to assessing nutrition by its nutritional value (calorie content, content in grams of proteins, fats). It is impossible to ignore such qualities of food as its regularity, variety, taste. When characterizing the quality of working life, one cannot limit ourselves (as in analyzing the standard of living) to indicators of employment, unemployment, working hours, weeks, years, and the level of industrial injuries, but it is necessary to assess whether the content and nature of labor, its intensity, relationships within the labor collective, correspond to the interests of workers. dr.

The quality of life is the degree of development and the completeness of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people, manifested both in different types activity, and in the very sense of life. The problem of the quality of life includes the conditions, results and nature of labor, demographic, ethnographic and environmental aspects of human existence. There are legal and political aspects to this problem related to rights and freedoms, behavioral and psychological aspects, a general ideological and cultural background.

As for well-being in general, this is a kind of synthesis, generalizing the view of the social organism, including all the above aspects.

Achieving the highest possible quality of life for the population is a priority goal of the social market economy. One of the most important prerequisites for the implementation of this task is the implementation of an effective welfare policy for the population. Central place in the welfare policy is occupied by incomes of the population, their differentiation, a constant increase in the standard of living of citizens.

The quality of life for people is inseparable from the goals that they set for their lives, that is, it is associated with the efficiency of life in the broad sense of the word, and not only with satisfaction with their personal life, but also with satisfaction with their position in the country and in the world, which affects the well-being of people.

In this case, two approaches are possible:

· Drawing up a consolidated list of indicators in accordance with the structure of needs and interests;

· A more preferable analytical approach, in which indicators of the quality of life are first of all grouped by spheres of life in accordance with the structure of the processes of human life themselves, with subsequent synthetic generalization.

Both methodologically and for practical purposes, it is very important to assess the quality of life not only in general, but also in each of its main areas.

These areas include:

· Working life;

· The sphere of development of the abilities of people;

· family life;

· Life and health maintenance;

· The life of the disabled;

· environment;

· Life in experimental economic situations.

A special sphere of people's life is formed by concern for the future.

Each of these areas has its own specific building blocks that require a qualitative assessment. If you bring them together in unified system, you get a very complex and extensive structure. So, for example, the transition to a market economy changed the quality of labor, since for the bulk of the economically active population he became hired, depending on the ratio of supply and demand, on the economic situation. The positiveness of socio-economic transformations is expressed in the fact that workers have received greater freedom in choosing a place of work, and competition in the labor market has become an additional incentive for the development of personal abilities and their application.

2. Factors affecting the quality of life of the population.

On the present stage development of the Russian economy, the problem of the standard of living of the population and the factors determining its dynamics are becoming very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that in one way or another may lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest among the most diverse segments of the population.

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Introduction

1. Characteristics of the concepts of level and quality of life

1.1 Level and quality of life: concept and essence

1.2 Quality of life indicators

1.3 Quality of life criteria
1.4 Factors affecting the quality of life of the population

2. Quality of life in Russia and ways to improve it

2.1 Trends in social- economic development of Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

political factors;

economic forces;

social factors;

scientific and technical progress,

environmental factors, etc.

The quality of life is viewed as a system of indicators characterizing the degree of implementation of people's life strategies, satisfaction of their vital needs. Programmatic improvement of the quality of life is seen as a social project aimed at increasing people's ability to solve their problems, achieve personal success and individual happiness.

Quality of life - a set of indicators of the general well-being of people characterizing the level of material consumption (standard of living), as well as the consumption of directly unpaid goods.

Quality of life presupposes:

clean environment;

personal and national security;

political and economic freedoms;

and other conditions of human well-being that are difficult to quantify.

Quality of life is not as standardized as the concept of “quality” presented in the international ISO standards. Each community develops this concept independently, based on its ideals. In many countries the idea of quality has become a national idea. The quality of life is usually understood as the financial security of the community, unity with nature, responsibility to future generations, and much more.

The transition to market relations has brought about significant changes in the regulation of incomes, which primarily determine the well-being of people. First of all, the role of the state in this area has diminished, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has increased. That is why it becomes so important to develop the company's own income policy, which would take into account the interests of various groups of workers and owners, provide for an effective system of employment and remuneration for work, measures for the social protection of workers, and therefore would ensure a decent life for a person.

The modern stage of radical economic reforms accompanied by dramatic transformations social structure Russian society... The pace of socio-economic transformation differs sharply across regions Russian Federation... Against the background of the all-embracing Russian crisis in society, there has been a deep drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the population of Russians.

