Definition of financial statements as a unified system of data on the property and financial position of the organization

Topic 2. Basic principles of formation accounting statements enterprises

Composition and content of accounting forms
General reporting requirements
Basic rules for drawing up financial statements.
Methods for generalizing information about the organization's business operations for reporting period
Reconciliation of synthetic and analytical accounting as of the date of the financial statements. The procedure for drawing up a chess table and turnover balance sheet
Methods of grouping and transferring generalized accounting information from the balance sheet to the accounting forms
Interim accounting reporting.
Annual financial statements.
Clarification of the valuation of assets and liabilities reflected in accounting.
Reflection of the financial result of the organization.
Fundamental reporting assumptions
Correction of errors in the preparation of financial statements.

The composition of the annual financial statements of organizationsregulated by the Law "On Accounting and Reporting". Financial statements commercial organizations comprises:

Balance sheet;

Profit and loss statement;

Statement of changes in equity;

Traffic report Money;

Notes to the reporting.

The list and content of the annual reporting forms may be legislatively specified and changed. The reporting year of the organization is the period from January 1 to December 31 inclusive. For newly created organizations, the reporting year is the period from the moment of their state registration to December 31 of the current year. Organizations being liquidated or reorganized must submit accounts for the period from the beginning of the year until the moment of liquidation or reorganization.

The financial statements are signed by the head and the chief accountant of the organization or by persons who are responsible for the state of the accounting and reporting of the organization. The financial statements should be drawn up without erasures and blots.

Organizations must prepare financial statements for the month, quarter and year on an accrual basis.

Monthly and quarterly reports are interim and contain much less information.

Quarterly reporting comprises:

Enterprise balance sheet;

Profit and loss statement.

Monthly reportingconsists only of the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Organizations submit quarterly reports within 30 days after the end of the quarter, and annual reports - within 90 days after the end of the year (until April 1 of the next year after the reporting year).

The financial statements must meet the following requirements: reliability and completeness, neutrality, consistency, comparability, compliance with the reporting period, correct design.

The requirement of reliability and completeness means that the financial statements must give a reliable and complete picture of the property and financial situation organizations as well as financial results her activities. At the same time, the financial statements are considered reliable and complete if they are formed and drawn up on the basis of the rules established regulations systems regulation accounting.

If, when drawing up the financial statements, insufficient data is revealed to form a complete picture of the financial position of the organization and its financial results, then the corresponding additional indicators and explanations are included in the financial statements.

The requirement of neutrality means that the neutrality of information must be ensured when preparing financial statements, i.e. one-sided satisfaction of the interests of some groups of users of financial statements in front of others is excluded.

The requirement of integrity means the need to include in the financial statements data on all business transactions carried out as

the organization as a whole, and its branches, representative offices and other divisions, including those allocated to separate balance sheets.

The requirement of consistency means the need to maintain consistency in the content and forms of the balance sheet, profit and loss statement and explanations to them from one reporting year to another.

In accordance with the requirement of comparability, the financial statements must contain data that allow them to be compared with similar data for the years preceding the reporting one. If they are not comparable for a number of reasons, then the data of previous periods are subject to adjustment according to the established rules.

Financial statements are drawn up, stored and presented to users of financial statements in established form on paper media... If technical capabilities are available and with the consent of users of financial statements, an organization can submit financial statements in electronic form.

The following data must be present in the forms of the submitted financial statements:

The name of the form of financial statements;

Indication reporting date, as of which the financial statements were drawn up, or the reporting period for which the financial statements were drawn up.

Full name of the legal entity (in accordance with the constituent documents registered in accordance with the established procedure);

Taxpayer identification number (TIN);

Type of activity (the type of activity is indicated, which is recognized as the main one);

Organizational and legal form / form of ownership;

Unit of measurement;

Location (address) (indicated in the form of the Balance Sheet);

Date of signing.

Basic rules for drawing up financial statements:

1. The financial statements must be drawn up in Russian in the appropriate currency.

2. The financial statements should not contain any erasures and blots.

3. The financial statements are signed by the head and the chief accountant (accountant) of the organization.

4. For each numerical indicator, except for the report drawn up for the first reporting period, data must be provided for at least two years - the reporting one and the one preceding the reporting one.

5. The financial statements are given in thousands of rubles without decimal places. An organization with significant sales turnover,

liabilities, etc., can provide data in the submitted financial statements in millions of rubles without decimal places.

6. Reporting items for which there are no numerical values of indicators are crossed out

(in standard forms) or not provided (in forms developed independently and in an explanatory note).

7. The indicator to be subtracted or the indicator that has a negative value is indicated in parentheses.

8. Articles of financial statements are assessed according to the rules established by the regulations on accounting.

The reporting date for reporting is the last calendar day of the reporting period. Reporting period - the period for which the accounting (financial) statements are drawn up.

The mechanism for reflecting on an accrual basis on the accounts of accounting data for the reporting period

The accounting scheme in any organization can be represented as follows

Reflection on accounting accounts of data for the reporting period is made in registers synthetic accounting(order magazines and statements to them) monthly.

The data from these ledgers is then transferred to the general ledger for each account or sub-account for each month. For each account or subaccount on a monthly basis, the general ledger displays the balance at the end of the month.

The general ledger is kept annually, and information on each account or sub-account in it is accumulated on an accrual basis during the reporting period - a calendar year.

Based on the data reflected in the General Ledger, the organization's balance sheet is drawn up as of the reporting date.

There are the followingmethods of summarizing informationon the business operations of the organization for the reporting period:

1 Reconciliation of the results of analytical and synthetic accounting. The evidence of the correctness of accounting are:

· Equality of the sum of the balances of analytical accounts opened in the development of a certain synthetic account, and the balances of this synthetic account;

· Equality of the sum of turnovers on debit or credit of the same analytical accounts and turnovers on debit or credit of a synthetic account.

2 Inventory of property and financial commitments organizations. Inventory is the establishment of the actual availability of funds and their sources, costs incurred, etc. by recalculating balances in kind or by checking accounts. Commissions are created for inventory and audit, which are approved by the head of the organization, orders for the appointment of commissions are created. This information is reflected in accounting policies enterprises.

