INTRODUCTION 3

1.2 Analysis of the main indicators of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex in the conditions of the global crisis. 17

2 State policy in the field of management of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. 25

2.1 State regulation of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation. 25

2.2 Energy security. 29

2.3 Energy efficiency of the economy 30

2.4 Formation of a rational fuel and energy balance. 33

CONCLUSION 38

LIST OF USED SOURCES 41

INTRODUCTION

The fuel and energy complex was not deprived of attention during Russian reforms. Until now, the transformations in this complex are of particular interest and particular alertness among the society. This is largely due to the fact that Russia's fuel and energy potential turned out to be in demand in the global division of labor. And yet, the main factor determining the attitude towards the fuel and energy complex is the natural and climatic conditions of our country. Under these conditions, the fuel and energy complex plays a truly life-supporting role for the majority of Russians. The well-being of the general population is based not so much on income from energy exports, but on the supply of light and heat. It is not surprising that the discrepancy between the active use of private initiative in the fuel and energy complex and the quality of state regulation of this initiative is especially dramatic. Recently, natural rent arising in the fuel and energy complex has been at the center of discussions. On the one hand, the turn to the issue of natural resource rent contributes to overcoming the relatively complacent attitude towards the efficiency of this complex, when the main attention was paid to the dynamics of production and export deliveries, while the dynamics of costs remained in the background. On the other hand, with the undoubted importance of the fate of natural rent, there is a great danger of a new simplification of the problem of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex, since the socio-economic significance of this complex is by no means reduced to the creation and distribution of natural rent.

Underestimation of the socio-economic role of the fuel and energy complex in its state regulation turns into a weakening of public confidence in the institutions of state power. Urgent efforts to increase this trust cause tension in relations between the state and business. Both lead to a deterioration in the investment situation in the country and increase investment risks. To avoid extremes here, it is necessary to revise the conceptual foundations of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex. The author had to be convinced of the insufficiency of the existing theoretical base of this regulation in the course of legislative activity in the State Duma of the Russian Federation, as the head of the Russian gas forum.
In an effort to improve the efficiency of the Russian fuel and energy complex, it is necessary to move to such criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the fuel and energy complex that take into account the socio-economic significance of this complex, its role in ensuring the country's energy security. The change in the efficiency criteria occurs in the course of institutional transformations in the economy, changing the norms of relations both between the state and business, and within the business itself between its individual representatives. The problem of clearly defining the rules for the interaction of various economic entities is not solved by fixing the market course of reforms. This clearly confirms the revision of relations between state power and big business. Once again, the need for a more accurate drawing of what kind of formation market economy The ongoing socio-economic transformations are directed to Russia.

Discussions around the project of reforming the Russian electric power industry have revealed a significant divergence of positions of the parties participating in the discussions. The difference in approaches is also found in the views on the transformation of other branches of the fuel and energy complex. These differences are associated, first of all, with interpretations of the role of the state in economic processes, the relationship between the social and economic functions of business.

The remaining extremely wary attitude towards state participation in economic processes is manifested in a rather sluggish industrial and structural policy. Practice shows that such an approach does not provide reliable guidelines for economic policy in conditions when market mechanisms and institutions for the protection of property rights are still in their infancy. In many respects, the question of social justice remains open, and without its solution it turns out to be problematic and guaranteeing property rights within the framework of a democratic political system. As you know, the idea of ​​combining economic and social goals, the interaction of the state and business in the implementation of these goals has been embodied in the theory of the social market economy. However, this theory still remains on the periphery of the theoretical support for Russian reforms.

Translation of relations Russian state and business on social and market principles is an urgent theoretical and practical problem, especially in relation to the domestic fuel and energy complex.

As the years of reforms have shown, the disproportions between technological and
cost structures of the Russian economy cannot be overcome quickly enough with the help of purely market mechanisms. In addition, it is important that the change in the reproductive structure of the domestic economy not only take into account the world market conditions, but also meet national economic interests, and contribute to the country's entry into advanced technological frontiers. Only in this case will it be possible to fully use the natural wealth of our country for the benefit of its population, including to correct the existing social disproportions.

The study is aimed at solving the following main tasks:
disclosure of the social and economic role of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, its significance for development Russian economy, ensuring the energy security of the country, solving geopolitical problems;
analysis state of the art and identification of problems in the development of such components of the fuel and energy complex as electric power, oil and gas complexes;
comparison of existing conceptual approaches to the state management of economic processes, identification of the factors of the effectiveness of such management and its features in the fuel and energy complex;
substantiation of the relevance of the social market approach to transformations in this complex, to its state regulation;
development of practical proposals for improving the economic policy of the state in relation to the fuel and energy complex, including legislative measures.

1 Fuel and energy complex of Russia.

1.1 Fuel and Energy Complex in the Russian and World Economy.

Russia has one of the largest fuel and energy resources in the world. On 13% of the Earth's territory, in a country where less than 3% of the world's population lives, about 13% of all the world's proven oil reserves and 34% of natural gas reserves are concentrated.

The annual production of primary energy resources in Russia is more than 12% of the total world production. Today, the fuel and energy complex (FEC) is one of the most important, sustainable and dynamically developing industrial complexes of the Russian economy. It accounts for about a quarter of the gross domestic product, a third of industrial production, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings of the country. .

These figures sometimes serve as the basis for criticism from a number of Russian and foreign experts who argue that such a share of the fuel and energy complex indicates a strong dependence of the Russian economy on oil and gas production and that our country is turning into a raw materials appendage of the world economy.

The presence of vast oil and gas resources is primarily a natural advantage, not a disadvantage. The main thing is to be able to manage them rationally. As an example, it is enough to simply refer to the US, UK and Norway, where, when used wisely, the experience of these countries shows that the oil and gas industry stimulates economic development and contributes to improving the well-being of the population. Therefore, I believe that the Russian fuel and energy complex is a "locomotive" and not a "needle" for national economy.

In this regard, state regulation of the fuel and energy complex is divided into two blocks of tasks. The first is to ensure its stable development at all stages - from studying the resource potential of hydrocarbon raw materials to processing and transportation. The second is the effective use of the potential of the fuel and energy complex for the diversified development of the Russian economy and social sphere.

World oil market. Over the years, the world oil market has changed a lot, and this has had an impact on the entire world economy. The demand for oil has increased every year, and prices have risen. 2009 is characterized by a record growth in oil consumption, which has become one of the reasons for the record growth in oil prices this year.

In general, over the five years since 2005, oil consumption in the world has grown by 7.5%. The growth leader was the Asia-Pacific region. The oil market in Europe and the CIS countries lags behind both the Asia-Pacific region market and the North American market in terms of growth rates. Europe is our main oil sales market, and it is necessary to realistically assess the possibility of increasing the sales of Russian oil in this market.

Currently, more than 70% of the growth in oil consumption in the world is provided by developing countries. Among them, China is in the lead, which has increased oil consumption by 94 million tons per year in five years and provided 31% of the growth in oil consumption in the world.

Industrialized countries accounted for 29% of the increase in oil consumption in five years. The United States is the leader in consumption growth among developed countries, while Japan, Germany and Italy have reduced oil consumption. In fact, in Europe, the growth in oil consumption was provided by Spain, Austria, Poland and Holland.

Oil production in the world from 2005 to 2009 increased by 7.1%, that is, its growth was lower than the growth in oil consumption. In 2006-2007 oil consumption increased slightly, and OPEC reduced oil production to maintain the price situation in the market.

Since 2003, producing countries have effectively removed restrictions on oil production and export in order to meet the rapidly growing demand for it. The growth of oil production in Russia, Saudi Arabia and a number of other countries was partially offset by a decline in production in the North Sea, the United States, Venezuela, Iraq and Indonesia, which was caused primarily by political, sometimes military-political and technological reasons.

Stabilization of the political situation in a number of OPEC countries will increase production by about 73 million tons per year. To some extent, this compensates for the decline in production in the US and other countries, where it is due to technological reasons. However, to meet the growing demand for oil on the world market, it is necessary to increase oil exports from other countries, including, perhaps, to a large extent from Russia.

From 2005 to 2009, Russia provided the highest increase in oil production in the world. The increase in oil production in Russia was three times higher than that of OPEC. Currently, Russia is one of the main factors in stabilizing the world oil market.

Forecast. If we recall history, it is easy to see that in 1987 Russia (without other republics of the USSR) produced 571 million tons of oil. It was the highest oil production in a single country in the history of the world's oil industry. This was followed by a period of sharp decline in oil production, but this period ended a few years ago. Since 1999-2000 oil production in Russia is growing rapidly.

Thanks to high oil prices on the world market, the growth in production has also surpassed the forecast laid down in the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020. And in these new market conditions, the forecast for the growth of oil production in Russia can be adjusted.

With average prices for Russian oil on the world market in the range of $25-35 per barrel ($76.29 per barrel now), oil production in Russia can reach 550-590 million tons per year by 2020, and in the first turn due to the commissioning of new deposits.

To date, more than three thousand hydrocarbon deposits have been discovered and explored in Russia, and about half of them are being developed. Most of these resources are located on land, more than half of Russian oil production and more than 90% of gas production are concentrated in the Urals and Western Siberia. Most of the fields in this region are characterized by a high degree of depletion, therefore, while maintaining it as the main hydrocarbon base, it is necessary to develop alternative production regions.

In the long term, such priority regions for oil and gas production are Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Their development seems to be particularly important both from a socio-economic point of view and based on Russia's strategic interests in the Asia-Pacific region.

Of great importance is the development of such oil and gas production centers as the shelf of Sakhalin Island, the Barents, Baltic and Caspian Seas.

