Reporting / 04.08.2021

The financial position of Russian tourism in recent years. The successes of modern natural science. Ahead of the whole planet, but not in tourism

Tomsk Polytechnic University

Department of Cultural Studies and

Social communication

ABSTRACT ON THE COURSE "INTRODUCTION TO SPECIALTY"

TOPIC "SPECIFICITY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA"

Is done by a student

Group No. З-11211 Surnin O.V

Checked by the teacher

Loiko O.T.

TOMSK 2001-2002 uch. G.

1.Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… .3

2. Stages of tourism development in Russia: ……………………………………… ..5

2.1. educational period (until the 90s. XIXat 5

2.2. entrepreneurial period (1890-1917) ……………………… 7

2.3. tourist and excursion work in 1917-1930 …………………… 8

2.4. organizational-centralized period (1930-1970) ……. 10

2.5. administrative-normative period (1970-1990) ……… ..… 12

2.6. transition period (since 1990) ………………………………………… 14

2.7. the current state of the Russian tourist market ………… 14

3. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… ... 17

4. List of used literature …………………………………… ..18

In recent years, tourism has developed significantly and has become a massive socio-economic phenomenon of an international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between states and peoples of the world. The massive development of tourism allows millions of people to expand their knowledge of the history of their Fatherland and other countries, to get acquainted with the sights, culture, traditions of this or that country.

From an economic point of view, tourism is a special type of consumption by tourists of material goods, services and goods, which stands out as a separate branch of the economy, providing the tourist with everything he needs: vehicles, food, accommodation, cultural and consumer services, entertainment. Thus, tourism is one of the most promising sectors of the national economy (in some countries).

Travel and tourism are two inextricably linked concepts that describe a certain way of human life. This is recreation, passive or active entertainment, sports, knowledge of the surrounding world, trade, science, treatment, etc. However, there is always a characteristic action that determines and isolates the journey itself from other areas of activity - the temporary movement of a person to another locality or country, different from his usual location or residence. Travel is a term that denotes the movement of people in space and time, regardless of the purpose of such.

Throughout his evolution, man was characterized by a desire for world knowledge and pioneering in order to develop trade, conquer and develop new lands, search for resources and new transport routes.

Over the centuries-old history of travel, geographical discoveries, industrial development of new territories, expansion of world economic ties, numerous scientific literary materials, reports and diaries have been collected. They played an invaluable role in the accumulation of knowledge by man in various fields of science, culture, technology. Many people have a need to see new regions and countries, to get acquainted with the life and customs of their peoples. All this was the reason for the emergence of a special form of travel - tourism.

The process of activating economic ties increased the mobility of the population, was accompanied by the construction of roads, comfortable hotels, restaurants, the creation of recreation areas, treatment, the study of historical and cultural attractions, etc.

With the advent of regular passenger transport, catering and accommodation networks, many of the risks and hardships that have been associated with travel for centuries have disappeared. However, tourism was available mainly to representatives of the propertied classes, who made expensive trips for recreation, treatment and entertainment.

Thus, tourism is becoming a special form of movement of people. It developed on the basis of travels and discoveries carried out by navigators, researchers, historians, geographers and representatives of the business world, who collected numerous scientific studies, observations, descriptions, literary, historical and geographical materials, reports and diaries. The emergence of tourism became possible as a result of fundamental changes in the nature of social production, the development of means of transport and communication, the establishment of world economic relations in various fields.

Tourism has its own history of development. The history of tourism is a science that studies travel (hiking, excursions), ranging from the simplest, most elementary in ancient times to the present. In her research, she relies on a number of auxiliary disciplines - archeology, numismatics, paleography, ethnography and other sciences, and is also closely related to them.

Russian tourism has its own history of development. Several periods are distinguished in it, each of which has its own characteristics.

THE EDUCATIONAL PERIOD (BEFORE 90s. XIXin.)

In the Russian state, the first travels were associated with educational, commercial, political and religious purposes. Princess Olga IX in. visited Byzantium. According to the historian SM Solovyov, one of the most important reasons that prompted her to make the trip were “curiosity to see the wonders of the educated world” and prestige, since "... the one who was in Constantinople stood up." The earliest travels also include the movement of merchant caravans both inside Ancient Russia and outside it (Byzantium, the Astrakhan state).

Together with Christianity, the tradition of pilgrimage came to Russia. Pilgrims, striving to spread their religion, worship shrines and protect them, made the most difficult and long journeys. At the beginning XII in. Abbot Daniel made a pilgrimage to Constantinople and Jerusalem. He described everything that he saw, thereby laying the foundation for religious descriptions - "walking." In addition to religious purposes, such travels were also cognitive in nature. The stories, descriptions of the pilgrims contained information about the nature, culture, life of different countries and peoples. The main places of pilgrimage were Palestine, Jerusalem, Mount Athos, Sergiev Posad and other holy places.

Late XVII c., starting from the reign of Peter I When the new trends of Western culture implanted by him gradually penetrated into Russian life, trips abroad began to be practiced in order to acquire knowledge and to expand their horizons. An example was shown by Tsar Peter himself I , having made a trip in 1697-1699 as part of the Great Moscow Embassy to the countries of Western Europe. Since then, cognitive travel has become one of the most common types of tourism in Russia. As a result of travels related to the study of aspects of the life of Western European culture, the tsar introduced the compulsory study of foreign languages by the nobles: German, Dutch, French. Traveling not only were representatives of the royal family, but every nobleman had the right to go abroad and return at any time.

Thus, the first travels, made mainly for educational and religious purposes, formed the skills of territorial movements, contributed to the dissemination of geographical knowledge about countries, acquaintance with the achievements of the culture of different peoples.

Already in the XVIII in. the first attempt was made to organize travel abroad for everyone. In 1777, Veniamin Gensh published an appendix to the newspaper “Moskovskie vedomosti”, where he presented a “Plan of an undertaken trip to foreign lands”. This was the first invitation to the Russians to make a group trip to Western Europe, the organizer of which was undertaken by the planner.

The Plan called for a group of young noblemen to travel to one of the German, Italian or French universities, then travel along the route through Switzerland, Italy and France to get acquainted with the art of these countries and the factory business. The travel conditions were stipulated in a special contract.

SINCE XVIII in. trips for treatment began to be practiced

Inside the country. We went to the holy and healing springs, but already with a health purpose. This was the beginning of the study of the healing properties of mineral springs and the spread of travel for the purpose of treatment and recovery. Therefore, balneological and mud resorts of Yalta, Caucasian Mineral Waters, etc. were built.

The main obstacle to travel XVIII - early XIX in. in Russia there were bad roads, lack of conditions for normal life support on the way (hotels, taverns, stations for changing or resting horses). The possibility of traveling abroad was limited in material terms, even for the upper class.

In the XIX in. mountain climbing, hiking and trekking became widespread. The increased attention to tourism, the desire for travel, the organization of scientific and professional societies - all this served as the basis for uniting tourism lovers into various specialized organizations.

The first tourist organizations appeared in the Caucasus. In 1877. an alpine club appeared for the first time in Russia under the Caucasian Society of Natural Science. It existed for only a few years, but, nevertheless, its members organized a number of trips through the mountains and valleys of the Caucasus; published two collections entitled "Izvestia", which contained articles on the fauna and flora of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

The press was constantly writing about the danger of traveling in the Caucasus, about the unsuitability of roads for organizing group travel. Therefore, the Tiflis Alpine Club from the very beginning could not count on broad support and did not last long.

However, subsequently the Caucasus became an object of travel not only for domestic, but also for foreign tourism. In the end XIX in. here the construction of highways and railways began, hotels were opened, post stations and road barracks appeared on the pass roads.

In 1888. in Tiflis a "Guide to the Caucasus" was published with pictures and a map. Its compiler E. Veidenbaum gave in the book a detailed description of the Caucasian region, nine routes outlining the main settlements, cities, natural and historical sights.

