Permanent and temporary roads at the construction site. Construction of temporary roads. Engineering equipment of territories and construction sites

Entrances and internal roads are designed for all objects located on the construction site. Temporary roads, together with permanent ones, make up a single transport network, which should provide an end-to-end or circular traffic pattern. It is desirable that the designed temporary roads could subsequently be used as permanent ones.

When designing construction highways, one proceeds from the tasks of safe traffic; delivery of materials, products and structures to the place of their storage or installation and the possibility of their unloading. Temporary roads and access roads are laid after the end of the vertical planning of the territory, the arrangement of drainages, watercourses and other utilities.

The construction site with an area of ​​50 thousand m 2 (5 hectares) and more provides for at least two entrances from opposite sides of the site. Gate width In min taken 4 m. Temporary construction roads are designed, as a rule, ring. At dead-end entrances, traveling and turning platforms are arranged. The same sites are being designed on non-ringed sections of existing roads.

When tracing, the roads maintain a minimum distance from the edge of its carriageway to the construction site facilities (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1- Distance between road and construction site

construction roads can be of the following designs:

· Natural soil profiled;

· Soil improved;

· With a hard surface;

· From precast reinforced concrete inventory slabs.

The road surface is designed to be suitable for the passage of fire trucks at any time of the year. Temporary natural unpaved profiled roads (Fig. 5.1) are suitable for low traffic (up to 3 cars per hour in one direction).

Rice. 5.1 Construction of a dirt profiled road

Improved construction earth roads are strengthened with gravel, slag, the addition of binders and cement. Temporary roads for an established load of 12 tons per axle are constructed from precast reinforced concrete slabs laid on a sand bed (Figure 5.2). The thickness of the sandy layer is taken to be 10–25 cm.

b

a

Rice. 5.2. Construction of temporary slab-paved roads: a- single-lane;
b- two-lane; 1 - slabs of size 6000´1750; 2 - slabs of size 6000´3500

When using permanent roads for construction needs, the thickness of the concrete preparation should be increased to 18–21 cm.

The width of the carriageway of roads, taking into account the size of single-lane slabs, is taken at least 3.5 m (4.5 m), when driving in two directions - 6 m. When using heavy vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25-30 tons or more, the width of the carriageway increases to 8 m.

On sections of roads where one-way traffic is organized along the ring, within visibility, but not less than 100 m (for two-way traffic - after 70 m), platforms with a width of 6.0 m and a length of 12-18 m are arranged. The same platforms are performed in the zone unloading materials for any traffic pattern.

The radius of curvature of roads is determined on the basis of the maneuvering properties of cars and road trains, that is, the turning ability when moving forward without using reverse. Insufficient outer radius of curvature (6–8 m) leads to the destruction of driveways on bends.

Currently, construction is serviced by large-sized vehicles: panel and pipe carriers, special tractors for transporting cranes. Modern trucks are often used with trailers. Thus, automobile trains have a carrying capacity of 12–30 tons and a length of 9–15 m. A number of cars have two rear axles, as a result of which their length increases to 9–10 m.

The minimum radius of curvature for construction trains is 12 m, but at this radius, the width of the passages of 3.5 m is insufficient for the movement of motor passages, and therefore the passages within the curves must be widened up to 5 m (Fig. 5.3).

Rice. 5.3 Road broadening pattern when turning at an angle of 90 °

The dangerous zone of the road is that part of it that falls within the zones of cargo movement or installation. On the construction site plan, these road sections are marked with double shading.

When developing a road transport scheme, the existing and projected roads are used to the maximum.

The constructed roads should be circular; at the dead-end entrances, traveling and turning platforms (12'12 m) are arranged.

When tracing roads, the following minimum distances must be observed:

· Between the road and the warehouse area 0.5–1 m;

· Road and crane runways 6.5–12.5 m;

· Road and the axis of railway tracks (normal gauge) 3.5 m;

· Road and a fence that encloses the construction site, not less than 1.5 m.