In conditions when the patience of the Russian population is practically on the verge of a social explosion, it is extremely important point is the systematic conduct of a well-thought-out state social and economic policy aimed at improving the level and quality of life of the population of Russia.

State regulation of the level and quality of life of the population of Russia is implemented, firstly, through the system of social policy of the state, and, secondly, through the implementation of state economic policy. Without overcoming the system-wide economic crisis Russia will not be able to implement social policy in a sufficient volume for the country's population. At the same time, a society, the majority of whose citizens exist on the brink of poverty, risks acquiring such eternal companions of poverty as lack of patriotism, motivation to work, desire to create families and raise children.

The main task of the state today is to improve the level and quality of life of citizens, developing new projects for the development of the economy, including developments to involve free workers in economic processes countries, developing the social and political culture of citizens. Only in the case of the correct choice of the path of development will Russia be able to enter the world arena as a competitive, economically and socially developed participant in world processes. And the level and quality of life of Russian citizens will be a reliable and high-quality foundation and indicator of the development of the entire country as a whole in the international political arena.

1. Characteristics of the concepts level and quality of life

1.1 Have ro vein and quality of life: concept and essence

The standard of living is an economic category and social standard that characterizes the degree of satisfaction of the physical and social needs of people. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, living conditions, household property, paid services, cultural level of the population, working and rest conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.

The prevailing understanding of the essence of the "standard of living" focuses on the fact that the standard of living is important not in itself, but in relation to the needs of the population.

The standard of living must be considered in conjunction with general economic indicators, as well as indicators linking general economic and living standards - the income of the population, consumer demand, trade, prices, state budget, credit. So, for example, incomes of the population are the key factors that determine the standard of living.

The standard of living is one of the most important social categories. The standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs. This is how well-being is understood. In a broad sense, the concept of "living standards of the population" also includes living conditions, work and employment, everyday life and leisure, its health, education, natural habitat, etc. In this case, the term “quality of life” is used more often.

There are four living standards of the population:

1) prosperity (use of benefits that ensure the all-round development of a person);

2) normal level(rational consumption according to scientifically grounded norms, ensuring a person's restoration of his physical and intellectual strength);

3) poverty (consumption of goods at the level of preservation of working capacity as the lowest limit of labor force reproduction);

4) poverty (the minimum permissible set of goods and services according to biological criteria, the consumption of which only allows maintaining human vitality).

Raising the standard of living (social progress) is a priority area of social development.

The quality of life is the degree of development and the completeness of satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people, manifested both in various types of activity and in the very sense of life. The problem of the quality of life includes the conditions, results and nature of labor, demographic, ethnographic and environmental aspects of human existence. There are legal and political aspects to this problem related to rights and freedoms, behavioral and psychological aspects, general ideological and cultural background.

The most important components of the quality of life are the income of the population and its social Security, his consumption of material goods and services, living conditions, free time.

Living conditions can be broadly divided into working, living and leisure conditions. Working conditions include sanitary and hygienic, psychophysiological, aesthetic and socio-psychological conditions. Living conditions are the provision of housing for the population, its quality, the development of a network of consumer services (baths, laundries, hairdressers, repair shops, rental points, etc.), the state of trade and public catering, public transport, medical services. Leisure conditions are associated with the use of people's free time. Free time is a part of non-working time intended for the development of the personality, more complete satisfaction of its social, spiritual and intellectual needs.

Three aspects of studying the quality of life are possible: in relation to the entire population; to his social groups; to households with different incomes.

The productivity of workers, the price of labor, as well as its implementation in labor, that is, the production of consumer goods, depends on the standard of living. Development takes place in the direction of the central general productivity. An increase or decrease in the standard of living of the population and in labor productivity inevitably moves the economy forward or backward.

1.2 Quality of life indicators

There are integral and private approaches to the knowledge of the quality of life. The integral approach assumes the behavior of two types of assessments: objective (based on official statistics, without the use of generalized information based on various kinds of surveys public opinion etc.) and subjective (based on the opinion of the population).

The health of the population, as a rule, can be one of the main criteria for the effective functioning of the economy, because its role is enhanced in connection with:

1) Increasing the role human factor in the economy of the national economy, where health acts as the main property of labor resources, which characterizes the quality of the labor force used by society for the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits;

2) An increase in straight lines and indirect costs societies in production, where the health of the population is the subject and product of labor of many sectors of the national economy

3) The need for a quantitative measurement of the well-being of the population, in the assessment of which health manifests itself as a consumer good and as its main component.

D. Pringle uses a system of life quality indicators based on the use of a number of statistical assessments characterizing the level of employment, health status of the population, crime rate, etc. ).

Other authors also refer to the number of such “non-measurable elements” as individual attachments and preferences, human satisfaction in his ability to control any situation, etc. These and similar elements, combined together, allow us to draw a picture of the subjective lila of the quality of life felt by a person.

Having analyzed the available approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “quality of life” of the population, the authors came to the conclusion that a holistic picture of the quality of life can be created on the basis of combining two groups of criteria into a whole.

The first group is made up of estimates based on statistical information. With a certain degree of convention, these criteria can be called objective.

The second group consists entirely of assessments based on sociological surveys of the population, in which respondents are asked to express their attitude to certain aspects of their life, therefore, it seems quite reasonable to classify them as subjective.

In general, it is necessary to be careful when measuring the quality of life in terms of subjective indicators. The main reason for this approach is, as M. Adamits and K. Pornalk correctly believe, that freedom and the ability to avoid hoaxes are among the conditions that give people's judgments sufficient credibility. Consequently, in order to avoid a mystified idea of the surrounding reality, it is possible, in society, to achieve a certain level of development. This level assumes the presence of a number of conditions, among which are the following:

a. The basic material needs of consumption are satisfied to the extent that the stage of satisfaction of "refined, modified personal needs" begins. Spiritual and aesthetic needs should come to the fore

b. A middle class of sufficient size has developed in the country, concentrating in itself a significant part of the nation's intellect, whose well-being is beyond doubt;

c. A person evaluating the quality of life has a certain practice of using alternative options. It is known from research that the smaller a family or an individual has alternatives to compare. The less they value the quality of life.

d. stability of the social and political situation in the country, sustainable economic growth.

Contemporary Russian reality does not yet satisfy any of the listed conditions. Therefore, when studying the quality of life of the population of our country at the present stage, an approach should prevail, which, with a certain degree of convention, can be called objective. Criteria and assessments of the quality of life should be based on a system of indicators that objectively reflect the socio - economic situation.

1.3 Quality of life criteria

The study of the quality of life of the population involves the addition of criterion assessments with a system of scientific substantiation and systematic, organized observation. Collection and analysis of data.

The differently planned nature of the concept of "quality" of life is due to the variety of indicators. The latter can characterize a separate element of the quality of life or the whole set. Relevant indicators include:

b Health

The ability to lead a healthy lifestyle at all stages of the life cycle;

Impact of health impairment on individuals;

l Individual development through training

The assimilation of basic knowledge and skills by children, as well as the values necessary for their individual development and successful activity as a member of society;

The ability to continue self-education and the ability to use these skills;

The use and development by individuals of their knowledge, skills and mobility required to realize them economic potential and, if desired, giving the opportunity for their integration with the economic process;

The preservation and development of the cultural development of the individual in order to contribute to the well-being of members of various social groups;

b Employment and quality of work life

Availability of profitable work for those who seek to get it;

The nature of work;

Individual satisfaction with their working life

Possibility to choose your pastime

Possibility to purchase goods and use services

Personal opportunity to purchase goods and use services;

The number of people experiencing material deprivation;

The degree of equity in the distribution of goods and services;

The quality, choice and availability of goods and services produced in the private and public sectors;

Protection of individuals and their families in the event of economic hardship;

b Personal safety and legal authorities

Violence, harassment, and harassment inflicted on an individual;

Fairness and humanity of legal bodies;

The degree to which an individual has confidence in legal authorities;

b Social opportunities and social activity.

Degree of possible participation in public life, in certain public institutions and decision-making Statistical assessment of the living standards of the population involves the use of a system of indicators that can measure the level and degree of satisfaction of people's needs for material benefits (food, clothing, shoes, cultural and household items, housing), household services in the broadest sense (including in the services of transport, communications, household services, as well as in medical services) and cultural services (including those provided by cultural and art institutions.

Therefore, the indicators used to characterize the standard of living can, with some degree of convention, be divided into 3 types:

1) Synthetic value indicators (GNP, consumption fund, total income of the population, etc.)

2) Natural indicators that measure the volume of consumption of specific material goods (provision of personal property, food consumption, the number of passengers transported, etc.)

3) Indicators showing the proportions and structure of the distribution of wealth (distribution of the population by income groups, indicators of concentration and differentiation of consumption income, etc.).

The All-Russian center of living standards of the population of the Russian Federation and its regions refers to them as: average monthly salary, the average size of pensions), the subsistence minimum (including for food products, non-food products, paid services to the population, purchasing power, average per capita monetary income of the population) consumer expenditures of the population for the year.

The most important elements of life are housing, social services, characterized by the following basic indicators: average housing provision per inhabitant, degree of provision housing stock modern conveniences, the structure of the housing stock by type of ownership (state, municipal, cooperative, private), the supply of water by the communal water pipe to the population for household needs per inhabitant, the number of passenger-kilometers of public transport per one inhabitant. This should also include the main indicators of the development of education, health care, culture, recreation.

1.4 Factors , affecting the quality of life of the population

At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors determining its dynamics are becoming very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society, largely depend on their solution. The solution of these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be a person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all the transformations that in one way or another may lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest among the most diverse segments of the population.

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is geographic factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The standard of living can be, to varying degrees, influenced by the demographic situation, and living and working conditions, volume and quality. consumer goods, but all the most significant factors can be grouped into the following groups:

· Political factors;

· Economic factors;

· Social factors;

· scientific and technical progress;

Environmental factors, etc.

Living conditions should be understood as the direct objective circumstances of the population's life (employment, wages and incomes, forms of settlement, the nature of housing and property security of families, the development of public funds and social infrastructure). The standard of living is a set of living conditions of the population of the country corresponding to the achieved level of its economic development... The main feature of the socio-economic category "standard of living" is the nature and scale of meeting the needs of not only the population as a whole, but also individual groups. The definition of a way of life as a way of activity is based on the orientation of the behavior of a person, a team, a social community, associated with their goals (for example, an active one opposes a passive way of life). The standard of living is characterized by means of indicators such as:

o average monthly accrued wages of those employed in the economy;

o cash income on average per capita per month;

o average size of assigned pensions;

o cost of living on average per capita per month;

o the number of people with lower incomes living wage;

o ratio of average per capita income to the subsistence minimum, average monthly accrued wages, average assigned monthly pension;

o the ratio of cash incomes of 10% of the most and 10% of the poorest population.

Among the factors affecting the quality of life, such as the cost of living, the consumer basket, minimum size wages. These standards are adopted by the government of the Russian Federation.

Consumer basket- the minimum set of food products, taking into account dietary restrictions and providing the minimum required amount of calories. The consumer basket also includes the necessary set of non-food products, services, and necessary payments.

Living wage- cost estimate consumer basket, an indicator of the minimum composition and structure of consumption of material goods and services. The official poverty line is fixed according to the subsistence minimum. According to the declaration of human and civil rights and freedoms, all benefits and payments to citizens must provide an income level not lower than the minimum subsistence level established by law.

Population income are the material resources that citizens have at their disposal to fulfill their needs. The income of the population is divided into cash and in kind. Cash incomes of the population include remuneration for labor of all categories of the population; pensions, allowances, scholarships and other social transfers; receipts from the sale of products Agriculture; income from property in the form of interest on deposits, securities, dividends; income of persons engaged in entrepreneurial activity, as well as insurance claims, loans, sales proceeds foreign currency and other income.

Average per capita cash income calculated by dividing the total amount of monetary income by the number of the available population.

Natural income of the population includes products created by the household for their own consumption.

Cash and in-kind incomes form personal income of the population.

Nominal income of the population characterize the level of monetary income of the population regardless of taxation and the level of prices for goods and services.

Disposable income- This is the nominal income of the population minus taxes, mandatory payments and voluntary contributions of the population to public organizations. This indicator allows you to determine the funds used by the population for consumption and savings. At the same time, it does not take into account the dynamics of the price level. For these purposes, the indicator is used real disposable income... It refers to disposable income adjusted for changes in consumer prices.

The main components of the population's monetary income in a market economy are wages, income from entrepreneurial activities, and social transfers.

Any economic system is characterized by the differentiation of the population by income level. Income differentiation- this is an objectively determined ratio in the incomes of various socio-demographic groups of the population, regions. Differentiation is the result of a complex interaction of economic, demographic, social and geographic factors. Differentiation of income is associated with the differentiation of wages and largely depends on it. Income differentiation actually causes a difference in the consumption of goods and services by the population, that is, in its standard of living. The formation of market relations objectively deepens the social stratification of society. Objective reasons reflect the social utility of classes. They are based on territorial, sectoral and interprofessional differentiation of the level of remuneration, educational level, property ownership. Subjective reasons are associated with personality characteristics. Specific reasons are due to the current characteristics of the market environment, market conditions.

2. Quality of lifeand in Russia and ways to improve it

2.1 Trends in social - economic development of Russia

During the period of market reforms, the level and quality of life in Russia has significantly decreased. The Human Development Index has declined. According to this indicator, Russia moved to the group developing countries... Private indicators of the quality of life have sharply deteriorated - fertility, mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, and the number of registered crimes has increased. Many forms of social security have worsened, the state the environment- atmosphere, water, soil.

The decline in the standard of living is evidenced by the fact that in the structure of the population's expenditures the share of expenditures on food has increased with a general decrease in its calorie content. The daily calorie intake per capita in Russia is 2300 kcal. In terms of this indicator, Russia is close to Moldova, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Turkmenistan, the Philippines, and Bolivia. V developed countries it exceeds 3000 kcal (Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, USA, Canada). Some post-socialist countries - Poland, Romania, Hungary - have approached this level.

Over the years of reforms, in essence, many branches of the social sphere have been destroyed and the share of the population's expenditures on paid services has decreased. The quality of medical care and education has decreased. Full-value treatment and rest outside the permanent place of residence have become inaccessible to a significant part of the population.

Interregional and intersectoral differences in income and wages have increased. Compared to average wages v Russian economy the lowest wages in social sectors - education, health care, culture, science, agriculture and forestry, light industry and mechanical engineering. Significantly higher than the average wage, wages in the gas, oil and oil refining industries, non-ferrous metallurgy.

Differentiation of Russian regions by the number of subsistence minimum packages that can be bought reaches 10 times. The richest are the regions that are financial centers(Moscow) or associated with the fuel and energy complex (Tyumen region, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi autonomous districts). The least well-off are the Republic of Ingushetia, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous District, the Republics of Tyva, Dagestan, and the Chita Region. Reducing interregional differentiation real income population is one of the most important areas in the policy of income and wages.

Interregional differentiation in income and wages is associated with unemployment. So, below the average unemployment rate in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen region, and in the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrugs - about average. At the same time, in depressed regions, the unemployment rate is significantly higher than the average: in the Republic of Ingushetia - almost 5 times, in the Republic of Dagestan - almost 2 times, in the Republic of Tyva, Komi-Permyatsky autonomous region and the Chita region - 1.5 times.

The close relationship between income differentiation and unemployment indicates that in modern conditions increasing employment of the population is becoming increasingly important in the policy of income and wages.

2.2 The current state of living standards in Russia

Economic factors have a strong impact on the standard of living of the population, which include the presence of economic potential in the country, opportunities for its implementation, the value national income etc.

The standard of living in the country can be judged by the ratio of the wealthy and the poor.

In Russia, the proportion of the population living below the poverty line has increased dramatically over the past decade. The minimum living needs of Russians are currently estimated by the range of goods and services included in the subsistence minimum. The food set for calculating the subsistence minimum is being developed by specialists from the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The structure of the subsistence minimum budget includes, in addition to food costs, costs of non-food products, services, taxes and other mandatory payments.

The most lagging component of the standard of living, especially in comparison with developed countries, is in the Russian Federation all types of services to the population.

In developed countries, paid services occupy a larger place in the consumer budget of the population than food. These services, firstly, are not comparable with Russian ones in terms of their composition, and secondly, the difference in the quality of these services is significant, and, accordingly, the prices for them.

An important component of economic potential is national wealth, which is a combination of material resources, accumulated products of past labor and accounted for and involved in economic turnover. natural resources possessed by society.

The part of the total social product remaining after deducting the means of labor and material costs consumed in the production process is the national income, the growth of which allows the state to increase the minimum wage and pension, the size social benefits, carry out various social programs etc.

The term social protection of the population means the system economic relations, guaranteeing every person a decent standard of living and providing him with the necessary benefits in the event of the loss of one or another of his abilities.

The main components of the social system. The protections are:

· Protection against unemployment;

· Provision of benefits for the disabled, disabled, disadvantaged;

· Wages and benefits that ensure a normal lifestyle;

· Minimum provision of housing, cultural services, health care, education, etc.

Social protection of the population manifests itself in various forms such as social insurance, state transfers, indexation, etc. Social transfers are a system of measures of monetary or in-kind assistance to those in need, not related to their participation in economic activity... The income indexation mechanism is associated with an increase in the nominal income of the population, depending on the rise in prices. This mechanism can only be used in budgetary sphere... Social insurance is a type of social protection aimed at providing social guarantees to protect citizens from social and professional risks. State social insurance includes pension provision, compulsory health insurance (MHI), payment of benefits for state social insurance in case of unemployment, disability, etc.

Currently, the following bodies carry out the main work on social protection of the population:

· State bodies social protection of the population;

· Specialized public and professional organizations;

· Non-governmental commercial structures;

· Foundations of charity and charity;

· Religious organizations;

· Professional organizations of teachers, lawyers, social workers;

· Political parties and social movements.

In the Russian Federation, a state program of social reforms for the period 2009-2025 has been developed. the main goals of which are: achieving a tangible improvement in the material situation and living conditions of the population; achieving effective employment; guarantee of the constitutional rights of citizens in the field of labor, social protection, education, health care, culture, housing; reorientation of social policy towards the family; improving the demographic situation.

Some social guarantees provided by the state to the population can be cited: the minimum wage, the minimum old-age pensions, a lump sum for the birth of each child, and a monthly allowance for the period of parental leave.

In the field of social services, there is an insufficient material and technical base and financing of the industry. It is necessary to take measures to overcome the shortage of places in inpatient social services and provide all those in need of social assistance and inpatient and home services. It is important to develop standards of social services for the population and the procedure for licensing this activity. Work should continue to expand the network of institutions.

In connection with the newly developed policy of the government of the Russian Federation, it is planned to increase the birth rate, reduce the mortality rate, and develop measures to prevent occupational diseases, improving working conditions, indexing child benefits, popularizing healthy way life, family support, measures for housing affordability, improving the environmental safety of the environment.

All of the above methods will help restore the socio-psychological state of the country's population, increase the economic well-being of citizens, which will have a positive effect on the life of society.

Conclusion

The problem of the quality of life is a priority for solving socially - economic problems any level.

The analysis showed that the concept of “quality of life” is a complex derivative of historical, geographical, economic, social and other factors that determine a person's position in society. In the practical application of the concept of quality of life, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "quality of life", "lifestyle", "conditions" and "standard of living". Quality of life shows the effectiveness of people's lifestyle. The level and conditions of life are the structural components of the quality of life.

In accordance with the concept of the quality of life, the main socio-economic goals of the country's development are formulated - ensuring an appropriate level and quality of life of the population and the all-round development of the individual. The population is viewed as a consumer of goods and services created in the country, and the quality of life is viewed as an indicator of its provision with infrastructure services and a measure of satisfying spiritual, intellectual and aesthetic needs.

The quality of life of the population is affected by public policy, regulation of economic processes.

State regulation of the economy requires high professionalism. The years of reforms have shown that in the period of transition to the market, competent regulation is especially important, since the state is the primary cause of changes in the functioning of the economy. The decisions made by the government depend on the decisions taken at the micro level.

The main task of the state is to keep the “golden mean” in the sphere of influence on the market economy, to enable small businesses to develop, and to eliminate the increased taxation of citizens with low incomes.

Social politics the state - one of the directions of its activities to regulate the socio-economic conditions of society. Its essence lies in maintaining relations both between social groups, strata of society, and within them, ensuring

In general, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the state in the economy. It creates conditions for economic activity, provide social protection for low-income strata of the population and contribute to the development of market relations, which positively affects the measurement of the quality of life of the population.

With the current scarcity financial resources it is necessary to move from the principle of social assistance to all citizens to targeted assistance to those who really need it. Control over the use of extra-budgetary trust funds should be strengthened, responsibility for violation of the law should be strengthened. I hope that the policy in the field of social protection of the population will be more competent, which will lead to an increase in the standard of living of citizens, to ensure a decent life for pensioners, orphans, disabled people and other socially unprotected segments of the population.

List of used literature

1. Abakumova N.N., Podovalova R.Ya. Income and wages policy: Tutorial... - Novosibirsk: NGAEiU, 1999-60s.

2. Averin A.N. Social policy of the state. - M .: ANKh, 2002.-166 p.

3. Animtsa E.G., Elokhov A.N., Sukhikh V.A. The quality of life of the population of the largest city. Part 1- Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural State Economic University, 2000 - 262s.

4. Animitsa E.G., Elokhov A.N., Sukhikh V.A. The quality of life of the population of the largest city. Part 2 - Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State Economic University, 2000. - 300s.

5. Bulletin of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation and the Russian Information Agency "Novosti", The standard of living and employment of the population, the development of social sectors, Measures of the social and economic policy of the government of the Russian Federation in the near future // Bulletin of Economics - No. 14, July, 2002 - pp. 7-11, 11-13, 49-51.

6. Gryaznova, AG, Macroeconomics. Theory and Russian practice: A textbook for university students studying in economic specialties and areas // Edited by A.G. Gryaznova and A.Yu. Yudanov. - M .: ITD "KnoRus", 1999. - 544 p.

7. Levashov V.I. Social policy of income and wages - M: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2000. - 360 p.