Oil exports from Russia depend both on oil production, the growth of which has already been mentioned, and on its consumption in the domestic market. According to our estimates, in 2010 the growth rate of oil production in Russia will be higher than the growth rate of oil refining for domestic needs. As a result, in 2010 oil exports from Russia will grow. Then oil exports will reach a stable level.

Transportation. The prospects for the development of Russia's fuel and energy complex are largely determined by its size and geographic location. Russia is geographically connected to all three major oil markets: Europe, the US and the Asia-Pacific region.

In this regard, the "Energy Strategy of Russia" provides for the development of a system of main oil pipelines and sea terminals for the supply of oil to these markets. To expand deliveries to Europe - the Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) and the port of Primorsk with a capacity of up to 62 million tons per year. Today, the preparation of all the necessary formal solutions for the final phase of this project is being completed, and by the end of next year, I am sure, Primorsk and BTS will reach their maximum design capacity.

In 2005, when the first phase was just beginning and when 12 million tons for BTS was considered a heroic stage in the start of a new project, today we already have a capacity of 50 million tons, and this is already taken quite calmly, as something almost taken for granted . To continue the tradition, next year BTS will reach its final capacity of up to 62 million tons.

To enter the market of the Asia-Pacific region, the system of oil pipelines Taishet-Pacific Ocean and a terminal for loading tankers with a deadweight of 300 thousand tons in Perevoznaya Bay were used. The total capacity of the system reaches 80 million tons per year. Now there is an active phase of examination of the feasibility study of this project. Taking into account the terms allotted by the legislation for this process, I hope that by the end of the year all formal decisions of the Government on the structure, stages, volumes of the implementation of the eastern Taishet-Pacific Ocean project will have already been adopted.

Figure 1 - Table of capacities of main oil products and sea terminals for the export and transit of oil from Russia, million tons / year.

In order to enter the US market in the long term, it is planned to build a system of oil pipelines from Western Siberia to the coast of the Barents Sea. The capacity of this system by 2020 may also be up to 80 million tons per year.

These parameters, these capacities of transport systems are connected both with the prospects for Russian oil production and with the integration processes that are taking place in the post-Soviet space. First of all, I mean the CES, in which our joint work with the Russian Foreign Ministry on prospective balances of fuel and energy resources with Kazakhstan as the main resource base, with Ukraine and Belarus as transit countries. And the calculated consolidated resources allow us to talk about the implementation of the Northern Direction on the coast of the Barents Sea.

In addition, an increase in oil transit from Kazakhstan through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) to 67 million tons per year (1.3 million barrels per day) is expected. .

As a result of the implementation of all large, mentioned and unmentioned medium and small projects, the throughput capacity of Russia's export trunk pipelines and marine terminals in 2010 should increase to 303 million tons per year (6.1 million barrels per day).

Russian oil companies are implementing their own projects to increase oil exports from Russia. For example, LUKOIL supplies oil to Iran via the Astrakhan terminal via the Caspian Sea under a land-based scheme. Rosneft organizes oil deliveries to Murmansk by tankers along the Northern Sea Route, and oil exports from Sakhalin Island are growing.

The phased implementation of all transport infrastructure development projects in Russia will ensure a stable growth in oil supplies to the world market.

Sales markets. Europe remains the main market for Russian oil. Currently, 93% of all oil exports from Russia go to Europe. This assessment includes both the markets of the countries of North-West Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and the CIS countries.

Oil deliveries to the Asia-Pacific market are gradually growing. This market is dominated by oil supplies to China, they also provide the main increase. In the US market, the main consumer of Russian oil is the United States, but these supplies do not play a significant role.

Europe will remain Russia's main oil market in the future. Russia will ensure the necessary growth in oil supplies to Europe, but at the same time at the expense of sufficient intensive growth oil production is planned and the strengthening of Russia's position in the markets of the Asia-Pacific region and the United States.

internal needs. In addition to supplies to the foreign market, the Russian fuel and energy complex fully satisfies the internal needs of the economy and the population, which today account for about a third of the total hydrocarbon production.

However, despite the absence of a shortage of energy raw materials and processed products, prices in the domestic market are growing following the world ones. Since the beginning of the year, motor gasoline has risen in price by about 40%. And, of course, this causes serious concern among Russian consumers.

The problem of rising prices for gasoline and fuel resources is, of course, complex. When solving it, the question arises: should domestic Russian prices follow world prices and gradually approach them, or should domestic pricing follow its own internal logic, taking into account the country that is a net exporter of these resources?

One should not think that only monopoly collusion in the domestic market is to blame for the rise in prices for petroleum products. The oil industry cannot help but follow the global situation and reckon with the decrease in the profitability of their work in the domestic market. In the current situation, measures such as domestic interventions, exchange-traded instruments, and even tightening of antitrust laws can only have a limited effect. The main balance is determined by two instruments of state tax regulation: rent payments and fiscal positions on the external contour (export duties). Today's domestic rent payments are linked by Russian legislation to world market prices and determine the dynamics of domestic prices that we observe, while minimizing the regulatory impact of export duties on the external circuit. True, the current system was set in fundamentally different price conditions on world markets. Today, when the price corridor on the oil market has been broken, perhaps we should return to this issue again.

Laws and taxes. The issue of changing the principles for determining the mineral extraction tax (MET) and domestic rent payments has been raised more than once. And, I must say, without much success. Now there is another round of work on the differentiation of severance tax rates based on a comprehensive study of all the effects of rent factors. At the same time, in my opinion, today, more than ever, it is important to prevent the transformation of this natural rent into administrative rent.

An equally important issue for the existence and development prospects of the Russian fuel and energy complex, in addition to the sphere of taxation regulation, is the improvement of subsoil legislation. One of the most difficult problems of the Russian fuel and energy complex is the reproduction of the mineral resource base. At the moment, investments in reproduction are clearly insufficient, and, in fact, for two years there has been a tendency for the increase in hydrocarbon reserves to lag behind the increase in their production. Without making appropriate decisions in this area, stocks will simply continue to run out.

A new edition of the Law "On Subsoil" is currently being prepared. The main purpose of this law is to ensure the rational use of the entire range of resources of the domestic mineral resource base and create conditions for its reproduction by forming stable mutually beneficial relations between the state and subsoil users, increasing the responsibility of subsoil users for fulfilling their obligations, stimulating investments in the reproduction of the mineral resource base and development of deposits.

It should be noted that when preparing a new version of the draft law "On Subsoil", foreign experience in regulating subsoil use is widely used, in which the relationship between the state and subsoil users from administrative, which are currently dominant in the field of subsoil use in Russia, becomes civil law. This means that in court, when considering certain disputes between a subsoil user and the state, it is certainly much more difficult for an official to defend his interests than in offices, even very high ones. And this requires a serious restructuring, including the administrative machine, ready to work in the conditions of civil law relations between subsoil users.

All this activity is aimed at increasing the transparency of relations between the state and business, at attracting domestic and foreign investment in the Russian oil and gas industry, as well as related industries.

Latest developments in the industry. In connection with the above, it is impossible not to dwell on the two major events in the Russian oil and gas industry in the fall of 2004. I mean the sale of the last state stake in Lukoil to ConocoPhillips and the announcement of the merger between Gazprom and Rosneft. One has to hear that these are almost two actions of the state that are opposite in meaning. I think that this is absolutely not true.

First of all, with regard to the merger between Gazprom and Rosneft. Today, these companies are actively involved in the development of new, most promising fields in Russia. We are talking about the Shtokman gas condensate field and the Prirazlomnoye oil and gas field on the shelf of the Barents Sea, the Kharampur oil and gas field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as well as a number of fields in other territories. Therefore, the unification of Gazprom with Rosneft from this point of view will certainly reduce costs, simplify the exchange of technologies, and increase the efficiency of management of both companies. Such a decision, firstly, formalizes the ownership of a controlling stake in the combined company by the state; and secondly, it gives the "green light" to the liberalization of the gas monopolist's share market. At the same time, it must be understood that the state is not going to lose its controlling stake in Gazprom and dilute the single gas export channel.

The strategic agreement between ConocoPhillips and LUKOIL completes the privatization of Russia's largest oil company. As a result, a number of major projects will come under the operational control of a joint venture, a joint structure. And we expect a new quality from this agreement, from this work. These are the investments that the fuel and energy complex needs so much today.

In addition, it must be said that during the summer-autumn period of this year, the number of contacts with the leadership of the world's largest companies (Chevron Texaco, Marathon Oil, BP Billiton, Total, French Petroleum Institute) ) was extremely high and most of them showed a genuine interest in expanding their presence, in expanding investment in the Russian oil and gas industry.

In this regard, it can be stated that the situation with Yukos did not lead to a decrease in the investment activity of foreign companies. Worries that Yukos would stop oil production also turned out to be groundless. If you look at the statistics, Yukos is one of the leaders in the growth of oil production in Russia. Moreover, I am absolutely sure that even if there is a change in the owner of the company, this circumstance in itself will not affect the work of the relevant departments and enterprises.

The global nature of energy problems and their increasing politicization, as well as the influential position of the Russian fuel and energy complex in the global energy system, have put forward the energy factor as one of the basic elements of our cooperation with international energy organizations.

Russia, being at the same time one of the world's largest producers, exporters and consumers of energy resources, carries out and will continue to carry out an active dialogue in the field of energy with all countries and international energy organizations.

The expansion and deepening of Russia's interaction and cooperation with international energy organizations will undoubtedly contribute to the development of world markets for fuel and energy resources and increase economic and energy security in the world.

1.2 Analysis of the main indicators of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex in the conditions of the global crisis.

Continuity and development of a long-term state energy policy and the Energy Strategy of Russia, which sets the basis for this policy, are those characteristics, the importance of which is even more increasing in the modern world, characterized by a financial and economic crisis.