Sidewalks arranged at the construction site should be placed along highways at a distance of 2 m from their edge. The width of the sidewalk should be at least 1.5 m.

Symbols of road elements are given in Appendix. 6.

Arranging a temporary road is the most common problem that occurs before starting on a new array. A temporary road is the cheapest construction option. Service life is short. Most often, such roads are made for several months.

Everyone knows that a capital road can be started only when all land plots are built up on your street. Otherwise, heavy equipment that will pass will simply destroy it. It is for this reason that the need arises for the arrangement of temporary roads, especially if you are one of the first to start building up your land plot.

In order to start construction work on the land plot, it is necessary to provide the possibility of access for construction equipment and trucks with construction materials to the site. In this case, there is no need to make the road level. The main requirement is a solid foundation.

What to make a temporary road of?

The solid foundation of the road can be made by filling the road with different materials. But the concept of a temporary road is based on the fact that the material for filling should be the cheapest.

Let's take a closer look at what material can be used to fill a temporary road:

A few tips to help improve the quality of your temporary road

• If you dig a small ditch along the road, then such a road will last much longer. All water will flow into this ditch. Therefore, if a temporary road needs to be made for a long time, then the presence of a ditch will be a mandatory requirement.
• To extend the service life of a temporary road, a sand bed can be made as the bottom layer. A sand cushion under the hard base will prevent the soil from sucking in on the hard base.
• Most often, after dumping with various waste, it is very difficult to drive a car on such a road. But such a road can be made smoother. To do this, it is necessary to pour a layer of crushed stone or screenings on top of the solid waste. Such a road will be more suitable for a passenger car to travel along it.
• It is not worth starting the arrangement at the end of the construction season in the fall or at the beginning of winter. After winter, such a road can disappear along with the snow. It is best to equip a temporary road in the spring. This must be done after all the snow has melted and the soil dries up a little.
• During the rainy season, it is better to refrain from delivering building materials and special equipment to the site. In one rainy day, you can "bury" a temporary road if you drive along it with heavy equipment several times.

What technique is used in the construction of temporary roads?

When building temporary roads, you cannot do without dump trucks. Delivery of materials for dumping is carried out by dump trucks of different carrying capacity. It all depends on the possibility of approaching large oversized dump trucks. Leveling of the dumped material is done using a backhoe loader. With the help of the same loader excavator, trenches are also dug to drain water.

As you can see, only one backhoe loader and several dump trucks will be enough for construction. However, in this case, it is most difficult to organize all the work.

The ideal mechanism for arranging a temporary road would look like this.

• A dump truck arrives and unloads material at the beginning of a future road.
• While the backhoe loader is leveling all this on a small section of the road, another dump truck must load and arrive. Each new vehicle with road filling material must drive over the already filled road. Such a road will be of the highest quality, since it will already be rolled out by dump trucks. In this case, the difficulty lies in the correct selection of the number of dump trucks for one backhoe loader. With the correct selection of the number of special equipment, the downtime of this equipment can be minimized.

Our company is engaged in the construction of all types of roads. We have a lot of experience in this area. We always have in stock a large number of necessary special equipment that can be rented. In addition to the arrangement of temporary roads, we are engaged in various construction and road works, as well as. Therefore, we can not only organize the workflow, but also find construction waste or road waste. Thus, you can completely lay the arrangement of a high-quality temporary road on our shoulders. You will be pleasantly surprised by the quality result and low cost.

Engineering equipment of territories and construction sites

The sequence of designing a building plan.

The construction master plan is the plan of the construction site, on which the construction objects, existing buildings and structures are located, shows: the arrangement of the main assembly and lifting mechanisms, temporary buildings and structures, temporary sewerage networks, water supply and electricity supply, pre-assembly sites and other structures and devices, erected and used during the construction period.