During this period, the first travel companies appeared. So, in 1885. Leopold Lipson's enterprise opens in St. Petersburg. The company undertook to acquaint tourists with all the attractions during their travels.

Late XIX in. among Russians, the second mountainous region, Crimea, is becoming increasingly popular, which was easily accessible both by land and sea. The Crimean mountains attracted travelers with the accessibility of their heights, the proximity of the warm sea.

Crimea also became known for its healing climate, favorable for people with respiratory diseases.

In Yalta in the late 80s XIX in. the “Circle of Nature, Mountain Sports and Crimean Mountains Lovers” was formed. The main task of the club was the scientific study of the Crimean mountains. Their activities included the protection of rare mountain species of plants and animals, the creation of excursions, the publication of the works of the club.

By the end of the XIX in. the geography of travels of wealthy nobles spread throughout all European countries: Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and other countries that attracted Russians.

Early XX in. the cost of travel has become much lower, which has expanded the range of opportunities for people with a slightly above average income.

Thus, tourism in the educational period developed in the following directions:

§ travel for trade, political, educational and religious purposes;

§ pilgrimage travel;

§ trips for the purpose of treatment and recovery;

§ the formation of the first tourist organizations, which laid the foundation for the introduction and study of the Caucasus and Crimean mountains. And although their activities did not become widespread, they contributed to the formation of tourist work and the popularization of travel.

BUSINESS PERIOD (1890-1917).

The founders of the societies laid the foundation for tourism in Russia. In the second half XIX in. a number of tourist and excursion organizations appear. One of them was the Society of Natural History Lovers (OLP), whose members carried out excursions and travels to study geography, geology, ethnography, flora and fauna. Members of the society not only themselves studied the natural resources of their region, but also organized excursions for those who were interested in nature.

The most popular tourist organization in pre-revolutionary Russia was the Russian Touring Club (1895, Petersburg). The reason for the formation of the club was the spread in Russia at the end of XIX in. two-wheeled bicycles, which by that time had become a convenient way to move and were often used for long out-of-town walks.

The Russian Touring Club was a member of an international tourism organization, maintained contacts with foreign societies and had representatives abroad. The club published the Russian Tourist magazine and yearbook.

Following the example of the touring club, various cycling societies and groups began to form in other cities of Russia. However, these early organizations were small in number, bringing together people who loved travel and had the means to purchase an expensive bicycle. The trips were carried out no more than two hundred miles.

Gradually, the Russian Touring Club turned into the Russian Society of Tourists (ROT). The main goal of the society is to promote the development of tourism in general and cycling tourism in particular. The society had its own charter of 35 articles. Thus, Article 10 “Who cannot be a member of society” read:

1) professional cyclists;

2) excluded from another society;

3) students of educational institutions;

4) those on active military service, lower ranks and cadets;

5) those who have restrictions on the rights of the court.

The main tasks of the ROT were to conduct collective trips of its members, organize hotels in different cities of Russia to receive tourists, publish the Russian Tourist magazine, Dorozhnik and a yearbook, which were reference and travel books for tourists.

Despite some successes, the ROT did not turn into a powerful tourism organization, mainly due to the passivity of its members. However, it left a mark on the history of tourism. It was the first organization that pursued purely tourist goals, inviting people to visit not only the mountains of the Caucasus and Crimea, but also various regions of Russia and other countries.

In 1901. in Moscow, the Russian Mountain Society arose, whose task was to promote the development of travel in the mountains. Several mountain huts and hotels were built on the initiative of the society.

Tourism work in the North Caucasus was carried out by the Caucasian Mountain Society (KGO) in Pyatigorsk. Members of the society organized student and public excursions around the vicinity of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, assisted tourists and students in organizing excursions into the depths of the Caucasus, installed signs on trails, arranged shelters, and provided mountain equipment for use. First decade XX in. for tourism in the Caucasus was characterized by the development of walking tourism. Along with Russian tourists, foreign tourists also visited the Caucasus.

Most people were attracted by water travel, which began to be practiced with the advent of motor ships. In 1914. were built two large ships of that time "Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna" and "Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna".

Thus, the entrepreneurial period is characterized by an educational and excursion orientation, the formation and development of various types of sports tourism. The main purpose of tourism was to educate the masses of the population through excursions and travel.

TOURIST AND EXCURSION WORK IN 1917-1930.

This period is characterized by the creation of socio-economic conditions, the emergence and organizational formation of the excursion and tourist movement. In the conditions of the restoration and reconstruction of the national economy, the development of the cultural revolution, the first institutions of proletarian tourism arose, designed to intensify the mass recreation of the working people and satisfy their needs in the study of cultural values and the nature of the Motherland.

In some societies, divisions were created that conducted excursions and hiking trips out of the city. In 1920. the United Lecture and Excursion Bureau was formed, the purpose of which was to widely promote proletarian tourism and excursions. For workers and employees, tourist outings were organized by trade unions. This work was carried out by enthusiasts on a freelance basis. They developed tourist programs and routes.

As the interest of the population in tourism and excursions grew, the question arose of training public cadres; the established excursion stations began to train group guides and so-called tourism organizers.

Certain measures for the development of tourism were taken by the state. They were aimed at creating a material and technical base and training professional personnel. The ways of activities in this direction became more obvious: centralization of tourism activities, provision of tourists and excursionists with transport, accommodation, food, guidebooks, information about the objects of visit, training of cadre organizers, etc.

The first professional personnel in Soviet tourism were teachers and Komsomol activists.

Tourism bureaus were created under the Komsomol committees. The bureau was tasked with assisting local “mass travel societies”, conducting reference and instructing work. Under them, sections were created: local history, camp, distant, suburban tourism. They accumulated tourist materials (maps, route descriptions); cooperation was established with catering establishments, transport, hotel, utilities and other services. Such activities contributed to the organizational formation of tourism.

Combining the efforts of the trade unions and the Komsomol on the issues of tourist work made it possible to introduce a preferential tariff for railway travel along the routes, rent premises for tourist camps, and accumulate equipment, i.e. provide workers with tourist services, partly paid by trade unions.

Along with this, a base for elite recreation and health improvement was formed, as well as a market for elite outbound tourism. Commercial organizations were created, offering travel and educational excursions for the solvent population, as well as recreation in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

In 1925-1928. the state joint-stock company “Soviet Tourist” (GAO “Sovtur”) operated, which organized long-distance trips on trains and motor ships on vouchers, served groups of vacationers along predetermined routes of general education and local history. The responsibility included the creation of a network of tourist bases and routes throughout the territory of the Soviet Union, i.e. development of planned tourism.

However, the bases of "Sovtur" have turned into recreation centers serving mainly their shareholders and members of their families, i. E. highly paid intellectual stratum. It was difficult for workers to get a job for them.

This period is characterized by the following trends:

§ the creation of small and medium-sized commercial enterprises with a tourist focus;

§ the formation of the market for tourist services and the elitism of their consumption;

§ creation of tourist infrastructure: restaurants, hotels, transport network;

§ the formation of a tourist market, in which two main elements are traced: elite tourism for the wealthy and excursion (recreational) tourism for the intelligentsia;

§ the emergence of travel firms, bureaus, companies, clubs, societies.

ORGANIZATIONAL CENTRAL PERIOD

(1930-1970)

In 1927. in Moscow, the pre-revolutionary Russian Society of Tourists (ROT) resumed its activities, which after the conference was renamed the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE). The society had a clear organized structure, which included cells created at industrial enterprises, branches of the society.

During tourist and excursion work, it was guided by the wishes of the workers. Ski and hiking tourism, and amateur tourism are especially widespread.

OPTE carried out 90% of tourist and excursion work in the country.

The activities of the society covered not only the adult population of the country. Since 1929 during his time there were organized children's tourist and excursion stations.

