Everything must be in order. Order must be in everything: both in thoughts and ... in documents. Everything must be in order
Ekaterina Shestakova, PhD in Law, Moscow.
The work of any lawyer in an organization or at a manufacturing enterprise begins with debugging the system of contractual work. Fundamental points in this activity are accounting and control. It can be said without exaggeration that properly built control over contractual work is the key to the company's success.
Tasks, types of control
Why is it necessary to control the contractual work in the organization? First of all, it allows you to solve the following tasks:
- timely conclusion of contracts;
- obtaining the necessary approvals from the interested departments and officials;
- timely and proper execution of the terms of the contract;
- control over payments under contracts and financial flows;
- minimizing the risks associated with possible penalties;
- implementation of accounting and archival functions;
- the possibility of reducing accounts receivable.
We will consider the types of contractual work control in Table 1.
Table 1
| Type of control | Description of features |
| Contract control- noah work and performance obligations | - preparation of technical specifications, participation in competitions - drawing up standard contracts; - sighting and signing of contracts; - conclusion of additional agreements, prolongation contracts or their termination; - return of the signed material(s) of the contract(s); - availability of primary documents (invoices, acts, invoices); - Litigation and litigation |
| Timing control | - pre-contract work; - checking the integrity of the counterparty; - approval of the contract; - performance of stages of work (services); - payment; - provision of primary documents to the counterparty; - expiration of the claim period |
| Payment control | - transfer of funds to the counterparty; - countdown of deadlines for fulfillment of obligations depending on from receiving advance payments; - informing about exceeding the allowable debt under long-term contracts; |
| Documentary control | - end-to-end accounting of contracts, as well as accompanying documents, primary documents that can be used by both internal users and external, such as a tax authority or counterparties; - determination of the place and conditions of storage of originals documents; - the procedure for submitting documents (including constituting a trade secret) for use in work |
| Settlement disagreements | It is very important to resolve disagreements in pre-trial and litigation, this part of the controversy is control will prevent the expiration of the claims statute of limitations, as well as to compensate in a timely manner for losses and collect penalties and fines |
Internal local acts
The main task of internal local acts is a clear regulation of control over contractual work, determining the algorithm for the actions of employees. Local regulations related to the control of contractual work can be both complex (for example, the regulation on the conduct of contractual work, instructions on the procedure for conducting contractual work), and regulate only part of the process (for example, instructions on the procedure for filing claims and lawsuits for non-performance obligations). Forms (forms) of contractual documentation can be developed as annexes to local regulations.
It is very important in the local act to establish the procedure for accounting for concluded contracts. Such accounting can be carried out in the form of an electronic database or a journal. The journal includes sections that indicate, for example, the details of the counterparty, the numbers and dates of contracts, specifications, orders, orders, the volume of products to be delivered and the delivery time, the name of the shipped products and the date of shipment, the numbers of transport documents, payment requests and others. intelligence. It may also reflect information about the improper performance of contractual obligations by counterparties, as well as about claim work.
The local act regulating contractual work is approved by the order of the executive body and brought to the attention of all interested employees of the company. Here are examples of the structure of the contract work clause of some companies.
Example 1.
- General provisions. Purpose and scope.
- Work with the draft contract.
- The conclusion of the contract.
- The order of approval of the draft contract.
- Registration of the protocol of disagreements, the protocol of agreement of disagreements.
- Change, addition and termination of the contract.
- Registration of contracts and their deposit.
- Accounting for contracts and their storage.
- Control over the fulfillment of the terms of the contract.
Example 2.
- General provisions.
- Initiation of the conclusion of the contract.
- Preparation of a draft agreement or protocol of disagreements.
- The procedure for the approval of the draft agreement by structural divisions.
- Conclusion and registration of the contract.
- Amendment (termination) of the contract.
- Execution of the contract. Control over the execution of the contract.
- Accounting and storage of contracts.
As applications to the position are used:
- list of information about a potential counterparty;
- approval sheet for the draft contract;
- Interaction of structural divisions in the conduct of contractual work.
Who is responsible?