The sequence of designing a building plan:

· Location of construction machines and mechanisms required for construction;

· Passage of transport communications through which materials, structures, equipment are delivered to the object;

· Placement of on-site warehouses;

· Should be shown: erection cranes and their connection to a building or structure, temporary roads, sites, storage; hazardous areas and necessary protective devices; temporary communications and their connection to existing ones; dimensions of temporary premises, reference in the plan, provision of approaches and entrances; entrances and exits to the construction site; prohibiting, warning and indicative signs; construction site fences and type of temporary fence; primary fire extinguishing equipment;

Territory clearing and planning.

The complex of works on clearing the territory includes:

Transplanting or protecting green spaces;
clearing the site from unnecessary trees, shrubs, uprooting stumps;
removal of the fertile soil layer;
demolition or dismantling of unnecessary buildings;
disconnection or transfer from the site of existing engineering networks;
the initial layout of the construction site.

Discharge of surface and ground waters

The works of this cycle include:

Installation of upland and drainage ditches, embankments, open and closed drains, surface leveling of storage and assembly sites. At a high level of groundwater, drainage is carried out by drainage systems of open and closed types. These systems lower groundwater levels and improve general sanitation and building conditions. Open drainage (to lower the groundwater level to a depth of 0.3-0.4 m) in soils with a low filtration coefficient. Closed drainage - deep trenches with wells to control the system and with a slope towards the discharge of water, filled with drainage material (crushed stone, gravel, coarse sand).

· A layer of coarse sand;

· A layer of medium and fine-grained sand (thickness not less than 40 cm);

· A layer of local soil (up to 30 cm);

Preparation of a construction site for construction and its arrangement.

Construction of temporary roads and approaches to the construction site;
laying of temporary communications;
arrangement of parking lots for construction vehicles;
construction site fencing;
preparation of temporary household premises.

Design of temporary roads at a construction site.

Construction roads include access roads connecting the construction site to the general road network, and intra-construction roads that transport goods within the site. Access roads, as a rule, are permanent, and internal roads are temporary; these passages are laid before the start of the construction of the main facilities.

Roads at construction sites can be dead-end and circular. At the end of the dead-ends there should be turning platforms, and in the middle part, if necessary, there should be sidings. Based on the standard size of the car (a rectangle 2.5 m wide and 3.8 m high), the width of the carriageway of the road in single-lane traffic should be at least 3.5 m, and in two-lane traffic - 6 m. the supposed places of unloading of transport should be provided with widening, the total width of the road - at least 6 m (Fig. 3.2). When using heavy machines with a carrying capacity of 25 ... 30 tons or more, the width of the carriageway increases to 8 m. If bulky and long loads are delivered to the construction site, the width of the road can be further increased. The radius of curvature of roads is dictated by the maneuvering capabilities of individual machines and road trains, i.e., their turning ability when moving forward without using reverse. Usually, the minimum radius of curvature is taken as 15 m, in this place the width of the carriageway is increased - with a road width of 3.5 m at the curvature it will be 5 m.

Table 24

Depth	Priming
notches,	sandy	sandy loam	loamy	clayey
	Distance to machine support, m
		1,25
			3,25	1,75
			4,75

A construction site in a city should be fenced to prevent unauthorized access. The design of fences must meet the requirements of GOST 23407-78. Fences adjacent to places of mass passage of people must be equipped with a continuous protective visor.

A traffic pattern is established at the entrance to the construction site. The speed of movement of vehicles near the places of work should not exceed 10 km / h on straight sections and 5 km / h on turns.

6.6. The location of on-site warehouses should be carried out taking into account the location of access roads and entrances from the main transport routes to the places of acceptance and unloading of materials. On-site warehouses of prefabricated elements, enlarged structures, materials, semi-finished products, etc. should be located in the crane's operating area.

The width of the mechanized on-site warehouse of the set-up-nav-li-is depending on the parameters of loading and unloading machines and usually does not exceed 10 m. the other side (when placing the warehouse on both sides relative to the tower crane).

When placing warehouses, one should be guided by the decisions made in technological maps and work flow diagrams.