During the crisis, it is necessary to determine the points of support, which in the future should become the basis for the formation of a realistic model of the country's long-term development and economic growth that meets the main challenges.

In our opinion, the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030 (ES-2030), the draft of which was prepared by the Russian Ministry of Energy and is currently being finalized, is intended to become one of such support platforms.

In the difficult time period we are experiencing, it is necessary both to minimize the consequences of the crisis for the population and the economy, and to create a platform for post-crisis development. The crisis does not cancel long-term strategic goals and qualitative guidelines for social economic development countries contained in the adopted Concept of long-term socio-economic development Russian Federation until 2020. Consequently, in the energy sector, anti-crisis measures should be aimed: first, at the predictability of long-term strategic priorities and guidelines for the development of the fuel and energy complex; secondly, for the necessary adjustment, taking into account the crisis, of the basic set of policy documents for the medium-term development of the energy sector; and thirdly, to take the necessary operational decisions in connection with the crisis. It was these provisions that became the basic ones in the preparation of the ES-2030 project.

I note that this year, along with ES-2030, it is planned to complete the preparation of the General Schemes for the Development of the Gas Industry and the Oil Industry, develop the State Energy Saving Program, and adjust the General Scheme for the Location of Electricity Facilities. Subject to adequate consideration of the possible consequences economic crisis and measures to minimize them, as well as the mutual consistency of these documents, their adoption and subsequent use can become a serious anti-crisis measure.

What is the continuity of the Energy Strategy-2030 in relation to the Energy Strategy-2020?

First of all, in the immutability of the goal and main principles of the state energy policy.

Goal: the most efficient use of natural energy resources and the entire potential of the energy sector for sustainable economic growth and the quality of life of the country's population, as well as helping to strengthen its foreign economic position.

Principles:

The sequence of actions of the state to implement the most important strategic guidelines for the development of the energy sector;

Interest in creating strong, sustainable and ready for constructive dialogue with the state energy companies;

Validity and predictability of state regulation aimed at stimulating private entrepreneurial initiative in the field of implementing the goals of state policy, including in the investment sphere.

And, finally, the connection between the two Energy Strategies lies in the fact that over the period since the adoption of the current Energy Strategy (ES-2020), the Russian energy sector has developed mainly
within the framework of the main forecasting trends laid down in this document, despite significant deviations of the basic economic indicators of the country's development and external economic conditions from their forecast values ​​in the framework of EU-2020.

Thus, with the growth of world oil prices from USD 27 per barrel in 2000 to USD 94 in 2008, and almost four times higher the same period increased by 1.5 times with a deviation from export forecasts for EU-2020 by less than 10%; the forecast for the extraction and production of primary fuel and energy resources deviated from the fact by only 2.9%; electricity consumption forecast - by 4%, etc.

What are the main differences between the draft new strategy and ES-2020?

First, this is an additional consideration of the uncertainty factor (let's call it the lesson of the crisis). In particular,

Target priorities and benchmarks for ES-2030 are set in relation not to specific years, but to qualitatively different stages of strategic development, the content and parameters of which are described in all the main sections of this document;

As the main forecast targets for ES-2030, the ranges of expected values ​​of the energy sector development indicators as of the end of each stage are used;

It provides for the possibility of shifting the timing of the implementation of individual stages (including as a result of crisis phenomena) - while maintaining their main qualitative content.

Secondly, these are new economic inputs regarding external and internal macroeconomic conditions (of course, taking into account possible consequences global financial and economic crisis).

Thirdly, and most importantly, the content and quantitative benchmarks of the development projects presented in the strategy have changed in terms of individual policies and industries, the parameters of the development roadmaps developed in the preparation of EU-2030 in all major areas.

The Energy Strategy is a rather voluminous and complex document, so below I will focus only on the basic principles that form its basis.

Let's start with the expected results of the implementation of ES-2030. This:

Full participation of Russia in the formation of a system of global energy security, including through the diversification of directions for the export of hydrocarbons;

Reducing the dependence of the country's economic well-being on the oil and gas sector with a decrease in the share of the fuel and energy complex in the structure of GDP from 30 to 18%;

Reducing the specific energy intensity of GDP by 2.1-2.3 times;

Optimization of the structure of the country's fuel and energy balance with a decrease in the share of gas in the structure of domestic consumption of fuel and energy resources from 52 to 44-48% and an increase in the share of non-fuel energy from 11 to 13-15%;

Development of new oil and gas regions;

Development of social partnership between energy business and society;

Achieving sustainable investment security of economic entities of the fuel and energy complex;

Innovative renewal of production assets and energy infrastructure, creation and development of new types of energy and energy technologies;

Environmental safety and efficiency of the development and operation of the fuel and energy complex with the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions through the realization of the potential for energy saving and energy efficiency.

The achievement of the intended results is expected to be carried out in stages.

The first stage is characterized by the following main tasks:

Overcoming the crisis phenomena in the economy and energy as soon as possible;

By the end of the stage, reaching the pace of economic development laid down in the Concept for the Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation until 2020;

Use of the economic crisis for the qualitative renewal and modernization of the fuel and energy complex.

Their decision will take place against the background:

Analysis of the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis;

Possible post-crisis growth of the world economy;

Instability of world financial, stock and energy markets;

Increasing the role of the state as a regulator economic relations in the energy sector and a partner in the energy business.

End of stage: 2013-2015

Tasks of the second stage:

A sharp increase in the energy efficiency of the economy and energy;

Accelerated implementation of energy projects in Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the Yamal Peninsula and on the shelf of the Arctic seas;

Innovative renewal of fuel and energy industries.

External conditions for the implementation of the tasks of the second stage:

Stabilization of the world energy market;

Reducing the dependence of the Russian economy on the activities of the fuel and energy complex.

Weakening of the role of state participation in the energy sector

Development of public-private partnership.

End of stage: 2020-2022

Tasks of the third stage:

highly efficient use of traditional energy resources;

gradual transition to the energy of the future.

External conditions:

A significant reduction in the role of the fuel and energy complex in the Russian economy;

Increasing the role of the state in creating innovative directions for the development of the fuel and energy complex.

End of stage: 2030

The most important strategic initiatives of Energy Strategy 2030 include:

Development of the oil and gas potential of the complexes of the Eastern regions of the country;

Development of the hydrocarbon potential of the shelf of the Arctic seas and the Northern territories of Russia;

Development and territorial diversification of energy infrastructure;

Development of non-fuel energy;

Realization of energy saving potential and energy efficiency improvement.

I will dwell separately on the last direction. Energy saving and energy efficiency improvement occupy a special place among the strategic initiatives of the EU-2030, since without the large-scale implementation of the energy saving potential, the country's economy cannot develop steadily. The use of the existing technological and structural potential for energy saving will make it possible to balance production and demand for energy resources, as well as significantly limit greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining high economic growth rates. Achieving these goals will require the formation of adequate mechanisms for the interest of consumers and producers of energy resources in energy conservation.

At present, the process of updating the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of energy conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as the formation of an energy conservation management structure in the country, is actively ongoing.

An important step in improving energy efficiency will be the introduction of amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation aimed at improving the energy and environmental efficiency of such industries as electric power, construction, housing and communal services, transport, and providing for the use of energy efficiency indicators as mandatory requirements for objects of technical regulation.

There is an urgent need for a state energy saving program implemented on the basis of a public-private partnership, on the formation of which the Ministry of Energy of Russia is working with the participation of interested federal executive authorities. The prompt development and adoption of such a program is envisaged by the Main Directions of Activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2012.

We assume that this program should consist of a number of priority projects on a national scale, and its composition should reflect:

Tasks for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to reduce energy intensity;

Measures, including state support, aimed at the mass implementation in a number of regions of standard investment projects with maximum energy saving and economic effect, primarily such as the introduction of energy-saving lighting equipment, the use of local fuel and energy resources based on modern energy-saving technologies, the modernization of technological equipment for public utilities, etc.

Organizational and technical measures for energy saving in the public sector, including equipping with modern means of accounting for energy consumption and organizing energy services;

Implementation of standard innovative projects based on renewable energy sources and a set of measures to stimulate the creation of a production base and infrastructure for servicing renewable energy;

Development and implementation of energy-saving projects in energy-intensive industries that operate with the participation of the state, primarily in natural monopolies.

Finally, I cannot but dwell on the problems of foreign energy policy. The most important tasks for us in this strategic area are:

Reflection national interests Russia within the framework of the emerging system of functioning of world energy markets, ensuring their predictability and stable development;

Diversification of export energy markets and commodity structure of exports;

Ensuring stable conditions in the energy markets, including the security of demand and reasonable prices for the main products of Russian exports;

Strengthening the positions of leading Russian energy companies abroad;

Ensuring effective international cooperation on risky and complex projects in Russia (including offshore projects in the Arctic).

2 State policy in the field of management of the fuel and energy complex of Russia.

2.1 State regulation of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

Regulation of energy conservation is necessary at the state level. The use of various forms of influence on energy saving is based on a combination of centralized, decentralized, economic, administrative and legislative methods of management, taking into account the possibility of influencing various forms of ownership and conditions specific to a particular region. The state energy saving policy is carried out on the basis of:

Development and implementation of federal, interregional regional energy supply programs;

Carrying out a structural policy that changes the share of products of various energy intensity;

Conducting energy audits of enterprises;

State expertise of construction projects and creation of demonstration zones of high energy efficiency;

Involvement in the energy balance of non-traditional energy sources.

The methods of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex include:

Program-target method (development and implementation of federal, regional programs);

Regulatory approach (adoption of regulatory decisions by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation);

Balance method (compilation of the fuel and energy balance of Russia).