3 Calculation and availability of taxes.

4 Closing accounts for profit accounting. In accordance with the established procedure for accounting during the reporting year, all organizations form the financial result of their activities on account 99 “Profits and losses”. Business transactions are reflected on account 99 according to the so-called cumulative principle, i.e. on an accrual basis since the beginning of the year. The final financial result for the reporting period is determined by comparing the credit and debit turnovers on account 99 "Profit and Loss". Thus, the organization carries out the accounting of balance sheet profit during the year on the following account: 99 “Profits and losses”.

5 Ensuring comparability of reported data with indicators for the corresponding period of the previous year.

If the data for the period preceding the reporting period are incomparable with the data for the reporting period, the first of the named data is subject to correction based on the rules established by regulatory enactments.

Each adjustment is reflected in the notes to the balance sheet and the income statement along with an indication of its reasons (revaluation of fixed assets, change market value promotions, etc.).

When familiarizing with the progress of the preliminary work before drawing up the annual financial statements, the correctness and procedure for carrying out these activities is confirmed.

Before compiling the balance sheet, it is necessary to determine the level of materiality of the balance sheet indicators. An indicator is considered material if its non-disclosure could influence economic decisions taken on the basis of the reporting information.

Enterprises are obliged to form financial statements based on the data of synthetic and analytical accounting agreed upon between themselves. If the synthetic accounting data differ from the analytical accounting data, then the financial statements cannot be recognized as reliable.

Various techniques are used to check the completeness and correctness of entries on accounting accounts, which largely depend on the form of accounting used in the organization.

Usually, the check of entries on accounting accounts is carried out in the following areas:

compare the turnovers for each synthetic account with the totals of the documents that served as the basis for the entries;
compare the turnovers and balances for all synthetic accounts (in total);

check the turnovers and balances for each synthetic account with the corresponding indicators of analytical accounting.

To compare turnovers and balances for all synthetic accounts, turnover sheets can be used, which are of two types:

The balance sheet, which reflects the opening balance, the closing balance and the amount of turnover for Debit and Credit for all accounts of the General Ledger.

Chess turnover sheet, which reflects the opening balance, the final balance, the amount of turnover for Debit and Credit, as well as the correspondence of accounts.

Chess sheetused in the manual method of accounting at the enterprise. It reflects the turnover of property in a certain period, most often a month. We often hear that this is an outdated method. However, this is not the case. The ability to compose a checkerboard manually or using Exell can free you from dependence on an expensive 1C program. Outwardly, it looks like a chess tournament table, which is why it got its name.

The chessboard is attractive for its clarity. It shows both turnovers and results and balances in a compact form. When using Exell, you can see in detail how the sum in each cell was formed.

So, the checkerboard is a table in which account debits are posted in rows, and account credits in columns. The last line is the sum of all debit turnovers. The last column is the sum of all credit turnovers. They must be equal.

The number of rows and columns in the checkerboard is determined by the number of accounts used in the work chart and is limited only by the number of existing accounts in the standard chart of accounts.

In the cells at the intersection of the corresponding row and column, the transaction amount is recorded.

If the correct transactions have been correctly posted to the list, the same amount is obtained in the lower right corner both by columns and by rows.

And this suggests that the balance has gone. Well, if you don't "go", it is very convenient to look for an error in chess.

In the turnover sheetall balances and turnovers are recorded for each account for which settlements are made.

The turnover sheet has two purposes.

First, it is used for control. If all calculations on the accounts are performed correctly, then the turnover sheet should contain three pairs of equalities: the initial debit balance is equal to the initial credit balance, the debit turnover is equal to the credit turnover, the final debit balance is equal to the final credit balance.

The first pair of equalities follows from the balance sheet at the beginning of the month, since the data in the first and second columns are data on the asset and liability of the balance sheet at the beginning of the month.

The second pair of equalities follows from the double entry rule, since the same amount goes through both the debit and the credit of the accounts. Therefore, the total amount of turnovers in the turnover sheet must be equal to the sum of all transactions in the business journal.

The third pair of equalities has a control value and shows that the accounts have been settled correctly.

Secondly, based on the turnover sheet, they compose the balance at the end of the reporting period, in our example, at the end of the month. The final balance on the debit of the accounts in the revolving sheet is the data for the balance sheet asset, and the final balance on the credit of the accounts is recorded in the balance sheet liability.

Based on these statements, an annual balance is drawn up

In accordance with the Regulation on accounting "Financial statements of the organization", enterprises must prepare interim financial statements for the month, quarter on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise provided by law. Interim financial statements consist of a balance sheet and a profit and loss statement, unless otherwise provided by law or by the founders (members of the organization).

The organization must generate interim financial statements no later than 30 days after the end of the reporting period, unless otherwise provided by law. The key date for interim reporting is the last days of the months.

Estimates in the preparation of interim statements should be made cumulatively from the beginning of the year to the date on which such statements are prepared. At the same time, the reflection of accounting data on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year means that the monthly (quarterly) statements compiled during one reporting year are not limited to indicators for each period separately, but include data from the beginning of the reporting year to its last date.

The composition of the interim financial statements (for the 1st quarter, 1st half of the year, 9 months) in mandatory only the balance sheet (form No. 1) and the Statement of financial results (form No. 2) are included. At the same time, the organization has the right to expand this list and, on its own initiative, submit any other forms of general rule included in the annual reporting.

The balance sheet serves as the main source of information for a wide range of users. It provides data on the organization's assets (property) and their sources at the beginning and end of the reporting period. The balance sheet reflects information about the system of financial and settlement relationships of the organization, according to which it is possible to judge the possibility of repayment of obligations or impending financial difficulties.

Based on the balance sheet data, operational financial planning of any organization is built, control over the movement of funds is carried out in accordance with the profit received.

The statement of financial results is the most significant form of financial results. A modern report provides information on the formation of financial results for various types of activities of the organization, as well as the results of various facts of economic activity for the reporting period that can affect the size of the final financial result. In addition, this form is a link between the past and present reporting periods and shows how there have been changes in balance sheet reporting year compared to last year.