An important point in the organization of contractual work is the definition of responsible persons. Control functions can be assigned both to a specific employee (legal adviser), and to one or more departments. Moreover, the unit that performs the control function can be both the unit that initiated the conclusion of the contract, and, for example, the legal unit. If the control functions are separated, then the responsible executor is responsible for agreeing the contract and fulfilling contractual obligations, the legal department is responsible for preparing the text of the contract and claim work, and the accounting department is responsible for the availability of primary documents. However, in this case, it is necessary to clearly separate the responsibilities of each structural unit.
Control functions are also fixed in the regulation on contractual work. Let us consider how this function can be formulated in position.
So, after the registration of the contract, the executing unit makes the required number of copies of the contract and transfers them to the structural units involved in the execution or control of the execution of contractual obligations. The executing unit maintains operational and consolidated records of the fulfillment of contractual obligations, as well as control over their fulfillment.
Compliance control includes activities such as:
- verification of the quality and timeliness of fulfillment by the parties of obligations under the contract, including control over timely settlements and submission of relevant documents to the accounting service to reflect transactions in accounting;
- verification of the terms of the contract if it is necessary to carry out the procedure for changing the terms of the contract;
- drafting letters, notices, additional agreements and other documents to the contract;
- implementation of the actions necessary for registration of relations under the contract, such as acceptance of what was performed under the contract, drawing up acts, issuing and receiving invoices, etc.;
- timely informing and transferring necessary documents to the legal department, the security department and other interested departments in case of violation by counterparties of the terms of the contract in order to take the necessary measures.
The head of the executing unit is responsible for the timely and proper accounting of the fulfillment of obligations under the contract.
The Accounting Service, the Legal Department and the Security Department have the right to independently carry out random checks of the results of the execution of contracts. When conducting these inspections, the executing unit is obliged to provide all necessary documents confirming the performance of work, other additional materials and explanations.
Checking financial flows and payments
The verification of financial flows and payments is an extremely important task, since in the absence of control, the following negative consequences are possible:
- growth of receivables and payables;
- financially unstable position of the company and possible bankruptcy;
- risks of litigation;
- payment of penalties.
At the same time, it is very important to optimize the work with accounts payable. In order to optimize the use of funds constituting accounts payable, while not extending the terms of its repayment, it is necessary to thoroughly study the existing payment procedure in the company, carefully reviewing the terms of contracts, checking the correctness of entering payment details into the computer systems of the financial division of the company and comparing the terms of weekly payments with the conditions contracts to avoid early payment.
It is very important to install:
- terms and dates of payment under the contract;
- late payment dates and possible penalties;
- amounts of penalties in case of delay in payments.
for instance, the construction company did not receive funds for the performed general contracting work. Payment under the contract was to be made on 05/26/2010. The amount of payment under the contract amounted to 3,130,000 rubles. However, the customer refused to pay. The general contractor decided to go to court for damages. Penalties are calculated at the refinancing rate (Table 2).
table 2
| Period | Number of days | Bid refinancing nia | Amount (rub.) | |
| 26.05.2010 | 31.05.2010 | 6 | 8 | 4116,16 |
| 01.06.2010 | 27.02.2011 | 272 | 7,75 | 180768,22 |
| 28.02.2011 | 02.05.2011 | 64 | 8 | 43905,75 |
| 03.05.2011 | 25.12.2011 | 237 | 8,25 | 167669,38 |
| 26.12.2011 | 31.12.2011 | 6 | 8 | 4116,16 |
| 01.01.2012 | 01.06.2012 | 152 | 8 | 103991,26 |
| Total | 504566,94 |
Please note that it is better to entrust the responsibility for calculating penalties to an accounting or planning service.
Verification of the execution of the contract as a whole
When checking the execution of the contract, it is important to control not only each stage of the execution of the contract, but also the procedure for agreeing, developing documents, paying and claim work. So, if the contract is coordinated for months in structural divisions, then the counterparty can simply refuse to conclude the contract. Therefore, some companies approve action plans for each contract, which is filled in by the responsible executor (Table 3).