In this essay, we will use the program-target method, as we will analyze the consequences of the implementation of the federal target program.

Saving raw materials, materials, fuel, energy saving were relevant long before the period of market transformations. Energy programs, energy saving programs, etc. were developed. There were several such programs, which indicates the relevance of these problems, but the effect of their implementation is hardly noticeable, recently energy consumption has increased dramatically and unjustifiably. The accelerated transfer of the economy to an energy-saving development path is vital for fuel consumers, energy consumers, energy resource producers, and the state as a whole.

In 1997, the Federal Law “On Energy Saving” dated April 3, 1996 No. 28-FZ was adopted. The main purpose of the Law was to stimulate the use of energy-saving technologies; it did not develop specific measures to create financial and economic mechanisms that stimulate the development and implementation of energy-saving technologies.

In 1997, the Federal Program "Energy Saving of Russia for 1998-2005" was developed, which planned to reduce the energy intensity of GDP by 13% by 2005, by 21% by 2010 compared to the 1995 level.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2001 adopted the Federal Target Program "Energy Efficient Economy" for 2002 - 2005 and for the future until 2010, providing for a reduction in the energy intensity of GDP in 2005 by 13.4% and in 2010 by 26% in relation to by the year 2000.

There are 2 stages of the implementation of this program:

2002 - 2005 and 2006 - 2010. In total, the implementation of the Program requires 7,004.66 billion rubles, 50.26 billion rubles of which will be provided by the federal budget. The executors of the program activities will be determined on a competitive basis.

The Federal Target Program consists of several subprograms:

“Energy Efficiency of the Fuel and Energy Complex”;

“Safety and development of nuclear energy”;

“Energy Efficiency in the Sphere of Consumption”.

The implementation of the Program will make it possible to overcome negative trends in the development of the fuel and energy sector: achieving the required levels of extraction and production of fuel and energy resources, transferring the country's economy to an energy-saving development path, ensuring the safe operation of nuclear power plants, reducing the energy intensity of GDP, updating equipment, reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere, preserving and expansion of export potential, increase in jobs.

We list the main legislative acts in the field of fuel and energy complex:

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1087 of 02.11.95 “On urgent measures for energy saving”;

Federal Law No. 28-FZ dated April 3, 1996 “On energy saving”;

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1010 dated 11.09.97 “On State Supervision over the Efficient Use of Energy Resources in the Russian Federation”;

The Federal Target Program “Fuel and Energy” (in 1996-2000, none of the seven nuclear power facilities provided for by the FTP was put into operation, while capital investments were utilized only by 20% of the plan provided for by the program);

Program "Structural adjustment and economic growth in 1997-2000";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 80 dated January 24, 1998 “On the federal target program “Energy Saving of Russia” for 1998-2005.” ;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 588 dated 15.06.98 “On additional measures to stimulate energy saving in Russia”;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 938 dated 12.08.98 “On State Energy Supervision in the Russian Federation”;

Temporary guidelines on the organization of work in the field of energy conservation in the departments of state energy supervision in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, approved by the deputy. Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation 15.04.99;

Rules for conducting energy audits of organizations, approved by the deputy. Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation on March 25, 1998;

Federal Target Program "Energy Efficient Economy" for 2002 - 2005 and for the future up to 2010 from 11/17/01;

Energy strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020, approved on 28.08.03. .

The Government of the Russian Federation sets the maximum levels of tariffs for natural monopolies (RAO UES, RAO Gazprom), considers their investment programs in this regard, regulates access to oil and gas pipelines, and determines balance targets for deliveries to the domestic market.

The Federal Energy Commission (FEC) is the government's executive body that regulates natural monopolies. FEC considers the costs of monopolies, makes proposals for changing tariffs.

The main body in the field of the fuel and energy complex is the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia (on March 9, 2004, Khristenko Boris Viktorovich was appointed Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation). We list the executive authorities subordinate to the Ministry of Energy:

Federal Agency for Industry;

Federal Energy Agency;

Federal Agency for Technical Regulation;

Department of technical regulation and metrology;

Administrative department;

Department of Industry of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation;

Department of Structural and Investment Policy;

Department of the military-industrial complex;

Department of forecasting and strategic planning;

Department financial control and audit;

Department of International Cooperation;

Department of Legal Relations;

Department of fuel and energy complex.

How federal agency The Ministry of Energy of Russia pursues the state policy in the fuel and energy sector, and also coordinates the work of other ministries and departments in this area. Gosenergonadzor also works in the Ministry of Energy of Russia, which checks the preparation and issues passports for the readiness of energy facilities for winter.

2.2 Energy security.

1. Energy resources are critical to improving the quality of life and expanding opportunities for the citizens of the world, both developed and developing. Therefore, ensuring an efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly energy supply at prices that reflect the fundamental principles of a market economy is a challenge for our countries and all of humanity.

2. To accomplish this overarching task, a number of serious and interrelated challenges need to be addressed, such as:

High and volatile oil prices;

Increasing demand for energy resources (estimated to increase by more than 1.5 times by 2030, and approximately 80% of this demand will be met by fossil fuels, the reserves of which are limited);

Growing dependence of many countries on energy imports;

The need for huge investments in all links of the energy chain;

The need for protection environment and addressing climate change;

Vulnerability of vital energy infrastructure;

Political instability, natural disasters and other threats.

3. Due to the global nature of these problems and the growing interdependence between producer countries, transit countries and consumer countries, it is necessary to develop partnerships among all stakeholders in order to strengthen global energy security. We are unanimous that the best way to achieve our goals in this area is to create transparent, efficient and competitive global energy markets. We also recognize the important role of national governments and relevant international organizations in addressing global energy challenges.

Neither global energy security nor the Millennium Development Goals can be fully achieved without the sustainable access of 2.4 billion people to fuel resources and 1.6 billion people to electricity in developing countries which are currently deprived of it. Their problems should not be ignored or given insufficient attention.

2.3 Energy efficiency of the economy

At the present stage, the Russian economy is characterized by high energy intensity, 2-3 times higher than the specific energy intensity of the economies of developed countries. The reasons for this situation, in addition to harsh climatic conditions and the territorial factor, are the structure of industrial production that has been formed over a long period of time and the growing technological backwardness of energy-intensive industries and housing and communal services, as well as the underestimation of the cost of energy resources, primarily gas, which does not stimulate energy saving.

The degree of increase in energy efficiency will predetermine the long-term prospects for the development of not only the energy sector, but also the economy of the Russian Federation as a whole. The orientation of the economy towards energy-intensive growth threatens to conserve technological backwardness and accelerate the growth of domestic demand for energy resources, as a result of which, even if the maximum technically feasible growth rates for their production are reached, the demand for them can be met by expanding imports and/or restricting exports.

Therefore, the goal of the state policy in this area is the strict and unconditional achievement of the planned strategic targets for the growth of energy efficiency using a wide range of incentives for consumers of energy resources that ensure:

Structural restructuring of the Russian economy in favor of low-energy manufacturing industries and services;
- realization of the potential of technological energy saving.

In order to intensify energy saving, a reasonable increase in domestic prices for energy carriers is necessary at an economically justified pace acceptable to consumers; gradual elimination of cross-subsidizing in tariff setting, primarily in the electric power industry; continuation of the reform of housing and communal services. At the same time, effective price regulation is an absolutely necessary but not sufficient condition for intensifying energy conservation. It is necessary to implement a system of legal, administrative and economic measures that stimulate the efficient use of energy, including:

Change in accordance with the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" of the existing norms, rules and regulations that determine the consumption of fuel and energy, in the direction of tightening the requirements for energy saving; improvement of the rules for accounting and control of energy consumption, as well as the establishment of energy consumption standards and limiting energy losses and mandatory certification of energy-consuming devices and equipment for mass use to establish their compliance with energy consumption standards;
- conducting regular supervision of the rational and efficient use of energy resources of enterprises;
- creation of additional economic incentives for energy conservation, turning it into an effective business area;
- wide popularization by the state of efficient use of energy among the population, mass training of personnel; creation of accessible databases containing information on energy-saving measures, technologies and equipment, regulatory and technical documentation; holding conferences and seminars for the exchange of experience, promotion of energy saving in the media, etc.

The challenge is to, through targeted public policy ensure the interest of consumers of energy resources in investing in energy conservation, create more attractive conditions for investing in this area of ​​activity, reducing possible financial and economic risks.

One of the instruments of state policy will be to support a specialized business in the field of energy saving, which is still underdeveloped in Russia, which will allow the formation of economic agents (energy saving companies) that offer and implement optimal scientific, design, technological and production solutions aimed at reducing energy intensity. Support for energy-saving business involves a transition from direct financial assistance from the state to the formation of a system for the implementation of effective business projects in the relevant area, insurance of commercial and non-commercial risks.

Measures for energy saving and efficient use of energy should become an obligatory part of regional programs for the socio-economic development of regions, including regional energy programs.

2.4 Formation of a rational fuel and energy balance.

The fuel and energy balance is the main tool for identifying imbalances in the process of forecasting and balancing supply and demand for energy resources from extraction to consumption. At the same time, the use of the fuel and energy balance is still not systemic, covering all the necessary levels (in particular, regional). It is necessary to improve the information base and methodology of balance calculations in order to increase the reliability and validity of the results obtained.

