Tourism (fr. Tourisme, from tour - walk, trip) is, on the one hand, a relatively young phenomenon, which became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other, it has deep historical roots. Tourism in the original sense was understood as the movement and temporary stay of people outside their permanent residence. However, in the process of historical development, the content and meaning of this concept constantly underwent changes and additions.

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and widely used in international practice. According to it, tourism covers the activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of recreation, business and other purposes.

Tourism is currently one of the most dynamically developing sectors of foreign economic activity. The steady growth of the influence of tourism both on the world economy as a whole and on the economies of individual countries and regions is one of the most significant, permanent and long-term trends that accompanies the formation and development of the world economy.

It becomes obvious that tourism is turning into a large independent branch of the national economy, whose activities are aimed at meeting the specific needs of the population. The variety of these needs is met not only by tourism enterprises, but also by enterprises of other industries, which determines the importance of tourism as one of the factors of a multiplier effect on the development of the economy. It is thanks to these properties that tourism is a budget-forming sector of the economies of many island states. In addition to the main income, tourism creates additional jobs and promotes the inflow of investments.

Tourism is one of the factors of global integration processes, and the tourism business is now becoming an important sector of the economy. Modern economic science considers tourism as a systemic object of study, which allows, on the one hand, to identify its structure with a variety of internal connections, and on the other, to determine the nature of interaction with the external environment.

In accordance with the definition developed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, tourism as a socio-economic system is a set of relations, connections and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and not related to their labor activities.

The tourism system, according to the Swiss researcher K. Kaspar, is based on two subsystems:

The subject of tourism, that is, a tourist is a consumer of tourist services with all the diversity of his needs and motives of behavior;

Tourism object, consisting of three elements: a tourist region, a tourist enterprise and tourist organizations.

The economic efficiency of the functioning of tourism is largely determined by its form, which presupposes an appropriate set of services that meet the needs of tourists. There are two forms of tourism: domestic and international tourism.

Domestic tourism - travel within their country of persons permanently residing within the borders of their state, without engaging in paid activities in the place of temporary stay. Domestic tourism accounts for 80-90% of travel in the world. The costs of it are 5-10 times higher than the costs of international tourism.

International tourism is tourism to another country for tourist purposes without engaging in paid activities in the place of temporary stay. On average, about 65% of all international tourist travel is in Europe, about 20% in America and about 15% in other regions.

Recently, there has been a tendency for the convergence of domestic and international tourism. This is due to the simplification of tourist formalities (for example, the Schengen Agreement in Europe).

The type of tourism is associated with the specifics of the reflection of financial results in the budget of a country or its region. On this basis, two types of tourism are distinguished in the forms of tourism: active and passive.

The arrival of foreign tourists to the country or domestic tourists to this region of the country is active tourism. Active tourism serves as a factor in the import of money into a country or a given region. The travel of citizens of one country to other states and the departure of tourists from this region of the country is passive tourism. Passive tourism is a factor in the export of money to a country or a given region.

At first glance, it may seem that there is not much difference between the forms and types of tourism. In both cases, travels are grouped based on specific points of view. The difference is that the types of tourism differ in the motivation of travelers, i.e. by internal factors, and the form of tourism - by external causes and influences, which is very important for management.

Favorable factors lead a region or country to the leadership in world tourism, unfavorable ones - reduce the tourist flow. Such factors should be established as fully as possible for each specific market segment. The external circumstances of tourism efficiency include statistical (constant over time) and dynamic factors. The statistical group includes natural and climatic, geographical, cultural and historical factors.

Natural and cultural-historical features of a territory (country, region) make up its recreational resources, that is, used for recreation and tourism. In different parts of the world and countries, natural-territorial complexes (natural zones) have formed, which are a combination of interrelated components of nature - relief, climate, vegetation and fauna.

Various types of tourism develop on the basis of this natural diversity. In the mountains - mountaineering, rock climbing, skiing and speleotourism. On the coasts and waters of the southern seas there are excellent conditions for swimming and beach recreation, surfing, and diving. In modern travel there is a place for bird watching and safari, rafting (river rafting), desert, arctic, cruise and ecological tourism. Many territories have medicinal properties due to their natural characteristics - the climate, the outcrops of mineral springs, medicinal mud, special plants that form a microclimate that has a healing effect.