Table 3
| N p / p | Event | Responsible executor | Planned date | Actual date performance |
| 1 | Package preparation documents and draft treaty | Head of Directorate for project management - A.A. Ivanov | 12.04.12 | 12.04.12 |
| 2 | Coordination draft treaty | Head of Directorate for project management - A.A. Ivanov | 15.04.12 | 18.04.12 |
| 3 | Direction counterparty protocol disagreements | Head of legal department - A.A. Sidorova | 18.04.12 | 18.04.12 |
| 4 | Signing agreements | General manager - A.K. Zinoviev | 20.04.12 | 22.04.12 |
| 5 | Control of execution agreements (technical service office building) | Head of Directorate for project management - A.A. Ivanov | 01.05.12 | 31.12.12 |
| 6 | Providing primary documents and payment contract services | Chief Accountant - A.S. Spiridonova | 01.05.12 | 31.12.12 |
It is very important during the control to determine clear dates, as well as responsible persons. In the absence of a specific responsible person, contractual work will suffer.
Claim and judicial components of control
Claim work is a very important component of the control of contractual work, since it allows you to correct the shortcomings of work, services, and eliminate losses in work.
It is very important to determine the procedure for claim work in contracts. Let's explain why. for instance, under work contracts in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 720 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the customer is obliged, within the time limits and in the manner prescribed by the contract, with the participation of the contractor, to inspect and accept the work performed (its result), and if deviations from the contract are found that worsen the result of the work, or other shortcomings in the work, immediately report this to the contractor. At the same time, it is not clear how long the application must be made in order for the court to recognize it as immediate. The customer, who has not presented the contractor with claims regarding the quality of work within a reasonable time after the discovery of deficiencies, loses the right to claim damages. This conclusion is also confirmed by judicial practice (Determination of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of March 13, 2009 N 2104/09).
If the company did not use the claim procedure, then in court it may be denied claims.
If the company has missed the statute of limitations, then it will also have to be restored in court.
However, if the due date for receivables has passed, then it can be written off. An expense in the form of receivables for which the limitation period has expired or for which the obligation has been terminated in accordance with civil law is accounted for as non-operating expenses on the last day of the reporting period when such an event occurred. As for the expiration of the limitation period, in order to account for the expense for tax purposes, it is not necessary to have confirmation that the creditor took measures to collect the debt (for example, wrote claims, filed a statement of claim in court), since the expiration of the limitation period is an independent basis for writing off debt. Judges in such situations make decisions in favor of taxpayers (Resolutions of the FAS MO dated 02.02.2009 N KA-A40 / 13269-08-P-2, FAS UO dated 10.21.2008 N F09-7654 / 08-C3, FAS SKO dated 28.02. 2007 N F08-731 / 2007-288A and others).
As a rule, the procedure for carrying out claims and lawsuits is also reflected in the local act of the company. Let us give a specific example of the wording using the example of the procedure for compiling claim documents in Russian Railways (Order of Russian Railways dated 04.08.2006 N 205).
Compilation and execution of claim documents are carried out by the structural subdivisions of the branches of Russian Railways, which are the recipients of the goods (hereinafter referred to as the recipients).
If a discrepancy between the received goods (cargo) and the data specified in the shipping documents in terms of nomenclature, quantity and quality is detected, the recipients, in order to comply with contractual obligations to accept the goods, send a request to Roszheldorsnab for a copy of the contract for the supply of this goods. Roszheldorsnab sends a copy of the relevant supply agreement to the recipient by facsimile...
The basis for filing a claim with the supplier (sender) is an act.
To register the acceptance of goods that have a quantitative and qualitative discrepancy, as well as a discrepancy in the assortment with the data of shipping documents or that do not have shipping documents, an act on the acceptance of materials or an act on the acceptance of fuel and oil products is applied.
Please note that often the legal service of the company is responsible for claim work. In this case, the interaction with the accounting department is very important.
Learning from mistakes
What are the main mistakes companies make when monitoring contractual work? The most common mistake is the lack of any control over contract work or weakened control. Control cannot be exercised, for example, by lawyers or accountants on their own without regulation.
Another mistake is the underestimation of internal and external risks. The internal risks include the bad faith of the executor of the contract, the abuse of his official position, and the external risks are the bad faith of the counterparty. Therefore, it is very important to check the counterparty at the pre-contractual stage, as well as the powers of the persons signing the contracts and accompanying documents. It is also important to monitor the activities of the executor of the contract in order to exclude the possibility of abuse of official position. If the contract includes several stages, then it is necessary to track the terms and payment for each of the stages. Equally important is the control over claims work, because if it is not carried out, the company may lose significant funds.