The growing mass character of tourism required the development of the material base. The main source of accumulation of the financial fund was the contributions of collective and individual members.

Since the beginning of the 1930s, OPTE published periodical magazines: "World Tourist", "On Land and Sea", the monthly "Tourist-Activist".

“Tourist” shops were opened in various cities of Russia, where a discount was established for members of the society.

In 1929. the All-Union Joint-Stock Company Intourist (VAO Intourist) was founded, which was associated with the beginning of the development of foreign tourism and streamlining the reception of foreign guests.

By the early 1930s, sightseeing and sports tourism had become a mass phenomenon.

The increase in the volume of activities, the expansion of the network of tourist organizations, the development of new routes, the improvement of the material and technical base required a solution to the problem of personnel. It was necessary to train practical workers of the tourist apparatus, personnel of service enterprises, qualified guides, guides, guides, and public organizers.

At the same time, difficulties began to accumulate in the tourist movement and a number of problems arose: a discrepancy between the growth of tourist and excursion traffic and the available material base, there was a shortage of qualified specialists in tourism.

By this time, there were two main directions in tourism among workers: hiking trips of workers in the framework of amateur tourism, tourist excursion trips and travel along planned routes. Both directions required the creation of favorable conditions for its further development.

The period of tourism development from 1936 to 1970 is characterized by the introduction of new organizational forms of management. In 1936. OPTE was liquidated, and all property was transferred to the TEU (Tourist and Excursion Administration), which was responsible for all activities in the field of tourism and excursions.

The TEU was in charge of the entire material base and tourist and excursion services for the population. The functions of territorial TEUs, operating on a self-supporting basis, included the promotion of tourism, consultation of the population, cultural and economic services on the way, the development of routes, the construction of tourist houses, camps, and the production of inventory.

In 1937-1940. a comprehensive reorganization of the structure of tourism was carried out, which was based on strict state-party planning of capital investments, personnel and geography of recreational activities. In 1940. introduced tourist titles for special merit. Honorary tourists were awarded the USSR Tourist badge.

The development of mass amateur and sports tourism was carried out by the Supreme Council of Physical Culture, under which the All-Union Section of Tourism was formed.

During the Great Patriotic War, tourist and excursion activities were discontinued; the material and technical base was plundered and destroyed. The work of the TEU was resumed only in 1945.

In April 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions) decided to resume the activities of the Tourist-Excursion Administration. TEUs were created in Moscow, Leningrad, Crimea, Krasnodar, etc. They were faced with the task of restoring the country's tourism economy destroyed by the war, creating conditions for the widespread development of tourism.

In the post-war period, the system of tourist and excursion institutions was restored and improved. However, this process was slow.

The revival of the tourism industry began in the very first post-war years. In Sochi, Georgia, in the Urals, the bases on which military organizations were located during the war were repaired. Already in 1946. new, post-war bases were opened in the Kalinin region and Estonia, in 1947. - in the Krasnodar Territory, in 1948. - in Bakhchisarai, Leningrad region. The number of tourist establishments has grown every year. At this time, sports, amateur, family and children's tourism became widespread.

In order to develop youth international tourism in June 1958. the international youth bureau "Sputnik" was formed. The Bureau dealt with the exchange of youth groups of the USSR with other countries. However, in the period from 1960 to 1970, only 0.4% of the citizens of the USSR went on foreign trips.

In the early 1960s, tourism activities began to intensify. Therefore, Tourism Councils were organized, which developed and mastered tourist routes.

In many large cities, travel and excursion bureaus were created, initially working only with rented vehicles (buses, trains, motor ships).

Since the 1960s, tourist and excursion rest on weekends and holidays has become widespread, rail travel has been organized. All types of tourism activities in the country were developed with the support of the state and trade unions.

Thus, tourist travel of the organizational-centralized period has become one of the most popular forms of recreation for Soviet citizens.

The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions was involved in the development of planned tourist travel. He issued vouchers for routes with the All-Union status. Routes under the jurisdiction of the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions were local.

In the 1960s, the trade union tourist and excursion organizations developed linear, circular and radial routes.

Planned routes starting in one city and ending in another are called linear routes. If the route began and ended at the same place, it was called a circular route.

Many planned routes were radial, when tourists spent the entire rest period at the same base, in a tourist hotel or boarding house, making excursions and short walks with overnight stays in tourist shelters.

Along with planned tourism, amateur tourism has developed, which was organized by a tourist group along routes developed by the participants themselves, ranging from simple weekend hikes to sports hikes of the highest categories of complexity.

There were also routes with active modes of movement: walking, skiing, water, cycling, and horseback riding.

In addition to the restoration of the tourist economy destroyed by the war, the development of various types of tourism, the organizational-centralized period is also characterized by the following features:

§ creation of a material base for recreational tourism (rest houses, sanatoriums, pioneer camps);

§ limiting external (outbound) tourism.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND REGULATORY PERIOD

(1970-1990)

The development of tourism during this period took place in accordance with plans, the implementation of which was mandatory. They were developed for a long time (5-10 years) and approved by the highest tourism authorities. The normative indicators of the plans, which were taken as a basis for the development of the tourism industry and services, were subject to strict control.

Tourism was used as a means of educating the younger generation. So, in the 1970s, all-Union campaigns and expeditions of schoolchildren and youth were carried out. The goals of such mass tourist enterprises were to foster patriotism, excursion and local history work, sports training and conditioning.

From that time on, new forms of recreation began to be introduced: some camp sites began to accept parents with children. The range of tourist services in tourist farms has increased.

The Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (as it began to be called since 1969) opened the Central Tourism Courses for advanced training of tourist and excursion workers and the Central Advertising and Information Bureau "Tourist", which produced methodological literature on tourism and excursion business. Great attention was paid to the improvement of existing tourist hotels, bases, campings.

The tourist and excursion business has become a large branch of service for the population, it has become firmly established in the life of the Soviet people. Routes for parents with children were developed, transport trips were organized: motor ship (river and sea), railway and aviation.

In October 1980. in the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions “On the further development and improvement of tourist and excursion business in the country”, the following tasks were defined: creation of comfortable tourist establishments of year-round operation; their growing needs were not fully satisfied, the creation of a tourism industry, improving the quality of service, improving the types and forms of services provided

In the long-term construction plans, preference was given to large tourist complexes, including hotels, tourist centers, campings, shelters, catering establishments, shops for the sale of souvenirs, resort and sports goods.

An important area of activity of tourist organizations in the early 1980s was the study and study of tourist and excursion opportunities of territories, regions, republics and the development of promising schemes for the development of tourism in certain regions.

In the period 1980-1992. the material and technical base of medical and health tourism gradually grew, new hotel complexes appeared in large cities of the country (Izmailovo and Salut in Moscow, Tourist in Pskov, Velingrad in Kislovodsk, etc.), new types of services - family vacations and course treatment. During the course of treatment, vacationers lived in apartments and houses of the private sector, and received a course of treatment and health improvement in a sanatorium. Recreational services have been well developed in sanatoriums as well as holiday homes.

The main features of the administrative and regulatory period are:

§ the development of tourism in the context of strict regulation and planning;

§ distribution of new forms of service (family vacations, course treatment);

§ creation of large and comfortable hotel complexes;

§ creation of a scientific basis for the study of tourism.

TRANSITION PERIOD (since 1990)

This period of development of Russian tourism is characterized by the transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws concerning both entrepreneurship and the market in general, and tourism activities in particular.

Features of the transition period:

§ transition from a monopoly to a multi-structure economy (tourist enterprises become the property of different owners);

§ formation of the tourist market based on new laws;

§ the use of tourist resources in the market conditions on the basis of new economic and legal relations;

§ changes in the nature of demand due to the emergence of new types of tourist services (outgoing shopping tours, entertainment and adventure tours, a tour to learn a language, etc.)