The cultural and historical characteristics of different countries also underlie the contrast and diversity of the world. The history preserved in the monuments, the traditions and customs of the peoples, the architectural appearance of the old cities, the gastronomic delights of the national cuisine - everything attracts the traveler, striving for new impressions. The attractiveness of holiday destinations is primarily determined by these conditions. It is no coincidence that the southern regions with a warm climate have a positive balance on the item "tourism", while in all northern countries, be it Russia or the Scandinavian countries, the balance is negative. Historical and cultural resources are becoming increasingly important with the growth of the level of education and the cognitive needs of people. Dynamic factors include: socio - economic and demographic changes, financial and economic development, political situation in the country and material and technical factors.

Socio-economic factors have the most important influence on the development of tourism. Sustainable development of the economy creates an economic basis for travel. The incomes of the population are growing, a new lifestyle is being formed, which requires a decent rest. The growth of income expands the social base of tourism, travel is becoming available to many. The development of the economy makes it possible to make investments in the hospitality industry, create a tourist infrastructure, and provide a high quality of tourist service.

Demographic changes mean that more people will have the time and income to travel. These changes include the following indicators:

Increased life expectancy;

Formation of a mobile stereotype of the life of the population;

An increase in the proportion of elderly people living alone;

Increase in the duration of paid leave;

The tendency to marry later in life;

Increase in the number of childless couples.

In economic and financial development, there is a tendency to increase the production of services compared to the production of goods, which results in an increase in the share of consumption of services (including tourism services) in the total consumption of the population. This factor includes the following indicators:

The economic situation in the country;

Financial stability;

Income level of the population;

Commodity prices .

The political situation in the country influences essentially all dynamic factors. Among the political factors influencing the development of tourism, it should be noted the relationship between countries, which can promote or, conversely, hinder the tourist exchange between them. The development of tourism and other forms of foreign economic relations is facilitated by the settlement of differences between countries, the conclusion of cooperation agreements, the rejection of territorial claims and the recognition of existing borders.

The material and technical factors associated with the development of accommodation facilities, transport, catering, consumer services, recreation, retail, etc., are key phenomena and trends that manifest themselves directly in the tourism sector.

The main types of tourism

Motivational factors can be used as a criterion for classifying travel by type of tourism. With such a classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted a person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always determined unambiguously, it is still possible to distinguish five types of tourism in the system of its management.

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of rest necessary to restore the physical and mental strength of a person. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most widespread and widespread. For the development of this type of tourism, recreational resources are needed. Recreational resources are the most important part of the natural potential of the region. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.

The assessment of recreational resources is based on a factor-based assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydro-mineral and unique natural healing resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of its use by a specific type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be roughly divided into several types:

1. Tourist and recreational type

2. Cognitive-tourist type

Each type requires its own type of recreational resources. Recreational resources are understood as a complex managed and partially self-governing system, consisting of a number of interconnected subsystems, namely: people on vacation, natural and cultural territorial complexes, technical systems, service personnel and a management body.

The natural characteristics include the area and capacity of the recreational area, the comfort of the climate, the presence of water bodies, primarily balneological properties, the aesthetic features of the landscape, etc. The optimal combination of these characteristics creates the necessary basis for the development of recreational tourism.

For the first type, these are climatic factors, which, in combination with mineral water springs and curative mud, create favorable conditions for the formation of a resort complex. For the second, in addition to the above, there is a historical and cultural potential.

Recreational activities of the first type can be called passive. These include sun and air baths at rest. They are usually carried out in a beach environment. At the same time, people are naked. This type of recreation places strict demands on the weather.

The second type is active recreation: walks, sports games, etc. Active recreation is distinguished from passive recreation, firstly, by the fact that physical activity causes increased heat production. Secondly, during active recreation, people are usually dressed. And although in this case, lightweight clothing with a low level of thermal protection is usually used, in combination with increased thermal production, this makes lower air temperatures comfortable than for passive recreation. Weather requirements are less stringent in comparison with passive recreation.

Sports tourism is travel with the aim of actively participating in sports events, as well as travel that are passive in the nature of participation in sports competitions. The main content of sports tourism is overcoming the natural obstacles of the natural relief of the area. These obstacles are very diverse: rocks, snow, ice, water obstacles and many other types, types and forms of natural obstacles of macro- and micro-relief of the terrain.