In conclusion, it should be noted that, despite the fact that each company independently controls contractual work, the general recommendations given in the article can be useful for all companies. After all, there are no companies that do not have counterparties that need to be checked, there are no companies that do not have to control payments and deadlines, and there are very few companies and individual entrepreneurs that do not conduct claims work.
Bad thoughts attacked ... prayed a little, probably. You need to chase them. As soon as bad thoughts begin, if alone, start praying, and if not alone, take some serious book or start some business.
It's time to put aside frivolity, we must take everything seriously.
Set a strict order in everything: such and such a time - to study, at such and such a time - to read, etc. If you need to go where, why not go, read - why not read, but so that everything is in order.
Batiushka found something necessary and necessary in this. Living in a family, although no one interfered with me in anything, I did not know how to fit myself into some kind of framework, I did not know how to establish this order. The oncoming obstacles forced me to retreat, and most importantly, I myself did not see anything necessary in this establishment of order, at the same time I wanted the priest himself to give me something to do, so that I could carry out some kind of (external) “feat”, and asked my father about it. At first he did not answer, and when he asked if I had established order in my life, he answered that it did not work out at all. He silently listened, never reproached, and when asked to give me a “feat”, he affectionately remarked: “Yes, I’m telling you - establish order, and you keep telling me that I can’t.” Only then my eyes were opened, and I saw in my light attitude to this word of the priest disobedience, frivolity; I did not attach much importance to the simple and, it seemed, casually said, "strange" requirement of order. He, it turns out, looked at it as a kind of feat for my character. And then again the priest reminded me of this very seriously. “Set the order by all means ... Otherwise, I used to always receive everyone, but now they forced me to reduce the reception, so I myself see how much I did.”
- You need to calm your mother down, not to bring anything to her. Respect for her is the first duty. And check yourself every night. Well, if you fail, then put three worshipers of the Mother of God, ask Her forgiveness.
Drive bad thoughts by reading, physical labor is needed here. Imagine yourself on Golgotha, here is the cross in front of you (father stretched out his hands to the sides) ... blood is flowing ... Speak with your thoughts: the spiritual father, they say, did not order me to listen to you.
- I see a lot of nasty things in myself.
“But life is given to us in order to expel all this from ourselves.
– It seems that the mercy of God will soon end…
- The mercy of God is inexpressible.
“Father, I didn’t want to take communion today.
“Why, did you confess?”
Yes, I am very bad...
Well, it's none of your business...
- Father, I want to be meek and humble.
- And who doesn't tell you?
- Father, can I not take communion today?
- Why?
“Yes, the heart is very impure.
- And when will it be clean for you?
I had a bad dream...
- This happens from immoderation in food, from empty talk; and since this always happens to you, then you are always to yourself and wait for this ... When you wake up, get up right away, do not cover yourself with a blanket. What you have undertaken must be done at all costs.
- How to keep the golden mean, so as not to be gloomy and overly cheerful?
- When you see that a person around you is discouraged, you come, for example, to ... you see that she hung her nose (father lightly hit me on the nose with his finger), then you need to pull yourself together, be cheerful, encourage the other, and if everything goes smoothly , then we must talk about serious things, and not chat; generally care about the benefit of others and do everything for the benefit of others; and not only put things in this way, but also words; if, for example, you see that everyone is saying, well, come on, they say, I’ll say, but what is it? so do and say; here is the golden mean.
During the Easter week, one does not need to read the Psalter, and instead of evening and morning prayers, hours are relied upon. “When should we finish reading the Psalter?” The priest with a smile uncertainly remarked: “It seems that on Wednesday the Psalter ends ...” (A connoisseur of the charter; the priest’s humility was so great.)
Everything to be in order, and there should be a certain time for eating, and if you come late and you want to eat, then, of course, you can eat as much as you need there. And in general, to be in order.
A person who truly loves completely forgets himself, forgets that he exists, he only thinks about how to save someone else. We must try not only by actions, but even by words, not to seduce another.
Please, please go to church.
(To the fact that there is no time for reading.) “Well, you are something there ... but I charge you with the duty to read ...”
You can take communion every week, but refrain from the main sin.
You know your duty, and you need to calmly and firmly fulfill it. The Jesus Prayer must be read. Just as a person always thinks about a beloved object, so he should think about the Lord and carry Him in his heart.
How to acquire love for God?