The statement of financial results shows how the organization's equity capital changes under the influence of income and expenses incurred in the current period.

Formation of indicators of the statement of financial results is carried out on the basis of synthetic and analytical accounting data presented in various registers. Such registers should be built by organizations to create information arrays in the context of synthetic accounting accounts, the analytical data of which are reflected in the profit and loss statement.

Financial statements are submitted to the tax authority along with a covering letter. Interim financial statements are prepared in stages.

Processes for preparing interim and annual financial statements differ significantly. If the interim accounting report, as a rule, is compiled according to the general ledger (for example, the balance of accounts of this January ledger will be the opening balance of this ledger in February and so on until November inclusive), then the General ledger of December is subject to significant adjustments as a result of various procedures. However, adjustments to the general ledger can also be made in interim reporting, for example, if, according to the accounting policy, an economic entity conducts an inventory frequently.

The stages of preparation of interim reporting include:

1. Clarification of the distribution of income and expenses between adjacent reporting periods (month, quarter, and so on).

2. Verification of entries in the accounting accounts and their compliance with the General Ledger.

3. Correction of detected errors.

4. Closing of cost accounting accounts, formation of the cost of finished products and sold products (works, services) on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year.

5. Identification of the interim financial result from the sale of products (works, services)

6. Identification of the interim financial result from other transactions that are not related to ordinary activities

7. Identification of interim (from the beginning of the year) net profit (uncovered loss)

8. Compilation of the general ledger at the end of the interim reporting period.

The cycle of accounting work for any regular month (in the interreporting period) can be divided into three parts:

1) preparation of accounting records (postings) on the basis of properly executed primary documents (cumulative, grouping lists;

2) transfer of all the facts of the economic activity of the organization for the month from the primary documents to the accounting registers;

3) the formation of information about the objects of accounting on the accounts of the General Ledger on the basis of the summary data of the accounting registers.

At the end of the reporting period, debit and credit turnovers are calculated for all accounts of the general ledger, for most of them, the final balance is displayed. General ledger key figures - turnovers on debit and credit of accounts, as well as account balances are used to prepare financial statements. The records are periodically checked to ensure that the reporting is correct and that the indicators are complete.

on accounts using various techniques. These techniques largely depend on the form of accounting used.

Clarification of the assessment of assets and liabilities reflected in accounting includes the following procedures:

1. Conducting an inventory before drawing up annual financial statements and reflecting its results in accounting.

Carrying out an inventory before drawing up annual financial statements is mandatory, except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year (in this case, we are talking about such types of circulating assets as materials, work in progress, finished products, goods, etc.). For some types of property, it is allowed to take inventory less often: for fixed assets - once every three years, for library funds - once every five years. Inventory of accounts receivable and payable, income

and deferred expenses, reserves forthcoming expenses is performed before the preparation of the annual accounts as at 31 December.

Discrepancies between the actual availability of property and accounting data revealed during the inventory are reflected in the accounting accounts in next order:

Surplus property is accounted for market prices as of the date of the inventory as other income;

Lack of property and its damage within the limits of natural loss rates are charged to expense accounts;

The shortage of property and its damage in excess of the norms of natural loss is attributed to the guilty person. In this case, the culprit must compensate for the missing values at market value, but not below their book value.

If the guilty persons are not identified or the court refused to recover losses from them, then losses from shortage and damage are written off to other expenses;

2. Revaluation of assets and liabilities and creation of estimated reserves at the reporting date.

When drawing up the reporting, the assessment of some property objects is clarified if the value of this property, reflected in the accounting records, does not correspond to their real value based on the results of the inventory.

An organization may decide to revalue items annually, recalculating their cost and depreciation. The pre-appraisal increases the additional capital, but if the object was previously depreciated at the expense of other expenses, then the revaluation is referred to other income. The markdown is accounted for as other expense, but if the item was previously revalued using additional capital, then the markdown is referred to a decrease in additional capital.

Also, the assessment is refined by creating estimated reserves:

Reserve for depreciation material values;

Provision for impairment of financial investments;

Reserve for doubtful debts.

If there are reserves, values and liabilities in the balance sheet are shown in net valuation, i.e. less the related provision.

3. Reflection on property accounts of valuables in transit.

Consideration should be given to values that have not yet entered the organization if the rights of ownership, use and disposal have been transferred to these values in accordance with the terms of contracts. Such values may be in transit, i.e. they are transferred under the terms of the contract to the carrier, or at the supplier's warehouse in custody.

4. Clarification of the appraisal of property (work, services) received (performed, rendered) for non-invoiced deliveries, settlement documents for which were received before the reporting date.

Unbilled deliveries - inventories received by the organization, for which there are no settlement documents (invoice, payment request or other documents accepted for settlements with the supplier).

Uninvoiced deliveries are credited to accounting accounts material stocks at the accounting prices accepted in the organization. In cases where the organization uses the actual cost of materials as accounting prices, then the specified inventories are accounted for at market prices. After receiving settlement documents for unbilled deliveries, their book price is adjusted taking into account the received settlement documents.

Reflection of the financial result of the organization's activities before drawing up its financial statements also involves the implementation of a certain sequence of steps:

Step 1. Closing subaccounts to account 70.

Step 2. Closing subaccounts of grade 9

Step 3. Determination of the final financial result and the calculation of income tax,

The principles of reporting are the conceptual framework for the formation of its indicators. Accounting system each country has its own set of reporting principles.

Compilation principles financial statements are divided into two groups:

1. the underlying assumptions on which the financial statements are based;

2. qualitative characteristics of information in financial statements.

The underlying assumptions consist of two basic accounting principles:

1.Accounting on an accrual basis. The results of business transactions and other events are recognized in accounting as they occur (and not when cash or cash equivalents are received or paid) and are included in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate. Applying the accrual principle means that on each reporting date, the corresponding income and expenses of the company are accrued;

2. the continuity of the company. It is assumed that the company intends to operate in the foreseeable future and there will be no need to liquidate it or significantly reduce the scale of its activities. If there is no such intention or the need for liquidation exists, then the financial statements should be prepared in accordance with other rules to be disclosed. At

pending the termination of the company's activities, in the event of its bankruptcy, statements should be drawn up on the assumption that all assets will be sold at residual value.