In open warehouses, when storing products, structures and semi-finished products, it is necessary to provide longitudinal and transverse passages with a width of at least 0.7 m, while arranging transverse passages every 25 - 30 m.

Open warehouses with flammable and highly dusty materials should be located on the leeward side of other buildings and structures (depending on the direction of the prevailing winds) and no closer than 20 m from them. All warehouses must be at least 0.5 m from the edge of the road.

The location of products and structures (if it is impossible to carry out installation from vehicles) must correspond to the technological sequence of installation.

6.7. The location of mechanized installations should be linked to the location of warehouses and cranes.

It should be borne in mind that concrete and mortar mixing plants are such objects of the construction industry at the construction site, the location of which determines the bulk of on-site traffic.

If the territory is tight, the boom of a tower crane is insufficient, as well as in the case of using automobile, pneumatic-wheel or crawler cranes during the construction of the facility, mechanized installations can be located on the free territory of the site, while it is advisable to deliver concrete and mortar to the place of laying in removable bins using forklifts ...

6.8. Intra-building roads at the construction site must ensure the uninterrupted operation of warehouses and mechanized installations. On the construction master plan, the general decisions on the arrangement of access roads, adopted on the construction master plan as part of the construction organization project, are clarified.

When designing temporary intrabuilding roads, the width of the carriageway and the number of lanes are determined depending on the type of vehicles and the category of roads and are adopted when transport is moving in one direction - 3.5 m and in two directions - 6 m. load - 2 m.

For internal building needs, first of all, projected permanent roads should be used. Permanent roads are calculated for the possible intensity of construction transport and, if necessary, provide for their strengthening. The upper asphalt layer is laid only after the completion of the main construction work, as a rule, during the period of landscaping in accordance with the decisions of the construction work. In the case of using temporary roads, the construction of intra-quarter permanent roads, as well as marks, platforms and footpaths to buildings with exits to city highways must be completed 5 days before the facility is put into operation.

The width of the traffic lane and the carriageway of roads is up to 2.7 m.When using vehicles up to 3.4 m wide (MAZ-525, MAZ-530), the width of the carriageway increases to 4 and 8 m, respectively. The main characteristics of the roads are given in Table. 25.

Table 25

Parameter	Indicators for the number of lanes, m
Lane width
Carriageway width
Subgrade width
Smallest radius of horizontal curves	12 - 18	12 - 18

In the areas of unloading of materials and structures on one-way roads, every 100 m platforms are arranged with a width of 3 - 6 m and a length of 8 - 18 m. both sides at a distance of 25 m hard surface.

Temporary roads can be of several types - EU-test-vein unpaved profiled or with improved coverage with mineral materials; transitional with a hard surface (gravel, crushed stone, slag); improved-shen-stvo-van-nye (from prefabricated inventory reinforced concrete slabs, wooden panels, steel plates). The most widespread are roads made of reinforced concrete slabs. The technical and economic indicators of the inventory reinforced concrete slabs are given in table. 26.

Table 26

Index	Uni-ni - tsa izme ---	Reinforced concrete slabs
	rhenium	PD 1-6	PD 2-6	PD 1-9.5	PD 2-9.5	PD 3-23
Dimensions (edit)		1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 1.75´ 0.18	1,5´ 3´ 0.18	1,5´ 3´ 0.22
Weight
The volume of ma-te-ri-al	m 3	0,46		0,46	0,97	0,97
Turnover
Standard load per wheel

The choice of the type and design of temporary roads is carried out depending on the type of vehicles and cargo-zo-na-direct-wives-ty.

The internal road network must be looped. In the areas of operation of assembly cranes, roads should be arranged in compliance with building safety standards and with the installation of barriers and warning labels at the entrances to hazardous and assembly areas.

When placing roads and driveways, it is necessary that the distance to any building or structure from roads and driveways does not exceed 25 m.