§ lack of demand for the material base of tourism (hotels, boarding houses, rest houses);

§ the emergence of a large number of small and medium-sized tourism enterprises;

§ an increase in the average indicators of outbound tourism, especially for the purpose of shopping.

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE RUSSIAN TOURIST MARKET

The formation of the Russian tourist market began in 1990. There were three processes going on at the same time:

1. disintegration of old-style enterprises (excursion bureaus, travel agencies;

2. the creation of new enterprises, which later became known as tour operators or travel agents;

3. modification of old tourist enterprises by restructuring to develop a tourist product that is in demand among the Russian consumer.

At the first stage of market development, mainly outbound tours were developed. The long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR has generated an increased demand for an external tourist product. Some countries have introduced a number of measures to attract Russian tourists: visa-free entry to the countries of the former socialist community (China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); simplification of visa formalities in Germany, Italy, Spain; economic tours for Russian tourists to some countries (France, Spain).

Shopping tours, educational tours, vacations in Turkey, Italy, Greece, the UAE, entertainment and youth tourism, educational and business tours, ski tourism, treatment and recovery, sea cruises were in great demand.

The outbound nature of Russian tourism was due to the following reasons:

§ the novelty of a foreign product for the Russian consumer (the absence of outbound tourism in the USSR);

§ simplification of the check-out procedure;

§ expansion of external business contacts;

§ an increase in the number of enterprises and individuals with foreign exchange;

§ availability of prices for offsite tours;

§ great competitiveness of a foreign tourist product (better living conditions and hotel service in general, comfortable transport on tours and trips).

The development of tourism has suffered significant damage due to the situation in Russia as a result of the economic crisis (August 1998). Many firms have switched to product development for domestic and outbound tourism. This made it possible to suspend the process of bankruptcy of travel companies and partially redistribute the segments to domestic and outbound tourism.

The most priority areas of domestic tourism have become the middle zone and the south of Russia. The tours being developed were mainly distinguished by their unpretentiousness: rest in resort places in Russia and Ukraine (Sochi, Gelendzhik, Dagomys, Yalta, etc.), educational tourism to cultural and historical centers ("Golden Ring", Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg, etc. .), ecological tourism, safari tours (hunting, fishing), river cruises along the Volga, Lena, Irtysh, Yenisei, rest, treatment.

Priority directions of inbound tourism: educational, ecological, safari tours (fishing, hunting), recreation, sea cruises in the Far East.

Disadvantages that hinder the development of inbound and domestic tourism:

§ instability of domestic politics;

§ non-compliance of road transport infrastructure with international standards. Little is being built and reconstructed of old airports, bus and railway stations, parking lots with high service (refueling, repair and car wash);

§ inconsistency of the hotel base with world standards, in particular, the class of hotels and the level of service in them;

§ inflated prices for hotel and restaurant services in cities;

§ imperfection of legislative and economic incentives for Russian inbound and domestic tourism at the state and local level;

§ insufficiently qualified organization of tourist services, which creates a negative image for both a specific tourist center and the country as a whole;

§ lack of a unified policy of the state and local authorities to create a positive image of Russia as a country of tourism.

However, in recent years (2000s), there has been a tendency to improve the development of tourism in Russia: the flow of those wishing to visit not only foreign countries, but also interesting domestic places is increasing, the quality of service is improving, children's tourism is developing (all kinds of children's trips to sea resorts, to various camps (from tent camps to comfortable ones) and foreign countries for educational purposes, etc.), new tour routes are being developed.

In conclusion, I would like to draw several conclusions on the specifics of tourism development in Russia.

The stages of tourism development in Russia were determined by historical, economic, political, cultural aspects.

1. The first travels, made with utilitarian, cognitive, political and religious purposes, formed the skills of territorial movement, contributed to the spread of geographical knowledge about countries, peoples, and also introduced the achievements of their culture. Subsequent tourist movements were originally excursion and educational in nature: mountain climbing, hiking, hiking, traveling abroad.

2. Development of various types of tourism: recreation, medical treatment, business trips, proletarian tourism, family, children, youth tourism, elite tourism, sports travel, transport tours, ecological tourism, etc.

3. Creation of tourist infrastructure (from huts and shelters to comfortable hotel complexes) and material and technical base (various equipment, inventory, etc.)

4. The development of vehicles has led to mass tourism.

5. Creation of various organizations, societies, bureaus, companies, clubs, travel companies promoting tourism and travel.

6. Gradual formation of the service market.

7. Development of elite tourism (for wealthy segments of the population) and excursion (recreational) tourism for the intelligentsia and workers.

8. Improving the quality of tourist services and services.

9. Creation of administrative and legal norms in tourism.

10. Information support for the tourism business: publishing newspapers, magazines, booklets, organizing exhibitions.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Birzhakov M.B. "Introduction to tourism" Moscow-St. Petersburg, 2001.

2. Dolzhenko G.P. "History of tourism in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR"

Rostov-on-Don, 1988

3. "Fundamentals of tourist activity" comp. E.I. Ilyina, Moscow, 2000.

4. Shapoval G.F. "History of Tourism" Minsk, 1999.

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How it all began? What difficulties do local tour operators face and what role does the state play here? We tried to tell about all this in our material.

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The first step in the development of regional tourism was made at the state level in the early 1990s. It is unlikely that at that dashing time, one of the politicians thought about organizing recreation for fellow citizens. Nevertheless, the reforms of the last decade of the 20th century were accompanied by a broad “sovereignty” of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The role of the borders of individual territories has sharply increased, regional economy, regional policy. The opened opportunities for self-government and self-development raised the question of the most efficient use of all internal resources of the territorial entity. The search has drawn attention to tourism. The most interesting thing is that such a direction of development was discovered by regions that had not previously specialized in the wide provision of recreational services.

It is interesting to compare the origin of local tourism in new Russia with the tourist complex of the Soviet era. In the USSR, the recreational system was national. Concepts "Rest abroad" for the overwhelming majority of our compatriots, it simply did not exist. And almost any travel was limited exclusively to the territory of the Soviet state. However, despite the seemingly ideal example of regional tourism in action, this idyll turned out to be imaginary, as soon as the border was opened. And, taking into account the Soviet experience, Russian entrepreneurs chose a different path, developing local tourism.

Market development

Pioneers in mastering local tourism faced a huge number of problems. It turned out that the regions are rich in natural, cultural, religious and other attractions, but it is problematic to show all this. There was no system: there were no developed routes, good roads, professional guides, etc. In a word, the tourist complex had to be created from scratch.

Domestic entrepreneurs started by developing the market. The main directions were determined.

Firstly, cultural or historical tourism... Today, travels along the "Golden Ring" of Russia, visits to historical centers of the country, trips to the small homeland of famous historical personalities, outstanding cultural figures are widely known. These include excursions to regional museums, theaters, acquaintance with the traditions and heritage of small peoples.

Secondly, nature tourism... Our state with its vast territory is full of amazingly beautiful places. For example, megalithic structures on the Vera island of the Chelyabinsk region. Scientists have proven that they are equal in age and importance to the famous Stonehenge! Connoisseurs of this particular direction tend to visit unique natural reserves.

Thirdly, sports tourism... Rafting on rivers, ski resorts, sports and recreation centers and much more.

Fourth, religious tourism... Pilgrimages to holy places are in great demand today. In the small Russian town of Troitsk, for example, the famous Islamic educator Zeynulla Rasulev, revered by Muslims all over the world, is buried. And in the remote village of Chudinovo, people from all over Russia and far abroad go to the grave of Saint Evdokia Chudinovskaya, revered by the Orthodox.

With the development of local tourism, new directions are born. So, relatively recently appeared scientific tourism... In recent years, trips to numerous regional forums, conferences, seminars and trainings have become very popular. This area is turning into a real business industry. Such events are organized by firms that, at first glance, are not related to the tourist business.