Accounting assumptions are understood as the conditions of the organization's activities, which must be observed during the entire period of the accounting policy.

These include:

a) binding property isolation enterprises. In accounting and reporting, property and liabilities belonging to the organization that maintains the accounting should be reflected. Property and debt obligations of owners (founders of an enterprise and other organizations) are accounted for separately;

b) the assumption of the going concern of the organization. The partners of the enterprise and its personnel must be confident that the organization will continue its activities, in the foreseeable future it has no intentions and the need to liquidate or significantly reduce these activities and, therefore, all obligations will be repaid in the prescribed manner ;

c) the need for temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity. Business transactions and facts should be reflected in the accounting in the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds associated with these facts and transactions;

d) the assumption of a sequence of accounting methods and the application of accounting policies. Methods for grouping and assessing the facts of economic activity, repayment of the value of assets, organization of workflow, working chart of accounts of accounting should be relatively constant, when they change, it is necessary to ensure the continuity of the relevant accounting and reporting data, their comparability.

Qualitative characteristics

Qualitative characteristics are attributes that make information presented in financial statements useful to users. IFRS distinguishes four main qualitative characteristics of information: intelligibility, comparability, relevance and reliability. The first two characteristics relate to the presentation of information, the next two - its content.

Comprehensibility means the availability of information for a user who has sufficient knowledge of business and economic activities, accounting and a desire to study the information with due diligence. (In Russian legislative documents this requirement is not formulated.) The information contained in the financial statements must be comparable over time and comparable to information from other companies. This allows you to track trends in the financial position of the company and the results of its activities.

Information that influences the economic decisions of users, helps them evaluate past, present and future events, confirms or corrects past estimates is considered relevant. On the relevance of information

its materiality has a significant impact. Information is essential if its omission or distortion can affect the economic decision of the user. Information is considered reliable if it does not contain material errors. The key to the reliability of information is the observance of the following conditions when disclosing it: fair presentation, predominance of the economic essence over the legal form, neutrality, prudence, completeness, materiality. The information is presented truthfully if a correspondence is achieved between the fact of economic activity or event, on the one hand, and its qualifications and assessment in the financial statements, on the other.

The condition of the predominance of the economic essence over the legal form means that the business transactions of the company should be recorded and presented in the financial statements in accordance with their essence and economic reality, and not in accordance with their legal form... Information neutrality means its impartiality. Financial reporting will not be neutral if, by the selection or presentation of information itself, it influences decision-making or the formation of a judgment in order to achieve the planned result.

When preparing statements, it is necessary to take into account the uncertainty of future events, for example, the likelihood of occurrence and settlement of obligations, duration useful use assets, their impairment. Prudence is the introduction of a certain degree of caution into the judgments that are required in making the calculations required in an environment of uncertainty, so that assets or income are not overstated and liabilities or costs are understated. Complete information is necessary to ensure its reliability. The omission of information can lead to inaccuracy of the financial reporting data.

IFRSs define limitations in applying the principles of relevance and reliability in the preparation of financial statements:

Balance between timeliness and reliability. In the event of an unjustified delay in the submission of information, it may lose its relevance. However, reliability takes time to clarify all economic facts. Thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal balance between the timeliness and reliability of information;

Balance between benefits and costs. Providing full information requires reporting costs. However, completeness brings benefits to users of the reporting. The benefits derived from information must exceed the costs of obtaining it;

Balance between quality characteristics. In general, the goal is to achieve the necessary balance between characteristics to fulfill the main purpose of financial reporting. The relative importance of characteristics in different cases is a matter of professional judgment.

Types of errors in reporting

It is the failure to comply with certain provisions of legislative and regulatory documents on the provision of financial statements that leads to errors in the preparation of financial statements. Common errors can be roughly divided into three groups:

Organizational - errors associated with incorrect determination of the composition of the financial statements, the frequency of their preparation;

Technical - incorrect filling of individual details and arithmetic errors that occur when filling out reporting forms;

Methodological - arises due to incorrect accounting and, as a result, errors in transferring accounting data to reporting.

1 Organizational errors.Each organization is obliged to draw up financial statements based on the results of the reporting period (interim) and the reporting year (annual). Only the annual financial statements are prepared in full. Quarterly and monthly financial statements are allowed to be compiled only in the volume of the first two forms: balance sheet and profit and loss statement.

One of the main organizational mistakes in the formation of financial statements, without a doubt, can be attributed to the failure to prepare interim statements for the month. A similar mistake is often made by organizations reporting to tax authorities electronic.

When drawing up the first financial statements for newly created organizations, it is necessary to take into account the provisions that for organizations created after October 1, the first reporting year is the period from the date of their state registration to December 31 of the next year.

A common organizational mistake is also the incorrect determination of the composition of financial statements by organizations that are subjects of small business.

We often have to deal with cases of complete non-preparation of financial statements by small business organizations that have switched to a simplified taxation system.

A number of articles of these Laws directly indicate the obligation to maintain accounting records and prepare financial statements for LLCs and JSCs. It should also be remembered that almost all charters of organizations contain provisions on accounting and preparation of financial statements. The Ministry of Finance in a number of letters also pointed out the inadmissibility of the lack of accounting and

preparation of financial statements in LLC and JSC. Moreover, the absence of financial statements in these organizations leads to the impossibility of distributing the profits received by the owners, increasing or decreasing the authorized capital, holding annual meetings of owners, etc.

It is a fairly common mistake that organizations do not conduct mandatory audit annual reporting. At the same time, the reporting turns out to be incomplete, which leads to the receipt of requests from external users (in particular, tax authorities) for the provision of an audit

conclusions. Otherwise, the organization and its officials may be fined.

Before drawing up annual reports, all organizations are required to conduct an inventory of assets and liabilities. Its absence in a timely manner does not allow us to consider the prepared financial statements reliable and is often the reason for the refusal to issue an unconditionally positive audit opinion.