The conditions for overcoming obstacles are also varied: climatic, meteorological, alpine, etc. When overcoming natural obstacles, various techniques and tactics, various means of transportation and security are used. Overcoming natural obstacles requires different in time and intensity of work of a tourist-athlete.

Tourist work in this case is a combination of physical and technical actions of a tourist-athlete. It has a certain similarity with physical exercises, taken as the fundamental principle in the theory and methodology of physical education, but much broader in its content. Tourist work has a distinct structure that differs from physical exercise. Its structural basis is formed by the actions of a tourist-athlete, aimed at overcoming natural obstacles with a minimum expenditure of effort and maximum security.

Sports tourism refers to sports characterized by active physical activity with the manifestation of physical and volitional qualities. It can be classified as a complex (mixed) sports such as all-around. An athlete-tourist must have a specific multi-round special tourist endurance.

Religious tourism is an independent type of tourism. It, like its other types, has its own varieties: pilgrim tourism, religious tourism of an excursion orientation. In some cases, specialized tours are distinguished, in which pilgrims and sightseers are united. Specialized tours designed for at least three days with a visit to religious shrines and architectural monuments of the past. Sometimes permission (blessing) is required to organize such tours. Religious tourism and its varieties are presented in various forms.

Pilgrimage ( pilgrimage) - walking or traveling to holy places with clearly defined cult purposes. Pilgrimage in one form or another is accepted in almost all religions and pagan cults. At present, pilgrims make extensive use of the services of the tourism industry; special travel companies are being created to organize such tours.

Pilgrimage tours, in contrast to religious-cognitive or cultural-historical, carry a certain belief in the meaning of the ceremony, and not only cognitive purposes. The entertainment section of the program has been significantly reduced, although health-improving and educational rest as such is permissible. The meaning of pilgrimage is to worship holy places. This worship is of a religious nature and is associated with the performance of divine services and prayers at revered shrines.

Business tourism plays a vital role in the development of the national economy of any country, actively promoting its integration into the world market. It is interesting that in English, which is the international language of not only business, but also tourism, the term tourism is not used in the field of business tourism. There is a separate concept for this - business travel.

Business tourism is very versatile. Over 73% of its volume is made up of corporate travel (the so-called corporate travel) - both individual business trips and for participation in events held by industrial and trade corporations. This also includes incentive tours (from the English word incentive - incentive) - trips organized by companies in order to motivate employees who are mainly engaged in the promotion and sale of goods produced by this company. Every year business, cultural and scientific ties between regions and countries become more and more intensive. Business tourism plays an important role in this.

The development of the national economy and its integration into the world market are also inconceivable without the development of the sphere of business tourism. Business communication, exchange of technologies and information, search for new markets, search for partners for investments and joint projects, promotion of companies through PR-actions, training of personnel and introduction of corporate culture - all this is business tourism, no matter how unexpected it may sound. And also, business tourism is one of the resources for the integration and development of companies, through participation in exhibitions and congresses, through business education.

Business tourism is one of the most important conditions for a successful business. The globalization of the world economy and the associated intensification of business, scientific and cultural ties have turned business tourism into one of the leading and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy, which made it possible to recognize it as an economic phenomenon of the twentieth century.

Its role is expected to grow in the coming century. According to foreign experts, by 2020 the number of international business trips will triple - from 564 million to 1.6 billion per year. At the same time, the turnover of this sector will increase 5 times - from 400 billion US dollars to 2.0 trillion. And according to the American organization Round Table of Business Tourism, an increase in turnover in this area by one billion dollars leads to the creation of 100 thousand new jobs. It is worth noting that the daily expenses of a business traveler are, on average, three times that of an ordinary tourist. And at the same time, as marketing research shows, unlike other types of travel, during periods of any economic downturns and crises, the business tourism sector suffers least of all, and sometimes even increases its volume.

The need to organize and service both corporate travel and numerous business travel events has led to the creation of a powerful service industry. The infrastructure of business tourism includes exhibition and congress centers, business hotels, business aviation, payment systems, modern technologies, thanks to which a business person, regardless of his location, is able to keep his finger on the pulse of his business.

Congress and exhibition tourism is the most dynamic segment of the business travel market. Convention and exhibition tourism is understood as activities related to the organization of congresses, exhibitions, fairs, conferences and other events.

According to WTO statistics, the share of congress and exhibition tourism in the total volume of business travel is 10-12%. In the world, there is a growing interest in forums, conferences, symposia, meetings, seminars, as well as exhibitions and fairs. The goals of participating in such events are different. The combination of congresses and exhibitions indicates that these concepts are related. The differences are manifested at the level of small specifics, mainly related to the composition of the groups and the requirements for the infrastructure of the receiving party. In particular, one of the main conditions for the development of congress and exhibition tourism is the requirement to consolidate the reputation of the host destination, which allows it to gain international recognition.

Congress tourism is a type of exhibition tourism. It is necessary to separate congress tourism into a small subsection because the organization of congress events, which has much in common with the organization of exhibition activities, imposes somewhat different requirements on the infrastructure and organizers.

Congress events are smaller in scale than exhibition events, but they have a more qualified and demanding composition of participants. In terms of profitability, congress events are inferior to exhibitions, since they are designed for a smaller number of participants. However, unlike exhibitions, congresses, especially international ones, focus on exclusive service, thereby ensuring the loading of the best hotels in the city.

The sector of demand for congress tourism is divided as follows: in 55% of cases, congresses are initiated by companies and enterprises, in 45% of cases - by associations, federations and public organizations. Statistics show that in recent years, organizers of convention tourism have been faced with a decrease in the number of participants, while the average length of stay increases.

Congress tourism has one distinctive feature - it must have a large corporate customer: the government, individual ministries, large corporations and holdings. Events organized at the government level or with the support of government circles can multiply their attractiveness, and hence the occupancy rate of accommodation facilities. Therefore, many congress organizers are trying to enlist the support of government circles to attract various kinds of international meetings to their territory.

Extreme tourism is gaining momentum all over the world. More and more people are eager to see the beauty of the underwater world, go down a mountain slope on skis and even jump from a parachute. In Europe, for example, this type of tourism began to develop rapidly and become more mass tourism in the late 80s and early 90s. But, despite the fact that this type of tourism is becoming more and more popular from year to year, tourists mainly prefer such still popular types of tourism as excursion tourism, educational tourism, beach tourism, etc. And all because most of the tourists do not know what extreme tourism includes, where to go and how much it all costs.

Diving, one of the most extreme types, has become especially popular. Also, now all over the world parachute jumping is very popular. They began to jump with a parachute more than half a century ago, but it turned into a mass type of recreation only 15 years ago. There are now many options for skydiving. This is both skysurfing and group acrobatics, but B.A.S.E. is gaining more and more popularity. jumping. It is not only a thrill, but also a magnificent sight.

Many people specially come to various competitions to watch people jump from skyscrapers, television towers, bridges, rocks. If someone doesn't like diving or jumping from great heights, then you can try windsurfing, also a popular form of recreation. But here it is worth considering that this pleasure is associated with constant falls into the water, and the real possibility of drowning in the waves of the sea, as well as inevitable calluses on the hands. Or try yourself in rafting on rough mountain rivers, which, for sure, will be remembered for a long time.

The most extreme rest can be safely called mountaineering, where both physical and psychological endurance of a person is tested. An alternative to mountaineering can be trekking in caves. Impressions from such a trip are usually long enough. But, despite all its attractiveness, it should be noted that extreme tourism is an expensive form of recreation.

And such a type of tourism as space exists in general for units, since only very wealthy tourists are able to pay millions of dollars for it.

But only this type of extreme tourism is expensive for economic factors. And almost all other types are expensive, mainly because of not cheap paraphernalia. Of course, beginner extreme tourists generally rent all the necessary paraphernalia, and this, of course, is much cheaper. But, as a rule, many beginners are attracted by extreme tourism so much that they would like to buy all the necessary paraphernalia and take extreme vacations more often. But not everyone can afford it.

In general, extreme tourism is one of the most promising types of tourism, which attracts more and more people. New places for active recreation appear, both artificial ones, for example, ski resorts, as well as places created by nature that people did not know about before, for example, caves. And the fact that this type of tourism is actively developing is evident at least from the fact that all new types of it appear.

Throughout its centuries-old history, mankind has been characterized by a desire to travel with the aim of developing trade, and conquering and developing new lands, searching for resources, etc.

Travel is a term that characterizes the movement of people in space, regardless of the purpose of such movement. Tourism is a type of travel.

Tourism (French tourism, from tour - a walk, trip) is, on the one hand, a relatively young phenomenon, which became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other, it has deep historical roots, since travel has been known since ancient times. In the history of tourism, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

1) until the beginning of the 19th century. - elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

2) XIX century. - World War I - revolutionary changes in the development of transport, the creation of the first travel agencies;

3) the period between the two world wars - the beginning of the formation of mass tourism;

4) after the Second World War - the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

First stage defined as the prehistory of tourism. So, in ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, education, pilgrimage, treatment. In ancient Greece, sports trips were born, when residents from all over the country gathered for the Olympic Games. The early Phoenicians sailed the Mediterranean to the shores of today's Syria and Lebanon, establishing colonies there and developing trade.

In the Middle Ages, the religious nature of travel intensified. Religious convictions prompted millions of believers to make pilgrimages to shrines: Muslims to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem and Rome. Medieval churches became the dominant powers and the only recognized authority in various countries. The monasteries received travelers. Hospitality houses, as a kind of inns, were kept by religious orders.

The Renaissance and Enlightenment era weakens religious motives and enhances the individuality and educational focus of travel. Young nobles often went on a kind of "grand tour" in Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. The British, for example, began the route of such a trip in London, from where they went to France (with a long stay in Paris), and then to Italy. Their way back ran through Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands.

Until the middle of the XIX century. travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition and means to achieve the goal itself (trade, pilgrimage, broadening one's horizons), and was also distinguished by primitive means of transportation.

Second phase in the history of tourism is characterized by revolutionary changes in the development of transport. The inventions of the steamboat, steam locomotive, accompanied by the expansion of the road network, led to greater reliability and speed of movement while reducing travel costs. The improvement in the quality and reliability of transport services, coupled with their reduction in cost, as well as the gradual reduction in working hours, have caused a significant increase in the flow of travelers. In this regard, the first companies arose that specialized in serving temporary visitors. The first hotels replaced modest "guest rooms" in clergy houses, monasteries and religious missions. By the middle of the XIX century. the leisure industry is expanding its scope of activities. The first travel agencies appeared, whose tasks were to organize tourist trips and sell them to the consumer. A classic example is the group vacation tour organized by the Englishman T. Cook in 1841. The range of services included a twenty-mile train ride, tea and rolls on the train, and a brass band. T. Cook created (initially in Leicester, then in London) the first travel agencies. In 1854, following their model, K. Riesel opened the first German travel agency in Berlin. In the second half of the XIX century. tourist offices have been established in many countries around the world. Beginning in 1862, the first tourist travel catalogs appeared, reflecting the expansion of tourist demand.

World War I, Great Depression of the 30s. and World War II had a negative impact on tourism development. At the same time, it was during the period between these wars that mass tourism was born. (third stage), which flourished in the post-war decades.

After World War II, tourism becomes truly massive (fourth stage). From a luxury item, it becomes a need for the majority of the population of highly developed countries. The tourism industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organization and management. This stage is characterized by a rapid growth in the number of travelers, an increase in the number of tourist enterprises and their production volumes, the massive construction of accommodation facilities, tourist infrastructure facilities: A feature of modern tourism is a wide international exchange. At the same time, there have been significant changes in demand and supply in the market. This fact gives grounds to assert that mass conveyor tourism has transformed into mass differentiated tourism. If the first assumes impersonal services based on the homogeneity of the needs and motivations of tourists, the second is characterized by a variety of services offered and a fairly clearly expressed specialization of the tourist offer. The transformation of conveyor tourism into differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market.

With such a long history, tourism has not yet received an unambiguous definition. As the Russian scientist V.G. Saprunov, there is still no consensus on the problems of interpreting the essence of tourism and its conceptual apparatus. Meanwhile, the question of definitions, i.e. agreed and accepted as a basis definitions, concepts, terminology of tourism, is a prerequisite for understanding the phenomena and processes characteristic of tourism.

The existing definitions of tourism can be grouped into three groups.

The first includes definitions characterizing tourism as a kind of recreation (expanded reproduction of physical, intellectual and emotional forces of a person),

the system and form of spending free time by using the service sector in hikes and trips that combine active recreation and strengthening of human health with an increase in his general culture and education. In particular, in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (Appendix 1), the latter is considered as one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain regions, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sport. Such definitions are of a highly specialized nature and relate only to certain aspects of tourism or its specific features.

The second group of definitions of tourism considers it as one of the forms of population migration, connects it with the act of movement, travel, overcoming space and acts as a toolkit for tourism statistics (see § 1.2).

And, finally, the third group of definitions characterizes tourism as a complex socio-economic phenomenon, reveals its internal content, expressed in the unity of the diversity of properties and relationships (see § 1.3).

Thus, there are many definitions of tourism, revealing its various aspects. The lack of a unified approach to this issue not only complicates the study of the organization of tourism as an academic discipline, but can have adverse consequences in the practical actions of the subjects of tourist activity.

Introduction

Tourism in the imagination of most people is associated with relaxation, new impressions, pleasure. He firmly entered the life of a person with his natural desire to discover and learn unknown lands, monuments of nature, history and culture, customs and traditions of different peoples. Less well known is that tourism refers to the kind of human activity whose history begins long before the emergence of a civilized society. In every historical epoch there are elements of human activity that, in one way or another, fall under the category of tourism. Tourism plays an important role in modern society. The importance of tourism in the life of people, regions, states and in international life today cannot be overestimated. Today tourism is a powerful industry that includes various forms.

Therefore, the development of the tourism industry is an urgent topic that should be given great attention, which will be done in this course work. Consequently:

The purpose of the work is to study the tourism industry.

The subject of the course work is the tourism industry.

Object - components of the tourism industry.

Therefore, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve several problems:

Explore the concept of the tourism industry.

Consider all the components of the tourism industry.

Analyze the state of the tourism industry in the Russian Federation.

The work itself consists of two chapters. The first chapter is theoretical, which will cover the basic concepts of the industry. The second chapter is practical. It will study all segments of the industry, and will also provide recommendations on improving the tourism components in the Russian Federation.

The essence of the tourism industry and its components

hotel transport entertainment tourist

Tourism industry concept

The main purpose of this chapter is to explore the definition of the tourism industry and examine all of its different forms.

There are many definitions of the tourism industry. One of the first and most successful was given by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 1971. According to him, the tourism industry is a set of production and non-production activities aimed at creating goods and services for travelers.

With the adoption in 1996 of the Federal Law "On the Foundations of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation" legal and statistical prerequisites for the creation of the tourism industry were laid. After that, a more specific definition of the industry was given. Tourism industry - a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, catering facilities, facilities and entertainment facilities, educational, business, health, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and services of guide-translators.

Fig. 1.1.1

In addition to these enterprises, the services of tourists are also provided by those organizations that may exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists are staying. These are car rental companies, car services that provide buses for excursion services for tourists, as well as restaurants, cafes, sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, zoos and even casinos.

Thus, we can conclude that the concept of the tourism industry has many options, but not all of them accurately enough express the essence of this activity.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar documents

The current state of the global tourism industry. The tourism market in the Russian Federation. Assessment of tourist potential and prospects for the development of tourism in the Belgorod region. Analysis of the activities of the travel agency "Equator" and the development of new tourist destinations.

thesis, added 02/14/2012


The essence of ecological tourism, its criteria, principles, classification. Types of ecological tourism. Ecotourism objects: national parks, reserves and reservations. Analysis of the main trends in the development of ecological tourism in non-CIS countries.

term paper, added 02/29/2016


Analysis of world trends in tourism development. The economic impact of tourism. The state and prospects of the Russian tourist market in the structure of the world market. Problems of the development of the St. Petersburg tourism industry.

test, added 10/27/2006


The essence of tourism and the main trends in its development. State and problems of tourism development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems of personnel training for the tourism industry. Positioning of Kazakhstan in the world tourism market. Development of a tourist image.

thesis, added 12/14/2010


Domestic and international tourism. Forecast of the distribution of inbound tourism volumes by regions of the world. Competition in the tourism market as one of the most significant trends in the development of world tourism. The capacity of the Russian outbound tourism market.

test, added 05/11/2010


Concepts for the development of the tourism industry, ensuring an appropriate level of quality of tourism services. The significance and role of tourism, the composition and structure of the world and Russian markets of tourist services. Forecasts for the development of domestic and foreign tourism.

term paper, added 03/10/2012


A comprehensive study of the industry of social and cultural services and tourism in revealing its essence, identifying the main problems and development prospects. Analysis of global trends and suppliers in tourism. The current state of the tourist market in the Russian Federation.

term paper added on 12/05/2010


Disclosure of the development of the tourist potential of the Urals. Problems and trends in the development of tourism in this region. Flora and fauna of the area, unique recreational resources for the development of various types of tourism. Sights of the Ural region.

test, added 06/03/2009

Throughout its centuries-old history, mankind has been characterized by a desire to travel with the aim of developing trade, conquering and developing new lands, searching for resources, etc. Travel is a term that characterizes the movement of people in space, regardless of the purpose of such movement. Tourism is a type of travel.

Tourism is, on the one hand, a relatively young phenomenon, which became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other, it has deep historical roots, since travel has been known since ancient times. In the history of tourism, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

before the beginning of the nineteenth century - elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

19th century - World War I - revolutionary changes in the development of transport, the creation of the first travel agencies;

the period between the two world wars - the beginning of the formation of mass tourism;

after World War II - the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

The existing definitions of tourism can be grouped into three groups.

The first includes definitions characterizing tourism as a kind of recreation (expanded reproduction of physical, intellectual and emotional forces of a person), a system and form of spending free time by using the service sector in hiking and trips, which consider active recreation and strengthening of human health with an increase in his general culture and education. In particular, in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, the latter is considered as one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of exploring certain regions, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sport. Such definitions are of a highly specialized nature and relate only to certain aspects of tourism or its specific features.

The second group of definitions of tourism considers it as one of the forms of population migration, associates it with the act of movement, travel, overcoming space and acts as a toolkit for tourism statistics.

And finally, the third group of definitions characterizes tourism as a complex socio - economic phenomenon, reveals its inner content, expressed in the unity of the diversity of properties and relationships.

So, according to the definition adopted in 1954 by the United Nations, tourism is an active vacation that affects health promotion, physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence. In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and widely used in international practice. According to it, tourism covers the activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding one consecutive year, for the purpose of recreation, business and other purposes.

The goals of the trip are related to her motivation, because human behavior is always motivated. To optimize the statistics of WTO visitors, a standard classification of travel purposes has been developed, the main of which are:

• - Leisure, recreation and recreation (they account for more than 50% of tourist visits);
• - visiting friends and relatives (more than 10% of trips);
• - business and professional purposes (approximately 30% of tourist trips);
• - treatment;
• - religion and pilgrimage;
• - other purposes.

Modern economic science considers tourism as a systemic object of study, which allows, on the one hand, to identify its structure with a variety of internal connections, and on the other, to determine the nature of interaction with the external environment.

In accordance with the definition developed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, tourism as a socio - economic system is a set of relations, connections and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and not related to their labor activities.

The tourism system, according to the Swiss researcher K. Kaspar, is based on two subsystems:

• - the subject of tourism, i.e. tourist - a consumer of tourist services with all the variety of his needs and motives of behavior;
• - an object of tourism, consisting of three elements: a tourist region, tourist enterprises and tourist organizations.

It should be borne in mind that not every territory can be attributed to a tourist region. To be called such, it must meet the following basic requirements:

• - have objects of tourist interest (monuments of history and culture, museums, flora, fauna, etc.);
• - to provide services necessary to meet the needs of tourists (and necessarily of such quality that the client expects).

These services include, first of all, delivery (transport) to the region and back, providing conditions for living, eating, organizing leisure activities with an appropriate level of service.

Thus, a tourist region is a territory that has objects of tourist interest and offers a certain set of services necessary to meet the needs of tourists.

Tourism is an open system, interacting and functioning in a specific environment, represented by political, economic, social, technological and natural (environmental) factors. The latter, depending on the object under consideration, acquire their specific content, as well as varying degrees of impact on the functioning of one or another element of the system.

Being a complex socio - economic system, tourism is influenced by numerous factors, the role of which at each moment can be different both in strength and in the duration of the impact on the development of tourism. Therefore, their accounting is objectively necessary for the organization of effective tourism activities.

Consider the classification of factors affecting tourism (Fig. 1)

Seasonality occupies a special place among the factors influencing the development of tourism, which is the most important specific problem.

Seasonality is the property of tourist flows to concentrate in certain places for a short period of time. From an economic point of view, it is a recurring fluctuation in demand with alternating peaks and troughs.

Features of the seasonality of demand in tourism are as follows:

• - it differs significantly by type of tourism. Thus, educational tourism is characterized by less significant seasonal fluctuations than recreational tourism. Lower seasonal unevenness in demand is also typical for medical and business tourism;
• - different tourist regions have specific forms of seasonal unevenness of demand. Therefore, we can talk about the specifics of tourist demand in a particular locality, region, country, on a global scale. So, according to statistics, in Europe, two summer months account for up to half of all tourist trips. In countries where annual fluctuations in temperature and other climate elements are insignificant, the seasonality of tourism is less pronounced;

Fig. 1.

Seasonality in tourism is determined mainly by factors of a climatic, social and psychological nature.

Consider the most common classification of tourism in the diagram (Fig. 2).

The type of tourism is determined by the nationality of the tourists.

Fig. 2.

These types of tourism are combined in different ways, forming several categories of tourism. The listed categories (Fig. 2) can be used both for an individual country and for a tourist region. The functional classification of types of tourism is determined by the purpose of travel. In tourism practice, there is usually a combination of several types of tourism in one trip. For example, recreational and business tourism is often combined with educational tourism. Nevertheless, the above classification seems to be extremely useful for organizing and analyzing tourism activities.

There are tourism classifications based on other criteria. Some of them relate to tourist travel and allow you to describe it based on the method of organization, duration, vehicles used, and the intensity of tourist flows. Others characterize tourism from a demographic and socio-economic point of view.

An alternative classification of tourism is shown in Figure 3.

The Manila Declaration on World Tourism says: "Tourism is understood as an activity that is important in the life of peoples due to its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic areas of the life of states and their international relations." Thus, the increasing "invasion" of tourism in various spheres of society is emphasized.

Tourism has a number of economic, social and humanitarian functions.

The economic function of tourism is manifested through demand and consumption. The classification of tourism depends on the method of organization, duration of travel, age category, etc.

Fig. 3. Tourism classification (alternative to WTO classification)

The needs of tourists outside the place of permanent residence are divided into three groups:

• - basic (accommodation, travel, meals);
• - specific (the need for impressions, entertainment, business meetings, resort services);
• - additional (services of service, trade, cultural and entertainment institutions).

The specificity of tourist consumption lies in the fact that the goods are not delivered to the consumer, but vice versa. It is through consumption that tourism stimulates the economic activity of a country or a separate region. Thus, tourism develops local infrastructure, creates new jobs, initiates an inflow of foreign exchange into the country, provides receipts to the state and local budgets, and has a stimulating effect on service industries that carry out auxiliary and related activities in relation to tourism. Therefore, we can talk about the direct and indirect impact of tourism on the economy of the country (region).

The direct impact of tourism is the result of tourist spending on the purchase of tourism services and goods. Tourist expenses increase the country's income, provide replenishment of the budget through taxes, fees and other payments of enterprises of the tourism industry.

The indirect impact of tourism on the economy is known as the multiplier effect, which takes effect as tourism spending circulates in a country. The combination of direct and indirect impact of tourist spending determines the cumulative impact of tourism on the economy of a country (region). It manifests itself through the impact of tourism on the balance of payments, employment and regional development.

Tourism has a deep social function. "The social significance of tourism is due to the ability to meet one of the most important human needs - the restoration and replenishment of his physical, spiritual, emotional strength", - noted in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism.

The humanitarian function of tourism is to use its opportunities for the formation of a comprehensively developed personality. Tourism broadens a person's horizons, increases his intellect and allows you to combine relaxation with knowledge of the world around him. The social and humanitarian nature of tourism is highlighted in the Global Code of Tourism Ethics.

Since 1950, the number of international tourist arrivals has increased almost 28 times and reached 698 million in 2005. This figure is projected to double by 2020 to reach 1.6 billion people. Currently, about 80% of the world's tourists go to Europe, North and South America, while only 15% to East Asia and the Pacific and 5% to Africa, the Middle East and South Asia combined. By 2020, East Asia and the Pacific is expected to be the second most popular destination for international tourism after Europe. The development forecast made by the World Tourism Organization identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism in the 21st century, which are identified in Table 1.

Table 1 The most popular tourist destinations in the world by 2020 (according to the WTO forecast)

The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be: adventure, ecological, cultural, educational, thematic and cruises.