Permanent and temporary sidewalks and crossings are used as pedestrian routes and crossings. The width of temporary sidewalks and crossings is assumed to be 1 - 2 m. The type and design of temporary sidewalks are selected based on the soil and hydrogeological conditions of the territory, traffic intensity and duration of operation. The most expedient are sidewalks made of prefabricated inventory concrete (30´ 30´ 6, 40´ 40´ 6 cm) and reinforced concrete (320´ 160´ 12, 300´ 160´ 12, 75´ 75´ 6 cm) slabs. Crossings over trenches and ditches are carried out using inventory bridges with a fence (width 0.8 - 1 m, length 3 m, weight 100 - 150 kg).

6.9. Temporary (mainly inventory) production, sanitary, administrative, and warehouse buildings should be located in such a way as to provide safe and convenient approaches to them for workers and maximum blocking of buildings among themselves, which helps to reduce the cost of connecting buildings to communications and operating costs. Temporary buildings must be approached to existing communications in the following order: to sewerage, water supply, electricity supply; tele-le-pho-ni-zation and radio transmission. This procedure reduces labor costs and shortens the lead time for the preparatory period.

Sanitary-amenity and administrative buildings, as well as approaches to them, should be located outside the dangerous zones of action of construction machines, mechanisms and transport. Household premises should be located at a distance of at least 50 m and from the windward side of the prevailing winds in relation to objects that emit dust, harmful gases and vapors (bunkers, mortar plants, etc.). Sanitary facilities in the form of "towns" should be located near the entrances to the construction site so that workers can use them before and after work, bypassing the work area. Green areas for recreation should be provided near household premises.

Dressing rooms, washrooms, showers, rooms for drying clothes and dedusting, canteens can be placed in the same building (block), providing communication between them. When placing these premises in trailers or containers, they are placed side by side and, if possible, blocked.

Dressing rooms are intended for storing outdoor, home and work clothes. Closed, separate storage of clean and work clothes in double lockers is preferred. Cabinet blocks should be arranged with aisles between rows at least 1 m wide, and when arranging seats in the aisles - at least 1.5 - 1.7 m.

Premises for dedusting workwear are made on the basis of the most numerous shift only for those working in conditions of a large amount of dust (when working in mortar-concrete units, grinding building materials, etc.).

Premises for personal hygiene of women are arranged when the total number of working women is more than 15 people; the premises should consist of a reception area, a dressing room with a restroom and a treatment room.

In accordance with the norms of medical care, with the number of workers 300 - 800 people, a paramedic station should be provided, and with the number of workers 800 - 2000 people - a medical station. Medical centers should be located in the same block with household premises, while observing the maximum distance from them to the most distant workplaces of 600 - 800 m. The medical center should be provided with an access road for motor transport.

Flush latrines should be located near sewer wells. In the absence of a flush drain, mobile latrines with hermetic containers are used. Lavatories with cesspools can only be arranged with the permission of the sanitary authorities.

Fire breaks between permanent and temporary buildings and structures, as well as between warehouses and buildings (structures) must be accepted in accordance with the requirements of fire safety rules.

The building master plan should show the dimensions of temporary buildings; their binding in the plan; places of connection of communications to buildings or structures. In the explication of temporary buildings and structures, it is necessary to indicate: the number of the temporary building; size in plan, volume in natural meters, m 2, m 3; brand and design characteristics.

6.10. Designing a temporary water supply network after determining the need for water begins with the selection of a source. Sources of temporary water supply can be:

existing water pipelines with the device, if necessary, of additional temporary structures;

projected water pipelines, provided that they are put into operation on a permanent or temporary basis within the required time frame;

independent temporary sources of water supply - reservoirs and artesian wells.

Fire tanks should be installed at sites in cases where the water supply does not provide the estimated amount of water for fire extinguishing. The water pipes from the pumping stations and the distribution network are made of asbestos-cement or steel pipes laid in the ground or on the ground surface. The distribution network can also be made of rubber hoses and fabric hoses.