2 Technical errors.

One of the most common technical mistakes is the procedure for signing the reporting forms. This mainly applies to organizations in which accounting is not Chief Accountant, but a specialized organization or a specialist accountant under a work contract. In this case, the head of a specialized organization or a specialist accountant must sign the reports for the chief accountant. In practice, however, the head of the organization in which the accounting is kept is often mistakenly signed for the chief accountant.

Indicators of financial statements should be indicated in thousands or millions of rubles without decimal places. However, some accounting employees still try to indicate the accounting data in rubles by analogy with the tax data. This error is facilitated by the presence of such a feature in a number of common accounting computer programs.

When checking the statements, one has to deal with the absence of the "Date of signing statements" variable in it. It should be noted that there are four different dates in the standard forms of financial statements.

1. Reporting date of financial statements - for annual statements it is December 31 of the reporting year, and for interim statements - the last date of the reporting period.

2. The date of approval of the financial statements is the date of the general annual meeting of the owners of the organization, at which the results of its activities for reporting year... This is usually the date of the protocol general meeting or the owner's decision to approve the financial results of the organization's activities. In accordance with the legislation, for JSCs the date of approval of the annual financial statements must be within the range from February 1 to June 30 of the year following the reporting year, and for LLC - from February 1 to April 30 of the year following the reporting year. If the reporting is provided to external users before the general meeting of owners, the "Date of approval" variable is not filled in. It is also not filled in in interim reporting.

3. The date of sending (accepting) financial statements is the date of sending the statements to external users (by mail, electronic communication channels, etc.). It can be different depending on when the reporting is directed to one or another user. When the reports are actually transferred to external users, the date of their acceptance by the latter is indicated.

4. The date of signing the financial statements is the most important requisite, since the recognition of the statements as reliable depends on its presence. Before the date of signing, the reporting should take into account all changes that could have occurred to the organization after the reporting date. In addition, the organization will not be able to obtain an auditor's report,

if its financial statements do not contain the date of signing. Indeed, in accordance with regulatory documents on audit activity it is prohibited to issue an opinion on the reliability of the reporting before the date of its signing.

3 Methodological errors... Quite often, when drawing up the balance sheet, accountants violate the rule that offset between assets and liabilities is not allowed. In practice, accounting departments erroneously make offsets between various items of accounts receivable and payable. As a result, the property status of the organization, reflected in the reporting, turns out to be unreliable.

A similar error is associated with the artificial inflation of the balance sheet currency due to the incorrect closure of debt on counterparties.

A similar error also occurs when an organization maintains analytical accounting for counterparties in the context of each primary document. In this case, if the organization does not timely close the issued documents with payment, there may also be a “inflation” of the balance sheet currency due to the fact that for the same organization on the same analytical account there are both payables and receivables.

The information contained in the financial statements of the organization turns out to be incomplete if the property on the off-balance sheet accounts is not indicated when drawing up the statements. So, a typical mistake is the absence in the balance sheet of information about the fixed assets leased by the organization or intangible assets in use.

When auditing an LLC, one has to face an error related to the non-reflection of the amount of net assets in the Statement of Changes in Equity.

A significant number of organizations, when drawing up a cash flow statement, mistakenly reflect all cash flows organization for current activities. This is facilitated by the setting of the majority accounting software, which by default offer just such a filling of this form.

Another methodological error is the formal attitude of the majority of chief accountants to the preparation of the Explanatory Note to the Balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss Statement. Meanwhile, this reporting element is one of the most important and essential. Its formal preparation, non-reflection of mandatory information in the Clarification may entail the recognition of the financial statements as generally unreliable.

Reflection on the accounting accounts of data for the reporting period is made in synthetic accounting registers (order journals and statements to them) on a monthly basis.

The general ledger is kept annually, and information on each account or sub-account in it is accumulated on an accrual basis during the reporting period - a calendar year.

Based on the data reflected in the General Ledger, the organization's balance sheet is drawn up as of the reporting date.

There are the following methods for summarizing information on the organization's business operations for the reporting period:

1 Reconciliation of the results of analytical and synthetic accounting. The evidence of the correctness of accounting are:

· Equality of the sum of the balances of analytical accounts opened in the development of a certain synthetic account, and the balances of this synthetic account;

· Equality of the sum of turnovers on debit or credit of the same analytical accounts and turnovers on debit or credit of a synthetic account.

2 Inventory of property and financial obligations of the organization. Inventory is the establishment of the actual availability of funds and their sources, costs incurred, etc. by recalculating balances in kind or by checking accounts. Commissions are created for inventory and audit, which are approved by the head of the organization, orders for the appointment of commissions are created. This information is reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

3 Calculation and availability of taxes.

Thus, the organization carries out the accounting of balance sheet profit during the year on the following account: 99 “Profits and losses”.

5 Ensuring comparability of reported data with indicators for the corresponding period of the previous year.

Each adjustment is reflected in the notes to the balance sheet and the income statement along with an indication of its reasons (revaluation of fixed assets, change in the market value of a share, etc.).

When familiarizing with the progress of the preliminary work before drawing up the annual financial statements, the correctness and procedure for carrying out these activities is confirmed.

Various techniques are used to check the completeness and correctness of entries on accounting accounts, which largely depend on the form of accounting used in the organization.

Usually, the check of entries on accounting accounts is carried out in the following areas:

compare the turnovers for each synthetic account with the totals of the documents that served as the basis for the entries;

compare the turnovers and balances for all synthetic accounts (in total);

check the turnovers and balances for each synthetic account with the corresponding indicators of analytical accounting.

Accounting indicators are formed in the accounting system.

The accounting cycle for any month in the interreporting period can be divided into three stages:

1. Processing of primary documents (registers of primary documents) submitted by financially responsible persons, drawing up cumulative and grouping lists;

2. Systematization of primary documents in accounting registers;

3. Formation of information about accounting objects on the accounts of the General Ledger on the basis of the summary data of accounting registers. General ledger indicators (turnovers on debit and credit of accounts, balances), and, if necessary, indicators of analytical accounting registers are used to compile financial statements.