However, the reality is that more and more non-core companies are directly or indirectly involved in this area. For example: airlines, companies that transport people and goods, car rental companies, railways, public and private vehicles, hotel and restaurant business.

Foreign experience

While developing regional tourism as a national-scale business project, it would not be superfluous to borrow the experience of other states. Moreover, in contrast to Russia, some countries have been very successful in the development of this sector of their economy.

For example, in Italy the number domestic tourists is about 39 million people. Local tourism is divided into two main categories: nature and sports. The first is a seaside vacation in the regions of Emilia-Romagna, Veneto and Tuscany. The second is the ski resorts in Lombardy. According to experts, Italians do not need to leave their country for the sake of quality rest. The variety of tourist resources allows you to fully meet the needs of the local population.

There are interesting features in the domestic tourist market of France. First, only 18% of the population annually rests abroad. This is one of the lowest rates in all of Western Europe. Thanks to high-quality roads, the French prefer to travel through the territory of their country on cars... In general, local tourism is evenly divided into time periods: summer school holidays, winter Christmas and spring Easter. This approach avoids a one-time overload of the entire French tourism industry.

Belgium has an equally interesting experience. A third of all Belgians prefer travel within the country without staying in hotels. Self-service camp towns are very popular. Thus, this reduces the load on the hotel fund, but does not prevent local residents from getting maximum pleasure from their vacation.

State contribution

I have already mentioned earlier that the initial impetus for the development of regional tourism in Russia came from states... Unfortunately, over the past two decades, there has been more talk from federal and local authorities than actual action in this area. Economists explain this by the fact that it is difficult to predict income and expenses here. It is easy to spend budget money, but it is more difficult to report on the results of their high-quality development. Entrepreneurs who undertook the development of one or another type of local tourist business, most often found themselves without support from officials. Naturally, many of the businessmen's undertakings either did not exist for long or remained at the level of ideas.

The situation began to change for the better in the mid-2000s. Although this does not apply to all regions. This is what the heads of two travel companies, Happy Travel (Valentina Makova) and Sputnik (Lyudmila Mosina), tell us.

Valentina Makov:

- Today we need qualified, well-trained guides, comfortable hotels, meaningful programs. We need a unified structure! Let there be only three routes in the region. But so that everything in these areas was thought out to the smallest detail. In order not to be ashamed to say: come and you will get real pleasure! I trained in America. I remember that they took us with rapture for three hours along an apparently unremarkable river and told legends and myths about it. Almost from here the development of America began. We, tourists, listened and listened, simultaneously realizing how well they make money on their landscapes! And how many places we have covered with romantic legends ?! But our Russian Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy, in my opinion, does not care about regional tourism. It lobbies for certain large travel companies, and squeezes small travel agencies. Including on issues related to regional tourism.

And here is the comment Lyudmila Mosina:

- "Sputnik" has never abandoned the development of internal, as we say, tourism. Even in the difficult nineties. Do you know why? We prefer to "grow" our clients from an early age. Tourism infects ... In general, we have fifty routes in the Urals and the same number in the city of Chelyabinsk. There are so many historical places in the Urals, we have such nature! But infrastructure development is lagging behind. However, there is progress. About six years ago, we began to slowly develop hotels, fill tourist centers with modern equipment. It is still necessary to develop personnel. For starters, at least learn to smile at your customers. I know that the region has a program for the development of regional tourism. We even took part in its development. We need investments in tourism, we need to build roads, build communications, we need investments. And, by the way, I am glad that our new government hears these problems. For example, we will develop an airport in Chelyabinsk. Wonderful!

"In the footsteps of the meteorite"

This is what the new one is called unique tourist route, developed jointly with specialists from the Ministry of Culture of the Chelyabinsk region. Meteorite tourism has existed for centuries all over the world. But it is noteworthy that it was after the fall of the space body on the territory of the Southern Urals that this direction received an official basis at the state level. Moreover, the uniqueness of this type of tourism lies in the combination of several directions at once: scientific, natural and now officially meteorite tourism.

The example of the Chelyabinsk region today has no analogues in the world. In one place and in fact at the same time, events took place that, with the right approach, can turn the South Urals into a Mecca for regional tourism! The region has recently been approved local tourism development program, and the fall of the meteorite gave a powerful impetus for its start. You couldn't think of it better. Scientific forums are held in the region one after another with the participation of leading Russian and world scientists. Thousands of people from all over the country travel to the Urals in order to see a nonexistent funnel from a fallen space alien. Enterprising businessmen have already developed several routes leading in the wake of a meteorite fall. Other entrepreneurs have launched the production of souvenirs on the same topic. Local manufacturers even began to produce shoes with the image of a celestial body.

According to experts, not only the region, but also the local business will certainly benefit from such a combination of circumstances. The steady flow of tourists will provide entrepreneurs with a stable and good income for a long time. The regional budget will also be replenished. This, in turn, will motivate local authorities to actually implement the regional tourism development program rather than on paper.

Who knows, perhaps the example of a single region will spread to other regions. To begin with, of course, you need to make an "inventory" of existing attractions, historical sites and picturesque landscapes, draw up a strategic marketing plan. In my opinion, the moment has come.

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On the prospects for the development of event tourism in the Russian Federation (Sirchenko A.A.)

Date the article was posted: 13.11.2012

Sirchenko A.A., Head of the Department for the Development of Domestic Tourism and State Tourism Projects of the Federal Agency for Tourism.

With the beginning of the implementation of the Federal Target Program "Development of Domestic and Inbound Tourism in the Russian Federation (2011 - 2018)" tourism in Russia is entering a new stage of its development.

Statistical data for 2011 show that the domestic tourist flow in Russia amounted to 33.3 million people. According to expert estimates, in 2012 the domestic tourist flow will increase by 4% and will amount to about 34.6 million people.
The dynamics of the inbound tourist flow (taking into account business tourism) indicates, according to preliminary estimates, its growth in 2011 by 10% compared to 2010. However, the number of trips of foreign tourists to our country for tourism purposes is still small and amounts to 2011 g. only 2.3 million
Departure of Russian citizens for tourism in 2011 increased by 11% compared to 2010 and amounted to 14 million people. According to Rosstat data, as of June 1 of this year, the number of Russian citizens who went abroad in the first quarter of 2012 compared to the same period in 2011 increased by 12%.
The share of tourism in the country's GDP in 2011 is at least 2.5%.
Today, the following trends in the development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation can be noted:
- active development of interregional cooperation in the field of tourism;
- development of the most promising types of tourism;
- strengthening the role of tourism at the federal and regional levels;
- activation of the promotion of the national tourist product in the world and domestic tourist markets.
When analyzing the structure of the domestic Russian tourist flow, it is clearly seen that the most popular among our citizens are beach vacations (38%). Trips for cultural and educational purposes are chosen by 20% of tourists.
The share of event tourism in the structure of domestic Russian tourist traffic is only 1%.
According to international experts, over the past 10 years, one of the most developing types of tourism is event tourism, the world turnover of which has grown from tens to hundreds of billions of dollars. However, at the same time, the share of Russia in this type of tourism is only 2%.
In most countries of the world, event tourism is understood as tourist activity associated with a variety of significant social events, as well as rare natural phenomena that attract large numbers of compatriots and tourists from foreign countries with their uniqueness, exoticism, originality.
Event tourism is usually classified by the scale of the event (national or international) and by the theme of the event. Foreign practice and many Russian sources identify, as a rule, the following thematic types of event tourism:
- national festivals and holidays;
- theatrical shows;
- festivals: gastronomic, flower, music, theater, film festivals;
- fashion shows;
- auctions;
- sport events;
- international technical salons.