– More often we need to remember what the Lord has done for us and what He is doing. Everything, including everyday affairs, must be sanctified by Christ, and for this, the “Jesus Prayer”. How good and joyful it is when the sun shines, it will be just as good and joyful in the soul when the Lord sanctifies everything in our hearts.
Often it is good and you feel that you are going straight ahead, then suddenly such a mood disappears, and you will never get to it.
- Well, well, well ... then you will fall asleep under this well.
Under the concept of “fall asleep,” the priest always meant the loss of sobriety and spiritual vigilance over himself.
Somehow during the all-night storm of all sorts of the most opposite thoughts and feelings agitated my whole being; I approach the festive icon (behind the canon). Batiushka anoints with oil, peers and in a whisper, hesitantly asks: “Are you sleeping, okay?”.
It must be remembered that if the Lord is always looking at me, because He knows everything, then how can I act against Him.
Sometimes you yearn with all your soul to be united with the Lord in the sacrament of Holy Communion, but the thought that you have recently received Communion stops you…
– This means that the Lord touches the heart, so that all these arguments are not relevant here.
I think it is necessary to establish the order of life: it is recommended to sleep seven hours a day (I slept no more than five or six hours), well, if you get up at seven o'clock, then count seven hours back and go to bed like that; and that affects health. Later, I drew attention to the fact that all the ascetics, from the most ancient to the new, and all the monasteries, kept a strict, once established order of life.
– It is difficult to live without sin when there are such hardships in life (there was a hunger strike).
- Well, why, do not sin ...
- I'm sorry, father.
- There is no need to lose heart, remember, as they say: “My spirit is in me,” and then “I remembered the days of old, learn ...”. So you remember everything and console yourself.
What do you think about yourself a lot, proud; but you know, who thinks a lot about himself, that means he doesn’t live well ... And you love yourself, so love yourself as you should.
Jealousy came to me to learn the "Jesus Prayer", asked the priest to teach.
– The “Jesus Prayer” is a serious matter, more often you need to think about who Jesus is for me.
If someone speaks badly about others, and even in church, you just need to answer that I, they say, am a sinner myself, that I still have to look at others. We don't go to church to talk.
The zeal to learn the "Jesus Prayer" burned me.
“The Jesus Prayer is serious business. You must constantly have the Lord before you, as if you were in front of some important person, and be, as it were, in constant conversation with Him. Here you will be in an elevated state.
You have to be moderate in food.
What are you and I to be proud of? .. Sins? ..
Parents, if they have any shortcomings, should be treated more condescendingly.
- Father, it happens that you oversleep in the morning, but you get up, you rather run to mass, and you no longer pray at home ...
- Well, if so, you will pray in the church, but there must be order in everything.
If anyone in the church talks or asks about anything, speak to me and do not answer.
You must pray in the morning and in the evening.
Before reading the Gospel, cross yourself and say: “Lord, enlighten me, let me understand what is here”; and after that it happens that you accidentally find, as it were, some kind of overshadowing and you begin to understand the meaning of one or the other; and then you need to take and write down these thoughts.
Establish order in everything ... Be good with your mother, do not quarrel with your sisters, do not offend your aunt. Well, for now, it will be with you, and then we will take something else.
Order so that you have everything ... I had one German here, and the Germans know what order is in everything, so he told me: he had guests there ... and he had such an order: like ten o'clock, so that everyone were in place. Now it’s time to go to bed, and he announces that in ten minutes the fire will be extinguished. But everyone thought he was joking, no one paid attention to it. Suddenly, they look - it’s dark ... And I ask him: “But what about the guests?” - "And how they want," he says, "if they are so disorderly." Even though he is German, there is something to learn from him.
At the next extended meeting of the head of the Itum-Kalinsky municipal district, Khamzat Temirubalatov, the issues of socio-economic development, the implementation of the protocol order of the Head of the Chechen Republic on registration of ownership of households and land plots, the implementation of the Unified Concept for the spiritual and moral education of the younger generation and a number of other issues were discussed .
In his speech, Khamazat Temirbulatov paid much attention to the issue of reducing unemployment in the region. According to him, today the unemployment rate in the region is 15 percent, which is less than the general indicators for the republic.
We should not stop at the achieved indicators, - said the head of the Itum-Kalinsky district administration. - We are faced with the task of bringing the level of unemployed citizens to five percent. It is gratifying that people are beginning to engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. We are convinced that our citizens are not sitting idly by, as they say, at Saturday fairs held in the regional center, where we observe the products of our agricultural producers. Unfortunately, many people are registered in the Employment Center of our district, who actually live in other districts, where they have their income.
Today, almost every family in our region employs one or two people. If desired, almost every resident of not only the region, but also the republic as a whole has the opportunity to independently earn a living, if only there was a desire. We see how people from other countries come to our republic to work.
Residents who are registered with the Employment Center must be offered vacancies. And if a person refuses to work, then it is quite logical that he must be deregistered. In no case should we, bypassing the current law, show indulgence towards people who take consumer positions. It is high time for them to realize that they themselves must provide for themselves and their families.
As the director of the Center for Employment of the Population Malika Dukayeva said, they are consulting with registered people. She assured the district leadership that work to reduce unemployment would continue. First of all, the Center will conduct inquiries about vacancies in institutions and industrial enterprises of the republic.
As at previous meetings, the topic of registration of real estate objects was not ignored.
In accordance with the protocol order of the Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov No. 01-07 dated January 21, 2013, employees of state and municipal institutions had to formalize their rights to households and land last year, - reminded Kh. Temirbulatov. - But, as we see, for some reason this question is still open for our region. I think that now the heads of institutions have taken up this matter at the proper level.
During the meeting of the district administration, he demanded that the heads of institutions and heads of village administrations keep order and cleanliness in the field.
Everyone should maintain their site in the proper form, he said. - Our religion also calls for order and cleanliness in everything. As we know, the season has come when people go to have a rest in nature, and in this regard, our district is rightfully of great interest not only for residents from other districts, but also for guests from other regions.
In turn, Alkhazur Zulaev, assistant to the head of the administration of the Itum-Kalinsky district, called on the meeting participants to work on spiritual and moral education in institutions.
We must pay due attention to the implementation of the Unified Concept for the spiritual and moral education and development of the younger generation, - A. Zulaev said. - In accordance with the Concept, all institutions, district administrations and administrations of rural settlements should carry out appropriate work. At least once a month, the leaders of labor collectives should hold conversations with subordinates, invite representatives of the clergy and other competent persons to meetings.
At the end of the meeting, Khamzat Temirubulatov demanded that those present should properly deal with the issues raised at the meeting.
It's no secret that the enemy of any interior is a mess, and especially when it comes to a small space. How to avoid this unpleasant phenomenon, are there simple ways to prevent clutter in the apartment? This is possible if you systematize storage systems and turn them into a full-fledged part of the interior.
1. Everything at your fingertips
Every housewife wants nothing in the kitchen to distract from cooking, the process was easy. Sometimes you need to quickly take certain dishes, and not waste time looking for them. In this case, it is better to provide a rack, open shelves, a bookcase or a ladder where frequently used items can be placed. Then everything will be at hand and the hostess will not even have to open the doors of the cabinets.
2. Order in the refrigerator
It is equally important to organize proper storage in refrigerators, then the search for the right ingredient will take less time. To do this, if possible, it is necessary to package all products in plastic containers. They are quite compact and concise in design, so that many products can be placed in one refrigerator, and all of them will not be saturated with smell or spread the aroma to the entire refrigerator, because the containers are hermetically sealed with lids.
The most common problem that housewives face in the kitchen is where to store lids for pots, bowls and plastic containers. They take up space in the locker and create a lot of trouble for the housewives. To solve this issue, a metal, plastic or even textile pocket, fixed on the cabinet door, is suitable. You can fit a lot of lids in there.
4. In harmony with the interior
When thinking over storage systems, you need to make sure that they fit neatly into the interior. They can become part of the decor and act as color accents, or they can echo in color with other objects or furniture.
5. Boxes to help
Some people have a habit of collecting boxes of cereals, household appliances or cosmetics. This accumulation can play in favor of the interior. For example, all these cardboard products are quite useful for organizing order in drawers.
6. Storage of small things
The need to store small items is acutely felt in the hallway. There must be a small organizer with convenient compartments for storing keys, glasses and other small things.
7. The dream of a needlewoman
Women who are engaged in creativity are constantly in need of all kinds of storage systems for tools or materials. It is easy to make them, for example, an ordinary plastic basket is suitable for the role of an organizer for ribbons.
8. Banks-rescue
Glass jars can also do a good job. It is convenient to place buttons, threads, pencils, crayons and even nails in them. At the same time, such storage looks stylish.
9. Laconic storage of things
When it seems that there are a lot of things, and few storage systems, vertical storage will come to the rescue. T-shirts, socks, pants and underwear are often folded horizontally. But much less things are placed this way. Therefore, to save space as much as possible, it is recommended to twist things and vertically place them close to each other. Then in one compartment it will be possible to accommodate clothes from the entire chest of drawers.
But how to store shoes in a small size? And where to hide winter boots in the spring and summer? We found .
Regardless of the husband's citizenship, a foreign spouse receives a temporary residence permit only in the country where she will live with him. All the years she lived in a legal marriage outside, say, Germany, will not be counted in the period required to obtain permanent residence in Germany. It is not so important at the same time how many years she lived with her German husband abroad, but in order to obtain a residence permit in Germany, she will need to have an A1 certificate.
Obtaining a temporary residence permit (permit) by foreign
spouses in various states of Western Europe:
- Germany(befristete Aufenthaltserlaubnis) is issued in a foreign service (Auslaenderbehörde) for one, two or three years at once and is a plastic card with a photo and biometric data. If the bride changed her surname upon marriage, then she will first need to change her internal passport (only in her homeland) and, on its basis, receive a passport for a new surname. And only then this card will be issued to her at the migration service. To obtain a residence permit in Germany, a foreign wife must have medical policy(krankversichert sein) in German Health Insurance Fund(Krankenkasse): public or private, be registered at the place of residence of the husband: obtain a certificate of registration (Wohnanmeldung). It will be necessary to appear at the foreign service in person and always with your spouse, who, in addition to a personal certificate or his passport with a residence permit / permanent residence (for foreign residents) and a marriage certificate (Heiratsurkunde) in German, will have to take with him a rental agreement (Mietvertrag ) or a certificate of ownership of housing, a certificate from the place of work on salary (Lohnabrechnung) for the last three months or a document from the tax office (Steuerbescheinigung) for self-employed people for the last 3 years. The application will be considered within a few days or even weeks, it all depends on the workload of this office.
Foreign brides residing within the European Union before marriage and having a temporary or permanent residence permit are also required to apply for a national visa at the German Embassy or Consulate General in this state. Residence permit and permanent residence are valid only in the territory of the country where they were issued!
- Portugal(Autorização de Permanência) - a residence or temporary residence permit is given first for 2 years, then extended for another year, and for the 3rd time you can get permanent residence. After registering marriage in the Portuguese registry office the legal wife can wait for his extradition, already in Portugal. Both in the case of a temporary status and a permanent residence permit, the following rule must be observed: the first two years after the initial grant of residence, family relations must be maintained. Then only the wife receives the right to an autonomous residence permit, independent of living with her husband. In exceptional cases, for example, divorce of spouses with division of property, death of one of the spouses, death of parents or reaching the age of majority by children, this period may be reduced.
- Finland: as soon as wedding date set and issued an appropriate document about it, then you can apply for a residence permit, you need to wait six months, and you can already live with your husband at that time on Finnish territory. If there is an employer who is interested specifically in you (a nanny with knowledge of Russian or, say, the Tatar language is also suitable), then waiting period issuance of a temporary residence permit reduced. They give it first for 1 year, then extend it for another 48 months.
- Sweden: obtaining a residence permit must wait outside the Kingdom of Sweden(this is a requirement of Swedish law in this area). To do this, you must first go interview at the Embassy / Consulate General of Sweden in the bride's country of residence, her answers are sent to the Swedish immigration office (Migrations-verket) for comparison with her husband's answers. You will have to be patient to receive a positive response (Meddelande om Beslut) from the embassy. Refusal is not subject to appeal! A foreign bride can apply to the embassy again after a certain period. The Riksdag (Swedish parliament) recently made a decision aimed at tightening the procedure for issuing visas based on marriages, that is, you really need to know your future fiance very well in order to successfully pass this interview. This is aimed, first of all, to avoid hasty and rash decisions, when real-life acquaintance is practically absent or ladies marry a "Swedish passport";
- Switzerland: A residence permit is first given for 12 months, then it is renewed every year for another 4 years. A foreign bride is sent a notification and a form by mail, which must be filled out and then taken to the local community administration (Gemeinde). Currently, you will need to visit the cantonal migration office to collect biometric data: a special photo and fingerprints. A temporary residence permit will be stamped in the same migration service automatically; To obtain a health insurance policy, a foreign spouse needs a certificate of residence (Wohnanmeldung), which is issued by the local community administration only after the marriage.