The accounting reporting procedure includes:

1. Verification of entries on accounting accounts and correction of errors;

2. Clarification of the assessment of assets and liabilities reflected in the accounting records;

3. Reflection of the financial result of the organization's activities;

4. Filling out the forms of financial statements.

For checking the completeness and correctness of records for accounting accounts, various techniques are used, which largely depend on the form of accounting used in the organization.

Usually, the check of entries on accounting accounts is carried out in the following areas:

Compare the turnovers for each synthetic account with the totals of the documents that served as the basis for the entries;

Comparison of turnovers and balances for all synthetic accounts (in total);

The turnovers and balances for each synthetic account are checked against the corresponding indicators of analytical accounting.

For comparison of turnovers and balances for all synthetic accounts, a balance sheet is compiled (Table 1).

Table 1... The form balance sheet.

Check	Balance at the beginning of the period	Turnover for the period	balance at the end of period
code	Name	Debit	Credit	Debit	Credit	Debit	Credit

	Fixed assets, etc.			20 000
	Total

Synthetic accounts are checked against the balance sheet, in which three pairs of equalities must be respected:

The amount of debit balances for all accounts at the beginning of the reporting period must be equal to the amount of credit balances for all accounts at the beginning of the reporting period (the results of columns 3 and 4);

The amount of debit and the amount of credit turnovers for all accounts for the reporting period must be equal to each other (the results of columns 5 and 6);

The amount of debit balances for all accounts at the end of the reporting period must be equal to the sum of credit balances for all accounts at the end of the reporting period (the results of columns 7 and 8).

The lack of equality in any pair of columns indicates an error in the entries or in the calculation of entries in the accounts.

Verification of the compliance of the synthetic and analytical accounting data is carried out by compiling balance sheets for all analytical accounts opened to a separate synthetic account.

In this case, equality is checked:

The balances at the beginning of the reporting period for all analytical accounts and the balances at the beginning of the reporting period of the corresponding synthetic account (this equality must be fulfilled in relation to the balance at the end of the reporting period);

The amounts of turnovers (debit and credit) for the reporting period for all analytical accounts and the debit and credit turnover of the corresponding synthetic account.

If accounting is carried out using an automated form, then the identity of the data of synthetic and analytical accounting is ensured by the accounting program.

Errors identified in accounting are subject to correction.

Corrective entries are entered into accounting on the basis of accounting certificates, which must have the obligatory details of the primary document.

The order of making corrections depends on the time frame in which errors were found:

If errors of the current period are detected before the end of the reporting year, corrections are made by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts in the month of the reporting period when the distortions are identified;

If errors are detected in the accounting of the reporting year after its completion, but for which the annual financial statements have not been approved in accordance with the established procedure, corrections are made by entries in December of the year for which the annual financial statements are prepared;

If errors in accounting for the previous reporting year (after the approval of the annual financial statements) are identified in the current reporting period, corrections in accounting and reporting for last year are not entered.

Such errors are reflected in the current reporting year, i.e. when they are identified.

Clarification of the assessment of assets and liabilities reflected in accounting includes the following procedures:

Carrying out an inventory before drawing up annual financial statements and reflecting its results in accounting.

Carrying out an inventory before drawing up the annual financial statements is mandatory, except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year. In this case, we are talking about such types of circulating assets as materials, work in progress, finished goods, goods, etc.

For some types of property, it is allowed to take inventory less often: for fixed assets - once every three years, for library funds - once every five years.

In organizations located in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas, an inventory of goods, raw materials and materials can be carried out during the period of their lowest residues.

An inventory of receivables and payables, deferred income and expenses, reserves for future expenses is made before the preparation of the annual reporting as of December 31.

The procedure for carrying out the inventory is regulated by the Methodological Instructions for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 No. 49.

Discrepancies between the actual presence of property and accounting data revealed during the inventory are reflected in the accounting accounts in the following order:

Surplus property is accounted for at market prices on the date of the inventory;

Lack of property and its damage within the limits of natural loss rates are charged to the accounts of expenses (selling expenses);

If the guilty persons are not identified or the court refused to recover losses from them, then losses from shortage and damage are written off to non-operating expenses;

Creation of estimated reserves at the reporting date.

When drawing up the reporting, the valuation of some objects of property is clarified if the value of this property, reflected in the accounting records, turns out to be higher than their real value.

Refinement of the estimate is carried out by creating estimated reserves:

A reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets;

Provision for impairment of financial investments;

Reserve for doubtful debts.

If there are reserves, values and liabilities in the balance sheet are shown in net valuation, i.e. less the related provision.

Clarification of the assessment of financial investments, which can be used to determine their current market value.

Financial investments, for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure, are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their assessment as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make the specified adjustment on a monthly or quarterly basis. The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is referred to financial results (as part of operating income or expenses);

Reflection on property accounts of values in transit.

When drawing up reports, organizations must take into account in the property accounts the values that have not yet entered the organization, if the rights of ownership, use and disposal have been transferred to these values in accordance with the terms of contracts.

Such values may be in transit, i.e. they are transferred under the terms of the contract to the carrier, or at the supplier's warehouse in safekeeping;

Clarification of the appraisal of property (work, services) received (performed, rendered) for non-invoiced deliveries, settlement documents for which were received before the reporting date.

Uninvoiced deliveries are considered to be inventories received by the organization for which there are no settlement documents (invoice, payment request, payment request-order or other documents accepted for settlements with the supplier).

Unbilled deliveries are credited to inventory accounts at the accounting prices accepted in the organization.

In cases where the organization uses the actual cost of materials as accounting prices, then the specified inventories are accounted for at market prices. After receiving settlement documents for unbilled deliveries, their book price is adjusted taking into account the received settlement documents.

At the same time, settlements with the supplier are being clarified;

Conversion into rubles as of the date of preparation of the financial statements of assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency.

If an organization as of the reporting date has funds in foreign currency on foreign currency accounts, in cash, as well as liabilities in foreign currency (receivables or payables), then they are subject to revaluation at the exchange rate of the respective currencies established The central bank RF as of the reporting date. The difference in the valuation of currencies, revealed on the accounts for accounting for monetary funds in foreign currency, as well as on the accounts of accounting for settlements, is the exchange rate difference, which is attributed to non-operating income or expenses.