I will not dwell on each of these types in detail, I will give only a few of the most striking examples of the economic efficiency of organizing event events on a global scale.
Take the famous Cannes Festival.
In 2009, the economic effect of the Cannes Film Festival amounted to almost 200 million euros (194 million 653 thousand). It created 3,200 jobs and accounted for 10% of the annual hotel occupancy in the region (according to BFM.ru, April 15, 2011).
Or Oktoberfest, which is very popular with Russian tourists, which is visited by about 6 million people annually. 12,000 people work at Oktoberfest every year. In 2006, the holiday's turnover amounted to 449 million euros, and only for accommodation in hotels and travel on public transport, guests of the holiday spent more than 500 million euros in the same year (source: wikipedia.org).
Brazil in general has become a vivid example of how the original folk holiday turned into an event of national importance and a means of replenishing the treasury. Despite the fact that the Brazilian carnival of 2005 is considered one of the most expensive in history, it cost the mayor's office 15 million reais (this is more than $ 5.5 million), the profit from the seven hundred thousand guests who came to the country was many times greater - only in Rio de Janeiro, tourists left $ 150 million (source: panasia.ru).
After such figures, I think it makes no sense to talk about the importance of the development of event tourism for budgets of all levels.
In Russia, event tourism, which is profitable, has not yet been widely developed. The country has not yet formed periodically recurring socially significant events that attract large numbers of Russian and foreign tourists.
Only a few events can now be classified as international event tourism: the MAKS aerospace show, Shirokaya Maslenitsa, the Moscow International Film Festival, the Kremlin Cup in tennis, the upcoming Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and the Universiade in Kazan, and the FIFA World Cup.
One of the powerful eventful occasions was the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg, the 1000th anniversary of Yaroslavl. Anniversary celebrations in different cities attract visitors not only from Russia, but also from abroad.
The factors hindering the development of event tourism in the regions of Russia and the formation of a competitive national tourism product based on event tourism include:
- insufficiently developed tourist infrastructure in the regions of Russia, incl. infrastructure for organizing event tourism;
- insufficient awareness of the potential of event tourism, its impact on the regional economy;
- insufficient attention of local and regional authorities to event tourism in their territories, incl. and in the development of strategies and programs for the development of the tourism sector;
- low investment and business activity of the local population when organizing events that can attract Russian and foreign tourists;
- shortage of qualified personnel in the field of tourism;
- lack of information on the holding of event events in the regions of Russia and the low efficiency of systems for promoting the event tourism product to the market.

With a steady pace of development and in the presence of a competent strategy for promoting event tourism, a tourism product based on event activities is able to occupy its niche as a domestic tourist product.
Measures for the development of event tourism in the Russian Federation include:
1. Creation of a convention bureau on the principles of public-private partnership for the creation of a single information space and promotion of tourist events held in Russia, in the domestic and foreign tourist markets.
2. Formation of a unified calendar of major event events in the Russian Federation.
3. Introduction of a simplified visa regime during national events.
4. State support for priority socially significant event events, such as:
1) All-Russian ball of graduates "Scarlet Sails" - St. Petersburg;
2) the festival of military-historical reconstruction "Abalak field" - Tobolsk, Tyumen region;
3) citywide holiday "Wide Maslenitsa" - Moscow;
4) musical rock festival "Invasion" - pos. Emmaus, Tver region;
5) music festival "Creation of the World" - Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan;
6) International festival of tourist and sports games "Zimniada" - Irkutsk, Irkutsk region;
7) Open Russian Film Festival "Kinotavr" - Sochi, Krasnodar Territory;
8) International Festival "Heavenly Fair of the Urals" - Kungur, Perm Territory;
9) International Aviation and Space Salon "MAKS" - Zhukovsky, Moscow region.

Informative
The alumni festival in St. Petersburg was first held in 2005 and has been held annually since then. Now "Scarlet Sails" has become an international event. The very name of the holiday and the main production plot were taken from the literary work of Alexander Grin.
Event tourism has become one of the priority areas for the development of regional tourism in the Perm Territory. For many years, its objects have been numerous festivals that take place throughout almost the entire year: the Diaghilev seasons, the tenth festival of balloonists "Heavenly Fair of the Urals" and others.
The first International Baikal Winter Games Festival "Zimniada" was held in the Irkutsk Region in the spring of 2003. Since then, Zimniada has become an annual traditional event that has gained popularity and fame both among the local population and outside the region. So, if in 2003 the number of guests and participants of the festival was about 600 people (mainly amateur athletes from Russia and foreign countries), then in 2011 - about 40 thousand people.
The active development of event tourism is also planned by the Moscow Government as part of the implementation of the recently adopted program for the development of the recreation and tourism industry. The city authorities are planning to create their own event series that can attract a significant number of tourists. Among the successful Moscow tourist products today - "Night of Museums", International Competition. Tchaikovsky, World Press Photo, "Wide Maslenitsa". A good example of a successful event is the Spasskaya Tower international military music festival. It is such events that form a new eventful face not only of the capital, but also of the country.
At the municipal level, in terms of event tourism, there are also successes: in Suzdal - "Day of the Cucumber" and the festival of baths, "Spasskaya Fair" in Yelabuga, the festival "Abalak Field" in Tobolsk.
Despite the fact that event tourism began to develop in the country recently and still occupies an insignificant share in the structure of the domestic tourist flow in Russia, today we have positive examples of organizing outstanding event events at the regional and municipal levels. However, we all perfectly understand that the existing events are still difficult to classify as competitive at the national and global level.

For the development of event tourism in the regions of Russia, it is necessary:
1) include measures for the formation, promotion and implementation of a regional tourism product based on event tourism in strategic documents for tourism development, incl. into regional target programs for the development of tourism, to provide, within the framework of the programs, subsidizing the construction of tourist infrastructure, aimed at the development of event tourism;
2) contribute to the creation of conditions for the development of new products of event tourism, taking into account the historical and ethnocultural characteristics of the regions, expanding the range of tourist services for various groups of tourists, as well as an integrated tourist product together with other Russian regions;
3) assist in the development of investment projects in the field of event tourism, creating a favorable climate for investors;
4) develop and use a strategy for the effective promotion of a tourism product formed on the basis of event tourism.

As part of the implementation of the Federal Target Program for the Development of Domestic Tourism, commissioned by the Federal Agency for Tourism, a cycle of television programs about tourism, consisting of 8 programs, was created and posted on the Russia 24 TV channel. The weekly program "PROtourism" aired in April - May 2012 with the aim of promoting domestic tourism. As part of a series of programs, presenter Anna Kasterova and permanent expert in the studio, head of Rostourism Alexander Vasilyevich Radkov discussed with invited guests and experts such issues as tourism development in small towns, rural and gastronomic types of tourism, branding in tourism, as well as event tourism.
In the program, aired on May 20, 2012, Vyacheslav Gaizer, the head of the Komi Republic, spoke as experts in the studio, who spoke about the development of this type of tourism in the region, in particular about the Ybitsa festival; Igor Kekhter, general director of the tourist complex "Goryachiy Klyuchi" from the city of Suzdal and organizer of a bathing festival that attracts numerous tourists; Sergey Shpilko, Chairman of the Moscow Committee for Tourism and Hotel Management, who gave an expert assessment of the importance of the development of event tourism both for Russia as a whole and for the capital.
The Federal Agency for Tourism, in order to promote event events, forms a calendar of tourist events according to the data provided by regional authorities in the field of tourism and publishes it on the official website of Rostourism on a monthly basis.
In conclusion, I would like to add that the process of formation, formation, development and promotion of event tourism as a significant branch of territorial specialization is currently impossible without coordinating the efforts of government bodies at all levels, the business community and science.
The Federal Agency for Tourism is open to cooperation aimed at promoting the tourist opportunities of the regions of Russia and turning it into a developed world tourist center.

Russian tourism

Russian tourism has its own history of development. In recent years, tourism has developed significantly and has become a massive socio-economic phenomenon of an international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between states and peoples of the world. The massive development of tourism allows millions of people to expand their knowledge of the history of their Fatherland and other countries, to get acquainted with the sights, culture, traditions of this or that country.