The energy strategy was formed taking into account the optimization of the fuel and energy balance of Russia in terms of structure and in the context of industries and regions. To this end, based on the forecasts of the world energy markets, the possibility of increasing fuel reserves and developing production capacities, scientific and technological progress and other factors, the following volumes of domestic demand, exports of produced energy resources, their imports and production, investments in the fuel and energy industries and dynamics of prices for fuel and electricity (including regulated prices), which, other things being equal, should ensure the highest rates of economic growth.
The developed balances of fuel and energy resources provide (Figure 2):

Figure 2 - Production and consumption of primary fuel and energy resources

Growth in the production and consumption of electricity, which is a necessary condition for the development of the economy and improving the comfort of life of the population;
- a significant increase in the efficiency of fuel and electricity consumption in the country's economy and in the housing and communal sector due to energy saving;
- improving the structure of electricity generation, including through faster growth in generation at nuclear power plants and more complete use of the hydropower potential, primarily as a result of the completion of the construction of previously started facilities;
- improving the quality of petroleum products while increasing the efficiency of oil refining;
- complex processing of natural and associated gas and increasing the use of gas for non-fuel needs;
- expanding the use of cost-effective renewable energy sources.

Optimization of the expenditure part of the fuel and energy balance provides for the implementation of measures for cost-effective energy saving and improvement of the structure of energy demand in the following main areas:
- continued electrification of the economy with an increase in electricity consumption 1.05 - 1.1 times faster than the overall demand for energy due to an increase in the electric power of labor in industry, agriculture and everyday life;
- slowdown in the growth of energy consumption for district heating by 1.07 - 1.1 times relative to total energy consumption due to greater opportunities for reducing losses and saving heat, as well as advancing the development of its local and individual sources;
- an increase in the consumption of motor fuels at a rate 1.2 times higher than the growth rate of total energy consumption, with a wider use of substitutes for petroleum products (liquefied and compressed gas, hydrogen);
overcoming the trend of increasing dominance of natural gas in the domestic energy market with a decrease in its share in total energy consumption (including the cost of electricity and heat production) from 50 percent now to 49 percent in 2010 and 46 percent in 2020 (Figure 3) due to increase in electricity generation at nuclear and hydroelectric power plants (from 10.8 to 12 percent), consumption of liquid fuel (from 20 to 22 percent) and coal products (from 19 to 20 percent).

Figure 3 - Structure of production and consumption
primary energy resources in Russia - 1990-2020

The developed fuel and energy balance provides for the growth of energy exports with the unconditional satisfaction of domestic needs in accordance with the dynamics of world prices and changes in the structure of supplies, as well as the possibility of imports.

The dynamics of production of the main types of fuel is due to the necessary volumes and cost of work to increase their proven reserves, the price of each type of fuel in the domestic and foreign markets, and most importantly, the dependence of the cost of their production on the scale of development of the main fuel bases. Modeling the fuel and energy balance, aimed at finding a balance between the prices of production, transportation and sale of energy resources, makes it possible to predict the development of production, processing and distribution of fuel, which corresponds to the interests of market participants and most effectively ensures domestic demand and export of energy resources.

The policy of forming a rational fuel and energy balance should set guidelines for the development of programs for the development of fuel and energy companies, ensuring their consistency with the program of the country's socio-economic development. For this, it is necessary to expand the use of the prospective (indicative) fuel and energy balance as one of the tools for managing the strategic development of the energy sector, and to coordinate the balances of fuel and energy resources with regional and federal budgets and with financial plans fuel and energy companies.

CONCLUSION

The fuel and energy complex of Russia (FEC) is the main component of the country's economy. It keeps all industries alive. national economy, the consolidation of regions, the formation of a significant part of budget revenues and the main share of foreign exchange earnings from abroad. Despite the presence of a number of problems, the Russian fuel and energy complex continues to be one of the most sustainable sectors of the country's economy.

At the same time, the natural resource potential is of great importance for the economic development of the country and the foreign economic activity of the fuel and energy complex. Today Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of proven oil reserves. Oil reserves are taken into account in the bowels of 40 subjects of the Russian Federation, of which 35 are oil production.

In the strategy for the development of the oil and gas complex for the period up to 2015, he predicts an increase in oil production by 2015 to 530 million tons, gas - up to 740 billion cubic meters. m. Oil refining by 2015 is expected in the amount of 210 million tons, export - about 310 million tons. The implementation of the program for the development of the oil and gas complex will require capital investments in the oil and gas complex over the next 10 years in the amount of $270 billion.

The production of oil with gas condensate in the Russian Federation in 2009 increased by 8.9% compared to 2008 - up to 458 million 808.4 thousand tons. Export of oil in Russia in 2009 amounted to about 285.5 million tons. The export of Russian oil in 2009 increased by 17.3% compared to 2008 - up to 182 million 164.4 thousand tons. On the whole, natural gas production in Russia in 2009 amounted to 591 billion cubic meters. m, which is 1.6% more than in 2008. The main volume of gas production in Russia falls on Gazprom, which in 2009 produced 545.1 billion cubic meters. m.

Naturally, in the future it is planned to increase oil exports to the CIS countries, the European Union states, and the United States, which is reflected in the energy strategy of the Russian Federation.

The globalization of energy, the expansion of international activities, the emergence of new players in the world energy markets dictate new approaches to the implementation of long-term goals that meet the interests of national security and the tasks of foreign economic activity in the energy sector. The main ones are:

· Promoting the integration of the Russian fuel and energy complex into the global energy space, restoring and strengthening Russia's economic positions in a number of regions, creating tools for effective cooperation within the CIS and the world community as a whole;

· Creation of conditions for the most effective implementation of the export opportunities of the domestic fuel and energy complex;

· Attraction of foreign investments for the development of Russian fuel and energy sectors;

· Entry into new international and regional markets, encouragement of investment activities abroad by domestic companies and fuel and energy companies.

At the same time, internal energy efficiency has a significant impact on the export potential of the Russian fuel and energy complex. In terms of energy waste, Russia today ranks 10th in the world. Without the implementation of energy efficiency policies, this situation cannot be rectified. Meanwhile, today in Russia at the federal level there is no:

Energy efficiency policies;

Energy efficiency programs;

Authorities responsible for the implementation of energy efficiency policies. Even the weak structures we had before fell victim to administrative reform;

The practice of allocating funds from the federal budget to improve energy efficiency, at least at federal property, for which energy supply is financed at least $4 billion a year.

An important area for the development of the WES FEC of Russia is the problem of attracting foreign investment. For the implementation of all measures for the development of the industry, only the own funds of fuel and energy complex enterprises and state financing are not enough. Of great importance is the attraction of foreign investment in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation and the improvement of the investment climate.

In general, the prospects for foreign economic relations of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation will depend on the rationality and effectiveness of state policy in this area, increasing the level of reproduction resource base, improving internal energy efficiency indicators, attracting investment in the industry and the overall stability of global energy markets.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

The Constitution of the Russian Federation

2. Voronkova O.N. Akopova E.S. World economy and international economic relations. M.: Infra-M, 2007. - 316 p.
3. Kudrin A.: Producers should be prepared for lower oil prices.
4. Maksimova M.S. Into the 21st century - with old and new global issues. - M.: MEiMO, 2006. - 290 p.
5. World economy: Textbook / Under. ed. prof. A.S. Bulatov. - M.: Lawyer, 2005. - 345 p.
6. Reference and analytical review “Fuel and energy complex of Russia. 2000-2007". - 2007. - 358 p.
7. Statistics of the fuel and energy complex. Production of petroleum products. - http://www.oilcapital.ru/stat/stat_2/stat_2.shtml.
8. Fuel and Energy Complex and Energy Strategy of Russia. - http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=583.
9. federal Service state statistics. - http://www.gks.ru/
10. Energy of regional growth. The state plans to revive the fuel and energy complex through domestic consumption. // Russian newspaper. - Economics "Fuel and Energy Complex". - No. 4884. – 04/08/2009
11. Energy strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030.

12. Federal Law No. 187513-4 "On Subsoil".

13. Energy strategy.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1087 of 02.11.95 “About urgent measures for energy saving”.

Federal Law No. 28-FZ dated April 3, 1996 "On Energy Saving".

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1010 dated 11.09.97 “On State Supervision over the Efficient Use of Energy Resources in the Russian Federation”.

Federal Target Program “Fuel and Energy”.

Program "Structural adjustment and economic growth in 1997-2000".

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 80 dated January 24, 1998 “On the federal target program “Energy Saving of Russia” for 1998-2005”.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 588 dated 15.06.98 “On Additional Measures to Stimulate Energy Conservation in Russia”.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 938 dated 12.08.98 “On State Energy Supervision in the Russian Federation”.

Temporary guidelines on the organization of work in the field of energy conservation in the departments of state energy supervision in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, approved by the deputy. Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation 15.04.99

Rules for conducting energy audits of organizations, approved by the deputy. Minister of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation 25.03.98

Federal Target Program "Energy Efficient Economy" for 2002 - 2005 and for the future up to 2010 of 11/17/01.

Chapter 1. Tasks of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex of Russia (FEC) plays a major role in the economy of the state, since it is this sector that ensures the vital activity and development of all other sectors of the economy, determines the formation of the main financial and economic indicators of the country.

Despite the development of market relations, the development of freedom of entrepreneurship and competition, the state, in my opinion, should play a significant role in regulating such a sector of the economy as the fuel and energy complex.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Energy of Russia as a federal executive body were:

Formation of proposals on the energy policy of Russia and the implementation of this policy;

Organization of ensuring the needs of the economy and the population in fuel and energy, their rational and safe use;

State supervision and control over energy facilities and efficient use of energy resources;

Assistance in the creation of legal and economic conditions that ensure the efficient and sustainable development of the fuel and energy complex, and some others.

As you know, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724, the Ministry of Industry and Energy was abolished, and the Ministry of Energy was created again. Thus, all the functions of its predecessor were transferred to the Ministry of Energy.

After all, in order to preserve and use the existing production, scientific, technical, human potential of the fuel and energy complex, to lay the foundations for a long-term and stable supply of the national economy and the population of Russia with all types of energy, a long-term energy policy is needed, implemented primarily by public authorities.