The reflection of the financial result of the organization's activities in the preparation of annual financial statements includes:

Closing subaccounts opened to account 90 "Sales" (90-1 "Revenue", 90-2 "Cost of sales", 90-3 "Value added tax", 90-4 "Excise"), to subaccount 90-9 " Profit / loss from sales ";

Closing of sub-accounts opened to account 91 "Other income and expenses" (91-1 "Other income", 91-2 "Other expenses"), to sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses";

Calculation of income tax, as well as the amount of due tax sanctions;

Write-off of net profit (loss) to account 84 " Undestributed profits(uncovered loss) ".

Procedure filling out accounting forms represents the transfer of data grouped by reporting elements from accounting registers to the corresponding sections of the balance sheet, profit and loss statement and other forms of financial statements. The main accounting register, on the basis of which the reporting forms are filled out, is the General Ledger. Some indicators of the forms of financial statements are determined according to analytical accounting data.

An important control point when filling out the accounting forms is the interconnection of the indicators of the reporting forms, which means the comparison of indicators that demonstrate the assessment of the same elements of the financial position of an organization in different forms of financial statements.

Methods for generalizing information about the organization's business operations for the reporting period. Control of accounting records by drawing up a chess table and balance sheet.

The objects of accounting are: property of the organization; sources of formation of its property; business transactions that change the property and the sources of its formation. The property of the organization is usually called an asset, its use should bring income, that is, potential income.

The property includes:

Non-current (immobile) assets, consisting of fixed assets, intangible assets, capital investments, long-term financial investments;

Circulating (mobile) assets, namely: tangible circulating assets; cash; financial investments; receivables.

According to the sources of education and purpose, the property is subdivided:

Equity (authorized capital, additional capital, Reserve capital, reserves, targeted financing, retained earnings);

Borrowed (bank loans, borrowed funds, accounts payable, distribution obligations).

Business transaction - any change in the composition of the property of an organization and the sources of its formation. The subject of the study of accounting science is the documented and expressed in monetary terms the financial and economic activities of the organization, consisting of three economic processes: procurement, production, sale.

The accounting method is a set of interrelated methods and techniques for maintaining the accounting process, as a result of the application of which a reasonable interconnected reflection of the enterprise's activities is achieved.

The accounting method ensures the interaction of elements, the main of which are:

1. Documentation - a written certificate of a completed business transaction, which gives legal force to the accounting data;

2. Inventory - checking the actual availability of inventory, financial obligations and funds and comparing the results obtained with accounting data;

3. Evaluation - monetary expression of the value of all funds of the enterprise;

4. Calculation - a method of calculating in monetary terms the actual cost of products, works, services;

5. Accounts - special registers for accounting household funds and business processes;

6. Method of double entry - a method of interrelated reflection of business transactions on two different accounts in the same amount;

7. Balance sheet - a way of generalizing and grouping the economic assets of an enterprise and their sources, information about economic processes in monetary value at a certain point in time;

8. Reporting - a method of obtaining summary indicators of the enterprise for the reporting period.

The use of each of the listed elements is carried out in accordance with statutory provisions and instructions.
Documentation is one of the most important sources of information and is the only basis for accounting records.

The main requirements for documents include:

The presence of mandatory (and where required, specific) details;

Timeliness (at the time of commission or immediately after the end of the operation);

Objective reflection of information;

High-quality (neat, complete and correct) design;

Safety of documents for a specified period.

Corrections in cash and bank documents are not allowed. The rest of the primary accounting documents can be corrected only by agreement with the participants in business operations, which must be confirmed by their signatures indicating the date of the corrections.

Verification of documents consists of: formal verification (for the presence of details); arithmetic verification (for the correctness of arithmetic operations) and verification "in essence" (for the legality of the operations performed). To ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, organizations are required to conduct an inventory (Latin "inventory") of property and obligations, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

The discrepancy between the actual availability of material assets and accounting data about them may be caused by:

Loss of material values due to natural reasons (shrinkage, shrinkage, deterioration, the influence of temperature, humidity);

Registration and accounting errors (arithmetic errors, errors in account assignment);

Inaccuracies in warehouse operations (miscalculation, misgrading);

Abuses (theft, body kits).

Inventory stages.

The inventory is carried out in several stages:

1. Drawing up an order of the head to conduct an inventory; preparation of forms for inventory lists in accounting; preparation of objects for recalculation in storage and accounting locations.

2. Compulsory counting, checking, measuring, weighing, technical calculations of the number of accounting objects. Registration of the inventory list. Signatures of all members of the commission.

3. Drawing up a collation statement. Reconciliation of accounting data and inventory list; pricing of inventory differences; comparing them with the rates of natural loss.

4. Execution of the order of the head for the recovery of the amount of shortages from the culprit, settlement of re-grading, write-off of shortages, acceptance of surpluses for accounting.

Surplus and unaccounted for objects are accounted for and included in the composition of the corresponding values, refer to an increase in the financial result. The lack of values, within the established norms, by order of the head, is attributed to an increase in production costs of the reporting period.

Decrease in excess of the norms, losses from damage to values are written off at the expense of the perpetrators (withholding from earnings, depositing cash in the cashier). In cases where the specific culprits of the shortages have not been identified or the court refused to initiate a case due to the groundlessness of the organization's statement of claim, then, by decision of the head, the loss and damage to values are written off to production costs.

Inventory is required:

1) when transferring the property of the organization;

2) before drawing up annual financial statements;

3) when changing materially responsible persons;

4) when establishing the facts of theft or abuse, damage to valuables;

5) in case of force majeure;

6) upon liquidation of the organization and other cases stipulated by the legislation.

Evaluation is a way of expressing property, liabilities and capital in a generalized monetary measurement.

Depending on the types of accounting items related to property, the nature of their acquisition and the economic situation, the following methods of their assessment are used in accounting:

1. Actual cost of acquisition. The actual constant cost of the asset at the time of acquisition.

2. Replacement cost. The cost is currently equivalent to the previously acquired asset of the new asset.

3. Possible selling price. The estimated current selling price of a cash asset under normal conditions.

4. Present value. Cost calculated based on the amount of economic benefits expected to flow from the asset in the future.