Tourism influences the preservation and development of cultural potential, leads to the harmonization of relations between different countries and peoples, forces governments, public organizations and commercial structures to actively participate in the preservation and improvement of the environment.

The formation of the Russian tourist market began in 1990. At the first stage of the market development, mainly outbound tours were developed. The long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR has generated an increased demand for an external tourist product. Some countries have introduced a number of measures to attract Russian tourists: visa-free entry to the countries of the former socialist community (China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); simplification of visa formalities in Germany, Italy, Spain; economic tours for Russian tourists to some countries (France, Spain).

In recent years, there has been a tendency to improve the development of tourism in Russia: the flow of people wishing to visit not only foreign countries, but also interesting domestic places is increasing, the quality of service is improving, children's tourism is developing (all kinds of children's trips to sea resorts, to various camps ) and foreign countries for educational purposes, etc.), new tour routes are being developed. The modern development of tourism in Russia is characterized by the presence of deep contradictions in its organizational structure, in the direction of development, in the state of qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

Rest in Russia, just like rest abroad, is primarily a proposal of brands. The brands of tourist routes famous back in Soviet times can be counted on one hand: Karelia, Baikal, White Nights in Leningrad, the Golden Ring of Russia. In the Soviet Union, more attention was paid to domestic tourism than it is now. At the highest state level, interesting tourist schemes and exciting excursions were developed. Then they understood that Russian travel is a vacation with a legend, history, zest. The firms themselves are simply not capable of pulling the formation of brands. We need government support. The current state of tourism in Russia is regarded as a crisis associated with a sharp drop in the previously achieved volumes of tourist services, a reduction in the material base of the tourism industry and a significant discrepancy between the needs of the population in tourist services.

The Russians realized that the proper level of service and an interesting vacation can be offered in Russia as well. In a competitive environment, spa treatment is actively developing, a tourist infrastructure is emerging, representatives of large business are actively investing in the construction of hotels, water parks, and the entertainment industry. Adler is now experiencing a construction boom, new hotels appear in Suzdal, on the Karelian Isthmus. Over the past five to six years, through the efforts of tour operators, a number of unusual excursion products have been created, including in the North of our country, which have become a real alternative to beach recreation.

By the beginning of the third millennium, international tourism accounted for 8% of total world exports and 30-35% of world trade in services. Total spending on domestic and international tourism accounts for 12% of the world's gross national product.

The Russian Federation, despite its high tourism potential, occupies an insignificant place in the world tourism market. It accounts for about 1 percent of the world's tourist flow.

According to WTO estimates, the potential of Russia makes it possible to receive up to 40 million foreign tourists a year at an appropriate level of development of the tourist infrastructure. However, today the number of foreign guests coming to Russia for business, tourism and private purposes is 7.4 million, which does not correspond to its tourism potential. The modern tourism industry is one of the largest highly profitable and fastest growing sectors of the world economy. Tourism jobs totaled 192 million, or 8 percent of the world's total employment.

According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund, tourism has come out on top in world exports of goods and services since 1998 ($ 532 billion, or 7.9 percent of $ 6.738 trillion), overtaking the automotive industry (7.8 percent), production of chemical products (7.5 percent), food (6.6 percent), computers and office equipment (5.9 percent), and fuel (5.1 percent). The average growth rate of tourism was 7 percent per annum between 1950 and 1999, well above the average annual growth rate of the world economy as a whole. According to WTO forecasts, the growth rate of tourism will continue in the coming decades. So, by 2020, the number of international tourist arrivals should grow 2.2 times compared to 2010 (from 698 million to 1.561 billion trips). Even more significantly - 4.2 times - should increase income from tourism: from 476 billion to 2 trillion. US dollars.

Tourism has long been regarded as one of the most profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. This is evidenced by the fact that tourism accounts for about 10% of the world's gross national income.

The emergence of tourism in the vast territory of our country is rooted in ancient times and the Middle Ages. The geographical position of Russia, located in the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East, since ancient times has provided stable international relations, which were the basis for various kinds of contacts.

Tourism development plays an important role in solving social problems. In many countries of the world, it is through tourism that new jobs are created, a high standard of living of the population is maintained, and preconditions are created for improving the country's balance of payments. The need to develop the tourism sector contributes to raising the level of education, improving the system of medical services for the population, introducing new means of disseminating information, etc.

The tourism business is the most dynamically developing sector of the world economy. Modern trends in the development of tourism indicate an increase in its influence both on the world economy as a whole and on the economies of individual countries. World practice shows that the tourism business is second only to oil production and refining in terms of profitability and dynamic development.

For Russia, the development of tourism is especially important, because This industry is a favorable environment for the functioning of small businesses that can develop without significant budgetary allocations, and is promising for attracting foreign investment on a large scale and in a short time. The tourism business stimulates the development of other sectors of the economy: construction, trade, agriculture, production of consumer goods, communications, etc.

This business attracts entrepreneurs for many reasons: small start-up investments, growing demand for travel services, high level of profitability and a minimum payback period.

But tourism is not developed everywhere. Many countries are still trying to reach the appropriate level, in particular Russia.

The current state of the Russian tourism industry can be defined as "a state of unstable equilibrium." It is no secret that the current tour business exists as a "penumbra", with unclear rules of interaction both between professional participants in the travel market and with the state.

Russia is losing billions of rubles by refusing tourism support, and hundreds of thousands of potential jobs are also being lost. It is known that it takes about nine people to serve one foreign tourist. Nevertheless, tourism is one of the few developing types of domestic business. The geopolitical position of Russia as part of the European and Asian continents is precisely the factor that allows it to preserve its tourist originality and attractiveness for tourists from all over the world. Russia today is interesting for tourists from any country, because it is a place of refraction and interpenetration of European and Asian cultures. True, despite the continued growth of tourist activity in Russia, the impact of the tourism industry on the country's economy is still insignificant. It is adequate to the state's contribution to the development of this industry and is held back mainly by the lack of real investment, a low level of hotel service, an insufficient number of hotel rooms, a shortage of qualified personnel - all this has led to the fact that at present, our country accounts for less than 1% of world tourism. flow, while the share of tourism in many developed countries is 5-15%, and in some it reaches 50%.

In Russia, the tourist business is developing mainly with an orientation towards departure. The overwhelming majority of operating travel agencies prefer to direct their compatriots abroad, and only a small part of them work to attract guests to the Russian Federation. However, in recent years, there has been a tendency to reorient towards inbound tourism.

Analysis of the current state of domestic tourism indicates an insufficient level of its development, both in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The main factors hindering the development of inbound tourism are currently:

The image of Russia as a country unfavorable for tourism, created by individual foreign and domestic media;

The current procedure for issuing Russian visas to citizens of foreign states that are safe in terms of migration, which does not always contribute to the growth of inbound tourism;

Underdeveloped tourist infrastructure, significant moral and physical deterioration of the existing material base, a small number of tourist class hotel accommodation facilities (2 - 3 stars) with a modern level of comfort;

Lack of practice in the creation by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of favorable conditions for investment in tourist accommodation facilities and other tourist infrastructure;

Low quality of service in all sectors of the tourism industry due to a low level of training and lack of experience in a market economy, including due to a long period of operation of resort - tourist accommodation facilities through the social insurance system;

The discrepancy between the price and quality of hotel accommodation.

With a significant stratification of the population in terms of average per capita income in high-income families, the consumption of services that are highly elastic in income (mobile communications, certain types of transport and consumer services, culture, tourism and sports, and certain types of paid medical and educational services) is growing especially rapidly.

There is a persistent interest of Russian citizens in going on vacation both to the countries of the far and near abroad. It is necessary to state the fact that these services are consumed by high-income groups of the population, and a significant increase in prices for them did not have a decisive effect on the purchase of vouchers and tours.