Permanent residence permit and citizenship of other countries
Almost every EU country has its own rules for obtaining a permanent residence permit (permanent residence) and local citizenship:
- v Italy, Portugal- in three years. In Portugal, you can apply for Portuguese citizenship after 3 years. For this you need it is obligatory to pass a language test in Lisbon, but it is not necessary to renounce Russian citizenship, As in Italy;
- V Sweden- (PUT), after 2 years, extending the temporary residence permit 4 times every 6 months, and after 3 years - it will be possible to apply for Swedish citizenship if the foreign wife is still married, and if not, then after 5 years. The countdown starts from the date of entry into the Kingdom of Sweden, and the period of absence from Sweden over these years is deducted from the total period of residence.
- V Germany you can get permanent residence ( Niederlassung) only after 3 years continuously lived in a joint marriage, that is, you should not, especially in the first year, leave the country for more than 2-3 months, alone without a very good reason. Otherwise, the migration service will consider this marriage to be fictitious and, on this basis, may deprive the foreign wife of the status of residence and forcibly send her to her homeland.
From July 1, 2011 in Germany "probationary period for fidelity to her husband" increased from 2 to 3 years. In practice, this means that the foreign spouse (s), in the event of termination of family relations during the period of separation, according to par. 31 of the Law on the Stay of Foreigners in Germany (Aufenthaltsgesetz), acquires an independent right (Eigenständiges Aufenthaltsrecht der Ehegatten) for an annual extension of a residence permit only after 3 years of living together.
Only those foreign non-EU wives who lived together for at least 2 years in marriage in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany at the time before July 1, 2011, are subject to the previous rule - an independent right to obtain a residence permit for 1 year after 2 years of marriage in Germany in case termination of family relations.
Even if there are confirmed facts of moral and physical violence on the part of the husband - the recipient of social benefits, a foreign wife living separately from him in the Women's Shelter (Frauenhaus) or with acquaintances, may be denied an independent extension of the residence permit if less than 3 years have passed at the time of termination of cohabitation.
It is possible for a foreign spouse to independently obtain permanent residence after 3 years of continuous marriage during the period of separation, but with the obligatory presence of a full-time job or her own income-generating business.
If the spouse works and you live with him in the same apartment (house) as a single family, then the foreign wife can either be a housewife or just earn extra money on a basis (450 euros). It does not matter for you to obtain permanent residence. The main thing is that your husband (whether a citizen of Germany or not) works full-time, has housing that meets the standards for the whole family, does not violate the laws of Germany, and you have certificate on successful completion of integration courses of at least one level IN 1. Yes, if your spouse is a citizen of another state, then he must already have permanent residence, only then you have the right to receive the status of unlimited (permanent) residence (Niederlassung) after 3 years of marriage. For receipt citizenship in Germany it will take another 1.5-2 years:
You will first need to successfully pass the test in German, that is, answer correctly at least 60% of the total number of questions of a very different nature: about the political and social structure, geography and history of this country ( Einbuergerungstest): http://www.einbuergerungstest-online.eu ;
Then in In Germany, foreign spouses must renounce their former citizenship(this will take another 6 months or 1 year);
- v Finland - After 4 years you can apply for citizenship. To do this, you must successfully pass the exam at the intermediate level of the language, the courses are free, the exam costs 100 euros. If there are no fines and there is work, then the decision on citizenship is made after 6 months. If there were fines and all the information was not provided, then you will have to wait one or two years;
- v Switzerland- after 5 years, you can apply for permanent residence or an application for the assignment of Swiss citizenship (simplified version). You do not need to take a language test, but you may be invited for an interview at the migration service.
All these rules apply only to foreign wives whose husbands are citizens of one of the above countries. And foreign spouses of resident foreigners will be able to obtain a permanent residence permit only after the period established for obtaining permanent residence by foreign citizens, usually this is possible after 5 years.
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