Lack of friends is harmful to health

Unfortunately or fortunately, to live happily ever after, you cannot do with just one cat or canary. Man, as a social being, cannot exist peacefully without another rational being.

Scientists have proven that introverts live shorter lives than their more outgoing peers. Loneliness kills as often as the more well-known risk factors of alcohol and smoking.

Seniors actively involved in social life who are more well-groomed, are more attentive to their health, and therefore live longer.

Depression

It's just that being in a bad mood isn't depression. But deep depression, combined with self-blame and lack of desire, is almost always a symptom of this unpleasant disease. Regular bouts of depression can shorten life expectancy by as much as 11 years.

At the heart of this disease is a disruption in the work of almost all major systems of the body, especially the nervous one. This leads to a decrease in the length of telomeres - special formations at the ends of the chromosomes that make up the nucleus. Telomeres ensure the safety of DNA during every cell division. If these formations can no longer cover the ends of the chromosomes, cell division becomes impossible and it dies.

Oral hygiene

Many people neglect the advice of dentists and often forget to brush their teeth. And this is a significant violation of a healthy lifestyle. Today, dirty teeth are one of the main causes of infection, which enters the body through sore gums through the blood vessels in the heart. This can damage the valves of the heart and myocardium.

Wrong month of birth

According to a number of studies from American and European universities, the life expectancy of people born in early autumn (September and October) is usually higher than the rest. At the same time, people whose birthday falls in the spring months are more susceptible to diseases of the digestive and nervous systems.

The reasons for this seasonal injustice are unknown. Scientists suggest that children born in the fall received a sufficient amount of vitamins and sunlight before birth, while in other children, embryonic life took place in winter, during a lack of nutrients and the sun.

The quality of life is the most important social category that characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of meeting them.

Some researchers, when defining the concept of "quality of life", focus much attention on the economic side, material security of life of the population. The opposite point of view also takes place, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.

Quality of life of the population- This is the degree of satisfaction of material, spiritual and social.

A person suffers from low quality and experiences satisfaction from a high quality of life, regardless of the area of work, business and personal life... Therefore, a person needs quality all the time. A person himself seeks to improve the quality of life - he receives an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.

The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:

(average per capita nominal and real incomes, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real size of the assigned pension, the size of the subsistence minimum and the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.);
quality nutrition(calorie content, food composition);
quality and fashion clothes;

comfort dwellings (total area occupied housing per inhabitant);
quality (number of hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants);
quality social services(rest and);
quality (the number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, the proportion of students in the population);
quality (publication of books, brochures, magazines);
the quality of the service sector;
quality the environment, leisure structure;
(indicators of life expectancy, mortality, marriage rate, divorce rate);
security (number of reported crimes).

The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population

Population income:

final consumption costs;
average per capita money income;
income from labor and economic activity of households;
the share of deposits in the population's expenditures;
buying currency;
purchase of securities;
real estate;
land for personal use;
Availability passenger cars for 100 families;
disposable resources of households;
the minimum wage;
the minimum pension;
minimum consumer budget;
decile coefficient of differentiation;
fund ratio;
income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
the ratio of the shares of spending on food for different quantile groups of the population;

The cost of living:

consumer price indices;
the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services in the social sphere;
living wage;

Population consumption:

costs and savings;
consumption of staple foods;
energy and nutritional value of products;

The main integral indicators of the life of the population:

ratio of income and expenses;
ratio per capita income and a living wage;
the amount of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
Poverty rate:
poverty line;
population with incomes below the subsistence level;

Provision and coverage of the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:

the number of consumer services enterprises;
the number of educational institutions;
the number of students;
the number of medical personnel;
the number of cultural and recreational institutions;

Demographic parameters:

the number of resident population;
age and sex composition of the population;
total fertility rate;
life expectancy at birth;
general mortality rate;
marriage rate;
number of households;

Living Standards Statistics

- is an economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services.

The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic life needs of people.

Nowadays when economic systems countries are deformed and modified, the main goal remains implementation of the principle of social orientation of a market economy by improving the living standards of the population.

The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population

As basic integrated characteristics living standards of the population currently applied (HDI), calculated as an integral of three components:, life expectancy at birth, achieved level of education.

To compare the standard of living in different countries in world practice, the following indicators are also used:

Volume
Consumption structure
Life expectancy at birth
Infant death rate

The agreed standard of living of citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following main indicators:

gross volume domestic product per capita;
the volume of production of essential goods;
inflation rate;
unemployment rate;
real income per capita;
opportunities of the population to invest in themselves and in the economy;
the ratio of the living wage and the minimum wage;
the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
share of government spending on education, culture, health care and social security;
the ratio of the average pension to the subsistence level;
human life expectancy;
the ratio of fertility and mortality of the population;
the volume of retail trade;
deviation of the state of the environment from the standards.

Objectives of statistics on the living standards of the population

The main tasks of statistics on the living standards of the population are: to study the actual well-being of the population, as well as the factors that determine the living conditions of the country's citizens in accordance with economic growth; measuring the degree of satisfaction of needs for material goods and services in relation to social conditions and production development.

The task of studying the patterns of formation and regional-dynamic trends in the standard of living of the country's population as a whole, as well as in the context of individual socio-demographic groups of the population and types of households, should be especially highlighted.

The basis for building a system of indicators and solving these problems is the materials of macroeconomic statistics, demographic statistics, labor statistics, trade statistics, price statistics. A significant amount of information collected is based on data from financial and accounting statements, state tax service, The Central Bank RF, The Pension Fund RF, etc., as well as on the materials of special surveys, censuses, surveys.

The main sources of information are the balance of income and expenditure of the population and sample household surveys.

The balance of monetary incomes and expenditures of the population is built at the federal and regional levels and is the basis for constructing macroeconomic indicators. It reflects volume and structure Money population, taking the form of income, expenses and savings. Incomes of the population are grouped in the balance sheet according to the sources of funds and the directions of their spending.

One of the types of state statistical monitoring of the standard of living of the population is selective household budget surveys... These surveys make it possible to obtain data for the accounts of the “Households” sector in, the distribution of incomes of various groups and strata of the population, as well as to reveal the dependence of the level of material well-being of a household on its size and family composition, source of income, employment of family members in various sectors of the economy.

Currently, in accordance with the transition to international standards according to the SNA methodology, new macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living are introduced. These include household gross disposable income, household gross adjusted disposable income, household final consumption expenditure and household actual final consumption.

Characteristics of the standard of living of the population

To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.

The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:

consumer basket
average
difference in income
lifespan
the level of education
structure of food consumption
development of the service sector
housing provision
state of the environment
degree of realization of human rights

Ten countries with the highest and lowest scores average duration life expectancy at birth, both genders, years, 2005 (WPDS) *

The standard of living is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on many different reasons, ranging from the territory where the population lives, that is, geographical factors, and ending with the general socio-economic and environmental situation, as well as the state of political affairs in the country. The standard of living can be influenced to one degree or another by the demographic situation, and living and working conditions, the volume and quality of consumer goods, but all the most significant factors can be combined into the following groups:

Political factors;

Economic forces;

Social factors;

Scientific and technical progress,

Environmental factors, etc.

The factors that directly determine the quality of life of the population are divided into five groups:

Natural and climatic conditions;

Demographic situation;

The level of economic development (in territorial and historical aspects);

Spiritual development and inner emancipation of a person.

The most significant factors that can radically affect the change in the standard of living of the population are political factors. They include the nature of the social (state) system, the stability of the institution of law and the observance of human rights, the ratio of various branches of government, the presence of opposition, various parties, and so on.

It is the political power that contributes to the economic recovery and the development of entrepreneurship that creates the necessary starting conditions for raising the standard of living in the country. It is obvious that the country's politics and economy are closely interconnected.

An important component of economic potential is national wealth, which is a combination of material resources, accumulated products of past labor and taken into account and involved in the economic turnover of natural resources that society possesses.

The part of the total social product remaining after deducting the means of labor and material costs consumed in the production process is the national income, the growth of which allows the state to increase the minimum wage and pension, the amount of social benefits, implement various social programs, and the like.

The level and dynamics of labor productivity is also important factor GDP growth and national income, and hence the standard of living changes depending on the dynamics of labor productivity. In turn, labor productivity depends on the development of scientific and technological progress, improving the organization of labor, production and management, socio-economic factors.

The development of the social sphere (science, education, health care, culture) determines the satisfaction of the social needs of the population, contributes to the development of the nation's intelligence, affects the economic health of society, and so on.

When characterizing the conditions of health care, it is necessary to keep in mind both its results and the means used, namely, not only the number of hospital beds, but also all medical equipment - all the main health funds, and not only the number of doctors, but also of all medical personnel.

In addition to those discussed above, the factors that determine the standard of living include: working conditions, recreation conditions, social security, social conditions (including environmental conditions, crime rates, etc.), personal savings. Experience shows that any quantitative estimates for each of these factors and for them in general are practically impossible.

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What factors affect the quality of life of the population. Quality of life as a socio-economic category. Principles of State Social Insurance