The development of a new energy policy in Russia, taking into account the realities of the country's transition from one socio-economic formation to another, can be said to have been completed by the mid-1990s. In May 1995, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation approved the Main Directions of the Energy Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010, and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 1995 No. 1006 approved the main provisions of the Energy Strategy of Russia.

These documents determined the main directions of energy policy and restructuring of the fuel and energy complex for the future, goals, priorities and mechanisms for their implementation.

The energy policy of the Russian Federation, defining the conditions for constructive interaction between federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, enterprises, institutions, organizations (including non-profit ones) and entrepreneurs in the energy sector, proceeds from the following priorities:

Sustainable provision of the country with energy resources;

Improving the efficiency of the use of fuel and energy resources and creating the necessary conditions for transferring the country's economy to an energy-saving development path;

Creation of a reliable raw material base and provision sustainable development fuel and energy complex in the conditions of formation of market relations;

Decrease negative impact energy on the environment;

Maintaining the export potential of the fuel and energy complex and expanding the export of its products;

Maintaining Energy Independence and Ensuring the Security of the Russian Federation P.G. Lakhno. Energy and law. M., "Lawyer", 2008, p.324.

In the course of the ongoing reforms in Russia, new socio-economic conditions have developed in many respects and it has become necessary to prepare new edition Energy strategy.

The work on its preparation was entrusted to the Russian Ministry of Energy by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 N 1715-r “On the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030”.

In accordance with the said Energy Strategy, the main principles of the energy policy are:

The sequence of actions of the state for the implementation

the most important strategic guidelines for the development of the energy sector;

Interest in creating strong, sustainable and ready for constructive dialogue with the state energy companies;

Validity and predictability of state regulation aimed at stimulating private entrepreneurial initiative in the field of implementing state policy goals, including investment sphere Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 N 1715-r "On the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030".

The strategic guidelines for the long-term state energy policy are energy and environmental security, as well as energy and budgetary efficiency.

The main instrument for implementing this policy should be a set of economic regulation measures: price, tax, customs and antimonopoly. The creation of a consistent and flexible system of economic regulation is one of the most important prerequisites economic efficiency energy policy P.G. Lakhno. Energy and law. M., "Jurist", 2008, p. 326 .

When pursuing the energy policy, the state will also fully use its rights as the owner of the subsoil and assets in the fuel and energy complex. To increase the efficiency of this process, it is planned to restructure and corporatize state property in this area with its concentration mainly in the backbone sectors of the fuel and energy complex ( transport infrastructure) and objects of increased danger (nuclear, hydropower, etc.) with the privatization of other assets, primarily those not under the effective control of the state.

The basis for the implementation of the energy policy of the state will be a constantly evolving regulatory framework. Its improvement will follow the path of further formation of legislation that ensures the stability, completeness and consistency of the legal framework of this most important sphere of society. However, the implementation energy strategy will require amendments and additions to the relevant laws, development and adoption of new regulations.

The problem of legal regulation in the fuel and energy complex, and above all energy supply, is becoming even more important in the current conditions of reforming the electric power industry. The industry as a whole consists of subjects of natural monopolies. Fundamental changes in the content and functions of the Unified Energy System of Russia (UES of Russia), which has been developing for decades, necessitate a new approach to the legal regulation of relations between entities operating in the electricity market.

The basis of the main legal reforms is the Federal Law “On the Electric Power Industry”, adopted in early 2003. In order to implement this law, the Government of the Russian Federation must adopt over 30 regulatory legal acts, most of which have already been adopted.

The Federal Law "On the Electric Power Industry" establishes the legal framework for economic relations in the electric power industry, defines the powers of state authorities to regulate these relations, the basic rights and obligations of electric power industry entities in the implementation of activities in the electric power industry (including production in the mode of combined generation of electric and thermal energy ) and consumers of electrical and thermal energy Federal Law of March 26, 2003 N 35-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2012) "On the Electric Power Industry" .

In order to ensure energy security, technological unity of the electric power industry, maintain a balance of economic interests of suppliers and consumers of electric and thermal energy, mutual responsibility of all participants operating in the field of electricity circulation, the law defines the basic principles of state regulation and control in the electric power industry. P.G. Lakhno. Energy and law. M., "Lawyer", 2008, p.327 These include, in particular:

Ensuring the unity of technological management of the Unified Energy System of Russia, reliable and safe functioning of the Unified Energy System of Russia and technologically isolated territorial electric power systems;

Ensuring the availability of electrical and thermal energy for consumers and protecting their rights;

Security social protection citizens of the Russian Federation from unreasonable increase in prices (tariffs) for electric and heat energy;

Creation of the necessary conditions for attracting investments in order to develop and operate the Russian electric power system;

Development of a competitive electricity market and limitation of monopolistic activities of individual entities of the electric power industry;

Ensuring non-discriminatory access to the services of subjects of natural monopolies in the electric power industry and the services of an administrator trading system wholesale market;

Preservation of elements of state regulation in the areas of the electric power industry, in which there are no or limited conditions for competition.

In order to implement and comply with these principles, federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are endowed with fairly broad powers.

For example, the Government of the Russian Federation approves the rules of the wholesale market, the main provisions for the functioning of the wholesale market and the main provisions for the functioning of retail markets:

Approves the rules for non-discriminatory access to electricity transmission services, services for operational dispatch management in the electric power industry and the services of the wholesale market trading system administrator and the rules for the provision of these services;

Approves exemplary contracts for the supply of electrical energy to consumers;

Approves the rules for the conclusion and execution of public contracts in the wholesale and retail markets;

Takes measures of social protection certain categories citizens, including in the form of approval of the procedure for providing such citizens with security for obligations to pay for electricity in accordance with the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation;

Approves the basics of pricing in the field of regulated prices (tariffs) in the electric power industry, etc.

The powers of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation include the following:

Control over the activities of guaranteeing suppliers in terms of ensuring reliable energy supply to the population;

Establishment of prices (tariffs) for services for the transmission of electrical energy through territorial distribution networks within the limits (minimum and (or) maximum) price levels (tariffs) established by the federal executive body for services for the transmission of electrical energy through territorial distribution networks;

Establishment of tariffs for thermal energy, with the exception of tariffs for thermal energy produced in the mode of combined generation of electric and thermal energy, and some others.

Despite the broad powers government agencies It is obvious that the sphere of state influence on the subjects of the electric power industry will narrow due to the reform of the industry, however, it seems that a necessary condition for the development of the electric power industry is the ability to choose and apply state regulation measures. Since a stable electric power sector is a necessary element of the normal existence of the state as a whole.

Therefore, before the federal executive authorities, among which the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, federal agency for Energy, the Federal Service for Technological Supervision, the Federal Tariff Service, there are serious tasks to reform the electric power industry in particular and to implement the energy strategy aimed at reforming the fuel and energy complex, in general Trotsenko S.A. Tasks of state regulation of the fuel and energy complex. "Energy Law", issue No. 1(2) for 2004 .

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The database combines more than 4,000 legal acts of the state authorities of the Russian Federation that regulate the organization and activities of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex of Russia:

Gas stations

• Control and responsibility for the operation of gas stations,
• · general issues operation of gas station facilities,
• organization of reception, storage, release and accounting of petroleum products at gas stations,
• fire safety of gas stations, construction of gas station facilities,
• labor relations and labor protection at gas station facilities,
• environmental requirements for the operation of filling stations,
• · operation of mobile filling stations and gas filling stations.

Gas complex

• gas supply and distribution,
• construction of buildings and structures of gas complex enterprises,
• transportation of gas and products of its processing,
• storage of gas and products of its processing,
• · pricing in the gas complex.

Oil complex

• extraction of crude oil, oil refining and production of petroleum products,
• construction of buildings and structures of oil complex enterprises,
• transportation of oil and products of its processing,
• storage of oil and products of its processing,
• · pricing in the oil complex.

Fuel and energy complex (general issues of organization of activities)

• Licensing in the fuel and energy complex,
• · features of movement across the customs border and customs clearance of oil, gas, oil and gas products, electricity and other energy resources,
• transportation and transportation of oil, gas, electricity and other energy resources,
• provision and withdrawal of subsoil plots, land for enterprises and facilities of the fuel and energy complex,
• industrial safety in the fuel and energy complex,
• sales of fuel, heat and electricity,
• certification in the fuel and energy complex, construction of enterprises and facilities of the fuel and energy complex,
• · Economics of the fuel and energy complex.

Electric power complex

In accordance with the Regulations approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2000 No. 777, and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 1998 No. 938 "On State Energy Supervision in the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation exercises state supervision and control over the conduct of measures to ensure the safe maintenance of power plants, the efficient use of energy resources through the bodies of the State Energy Supervision Authority.

State energy supervision is part of the unified energy system of Russia and unites the supervisory organizations and inspectorates operating in the fuel and energy complex in order to ensure the efficient use of fuel and energy resources in the Russian Federation and the safe operation of power plants.

Gosenergonadzor performs its functions through:

• - development, implementation and subsequent control over the execution of regulatory and technical documents (PUE, PTE, PEEP, safety rules, rules for the use of fuel and energy resources, etc.);
• - licensing of work in the field of energy and the use of petroleum products within their powers;
• - binding orders up to the shutdown of power plants, including the installation of devices and systems for accounting for the consumption of fuel and energy resources;
• - admission to operation of new and reconstructed power plants;
• - limiting fuel and energy resources for organizations financed from the federal budget;
• - administrative fines for the irrational use of fuel and energy resources;
• - organization of work on energy saving, including the development and coordination of sectoral and regional energy saving programs;
• - exercising control over the rational and efficient use of fuel and energy resources;
• - conducting mandatory energy and energy-economic inspections of organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, in terms of the efficient use of fuel and energy resources, if their annual consumption of energy resources is more than 6 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. or more than 1 thousand tons of motor fuel, as well as organizations with an annual consumption of less than 6 thousand tons of fuel equivalent. by decision of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to identify reserves for saving fuel and energy resources.

Activities for the implementation of state energy supervision

Gosenergonadzor bodies exercise state supervision and control over the technical condition and safe maintenance of electrical and heat-consuming installations of consumers of electrical and thermal energy, equipment and main structures of power plants, electrical and thermal networks of energy supply organizations, rational and efficient use of electrical and thermal energy, oil, gas, coal , peat, oil shale and products of their processing (fuel and energy resources) at enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership.

Gosenergonadzor bodies carry out state supervision and control over energy supply organizations that have:

power plants of various capacities - 20,586 pcs.

thermal - 350 pcs.

hydraulic - 117 pcs.

block stations - 253 pcs.

small power plants - 19,866 pcs.

enterprises of electrical networks - 1675 pcs.

thermal stations - 505 pcs.

boiler rooms - 52,702 pcs.

thermal network enterprises - 2738 pcs.

Consumers of electrical energy - 1,990,728 pcs.

industrial and equivalent - 224,501 units.

non-industrial and household - 1,586,250 pcs.

agricultural - 179,977 pcs.

Consumers of thermal energy - 761,806 pcs.

industrial and equivalent - 117,982 pcs.

non-industrial and household - 603,753 pcs. agricultural - 40,071 pcs.

On average, annually, the Gosenergonadzor authorities conduct comprehensive surveys of 120 power plants of AO-energos of various capacities, inspect up to 4,000 small power plants, 320 electric and 360 enterprises of thermal networks of energy supply organizations, up to 9,500 organizations - consumers of electrical energy and up to 5,500 surveys of heat-consuming installations and heat networks consumers of thermal energy. Over 96,000 inspections are carried out by inspection personnel for consumers of electrical and thermal energy, oil products and gas.

World experience in organizing and managing enterprises and branches of the fuel and energy complex indicates the need for fairly strict regulation of their activities by the state. This is due to the following:

• - the enterprises of the complex are not numerous, they belong to the strategic sectors of the economy, and to a large extent determine the industrial and military potential, as well as the state of affairs in ecology;
• - energy in various forms is consumed by absolutely all members of society, and the peculiarity of this process is its continuous nature. This means that energy supply issues were and remain political issues;
• -- energy industries are characterized by high inertia of development, huge capital intensity and concentration material resources, the need for a large-scale and comprehensive development of national natural resources, a predominantly monopoly position in the market and the impossibility of duplicating a number of industries in a certain territory.

For these reasons, the governments of most foreign countries prefer to keep many fuel and energy industries in state ownership with very strict regulation of the activities of industries and enterprises that do not fall there and are directly related to the functioning of the national energy sector. In cases where competition in the sectors of the complex leads to the strengthening of the country's energy economy, to a better satisfaction of the public need for certain energy carriers, the state allows private and foreign capital(usually this is a network of gas stations, exploration and development of oil and gas fields under certain conditions, the creation of additional capacities for oil refining, the production of alternative energy sources, etc.).

The following can be noted as the main tasks of state regulation in the energy sector:

• -- creating conditions for fair competition;
• -- Contributing to the stable development of the energy sector;
• -- environment protection;
• - Regulation of the corporate profit rate.

The degree of state participation in the regulation of the branches of the fuel and energy complex, as evidenced by world experience, depends entirely on the stage of development, the specific situation, the nature and scale of the tasks to be solved. For the effective functioning of the economic mechanism, an optimal combination of market methods and methods determined by state regulation is necessary. The state and dynamic relationship between the systems of commodity-money relations and state regulation of the economy are of great importance. Without state participation, the reproduction process is simply impossible. Forms and methods of financial and economic state regulation are unstable, they evolve depending on specific conditions. The experience of industrialized countries confirms that the more acute the situation, the more actively the state intervenes in the regulation of the fuel and energy complex.

The most important means of state regulation of competitive relations is antimonopoly legislation.

In the Russian Federation, the law "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Commodity Markets" was adopted in March 1991. Its purpose is to define organizational and legal framework prevention, restriction and suppression of monopolistic activity and unfair competition to ensure the conditions for the creation and functioning of commodity markets. According to the law, a company occupies a "dominant position" if its market share exceeds 35% - an amount set annually State Committee on antimonopoly policy (SCAP).

Modern antimonopoly legislation has two principal directions - control over prices and control over mergers of companies. Antitrust laws primarily prohibit agreement on prices. Illegal is any collusion between companies in order to fix prices. The law also prosecutes the practice of dumping sales, when a company deliberately sets more than low prices in order to oust competitors from the industry.

A merger occurs when one company acquires shares in another. The government usually takes action when, as a result of a horizontal merger of companies, their market share increases significantly. An exception can be made when one of the firms is on the verge of bankruptcy. In the case of a vertical merger (combining technologically related industries), the law also establishes an upper limit on the share of companies in the respective markets, since the merger of former suppliers and consumers makes it impossible for other companies to sell their goods to the acquiring company. Conglomerate mergers (unification of companies from different industries) are usually allowed, since as a result of such mergers, the position of the company in the respective markets remains practically unchanged.

The strategy for the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, declared in official documents, allows us to draw a number of conclusions in relation to the oil industry. First, fuel and energy companies are seen as an important source of financial resources, and therefore the transfer of an increasing tax burden to them is expected. Secondly, support for commodity producers through "skillful" pricing policy may again result in lower energy prices for certain groups of consumers. Thirdly, there is a significant structural shift in the consumption of energy, in particular, oil products - from industry to the domestic sector and passenger transport (previously these consumers were traditionally subsidized). Fourthly, the growing requirements for environmental protection and reliability of energy supply mean an inevitable increase in the internal costs of fuel and energy companies for the extraction, conversion and transportation of energy resources.

The official documents also define the priorities, directions and means of a new structural, regional and technical policy in the field of energy supply of the country, without which the system of strategic development goals cannot be formulated. oil companies.

The main priority in the documents is the improvement of the currently extremely low efficiency of energy consumption and energy saving. For VIOCs, this means the following: given the continuing gap in the energy intensity of production, it is more profitable for Russia to export raw materials, rather than products of its processing or end products. This situation, apparently, will continue for quite a long time; An effective energy saving policy, combined with a slow recovery of the domestic economy, is likely to lead to moderate domestic energy demand both at the macro level and in most regional markets.

Consequently, the development strategy of a vertically integrated oil company that does not contradict national priorities and aims to increase oil production and increase the production of petroleum products can only be justified if the increase in supply is oriented to foreign markets, ousting competitors from the domestic Russian or regional markets and replacing competing types of fuel -va with its products.

In the future, an increase in the share of oil obtained from the development of relatively small fields, and gas as a fuel for the electric power industry is expected. The latter means that the consumption of fuel oil in the electric power industry in the European part of Russia will decrease by about half, while remaining at the current level in other regions of the country, and the capacity of this market will be relatively small.

The state technical policy in the part that is related to oil companies is focused on: improving the economic and energy efficiency of all stages of production, transformation, distribution and use of energy resources; rejection of excessive centralization of energy supply with its approach to consumers; environmental and emergency safety of energy sources and reliability of power supply to consumers; development of efficient technologies for the extraction and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, etc. Obviously, tougher requirements for reliability and environmental safety, as well as the decentralization of energy supply will inevitably lead to an increase in the costs of VIOCs.

It is considered that economic mechanism, which will be regulated by the state and will allow the realization of these goals, will be the energy market. Moreover, the role of the state is reduced to the formation of pricing and tax policy, the creation competitive environment and development of adequate legislation. The documents confirm the government's policy of using fuel and energy companies, in particular oil companies, as an important source of funds for the development of other sectors of the economy, such as engineering and services.

However, along with these fairly clear points in the approach to the formation of a "state-regulated energy market", there are certain contradictions that, in our opinion, should be taken into account when developing strategic goals for the development of domestic vertically integrated oil companies. First, the price policy itself is vague: what are fuel prices, limited by the price structure of the world market? Moreover, the price of self-financing in the conditions of Russia is not always lower than the prices of the world market (the proof of this is the retail prices for domestic petroleum products). Secondly, the state is hardly able to create full-fledged economic market entities and market infrastructure on its own. This can be done by private capital, and the state will only contribute to this process, creating a favorable climate. Thirdly, the declared tough tax policy in the fuel and energy sector is poorly consistent with the intention to improve the conditions for self-financing and expand the range of domestic and foreign investors. Finally, the ability of the state to collect taxes is not at all unlimited.

Such ambiguities, while making it difficult to develop strategic goals for vertically integrated oil companies, are not insurmountable. Given their real contribution in the Russian economy, oil companies can build their development strategy quite independently of the state, subject to all the rules established by the latter. Moreover, in our opinion, the role of vertically integrated oil companies in the economy of modern Russia is such that the state cannot afford to disregard their interests.

The conditions for the functioning of the oil and gas complex of Russia during the presidency of Vladimir Putin have changed dramatically. The state is increasingly aggressive in the industry, which was clearly shown in 2004. Noticeably grown tax fees from oil companies, the fight against “unscrupulous subsoil users” began, and, most importantly, the process of redistribution of property in the oil and gas complex accelerated sharply. And it was government officials who became the main engines of mergers and acquisitions that threaten to completely change the oil and gas map of Russia. Representatives of the most influential nomenklatura and political grouping in Russia, the St. Petersburg security forces, are increasingly aggressively pursuing a policy of merging all major assets in the industry into a single oil and gas corporation. However, they face some resistance from competing political clans. Each of the groupings is trying to make up for their property and financial interests and the conceptual vision of the future of the Russian oil and gas complex. For this reason, battles for property are also accompanied by intellectual battles over the problems of the strategy for the development of the fuel and energy complex. What are the main results of 2004 for the industry? Who is the winner and who is the loser? How will the situation in Russian oil and gas develop further? These and other questions are answered by the new report of the Center for Political Conjuncture.