Calculation - calculating the cost of products (works, services) based on accounting information. The calculation is the basis for determining the price of finished products, it is compiled on the basis of an assessment of all resources expended in production.

Distinguish between actual, planned and standard costing. Requirements for the calculation: the reality of the grouping of costs; the accuracy of calculating the costs of the calculated object; the validity of the choice of the distribution method indirect costs... The complexity of the calculation lies in the need to differentiate costs between finished and unfinished objects, in the assessment of rejects, by-products and production waste, grouping costs by place of origin, etc. A group or one product, a complex of products, part of a product, type of work and services can be presented as a costing object.

Costing distinguishes between cost groupings by:

Economic elements (material, labor costs, depreciation, deductions and taxes, other costs), which in aggregate reflect the size of the organization's costs without taking into account their direction in the production process;

Costing items in the cost price, which are details, reflect the purpose and relationship of costs with costing objects.

In addition to determining the costs by item of costs related to each calculated object, the calculation also includes such labor-intensive work as the delineation of costs between finished goods and work in progress, determining the costs of scrap in production, and evaluating production waste and by-products.

Account - a method of grouping information about the status and changes in accounting objects for the purpose of current control. Accounting accounts are intended to reflect on them the results of the impact of the facts of economic life on the object of accounting supervision, which is recorded on this account. The nature of economic impacts can have two directions: increase and decrease. In this regard, the account is presented, conditionally, in the form of a two-sided table. One side (left) is called "debit" (lat. "He must"), and the other (right) "credit" (lat. "He believes").

This practice manifested itself even in the early stages of the development of accounting, when each account was reflected by merchants on a separate spread of the "granary book".
The balances of accounting objects at the beginning of the period are usually called the "opening balance", and at the end of the period, the "final balance". The totals of the records of the amounts of the parties to the account, that is, the movement of objects during the period is called "turnover", distinguish between "turnover on debit" (movement on the left side of the account) and "turnover on credit" (movement on the right side of the account).

The ending balance (balance) is the difference between the amounts reflected on different sides of the account. The account balances at the end of the period are transferred to the balance sheet. As a rule, the names of the accounts coincide with the names of the corresponding balance sheet items. This is due to the fact that the grouping of both balance sheet items and accounting accounts is based on the economic classification of economic assets by composition and sources of education.

If the account does not have an opening balance, then it is opened with object movement records. If the balance at the end of the period is zero, then the account is considered closed.

Records on accounts are kept in various measures, but for generalization of information they are expressed in a monetary measure. Accounts intended for accounting for economic assets and business processes are called active. There are accounts of a mixed nature, they are called active-passive. These accounts combine the characteristics of both active and passive accounts; they are used to reflect the settlement transactions of an enterprise with other enterprises and individuals. This settlement relationship results in both receivables and payables.

When compiling a balance sheet, the balance on the active-passive account is shown in detail: debit - in the asset of the balance, and credit - in its liabilities.

Some active-passive accounts may have both a credit and a debit balance. This is due to the characteristics reflected in these accounts of accounting objects, for example, account number 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", account number 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security", account number 68 "Settlements for taxes and fees".

This is due to the fact that in the process of carrying out the economic activities of the organization, there may be simultaneously accounts receivable and payable to different accountable persons, funds social insurance and security, budget for various tax payments. A collapsed balance (the addition of debit and credit balances) is not allowed, as this reduces control over the movement of the organization's liabilities and receivables.

Topic 2. Basic principles of the formation of the accounting statements of the enterprise

Composition and content of accounting forms

General reporting requirements

Basic rules for drawing up financial statements.

Methods for summarizing information on the organization's business operations for the reporting period

Reconciliation of synthetic and analytical accounting data as of the date of the financial statements. The procedure for compiling a chess table and balance sheet

Methods for grouping and transferring generalized accounting information from the balance sheet to the forms of financial statements

Interim accounting reporting.

Annual financial statements.

Clarification of the valuation of assets and liabilities reflected in accounting.

Reflection of the financial result of the organization.

Fundamental reporting assumptions

Correction of errors in the preparation of financial statements.

The composition of the annual financial statements of organizations regulated by the Law "On Accounting and Reporting". The financial statements of commercial organizations consist of:

Balance sheet;

Profit and loss statement;

Statement of changes in equity;

Cash flow statement;

Notes to the reporting.

Organizations must prepare financial statements for the month, quarter and yearcumulative total.

Monthly and quarterly reports are interim and contain much less information.

Quarterly reporting comprises:

Enterprise balance sheet;

Profit and loss statement.

Monthly reporting consists only of the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Organizations submit quarterly reports within 30 days after the end of the quarter, and annual reports within 90 days after the end of the year (until April 1 of the next year after the reporting year).

The financial statements must meet the following requirements : reliability and completeness, neutrality, consistency, comparability, compliance with the reporting period, correct design.

The requirement of reliability and completeness means that the financial statements must provide a reliable and complete picture of the property and financial position of the organization, as well as the financial results of its activities. At the same time, the financial statements formed and drawn up on the basis of the rules established by the regulatory enactments of the accounting regulatory system are considered reliable and complete.

The requirement of integrity means the need to include in the financial statements data on all business transactions carried out as

the organization as a whole, and its branches, representative offices and other divisions, including those allocated to separate balance sheets.

Financial statements are drawn up, stored and presented to users of financial statements in the prescribed form on paper. If technical capabilities are available and with the consent of users of financial statements, an organization can submit financial statements in electronic form.

The following data must be present in the forms of the submitted financial statements:

The name of the form of financial statements;

An indication of the reporting date as of which the financial statements were drawn up, or the reporting period for which the financial statements were drawn up.

Full name of the legal entity (in accordance with the constituent documents registered in accordance with the established procedure);

Taxpayer identification number (TIN);

Type of activity (the type of activity is indicated, which is recognized as the main one);

Organizational and legal form / form of ownership;

Unit of measurement;

Location (address) (indicated in the form of the Balance Sheet);

Date of signing.

Basic rules for drawing up financial statements: