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Course work problems and prospects for the development of international tourism. Problems and prospects for the development of international tourist services Main features and problems of the development of world tourism

Course work problems and prospects for the development of international tourism. Problems and prospects for the development of international tourist services Main features and problems of the development of world tourism

International tourism and tourist services have been subject to international regulation since the 1920s. XX century. In 1937, the definition of "international tourism" was recommended by the Council of the League of Nations. Today, the most common is the concept of "international tourism" formulated by the UN Statistical Commission in 1993.

In the 1980 Manila Declaration on World Tourism. tourism is defined as an activity that is important in the life of peoples due to its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic areas of the life of states and their international relations.

International tourism is a special type of consumption of material and cultural goods, services and goods by temporary visitors to a given country with payment in foreign currency. We can say that this is the export of goods and services carried out within the country.

International tourism covers travel outside the country, which is associated with the observance of certain formalities (customs, currency, medical control). Distinguish between inbound and outbound tourism. Inbound tourism is travel within the country of persons not permanently residing in the country. Outbound tourism - travel of persons permanently residing in the country, but leaving for any purpose in another country.

Tourist exchanges are closely related to the crossing of the borders of various countries, the location and movement of tourists in the territories of foreign states, and this cannot but affect tourism itself and its development.

Today, international tourism is on a par, and in some countries even surpasses the oil and auto industries, which previously competed with other industries and showed the highest results.

The distribution of tourist zones in the world is extremely uneven, this is primarily due to the different levels of socio-economic development of countries and regions.

The main factors that have a direct impact on the development of outbound tourism in highly developed countries are economic and social, primarily the growth of personal incomes of citizens (potential tourists) above the limits that are necessary to meet the necessary needs.

Subjective reasons include the activities of state bodies regulating the procedure for entering and leaving the country and staying on its territory of foreign citizens, etc.

The development of international tourism in countries, mainly receiving tourists, is due to the desire to increase the inflow of foreign exchange and create new jobs. In addition, many countries are trying to solve balance of payments problems through international tourism.

Worldwide, international tourism began to develop from the 60s-70s of the twentieth century. As a result, the world tourist market was formed, in which almost all countries are participating today.

The development of tourism is taking place at a significant pace, and this is confirmed by the data of the UN World Tourism Organization - the largest intergovernmental organization, which is a specialized agency of the UN and numbers 153 countries. According to reports, as early as 2007, 846.0 million tourist arrivals were registered in the world, and receipts from international tourism amounted to 733 billion US dollars. And in 2008 this figure was 898 million tourist arrivals, which is 52 million or 6% more than in 2007.

Despite the fact that tourism has suffered less than many other industries, the crisis has affected the tourism industries of all countries. In general, if in 2008 international tourist arrivals increased by 2%, and in 2007 this growth was 6%, then in 2009 there was a decline of 2%. As for 2008, the main reason for, albeit a small, but nevertheless, growth in general for the year was the high indicators of the number of tourist arrivals in the first half of 2008. Between January and June 2008, an increase of 5% was recorded, but in the second half of the year it gave way to a decline of 1%.

During the period from January to July 2009, there was a decrease in tourist traffic (7%) all over the world, however, since the summer months, the rate of decline has slowed down. In total, 600 million visitors were registered worldwide, compared with 643 million tourists in the same period in 2008.

These results, as well as the latest indicators of economic development, confirm the forecast made initially by the UN WTO, according to which, in 2009, the world tourist flow should have decreased by 5%. Regarding 2010, the UN WTO was forecast to grow moderately. Already today, we can say that this forecast is coming true, and international tourism is steadily gaining momentum after an extremely difficult 2009. The number of international tourist arrivals increased by 7% in the first two months of 2010 worldwide, according to the latest World Tourism Barometer UNWTO. Asia, Africa and the Middle East have seen particularly tangible growth rates. But do not forget that Europe remains the most attractive region for travelers in the world.

According to UNWTO forecasts, the volume of international tourist arrivals in 2010 will increase by 3-4%.

But despite a clear improvement in the situation compared to the negative results of 2009, experts assess this growth with caution, since it is compared with the weakest period of 2009? worst months of the global economic crisis. Overall, in the first two months of 2010, the number of international tourist arrivals amounted to 119 million, which is 7% higher than in 2009, but still 2% below the record 2008.

An integral part for the development of international tourism is its legal regulation and, above all, with regard to the multilateral framework, it takes place within the framework of the UN, which is entrusted with the main task of establishing international cooperation in solving problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature. It was within the framework of the UN that the main international conventions on the legal regulation of international tourism were developed and adopted.

Among the multilateral international treaties that regulate relations in the field of tourism are the following:

Convention on Customs Concessions for Tourism of July 4, 1954 and the corresponding Protocol thereto (Additional Protocol to the Convention on Customs Concessions for Tourists on the Importation of Tourism-Related Information Documents and Materials (New York, June 4, 1954));

In addition, there are international bilateral agreements that serve to protect rights, for the development of the tourism industry. For example, with the participation of the Russian Federation, more than 40 intergovernmental bilateral agreements on cooperation in tourism are in force, including with Italy, Bulgaria, France, Cyprus, Austria, Spain, China, Cuba, Tunisia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Thailand.

The general trend is the distribution of tourist preferences, on the one hand, this is characterized by the strengthening of the position of mass tourism in developed tourist countries, and on the other, by an increase in demand for an individual or specialized tourist product. This requires constant active actions on the part of countries developing tourism, aimed at highlighting priority types of tourism products and creating conditions for achieving an acceptable ratio of their price and quality.

In order to increase international tourist arrivals, the world tourist community represented by the UNWTO has formulated the following main tasks facing countries for the next decade:

enhancing the overall responsibility and role of coordination on the part of the governments of countries relying on tourism development;

provision of security measures and timely provision of tourists with the necessary information;

increasing the role of state policy in the field of tourism;

strengthening the role of public-private partnerships;

the need for public investment in tourism development, primarily in the promotion of the tourism product and the development of tourism infrastructure.

When conducting state policy in the field of tourism, the national tourism administrations of most countries take into account the forecast for the development of tourism in the world, compiled by the World Tourism Organization. Tourism Panorama 2020 is a long-term forecast and assessment of tourism development in the first 20 years of the new millennium. The forecast covers a period of 25 years, starting from 1995, it is the baseline, and the forecasts for 2010 and 2020. Although tourism development has been irregular in the last decade, UNWTO maintains its long-term outlook for the time being. The main structural trends of the forecast did not change significantly. According to the UNWTO Tourism Panorama 2020 study, the increase in world tourist arrivals between 2000 and 2020. more than doubled (Appendix 1).

The forecast shows that by 2020 the number of international tourist arrivals should reach 1.56 billion people, of which 1.18 billion. will travel within their regions (meaning Europe, America, Africa, etc.), and only 377 million people. will make long journeys to other regions of the world.

Overall, however, during the period under review, long-distance travel to other regions of the world will grow faster than travel within their own regions. At the same time, the following distribution of tourists by region is expected: the leading place will remain with Europe - 717 million tourists, the second place will be taken by the East Asia / Pacific region - 397 million tourists, the third will be America - 282 million tourists, followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. This forecast assumes that by 2020 Russia will rank ninth in the world in terms of the number of tourist visits.

Based on the foregoing, we see that international tourism plays a huge role today for the world as a whole, for each country individually, for a person in particular. As you know, everything in the world is interconnected, and with regard to tourism, there are no exceptions. The huge incomes of the countries receiving tourists, additional jobs, the constant development of industries related to tourism, an increase in the quality of life, in addition, international tourism contributes to the educational sphere (for example, communication with foreigners helps to strengthen the knowledge of languages) and all much more belongs to the merits of tourism ... Tourism is considered to be the fastest growing sector of the economy today, as evidenced by the profitability and international tourist arrivals figures. Both are constantly increasing, tourism is developing and will continue to develop, and this cannot be denied.


RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL AGENCY BUT EDUCATION
State educational institution of higher professional education
«»
Faculty of Economics and Management
Department of Applied Economic Disciplines
COURSE WORK
By discipline: "World Economy"
On the topic: "Problems and prospects for the development of international tourism"
Is done by a student
I course 112 group
Supervisor:
2010
Plan

INTRODUCTION
The relevance of research. International tourism is growing and changing rapidly. This fact, on the one hand, opens up new opportunities, on the other, it constantly creates problems for people employed in the industry, which has now become the largest in the world.
Companies that already have experience in promoting international tourism, as well as those who want to enter this segment, are faced with the fact that the tourism industry is changing.
Improving living standards and expanding opportunities for free movement around the world generate millions of new international tourists;
New services are offered to attract tourists. Carrier companies began to provide more diversified amenities and offer new exotic routes in the hope of transferring some of the financial flows from the growing business. Entrepreneurs, trying to expand their business, are developing new combinations that allow combining shopping with leisure, education with enlightenment, business with a cultural program, etc.
Modern information technologies open up new avenues for trade in services, booking places, as well as exploring various tourist centers (destinations) and attractions. The popularity of cruise tourism has grown tremendously. All-inclusive vacation tours are becoming popular again.
It is important to note that in the 21st century, the international tourism business has changed, expanded and transformed.
The tourism industry is so large and diverse, and changes are taking place so quickly that the emergence of something new in any one corner of the world can become a development trend at the other end of the world, inevitably transforming and changing along the way in accordance with the characteristics of perception and methods of implementation. inherent in different cultures on the globe.
All of the above determined the relevance of the study.
Object of study: international tourism.
Subject of study: The impact of tourism on socio-economic development, problems of international tourism, prospects for its development.
Purpose of the study: study the development trends of international tourism.
The following tasks were set:
- to give a definition of the concept of tourism;
- consider the classification of international tourism;
- consider the development of international tourism in Russia and the world:
- to analyze the state of international tourism at the present stage.
- find out the prospects for the development of international tourism
In accordance with the purpose of the work and the tasks set, the work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. To write this work, I studied various theoretical sources, including textbooks, scientific publications.

1. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: ESSENCE AND CLASSIFICATION

1.1 DEFINITION OF TOURISM

Tourism is understood as one of the forms of population migration that is not associated with a change of residence or work. The need to define it arose in the first half of the 20th century. and was due to the widespread increase in tourist flows, the growing economic importance of tourism and, as a result, attempts to statistically record travelers.
One of the earliest definitions of a tourist belonged to the League of Nations Committee of Experts on Statistics (1937). It received international recognition and basically survived to this day with some later amendments. In recent decades, the problem of the definition of a tourist was discussed at the meetings of the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (Dublin, 1950; London, 1957), at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel (Rome, 1963), the WTO Congress (Manila, 1986 g.), the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism (The Hague, 1989), etc., which indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the definition of a tourist, as well as the desire to make it more complete and accurate, taking into account new trends and phenomena.
Currently, in international practice, the definition developed by the International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics (Ottawa, 1991) and approved by the WTO and the UN Statistical Commission is widely used. According to him, tourist -this is a visitor, i.e. “A person who travels and stays in places outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months for any purpose other than engaging in paid-for-source activities in the place visited».
With the development of scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systemic object of study. Working definitions, limited by a narrow sectoral framework, do not reveal the whole variety of internal and external relations of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual, or essential, definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.
In the scientific literature on tourism, there is no unambiguous definition of it. But despite the difference in wording, all authors include in the concept of "tourism" tourist needs and motivations, peculiarities of the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, economic relations between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism industry with the surrounding natural, economic and other macro environments. The essential definition of tourism, proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism, has become widespread among specialists. According to him, tourism is "a set of relations and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work."
In the domestic literature, the fundamental model of the territorial recreational system was developed in the mid-70s by a group of scientists led by prof. V.S. Preobrazhensky and was further developed in the works of prof. NS. Mironenko and I.T. Tverdokhlebova.
In order to understand the whole multitude of intricate processes taking place in tourism as an economic system, we will present it as a cyclical model with a continuous sequence of acts of production and consumption of tourist products. To avoid overloading the model, we abstract from the physical flow and focus on cash flow.
Knowledge of the nature and functions of various elements of this system, as well as the existing connections between them, allows us to understand its behavior, to reveal the mechanism of functioning. Two sectors can be distinguished. The first is the visitors sector. They act as buyers for tourism demand. Each person strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible, including in rest. He expresses the demand for travel by paying for tourism goods and services. Spending money, the visitor "votes" with banknotes for the further development of tourism.
The sellers confront the visitors. Producers of goods and services form a tourist offer. They acquire production resources (labor, land, capital), combine them in the production of tourism products and realize the created benefits to visitors, receiving income from sales. Once consumed, goods and services complete their cycle, followed by a new one - as a result of the reuse of existing production factors.
Expansion of tourist activity, arrangement of new recreational areas, construction of resort complexes require large capital investments. As a rule, large projects are financed from different sources. State structures, private financial institutions (national and foreign), international organizations, etc., take part in their implementation on a shared basis.
The growth in capital investment and the increase in real output caused by the increase in tourist demand are sure signs of revitalization of economic activity. The growth momentum that originated in tourism is transmitted along the chain to other sectors of the economy. Investment activity unfolds in them, new jobs are created, trade turnover expands and, as a result, incomes increase - wages, rent, interest and profit. Part of the income received, which also tends to grow, goes to the state in the form of taxes. In addition, the treasury is replenished by import customs duties. The funds collected in this way can again be used to finance tourism projects, to provide material assistance in organizing recreation for socially vulnerable groups of the population, to develop a system of professional training for tourist personnel, etc.
By allocating funds for new construction and capital refurbishment of tourism facilities, the government and other investors seek to benefit from the provision of loans. They expect to return the invested capital and interest on it on time. Material interests force investors to seek the best credit conditions. To this end, they enter foreign tourist markets, becoming exporters of capital. All this gives reason to consider tourism as a market system.
Tourism is a complex entity. As something whole, it appears primarily in relations with the surrounding macroenvironments: political, economic, social, technological and environmental. The outside world actively influences tourism, in some cases opening up wide opportunities for it, in others - threatening new dangers. With a view to sustainable development, he is forced to adapt to changes in the external environment.

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM

There are many classifications of tourism. They differ in the very understanding of this phenomenon, principles of construction, applied problems of classification, etc. The main thing is the division of tourism into international and domestic.
International tourism covers travel by travelers for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. Crossing the state border for them is associated with certain formalities: the registration of foreign passports and visas, the passage of customs procedures, foreign exchange and medical control. These rules are introduced by the state in order to combat illegal migration, international terrorism, drug trafficking, prostitution, etc. and provide established procedures for entering and leaving the country. Special services check the compliance of travelers with the passport and visa regime, requirements for vaccination (vaccinations), the rules and conditions for transporting things, goods, foreign currency across the border and currency exchange operations.
Another feature of international tourism is economic in nature and is revealed through the influence that international tourism has on the country's balance of payments. Foreign tourists, paying for goods and services, ensure the flow of currency into the budget of the host country and thereby activate its balance of payments. Therefore, the arrival of foreign tourists is called active tourism. On the contrary, the departure of tourists is associated with the outflow of the national currency from the country of their permanent residence. International payments for tourist transactions of this kind are recorded in the liabilities of the balance of payments of the country - the supplier of tourists, and tourism itself is called passive.
The division into active and passive, based on the features of the reflection of financial results of tourism activities in the balance of payments, is inherent only in international tourism and does not apply to domestic tourism.
In international tourism, there are two forms of it - inbound and outbound, which differ in the direction of the tourist flow. The same tourist can be classified as entering and leaving at the same time, depending on the country in relation to which his movement is described. Distinguish between the country of origin of the tourist, which he leaves, and the country of destination where he arrives. In the first case, we are talking about outbound tourism, in the second - about inbound tourism. These terms are used to refer to overseas travel at the start of the trip. On the way back, the tourist simply returns home.
Domestic tourism, unlike international, is not associated with crossing the state border and, therefore, does not require compliance with tourist formalities. It represents the migration flows of people within the country of permanent residence for tourist purposes. The national currency, used on a daily basis, continues to be a medium of circulation, and the tourist's native language is a means of communication. Such trips are relatively easy to organize. According to some estimates, domestic tourism accounts for 80 - 90% of all tourist trips, and the total expenditure on domestic tourism is 5 to 10 times higher than the cost of tourists on international travel.
Despite significant differences, international and domestic types of tourism are closely related to each other. Domestic tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for international tourism. It contributes to the development of new recreational resources and areas, the creation of a basic tourist infrastructure, the training of specialists, and thereby contributes to the integration processes and the formation of a single world tourist space.
Recently, there has been some convergence of international and domestic tourism, which is due to the simplification of tourist formalities. A positive example of a solution to this problem is provided by the United Europe. In June 1985, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France and Luxembourg signed an agreement in Schengen on the phased abolition of passport and customs controls for their citizens at common borders. Over the past period, other European countries have joined the Schengen Agreement, and additions and clarifications have been made to its text: the external borders of the EU are clearly and unambiguously defined, uniform consular rules, norms and procedures for crossing the EU borders have been established in order to preserve and strengthen public security. The conclusion of the Schengen Agreement, and then the Maastricht Treaty, became a significant stage on the path of the formation of military-political and monetary-economic unions of 12 European states. The transition to a common monetary unit - the ecu, the free movement of goods, capital, services and labor, i.e. the actual abolition of borders, opens up broad prospects for the further growth of tourist exchanges.
With the creation of a single visa area, bright prospects for the tourism business are opening up in France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria, as well as Italy and Greece. An increase in tourist arrivals to these countries from remote regions - Asia-Pacific and others is expected. A decisive factor in the expansion of tourist flows to the EU is saving money and time on travel.
Domestic, inbound and outbound tourism can be combined in different ways, forming, in addition to international, national tourism and tourism within the country.
National tourism includes domestic and outbound tourism and is related to the category of national production (gross national product).
Tourism within the country covers domestic and inbound tourism and corresponds to the total domestic tourism consumption, i.e. total expenses of domestic and foreign tourists.
The concepts of international, national tourism and tourism within a country, proposed by the WTO, can be used at all four levels: global (on a planetary scale), regional (in relation to a group of countries), country and local (within the boundaries of a particular region of a country. ).
Another classification of tourism is based on the purpose of travel. It is controversial. Researchers disagree about the sectoral structure of tourism. Most of the authors are unanimous on the main point and distinguish between travel for the purpose of entertainment and recreation, on the one hand, and business tourism, on the other, which correspond to different patterns of behavior of visitors.
Travel for entertainment and recreation forms the basis of international tourist exchange. They account for about 70% of world tourism. They combine recreational, educational, amateur sports trips, etc.
Trips to the sun and the sea are still in high demand among the population. Bathing and beach recreation is traditionally considered the best way to relieve nervous and physical fatigue, regenerate strength and energy. However, health tourism is undergoing significant changes. The fashion for seaside resorts is passing, tourist flows are being reoriented. There is a growing interest in mountain travel and adventure travel.
An integral part of any vacation is acquaintance with historical and cultural sights, visiting theaters, museums, and ultimately expanding the public horizons. A person has a special gravitation towards culture, history, religion, traditions and the way of life of peoples. A more complete understanding of these aspects of human life is formed as a result of direct contacts with the local population, which become possible thanks to tourism. Taking into account the scale and importance of educational tourism, most researchers classify it as one of the leading sub-branches of tourism, along with health and sports.
Business tourism covers travel for business purposes without generating income at the place of business. Unlike travel on vacation, the decision on a business trip, the sources and amount of its financing is taken, as a rule, not by the tourists themselves, but by other persons (chief of service, head of the company).
Organized and unorganized tourism. Tourists meet their needs in different ways. They can receive an appropriate set of services with the mediation of a travel company or without its participation, pay for a trip with a comprehensive service in advance or each service separately as it is used on the spot. Strictly regulated travel offered by travel agencies and carried out usually on a prepaid basis is called organized tourism. Organized tourists purchase tours on pre-agreed routes, periods of stay, the volume of services provided through a special tourist sales apparatus. Some of them prefer tours with an integrated service, others are limited to partial tourist services (having bought, for example, a currency exchange only for meals).
Unlike organized tourists, unorganized tourists are not bound by any mutual obligations with various intermediaries, primarily travel companies. They travel on the principles of self-service and self-service. A typical example of unorganized tourism is hitchhiking, using passing cars as a means of transportation. Unorganized recreation is widespread.
Individual and group tourism. Depending on the number of tourists simultaneously and jointly traveling along the same route, tourism is divided into individual (from one to five people) and group (six to seven people or more).
Group travel is usually organized based on the common interests of the participants. These can be tours of archaeological, art history or historical topics, group trips organized by lovers of ski walks or safari, trips for production purposes, etc.
The classification of tourism is of great scientific and practical importance. It allows you to streamline knowledge and gain a deeper understanding of the essence of world tourist exchange. With the change in the requirements for the volume and quality of tourist services, and the emergence of new types and forms of tourist activity, it is constantly in the process of improvement and cannot be considered final.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
2.1 DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND ITS CURRENT STATE.
International tourist relations have become an integral part of the general process of internationalization of socio-economic relations. By now, in many countries, the tourism industry has been formed and is developing quite steadily.
The tourism industry is multifaceted. Many enterprises, firms and organizations are involved in serving tourists. Among tourism organizations, there are tour operators engaged in the production of a tourist product, and then selling it through travel agencies, which are an extensive retail network. The emergence of a business of tour operators is due to the fact that with the increasing opportunities for offering hotel and restaurant services, as well as in connection with the construction of new large tourist and resort centers, a tourist, having bought a tour that includes only accommodation and meals, does not have the opportunity to fully relax. Obviously, larger sums of money are spent by tourists on leisure and entertainment activities. In addition, tourists are not averse to going in for sports, getting additional resort, household and other services. Involving organizations, enterprises and firms that provide such services in the field of tourist services, completing a variety of thematic tours with a special set of services is one of the main tasks of tourist entrepreneurship.
There are many tour operators operating in international tourism. Currently, such firms are represented on the market in the form of small, medium-sized enterprises, as well as large corporations.
Currently, there is an active penetration of the capital of individual companies into foreign tourism markets. And with the introduction of the European single market, which provides for the free movement of capital, this process will go even more intensively. The percentage of foreign participation in travel agencies in Holland, Belgium, Austria and Spain is especially high. On the contrary, French, Italian and British companies are showing reluctance to let outsiders into their markets.
The most widely spread their influence are German tour operators, controlling a number of the largest firms outside their country. For example, the TUI concern has subsidiaries Terra Reisen in Austria and Ambassador Tour in Spain, a joint venture with the Austrian national airline, the travel agency Turopa. The concern owns 40% of shares in the company "Arke Raitsep" (Netherlands) and 46% in the French "Horus Tour". The second largest concern in Germany, NUR-Turistic, owns subsidiaries of the same name in Holland, Austria, Belgium and has a 25% stake in the Spanish company Iberodjet.
Other well-known tour operators include: American Express, Carlson (USA); Thomson Touring Travel, Owners Ebroad Group, Ayrtours, Cook Travel Agency (Great Britain); Nouvelle Frontiers, Club Meditterand, Voyage (France); Scandinavian companies: Spice, Nordisk; Swiss: Interhome, Kuoni and many others.
Along with tour operators in developed tourist countries, there are many travel agencies, covering a large consumer market, making each other market competition. Currently, the average ratio of the number of travel agencies to the number of residents in the most developed tourist countries fluctuates around 1 / 10,000. This is a fairly high figure: there is one tourist office per 1,000 inhabitants. For example, in Great Britain this figure is approximately 1:10 thousand, in the USA - 1:14 thousand, in Belgium - 1:10 thousand, in the Netherlands - 1: 13.5 thousand.
This indicator is recognized as optimal, since, on the one hand, a fairly wide network of travel agencies makes the tourist sales market a consumer market, and on the other hand, competition, quite tough, still does not take too complex forms. Another characteristic feature of the tourist market at the present stage is the concentration of production through the enlargement of individual production units and concentration within the framework of a monopoly association of a large number of enterprises.
An example of the concentration of manufacturing in tourism is the emergence of hotel chains. The formation of hotel chains plays a certain role, it allows us to promote high standards of service to the world market of hotel services, and also contributes to the support of hotel services for tourists.
A large number of international hotel chains are owned by the United States. For example, luxury chains: Hyatt, Hilton, West Inn, and middle class chains: Holiday Inn, Marriott, Sheraton, Ramada.
In addition to American hotel chains, such chains as Assor (France), Transthouse Fort (Great Britain), Club Meditrans (France), and Gionp Sol (Spain) are known in the world.
The concentration of production in the tourism industry contributed to the use of electronic computers and the introduction of automation in management. Today, automated systems are used to book hotel rooms, air and train tickets, car rental and other travel services. The use of automated control systems has led to a reduction in production costs by reducing administrative and management costs, as well as simplifying the booking procedure.
Over the past decades, there have been significant changes in the world's tourism industry. For example, in 1950 there were 25.3 million arrivals in the world, in 1995 - 600 million arrivals, and in 2008 already 922 million. By now, tourism has developed significantly throughout the world. True, in different regions its growth was uneven. The extremely high rate of development of world tourism has been reduced by the economic crisis.
Table 1. Number of visits in 2009 compared to the same period in 2008.

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DYNAMICS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT DURING THE XX CENTURY

In the twentieth century. all types of tourism developed organically. The development of transport went on at a very fast pace in the last century, which had an extremely favorable effect on the development of tourism. By 1900, railways could offer all the comforts of modern living: electric lighting, steam heating, dining carriages, and sleeping cars that include bathrooms. But since the 20s. XX century its main competitor is the car.

Until 1940, travel abroad was carried out mainly by water transport. On five or six-day voyages to New York or shorter voyages from mainland Europe to England, Class I and II passengers were offered gourmet cuisine and all kinds of entertainment programs. From the second half of the twentieth century. they prefer to travel long distances by plane.

But at the same time, international and urban bus routes combined into extensive networks are more popular than trains and planes combined. The bus industry generates billions of dollars annually by transporting travelers long and short distances. In the past two decades, the bus industry has begun to focus on the development of tour-related programs.

There are several types of tours. These include charter ones, which, as a rule, are used by clubs and organizations to serve school evenings, sports events, visits to museums, shopping centers, etc. Air travel began in 1935, and became widespread since the mid-1950s. s., when regular passenger routes appeared. And if earlier airlines were classified as local, regional, national and international, now they are based on annual turnover. The largest of them, for example ICAO, IATA, have an annual turnover exceeding USD 1 billion.

Youth tourism has always been one of the most active components in the field of tourist business. Youth tourism issues are supervised, in particular, by the International Federation of Young Travelers' Organizations, which emerged in 1951 under the auspices of UNESCO. In the second half of the twentieth century. popularity began to acquire such types of tourism as youth, "third age", pilgrimage. In general, by the end of the twentieth century. tourism has developed significantly all over the world.

Section 8

Regionalization of international tourism. Experts of the World Tourism Organization, based on a thorough study of the geography and state of tourism in the countries of the world, grouped them according to the similarities not only of the natural-geographical, socio-cultural, but also the common political and socio-economic situation in these countries. 6 world tourist regions were identified.

  1. European - all European countries, as well as all countries of the former Soviet Union, including the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. This also includes the Mediterranean region, which includes countries such as Turkey, Cyprus and Israel.
  2. Asia-Pacific - all countries of North and South-East Asia, as well as Australia and all countries of Oceania.
  3. South Asian - all countries of South Asia.
  4. Middle Eastern - the countries of western and southwestern Asia, as well as Egypt and Libya.
  5. African - all African countries, with the exception of Egypt and Libya.
  6. American - all countries of the Americas, as well as all island countries and territories of the Caribbean.

The importance of the geopolitical environment for the formation of tourist flows. Currently, international tourism is developing in accordance with certain laws and taking into account the influence of certain factors, among which natural-climatic and socio-economic factors are of great importance, including the level of development and structure of the production and non-production sphere of a certain region, standard of living, political stability; demographic; infrastructural, which are determined by the level of development of industrial and social infrastructure; as well as geopolitical factors.

It is clear that any destabilization of the political situation in the country leads to an instant reduction in tourist flows, since tourists do not want to expose themselves to danger, especially in an unfamiliar environment. The geopolitical factor seriously affects the development of tourism in each specific region. The WTO expresses concern about political instability in some countries, as in such conditions the personal safety of tourists is threatened.

WTO experts identified three types of destabilization of the tourism industry, which is caused by political reasons or a threat to the personal safety of tourists. First, it is a global long-term destabilization caused by military action or continuous terrorist attacks. An example of this are countries or territories such as Lebanon, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Uganda, Algeria, Afghanistan, Israel. Military conflicts in a short time destroy the developed tourism industry, as recently happened in the former Yugoslavia, Iraq and other countries of the world. Other extreme circumstances, such as hostile propaganda or a short-term political crisis, can also contribute to this. Regional wars sometimes not only interfere with the development of tourism, suspending tourist flows, but also directly contribute to the destruction of the tourist resources of their countries. Military conflicts in the Middle East have affected tourist flows - they have sharply decreased, despite the abundance of historical, cultural and religious monuments. The same thing happened in Lebanon due to the escalation of tensions in the region. Before the outbreak of the war in 1975, tourism revenues gave Lebanon 20% of the total gross national product, in 1996 - less than 8%. Algeria was almost completely closed to tourists - the terror of local Islamists made the stay of foreigners in the country deadly.

The decline in tourism occurs not only in the countries of the Islamic region, but also in prosperous Europe as a whole. The tourist infrastructure in the republics of the former Yugoslavia, in particular, was one of the most developed in Europe. The civil war, which lasted 5 years, practically destroyed the tourism business of Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina. There has been a sharp decline in the volume of tourist flows, as well as their reorientation from the European Mediterranean to other regions of the world.

Secondly, the development of the tourism industry is negatively impacted by constant tension and uncertainty in tourist routes. Outbreaks of violence, religious extremism in Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Peru, South Africa, the Philippines or Turkey can lead to destabilization and redistribution of tourist flows in favor of quieter countries.

Today's Egypt is practically the only Muslim country open to mass tourism. Of course, there are a number of problems associated with Islamic traditions.

And finally, thirdly, even isolated phenomena of terrorism, short-term riots can lead to destabilization of tourism, as was the case during the unrest in China, France, Japan, Great Britain. The suppression of a student demonstration in Tiananmen Square in China in 1989, a bomb explosion at London Heathrow airport, the spraying of poisonous sarin gas by sectarians in Tokyo in 1996, a series of explosions in the Paris subway in 1996-1997, hostage-taking by terrorists at Nord -Oste ”in Moscow (2002), explosions on the island of Bali (2002) - these and many other cases of terrorism negatively affected the development of tourism and led to a decline in the tourist flow. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 seriously exacerbated the international situation and for the first time since the notorious 1982, marked by the military crisis in Poland, the war in the Falklands, the armed conflict between Israel and Lebanon, the oil crisis, there was a decrease in international tourist profits.

Thus, tourism in countries experiencing serious political unrest or civil war cannot exist until the situation stabilizes. In case of less serious geopolitical circumstances, governments and leaders of the tourism industry can find a way out of the crisis, form state or international programs for the development of tourism.

The problem of ecology of modern tourism. Tourism as a form of human activity is associated with the performance of certain functions. Tourist trips contribute to the development of new forms of behavior, provide an opportunity to test their abilities, for example, the ability to adapt to a non-urbanized environment, extreme conditions, dangerous situations. International tourism organizations noted that in 2000 the demand for tourism related to visiting cultural and historical attractions continued to grow, with the state of the environment in the host country being one of the dominant factors in the formation of the tour. People strive to find themselves in ecologically clean places, rich in cultural and historical monuments. The most attractive places for tourists are places with "positive" energy. But the tourist must also take good care of nature and monuments of history and culture.

Here is a typical example. In the picturesque places of France, Spain, practically next to the beaten tourist routes, there are caves with the most ancient rock paintings. Most of the discovered and explored monuments of rock art, and to date there are more than 140 known, are concentrated in the Franco-Cantabria region - in the mountains of southern France and northern Spain, as well as in the province of Dordogne in France. In Spain, such caves and grottos as the famous Altamira, Castillo, Pasiega, Covalanas, Pindal attract the attention of researchers. In the French part of the Pyrenees, the most famous are the Nio Cave with the famous Black Salon, the Isturlitz Cave with a five-meter relief of a reindeer and reliefs of other animals and the Three Brothers Cave named after its explorers with a mysterious image of an anthropomorphic figure with animal ears, tail, antlers, and a number of other caves. In the valley of the Weser River, the von de Gaume cave is well known, on the walls of which, according to experts, the best painting of the Paleolithic era. In the south of France, there is also a whole complex of cave galleries: Lascaux, Combarel, La Moute.

Archaeological research on the territory of the former USSR brought interesting discoveries. On the territory of Russia, in the Kapova Cave (in Bashkir Shulgan-Tash), the most ancient drawings were found. The visual complex of the Kapova Cave, according to experts, is close in style to the Franco-Cantabrian primitive art, the monuments of which are located many thousands of kilometers away in Western Europe. The cultural value of samples of Paleolithic art is beyond doubt. It is all the more sad to realize that the caves (especially the Ural ones) suffered from the barbaric actions of man, which led to the fact that almost all monuments of primitive culture are closed to tourists.

Tourism development has its downside. By invading nature, man has a definite effect on it. Sometimes it is destructive. It is known how much inconvenience “hordes” of photo safari lovers can cause in national reserves and parks. On the coasts of many resort areas, which are built up with small campgrounds and huge hotels, numerous entertainment complexes, clear signs of natural degradation are visible.

The increasing flows of tourists who want to "have a cultural time", with a careless uncivilized attitude towards the property of the host countries, are forcing their governments to take restrictive measures, as has been done, for example, in relation to the Colosseum and the Acropolis. Many countries with a developed tourism industry are constantly increasing their spending on environmental and cultural conservation activities. UNESCO in the second half of the XX century. proposed to develop a program for the preservation of cultural monuments from tourists. One of the members of the international tourism organization sadly remarked on this occasion: “Perhaps it would be ideal to make several million people remain“ culturally underdeveloped ”and never see La Gioconda.” The barbaric, negligent attitude of tourists to the heritage of the countries they visit is a serious problem, the solution of which is possible only with the help of fostering a culture of communication in a person, including with nature, i.e. ecological culture.

The impact of tourism on the socio-cultural environment. Tourism cannot but affect the life of the local population, its activities, social behavior, culture. Modern international tourism contributes to active social and cultural transformations in different countries of the world. It contributes to the transition from the traditional way of life to modern forms of post-industrial society with all its inherent attributes. This can lead to certain conflicts with long-term cultural practices. Unfortunately, the development of tourist contacts is accompanied by an increase in crime, prostitution, including child prostitution, alcohol and drug consumption. The International Labor Organization estimates that the tourism industry does not always legally employ between 3 million and 19 million children and adolescents.

Recently, the concept of "culture shock" has come up quite often. The signs of culture shock can be observed in those travelers who first find themselves on vacation in a completely unfamiliar country. It is possible to minimize such a reaction of a traveler if he is prepared for a meeting with another socio-cultural reality, preliminary informed about the basic norms of behavior in public places, etc.

Representatives of the local population can experience similar reactions when their territory suddenly becomes a place of pilgrimage for foreign tourists. The situation of cultural shock is often provoked by the flagrant ignorance of tourists, their ignorance of local customs, traditions, religious and everyday characteristics, which leads to cultural misunderstanding and rejection of the parties, and an increase in tension. In this case, the organizers of tourist activities must take certain measures to neutralize this syndrome among residents. These facts force to form a tourism strategy that would have a beneficial effect on the culture of the host countries. The number of specific tasks, according to experts, should include socio-economic and cultural innovations. It is necessary to replace the culture of intensive consumption in tourism with a culture of reasonable growth, to balance economic and environmental factors of influence, to identify and take into account the common interests of tourists and the local population, and also to distribute the profits from tourism among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest and most disadvantaged categories. population.

Cultural tourism of our time. Intensive urbanization processes, manifested in the acceleration of the pace of life, intense professional activity against the background of developing hypodynamia and a reduction in interpersonal contacts, lead to the formation of rigid stereotypes of the life of a modern person, which have a detrimental effect on his physical condition and psyche, contributing to the emergence of stressful situations. It is quite difficult for a person to maintain the pace of life in today's cities, and he has a need to change the environment in order to restore physical and spiritual strength. Tourism performs a compensatory function in relation to a sedentary, predominantly urban lifestyle. Tourism helps a person to combine recreation with knowledge of life, history, culture of other nations. However, it should be noted that tourism is as complex and multifaceted concept as culture. For some, tourism is a journey for the sake of entertainment, the art of satisfying a wide variety of needs that induce a person to leave from time to time their inhabited world. For others, it is a matter of state importance, connected with attracting large investments to the country's economy and contributing to the prestige of the state.

Many types of modern tourism are focused on getting to know other peoples and their cultures. At the same time, a special place is occupied by cultural tourism - a new type of tourist activity, a modern form of intercultural communication.

Cultural tourism is a form of interaction, cultural exchange, which presupposes purposeful immersion in the cultural environment in order to master it.
Cultural tourism is based on the need to get to know the culture of both one's own people and the peoples of other countries. Travels in this case act as a means of familiarizing people with universal human values ​​through their own inner experience, through individual emotional experiences. They make it possible to perceive the cultural picture of the world in the unity of feeling and thought. Consequently, a feature of cultural tourism is the formation of a holistic view of history and culture, contributing to the development of dialogue and interaction between cultures.

In 2000, the St. Petersburg Economic Forum was held, where a round table "Culture and Tourism: Development Strategy and International Cooperation" was held, where recommendations were proposed for the development of tours that purposefully introduce the achievements of Russian and world civilizations. One of the programs provided for the formation of a complex of tours dedicated to the celebration of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg in 2003.

Professional education in the tourism and hospitality industry. For the first time, the word "tourism" in the title of an American curriculum appeared in
1963 at the University of Michigan. But by this time in the United States and in other countries there was already a system of training and advanced training of personnel for tourism and the hospitality system.

The World Tourism Organization published in 1992 the first world directory of educational tourism institutions, which included more than 130 tourism educational programs in 77 countries of the world. But only 10 of them were awarded the official international quality mark and were supported by the WTO.

In the second half of the XX century. several European and international organizations have been created that deal with the support and development of national and international vocational education systems. These include the Association of Hospitality and Catering Schools, a pan-European organization created in 1989 on the basis of the Hotel Business School in Coxijde (Belgium). The main activities of this association are the organization of annual conferences for cooperation between educational institutions and representatives of the hotel and restaurant business; organization of seminars for teachers and European exams in order to obtain a European Diploma in Management. The association includes about 80 educational institutions of this profile from various European countries. The governing body is the Board of Directors, composed of representatives of the respective countries. In 1991, the European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) was established in the Netherlands. This association currently has over 70 members from 50 countries around the world.
Its headquarters are at Tilburg University. ATLAS annually organizes and conducts international conferences, creates a database of research programs and professional educational programs in the field of tourism and leisure, exchanges student and youth groups between members of the association, develops international cooperation in this area, etc. The WTO also pays great attention to issues of vocational education ... In June 2002 in Madrid, the WTO Council on Education emphasized that professional development is a key element in ensuring quality and competitiveness. The WTO Council on Education includes about 100 universities, business schools and training centers around the world, which allows it to act as the competent body of the WTO, which develops programs for solving the problems of tourism education. In addition to short-term courses, research activities in the field of vocational education extend to the development of innovative technologies in the field of education quality.

The influence of global processes on the state of modern tourism. Tourism is closely linked to trends in overall economic development. Economic ups and downs affect the tourism market, although in each individual country this can manifest itself in its own way. The tourist market is very sensitive to economic changes taking place both in the world as a whole and in a particular region.

Starting from the Great Depression of the 1930s to modern energy crises, fluctuations in the indicators of tourism activity and the development of the hotel industry practically coincide with the rise in energy prices, the fall in national currencies, with an increase in unemployment among the population and other negative factors in the economy, since changes in prices for tourism and a tourist product is determined both by the income of potential tourists and by the factors of pricing for these products and services. Second half of the XX century. was a period when prices for tourism products rose more slowly than inflation. The growth in the flow of travelers was also facilitated by the production of more spacious and comfortable aircraft, as well as measures taken by international and national tourism organizations to develop the tourism market.

Demographic and social changes in the structure of society also affect the volume and forms of demand for a tourist product. In economically developed countries, in which the welfare of the population is increasing, the number of people who want and can spend money and time on travel is increasing. Certain surges and falls in the birth rate have led to a drop in the population aged 15–20, and there are more middle-aged and older people with great financial opportunities. The increase in life expectancy as a result of increased concern for people's health is noted, for example, in Japan. If in 1970 people over 65 years old accounted for about 7% of the population, then by the end of the century this figure increased by more than 15%. In Japan, the number of working women is growing, who, providing family income, become potential tourists. The tourist services market is also influenced by such trends of modern society as late marriages and an increase in the number of childless married couples. Changes in the social model, such as a reduction in immigration restrictions, an increase in the duration of paid vacations, and earlier retirement, also contribute to the development of the tourism market.

By the end of the XX century. in developed countries, the cultural and educational level of the population is increasing. This is accompanied by the emergence of a persistent trend towards intercultural communication, towards the expansion of scientific, sports, scientific and technical, business and other ties. The latest communication technologies make possible contacts with almost all regions of the world, in all spheres of communication. The world is becoming extremely cosmopolitan, which is having an impact on the tourism business.

In October 1997, the 12th General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) was held in Istanbul. The report “Tourism - Panorama of 2020” was presented at it, in which the main trends in the development of world tourism were noted, including the strengthening of the competition between regions in attracting tourists; continued concentration of production of services and goods in tourism; active promotion of the capital of a number of travel companies to foreign markets, as well as the modernization of the production technology of tourism services, the introduction of new communication systems and computer technologies in the tourism and hospitality industry.

Tourism can contribute to the economic development of countries, subject to environmental standards. As an independent industry, tourism is subject to processes characteristic of the entire world economy. Rationally using historical and cultural monuments in combination with natural resources, international tourism contributes to an increase in the level of employment of the population, stimulates the growth of production of many goods and services. Now tourism employs 12% of the working-age population, spending on it is more than 11% of the world GNP. In tourism, a new job is created every 2.5 seconds. The number of tourists is also growing rapidly (since 1950, their number has increased more than 20 times). Determining the prospects for the development of inbound and outbound tourism as generally good, experts from international and national tourism organizations note that the further fate of international tourism depends on the economic and geopolitical situation in the world, socio-demographic changes that cannot but affect the tourism and hospitality industry.

and hunting, cruise), and in parallel - the publication of a small-format booklet "Basic Information for Tourists" (useful information for foreigners). The advertising campaign should be supported by advertising posters, tourist maps of Russia and individual regions, distributed not only at exhibitions, but also through foreign tourism offices. The revival of information and advertising offices abroad also remains one of the top priorities in the development of inbound tourism. At the same time, it is necessary to create a database of potential mass users, tour operators and travel agents, for whom targeted mailing of advertising products should be carried out. The practice of conducting study tours to tourist centers in Russia for foreign journalists should also be resumed.

2. Underdeveloped tourist infrastructure. The average depreciation rate of the Russian hotel base is 69.4%. Taking this into account, it can be assumed that out of 2,500 tourist class hotels, only 765 are in more or less satisfactory condition, the rest are in need of reconstruction and repair. Only 22% of Russian hotels meet international standards, i.e. can qualify for the accommodation of foreign tourists. With an average number of rooms

The moat in one hotel is 250-300, the hotel fund in Russia, suitable for the normal accommodation of tourists, can be estimated at 42-50 thousand rooms. At the same time, according to experts, only St. Petersburg needs 30 thousand tourist numbers.

class. The total Russian demand is estimated at 500-600 thousand rooms, or about 2 thousand hotels. Their construction requires from 10 to 20 billion dollars.

In addition to hotels, it should be noted the lack of large mass objects of the modern entertainment industry (water parks, theme parks, etc.). The problem of bad roads, the deterioration of the transport base and the shortage of comfortable buses also remain relevant.

3. Lack of practice in the creation by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of favorable conditions for investment in tourist accommodation facilities and other tourist infrastructure.

4. Visa regime unfavorable for tourist visits to the country. The inflated cost of visas, the long terms of their issuance and other consular rules complicate visits to Russia by foreign tourists, who often decide to travel for a short time a few days before the planned departure date.

5. Low level of service, discrepancy between the prices of the services offered and the quality of these services (especially in terms of accommodation conditions, meals and transportation). Service that meets international standards can only be provided by upscale hotels in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, their services are extremely expensive, and only one-sixth of the guests of the capital can use them. Representatives of the upper class occupy a large share among tourists visiting Russia from Germany (43%), the Netherlands (41%), Great Britain (37%). At the same time, representatives of the middle class predominate in the total tourist flow of almost all countries: Germany - 45%, Great Britain - 51, France - 32, Italy - 59, Netherlands - 40%. The opinion of foreign tourists who prefer comfortable living and service conditions about Russian tourism does not contribute to the formation of an attractive image of the country. In the catalogs of foreign travel agencies in Russia, the warning “do not wait for the service you are accustomed to” is often included.

6. Imperfection of the legal framework. The development of international tourism in the Russian Federation in the past 20 years required the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework. In the USSR, there was no special law on tourism, all issues of the functioning of the tourist com-

plexes were solved in accordance with the regulations of the departments involved in tourism. International tourism was a monopoly of the USSR State Committee for Foreign Tourism (Goskominturist), which resolved legal issues related to the departure of Soviet citizens abroad, the procedure for concluding agreements with foreign partners, issues of tourist insurance, requirements for personnel serving foreign tourists, etc. foreign tourism was handled by the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik".

After the liquidation of the USSR State Committee on Tourism in 1989, there was no organization in our country for three years that would be responsible for the development of tourism. In March 1992, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation was formed, which, less than a year later, was divided into two independent departments: the Ministry of Culture and the Committee for Tourism. Subsequently, the functions of managing the tourism industry were transferred to the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism, and in 2000 - The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation. By the order of the Minister of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation dated July 17, 2000, the Department of Tourism of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation was approved.

1994-1995 In the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, tourism support is one of the priority tasks of the state. In 1996, the Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" was adopted, which determined the general provisions and categories in the field of tourism. In addition, the constituent entities of the Federation have adopted a number of laws regulating and stimulating tourism activities in the localities. A licensing system for international tourism activities and certification of tourism and hotel services was introduced. In 1996, by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the federal target program "Development of tourism in the Russian Federation" was approved, containing an analysis of the state of the tourism sector in Russia and the main measures for its development. Programs for the development of tourism in the regions and constituent entities of the Federation have been adopted, including the Concept for the Development of International Tourism in Moscow until 2005, as well as the Concept for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation.

However, despite the existence of a federal law and almost 40 laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the legislation on tourism as a separate set of legal norms has not been formed. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a clear delineation of the competence of the Russian Federation and its subjects in the field of tourism. At the moment, some regional laws and legal acts contradict federal legislation or,

duplicating it, they do not introduce anything new into the sphere of legal regulation. The federal law contains articles that contradict the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the law "On Protection of Consumer Rights." In addition, the subject of its regulation is mainly tour operator and travel agency activities, it does not apply to manufacturers of services in the field of tourism (hotels, health resort organizations, carriers, excursion bureaus, etc.), and also does not determine the specifics of relations between all participants in tourism activities ...

7. Problems in the field of trade in goods and souvenirs for tourists. There is no tax-free trading system accepted in the world in Russia. Local souvenir trade is poorly developed,

be in the greatest demand among travelers - for unique historical and cultural attractions and natural values, extreme and inimitable originality.

The territory of Russia stretches from west to east for 10,000 km and almost 3000 km from the northern arctic latitudes to the southern subtropical ones. The variety of landscapes allows for the development of many types of tourism. Russia has resorts in the southern Black and northern Baltic seas, which makes it suitable for beach holidays, treatment and recovery. The High North offers the chance to observe the northern lights and go on ethnic tours to the northern peoples, as well as participate in a reindeer safari on the tundra.

The presence of mountains opens up opportunities for all types of mountain tourism (mountaineering, speleotourism, hiking, rafting on mountain rivers, ski tourism, mountain biking, hang-gliding flights), as well as resort treatment in places where there are sources of mineral water.

Full-flowing, wide and long rivers Volga, Yenisei, Lena are literally created for cruises, fishing, rafting, catamarans and boats. The seas of the northwest of the country are one of the cruise tourism destinations. Numerous lakes are clean and picturesque. Moreover, the water in them is clean not only externally - in Karelia and on Lake Baikal it is quite possible to drink it.

The forests of Central Russia, the foothills of the Caucasus, the taiga of Siberia and the Far East are full of animals and birds, which attracts fans of hunting tours. There are enough places in Russia with untouched, wild nature, which creates ideal conditions for ecological tours.

V Unlike many European countries, traveling across the expanses of Russia, a tourist may not meet a single person for a long time. In Siberia, for a few hours driving along the highway, which runs right through the taiga, you may not find a single car! On the other hand, it is not excluded that it will be possible to notice a brown bear among the trees a couple of times. In the Astrakhan region, during the transfer to the fishing spot in the Volga delta, the huntsman will show flamingos, pelicans and other rare birds. Horseback riding along the fabulous land - Altai Mountains - will not leave indifferent any of the nature lovers.

V rich history of Russia at different times the Vikings, ancient Slavs, Mongol-Tatars, Cumans, Scythians, Swedes, Teutons, Greeks, Genoese and other peoples. Our ancestors inherited from them appearance, faith, different cultures, languages ​​and traditions. This stimulates the development of domestic tourism - it makes modern Russians interesting to each other. Great dukes, monarchs and emperors annexed and lost lands and peoples, travelers went deeper and deeper into the North, Siberia and the Far East and discovered new expanses, rivers, seas and

oceans. Democratic and authoritarian sovereigns, replacing each other, built palaces and estates, created museums, destroyed churches and Buddhist temples, left behind mausoleums, grandiose high-rise buildings, powerful hydroelectric power plants and at the same time camps for the repressed, corn fields, opened the space age, created unique samples weapons and restored temples. All these events have made Russia the way everyone can see it on an excursion (cultural and educational) tour.

The development of cruise, adventure, ecological, cultural, educational, sports, health-improving tourism deserves attention. Given the vast territory of Russia, cross-border tourism should not be overlooked.

Experts have divided the map of Russia into tourist zones (regions), for each of which they have identified priority types and directions of tourism. Further, with the help of special expert methods and scales, they assessed the main parameters of the region, characterizing the tourist attractiveness of the regions, as well as factors affecting the level of complexity of their visits by tourists; the climatic and ecological situation, the development of the hotel business and the state of the infrastructure, the territorial factor (area of ​​the territory and the interrelation of settlements), the accessibility of the area for mass tourists, the presence of objects of cultural and historical significance, resort and recreational complexes. As a result of the integration of all parameters, the tourist potential of the region was obtained - a conditional value illustrating the extent to which, subject to the necessary investments, it can be in demand by tourists, taking into account their complex needs for various types of tourist products. Such potentials of the regions, as well as estimates made on their basis of the minimum amount of funds required for investment in a particular region of Russia, are shown in Table 20 *.

The average indicator of the tourist potential of Russia - 55.8% - is very high. This means that more than half of the country's landscape, geographic and climatic resources can be used for the development of various tourist destinations. For comparison: the tourism potential of Turkey is 38.4%, Greece - 35, Italy - 49, France, Germany and Spain - just over 50% (naturally, the potential of certain regions and regions can be much higher) **. Consequently, Russia is a very promising country in terms of integrated tourism.

The most attractive for mass tourism in the next 3-5 years, all other things being equal, will still remain the southern resort region, investments in which are estimated at no less than $ 2.5 billion. The Central, Northern and Volga regions have high potential. Promising

____________________________________

* See: Expert-analytical group EXPANS. Where do we get $ 20 billion? // Tourism: practice, problems, prospects. 2001. No. 10. ** See: Ibid. P. 15.

the structure of the tourism market in the case of its investment development within 3-5 years is shown in Fig. 5.

The outbound tourist market of the country also has a large, but still underutilized potential. Compared to other countries, Russian citizens are inactive. If in Germany, for example, over 75% of residents go on trips every year, then in Russia this figure is only 21%. The results of a survey conducted in 1997 showed that the overwhelming majority of Russians (60%) rested without leaving their homes. Among those who nevertheless took the trip, Muscovites stood out especially. Residents of Moscow traveled to far abroad more often than residents of the North 3 times, Siberia and the Far East - 6 times, the South of the country - 11 times and many times more often than the population of the Volga region and the Urals.

However, there are many objective factors that provide good prospects for outbound tourism in Russia: urbanization, a high level of education, an increased interest of Russians in the life of other countries and peoples, a large amount of free time (in terms of the number of holidays and the transfer of holidays in order to extend the holidays, our country occupies one of the first places in the world), changing priorities towards spiritual values, improving material well-being, etc.

In general, the above trends in the development of world tourism apply to Russia. For example, the transition from passive rest to active

or an increase in frequency and a decrease in the duration of trips. We emphasize once again that in Russia there are great opportunities for the development of such promising types of tourism as adventure tourism (currently only 7-15% of natural and material resources are used for tourism needs), cruise, space and, of course, cultural and educational.

In addition, the peculiarity of the geographical location gives Russia two significant advantages in the tourist services market. First, Russia borders on Europe, which remains and will continue to be the main supplier of tourists on the market. Secondly, Russia is located close to Asian countries. In the next 20 years, tourism will develop at the highest rates in this region. In 2002, China became one of the leading countries in the development of inbound tourism, which reached the level of 36.8 million foreign tourists a year, which made up 5% of the world market. Places in the top ten most popular countries in the world also went to Japan and Korea. All this gives Russia a chance to increase the number of foreign tourists coming to us.

* Expert and analytical group EXPANS. Where do we get $ 20 billion?



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