State management of the fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex intersectoral system of extraction and production of fuel and energy (electricity and heat), their transportation, distribution and use.

It consists of:

Fuel industry (oil, gas, coal, shale, peat);

Power industry.

The fuel industry and electric power industry are closely connected with all sectors of the national economy. The fuel and energy complex uses the products of mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and is closely connected with the transport complex. The fuel and energy complex is characterized by the presence of a developed production infrastructure in the form of main high-voltage lines and pipelines (for the transport of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas), which form unified networks.

The most important place in the sphere of state management of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation is occupied by the Government of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation sets the maximum levels of tariffs for natural monopolies, considers their investment programs in this regard, regulates access to oil and gas pipelines, and determines balance targets for deliveries to the domestic market.

The central government bodies (executive authorities) in the field of regulation of natural monopolies and tariffs in the Russian Federation are the Federal Tariff Service (FTS) and the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), which are subordinate to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.

The main task of these bodies is to create favorable relations between consumers and energy producers. This allows the consumer to rely on affordable energy, and the manufacturer to ensure the normal functioning and development of the business.

The energy, gas and oil industries produce a small number of very homogeneous and standardized products. Under these conditions, free energy prices cannot be an instrument of competition. They should be regulated by the state along with and in conjunction with tax system, taking into account the needs for financial resources and the capabilities of both producers (fuel and energy complex) and the main consumers of energy resources. At present, it is necessary to strengthen the price and financial control of the state in the energy complex. It is important that domestic energy prices and financial flows through fuel and energy companies be controlled and regulated by the state.

Domestic energy prices must be protected from sharp fluctuations in world prices and the ruble exchange rate. This does not mean their complete autonomy and independence. They should stimulate the adaptation of domestic producers and consumers to the global situation. However, strong price fluctuations can adversely affect production potential both fuel and energy industries and consumers, to create high risks for investors.

V developed countries relative domestic energy prices rise when world prices rise and fall when they fall. At the same time, the change in domestic prices is much less than world prices, primarily due to state regulation.

For our country, which uses most of the energy resources for its own needs, this is all the more relevant. The overall level and ratio of prices for energy carriers should depend on the costs of their production, transportation, and the need for capital investments.

The development of the world economy indicates that the increase in prices for fuel and raw materials in many developed countries is a serious stimulus for structural changes in the economy. There is a growing need for new technologies that help reduce consumption and conserve energy and materials. The structure of production is changing in favor of knowledge-intensive energy-saving industries. This leads to a reduction in the consumption of energy carriers and raw materials and, as a rule, to a decrease in world prices for these goods. In the conditions of Russian democracy, associated with the free export of capital received from the sale of raw materials abroad and, accordingly, the constant lack of financial resources from the state, the increase in energy tariffs does not affect the development of modern production technologies.

The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation plays an important role in regulating the fuel and energy complex. As a federal body, the Ministry of Energy of Russia pursues the state policy in the fuel and energy sector, and also coordinates the activities of other ministries and departments in this area.

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 28, 2008 No. 400 "On approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation", the Ministry of Energy of Russia, together with interested federal executive authorities, develops programs for the development and use of hydrocarbon and other fuel and energy resources, fuel the energy balance for the country as a whole and for the regions, current and prospective balances for certain types of energy resources, takes measures for their implementation.

Gosenergonadzor operates as part of the Russian Ministry of Energy. This important body has few powers. Gosenergonadzor checks the preparation and issues certificates of readiness of energy facilities for winter.

Russia is a northern, cold country. Preparing energy facilities for winter is not so much a duty commercial structures how much the most important public affair and the duty of the state to its citizens.

Importance for effective management fuel and energy complex of the state, represents the regulation of energy conservation. In this regard, on November 23, 2009, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”

Regulation of energy conservation is necessary at the state level.

Answer2 (beginning). The state energy saving policy is carried out on the basis of:

Development and implementation of federal, interregional and regional energy supply programs;

Carrying out a structural policy that changes the share of products of various energy intensity;

Conducting energy audits of enterprises;

State expertise of construction projects and creation of demonstration zones of high energy efficiency;

Involvement in the energy balance of non-traditional energy sources.

The state energy supply policy provides the regions with great powers and opportunities, since the solution of many economic and financial problems is moving from the federal to the regional level.

The use of various forms of influence on energy saving is based on a combination of centralized, decentralized, economic, administrative and legislative methods of management, taking into account the possibility of influencing various forms of ownership and conditions specific to a particular region.

Answer3 (beginning). Economic Methods energy conservation management are based on the material interest of enterprises in the national use of resources. Tax incentives are needed for enterprises in the form of exemption of part of their profits from taxation in the production and consumption of energy-saving equipment by them, concessional lending producers and consumers of energy-saving technologies, products, works, services, R&D and investment of relevant projects.

Along with industry, housing and communal services (HCS) are the most energy intensive.

The realization of reserves for saving fuel and energy resources in this industry is hampered by the monopoly position of housing and communal services enterprises and the lack of the consumer's ability to influence the producer of public services.

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor) plays an important role in the management of the fuel and energy complex of the state. Rostechnadzor is a federal executive body responsible for control and supervision in the field of safe work related to the use of subsoil, industrial safety, safety in the use of atomic energy (with the exception of the development, manufacture, testing, operation and disposal of nuclear weapons and nuclear power installations for military purposes), safety of electrical and thermal installations and networks (except for household installations and networks), safety hydraulic structures(with the exception of navigable hydraulic structures, as well as hydraulic structures, the powers to supervise which have been transferred to local governments), the safety of production, storage and use of explosive materials for industrial use, as well as special functions in the field of state security in this area, in the field of protection the environment in terms of limiting the negative technogenic impact, as well as the functions of organizing and conducting state environmental expertise at the federal level.

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision exercises, insofar as it concerns the functions of control and supervision in the established field of activity, the powers of the bodies that, in the international treaties of the Russian Federation, act as bodies exercising necessary measures aimed at fulfilling the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from these agreements.

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation.

(Clause 2 as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2008 N 404)

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, as well as the Regulations on it, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2008 N 404

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision carries out its activities directly and through its territorial bodies in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other organizations.

The fuel and energy complex is one of the steadily operating industrial complexes of the Russian economy (it affects the state and prospects for the development of the national economy, providing about 1/4 of domestic production). gross product, 1/2 of industrial production and income consolidated budget RF, about half of the federal budget revenues, exports and foreign exchange earnings). Special attention ensuring the smooth operation of these organizations, improving the management system of the fuel and energy complex, saving energy resources). The fuel and energy complex is characterized by the organization of large production associations. The Russian economy is currently heavily dependent on oil and gas production (the Government pays great attention to the development of a competitive environment in the oil and gas sectors, ensuring guarantees of non-discriminatory access manufacturers to the main pipeline transport, as well as organizing the exploration of new gas and oil fields). an integral part of the fuel and energy complex of the country with the location of nuclear power plants in the regions for which the relevant approvals for their construction have been obtained; it is envisaged to increase the safety of operation of existing nuclear power plants, to replace retired nuclear power plants and thermal power plants of the power unit the use of nuclear energy is regulated by the Federal Law “On the Use of Atomic Energy”. regulation in the field of industry, the military-industrial and fuel and energy complexes, as well as in the field of development of aviation technology, technical regulation and ensuring the uniformity of measurements, the development of mineral deposits on the basis of production sharing agreements, science and technology in the interests of the defense and security of the state. The Ministry of Industry and Energy performs the functions of the federal body for technical regulation and the authorized body for production sharing agreements in relation to subsoil plots and deposits of all types of minerals. The Ministry of Industry and Energy coordinates and controls the activities FA for industry, FA for technical regulation and metrology, FA for energy. The Ministry of Industry and Energy independently adopts regulatory legal acts: a unique bench test base, as well as making decisions on the inclusion of organizations in the register and their exclusion from the register; 2) a list of mutual deliveries of special components and material resources for the manufacture of military and civilian products within the framework of industrial cooperation of the CIS member states; 3) annual and quarterly balances for the main types of fuel, oil products and liquefied hydrocarbon gases; 4) forms of presentation of investment programs of subjects of natural monopolies; 5) methodology for generating control figures state support coal industry by areas of financing; 6) standards for the specific growth of fuel, standards for the creation of fuel reserves, standards technological losses electric and thermal energy, hydrocarbon raw materials; 7) rules for accounting for gas, registration of declarations of conformity of products with standards technical regulations, metrological rules and norms. The Federal Energy Agency (Rosenergo) is a federal executive body that performs the functions of providing public services, management of state property in the field of production and use of fuel and energy resources. Rosenergo carries out its activities directly and through subordinate organizations. Rosenergo carries out: 1) economic analysis activities of subordinate SUEs and approves economic indicators their activities, conducts inspections of financial and economic activities and the use of the property complex in subordinate organizations; 2) performs the functions of a state customer in organizing the implementation of interstate programs, federal targeted programs and the federal targeted investment program; 3) carries out the formation of state information resources of the fuel and energy complex and their disposal; 4) the development and communication to recipients of state support funds for the coal industry, ensuring control over the distribution, communication to recipients and targeted use of these funds; 5) work and activities related to the preparation and implementation of production sharing agreements.