The presence of collective accommodation facilities (hotels and similar accommodation facilities - motels, boarding houses, hostels for visitors, etc.) occupies a central place in the tourist infrastructure and has a direct impact on the development of both domestic and inbound tourism.

In Russia, there is an increase in the number of collective accommodation facilities, including hotels, the number of employees employed in the hotel business is currently about 115 thousand people, new tourist routes are emerging.

However, a relatively low percentage of superior rooms, a small number of category hotels (17%), an acute shortage of tourist class hotels of 2-3 stars, a significant moral and physical deterioration of the material base and the lack of favorable conditions for investment does not create an opportunity for a radical change in the situation in the development of tourism. infrastructure within Russia and does not create preconditions for the growth of the volume of these services.

In the course of market transformations, the composition of service providers has undergone a qualitative change. If in the early 90s of the last century the overwhelming share of paid services to the population was provided by state-owned enterprises, now their share has decreased to 21%. At the same time, in the market for certain types of services, the share of state-owned enterprises is still significant. Whereas, for services of a legal nature, tourist, consumer services, it is minimal and ranges from 1 to 3 percent.

An analysis of the current state of tourism in the Russian Federation shows that in recent years this area has generally been developing steadily and dynamically. There is an annual growth in the domestic tourist flow. The rapidly growing demand for tourist services within the country has caused a boom in the construction of small hotels, mainly in resort regions, as well as an increase in the number of international hotel chains in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other major cities of the country, and the creation of domestic hotel chains. The volume of investment proposals for hotel construction has sharply increased both from foreign and domestic investors. At the same time, the main proposals are aimed at developing the hotel business in the regions of Russia. It should be especially noted the successes of recent years in the development of the resort and tourist complex of the Krasnodar Territory, which naturally led to the choice of our country when determining Sochi as the venue for the Winter Olympics - 2014. Thanks to this, not only Krasnaya Polyana and Sochi, but the entire Krasnodar Territory in in general, which determines a long-term business interest in the development of the tourist infrastructure of this region and a guarantee that in a few years the Black Sea coast will become a developed world-class resort center.

Currently, there are more than 8 thousand hotels in the country, while in 2004 there were only 4 thousand. Taking into account the number of other accommodation facilities, such as boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist centers and others, the total number of tourist accommodation facilities is about 10 thousand. The number of Russian citizens living in hotels, health resort organizations and recreation organizations in 2011 amounted to 26.6 million people, of which 16.4 million people were in hotels.

It is known that our country has a huge number of cultural and natural attractions, as well as other objects of tourist display. These, according to Rosstat, include 2,368 museums in 477 historical cities, 590 theaters, 67 circuses, 24 zoos, almost 99,000 monuments of history and culture, 140 national parks and reserves. In Russia, there are currently 103 museum-reserves and 41 museum-estates (objects identical to the museums-reserves in the nature of their activities, differing, as a rule, in a small territory). Reserve museums play a vital role in shaping an attractive image of Russia abroad. Of the 15 cultural heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, 12 are part of the museum-reserves. In accordance with this, the network of museum-reserves as centers of international and domestic tourism requires constant improvement and development.

As for such objects of tourist infrastructure as water parks, entertainment centers, ski resorts, tourist transport, etc., there is clearly a lack of them.

It is also obvious that the country's tourism potential is far from being fully utilized, and the creation of conditions for high-quality recreation on the territory of Russia for Russian and foreign citizens requires a more active government policy in the field of tourism.

Moscow and St. Petersburg, which are still the main transport gateways for foreign tourists, take on up to 75% of international arrivals, the number of which has been declining in the last 2-3 years due to a sharp rise in prices in these cities. A reduction in the incoming tourist flow to our country has begun to occur.

This is primarily due to the increased prices for services in the country over the past two years, as well as a sharp increase in hotel prices in Moscow due to a decrease in the number of tourist class hotels in the city center due to the demolition or closure of a number of the most famous and popular hotels among tourists. such as "Intourist", "Moscow", "Minsk", "Russia", "Ukraine", "Leningradskaya", "Central" and "Beijing". In Moscow, for various reasons, 9 thousand places of 3 "stars" level were withdrawn from circulation. It is the lack of places in tourist class hotels that negatively affects the development of inbound and domestic tourism. This significantly increases the cost of the package of services offered to tourists when they travel to Russia. However, taking into account the fall of the ruble and the current situation in the country, in which the average price for a room in hotels is significantly lower than the cost of a room of a similar category in European countries with lower comfort and quality of services, it becomes profitable for foreign tourists with a limited budget to come to Russia.

Basic concepts, classification of types of tourism, directions of modernization

Tourism has entered the 21st century as the most steadily developing sector of the economy, seriously affecting the socio - economic development of many countries of the world. For 38% of countries, tourism is the main source of income, and for 83% of countries, tourism is one of the five main sources of income.

World tourism has achieved particular success over the past 30 years, when the number of international tourists has quadrupled and foreign exchange earnings have increased 25 times. This area accounts for more than 10% of the world's gross national product, more than 6% of world investments, every 10th job, 12% of world consumer spending.

Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport, hotel and restaurant services, trade, construction, production of consumer goods and many others, acting as a catalyst for socio-economic development.

The tourism industry is a branch of the economy that has a noble goal - the development of culture and education, the organization of communication and recreation, the restoration of human strength.

The tourism industry is a long-established economic system. In Russia, with its traditionally lucrative extractive industries, tourism is an important and relatively new area of economic development.

At present, Russia, as a country developing tourism, occupies a very insignificant place in the world tourist market. The share of tourists entering Russia accounts for approximately 1% of the world tourist flow. This is a low figure, given that the cultural, historical and natural potential of Russia is much higher than in many countries with traditionally high tourist traffic.

Consequently, the Russian tourism industry is faced with the problem of finding such methods of building an effective management system that would strengthen the market position of each Russian organization engaged in tourist services, and thereby contribute to the further development of the entire tourism business, Russia's growing into the world tourism industry. Only a clearly formulated concept for the development of the tourism industry can provide an appropriate level of quality of tourist services that meets international standards, make Russian tourism competitive and, as a result, achieve significant growth in domestic and inbound tourism in Russia.

Depending on the components of the services and the categories of the population served, tourism is divided into domestic and international.

Domestic tourism is a temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from a permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, satisfying cognitive interests, playing sports and for other tourist purposes.

International tourism is a systematic and purposeful activity of tourism enterprises associated with the provision of tourism services and tourism products to foreign tourists on the territory of the Russian Federation (inbound tourism) and the provision of tourism services and tourism products abroad (outbound tourism).

The Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation" provides the following concepts of domestic, outbound and inbound tourism.

Domestic tourism - tourism within the territory of the Russian Federation of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

Outbound tourism - tourism of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country.

Inbound tourism - tourism within the territory of the Russian Federation of persons not residing permanently in the Russian Federation.

The literature also defines "domestic tourist". This is an overnight temporary visitor, i.e. who makes at least one overnight stay in a place visited, permanently resides in a certain area and travels for tourism purposes to another area within his country, but outside the limits of his usual residence for a period not exceeding 12 months, and does not engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence ...

Permanent residents who move to another place or locality within the country in order to organize their usual place of residence, for example, displaced persons, persons for any reason changing their place of residence;

Persons moving to another location within the country to engage in paid-for-source activities in the visited location, such as temporary or seasonal shift workers;

Persons moving between localities for the purpose of paid work or study;

Military personnel on duty or on maneuvers, as well as dependents, accompanying persons and members of their families;

Nomads and refugees, as well as internally displaced persons;

Transit passengers;

Participants of group trips on tourist trains, sleeping in train carriages;

Crew members of sea-going ships, railroad trains who sleep on board a ship or in a train carriage.

Problems and prospects for the development of international tourism services Main features and problems of the development of world tourism

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The financial position of Russian tourism in recent years. The successes of modern natural science. Ahead of the whole planet, but not in tourism