When designing a temporary network, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of sequential build-up and re-laying of pipelines as construction develops. Temporary water supply networks are arranged according to ring, dead-end or mixed schemes. The closed loop ring system ensures uninterrupted water supply in case of possible damage in one of the sections and is more reliable. The dead-end system consists of the main highway, from which there are branches to the points of water consumption. The mixed system has an internal closed loop, from which branches are laid to consumers.

The interconnection of the temporary water supply network consists in the designation on the construction master plan of the points of connection of the temporary water supply line to the source, structures on the route (pumping stations, wells, hydrants) and dispensers in the working area or inputs to consumers. Wells with fire hydrants are located taking into account the possibility of laying hoses from them to the place of extinguishing the fire at a distance of no more than 150 m with a high-pressure water supply and 100 m - low pressure. The distance between the hydrants should be no more than 150 m. The hydrants should be located at a distance: to buildings - no closer than 5 m and no further than 50 m; from the edge of the road - no more than 2.5 m.

6.11. Work on the construction of a temporary sewer network requires significant labor costs and, in this regard, it is arranged in cases of construction of especially large and complex facilities. For the drainage of storm and conditionally clean industrial waters, open drains are arranged in the ground. On a construction site with a fecal sewerage network, sewer inventory sanitary facilities of a mobile or container type should be used, placing them near sewer wells. Such a bathroom should be supplied with temporary water supply and electric lighting. If there is no fecal sewerage network at the construction site, then the bathrooms should be arranged with a cesspool. with a significant amount of wastewater requiring treatment, it is necessary to arrange septic tanks. Temporary sewer networks are made of asbestos-cement, reinforced concrete and ceramic pipes.

6.12. The design of a temporary power supply network is carried out in two stages. First of all, the optimal point of location of the source is found, which coincides with the center of electrical loads, and then the power supply network is traced. Optimal placement of the source allows you to reduce the length of networks, the mass of wires, their cost and losses in the electrical network. The lighting and power pantographs are powered from common trunk networks.

Overhead main lines are arranged predominantly along the driveways, which makes it possible to use poles of outdoor lighting fixtures for the construction site for their laying and facilitates operating conditions.

Overhead power lines should be horizontally removed from construction machines and other mechanisms at the following distances, m:

at voltages up to 1 kV - 1.5;

at a voltage of 1 - 20 kV - 2;

at a voltage of 35 - 100 kV - 4;

at voltages up to 154 kV - 6;

at a voltage of 330 - 500 kV - 9.

6.13. The development of construction master plans is carried out on the basis of comparing their various options in order to achieve the most rational composition and location of all elements of the construction industry, at which minimum transport costs and costs of temporary buildings, engineering equipment of the construction site, the device of engineering networks, permanent and temporary roads are ensured. compliance with applicable technical conditions and design standards.

The significant duration of the construction of temporary buildings and structures in the preparatory period is in many cases the main reason for exceeding the directive and standard construction timeframes, which negatively affects the cost of work and the efficiency of capital investments in general. Reducing the cost of temporary buildings and structures is possible both by maximizing the use of permanent objects (existing and projected, erected in the first place) for the needs of construction, and by introducing progressive inventory buildings of factory production. Reducing the cost of temporary structures is also achieved by the correct choice of the volumetric-structural solution (type) of the inventory building in accordance with the period of its presence at the facility.

It should be borne in mind that the indicator of the effectiveness of a temporary building is not its initial cost, but the amount of costs for the manufacture of the building, taking into account its turnover, for installation, dismantling and transportation costs for transportation. The least economical should be considered non-inventory temporary buildings, used, as a rule, once.

The effectiveness of the use of inventory buildings depends directly on their turnover. The higher the turnover of a building, the lower the actual costs associated with its application on the construction site. In this regard, the following terms of use of inventory buildings on one site can be tentatively taken, months:

for mobile buildings - up to 6;

for container buildings - 12 - 18;

for collapsible buildings - 18 - 36.

Reducing these terms increases the efficiency of the use of inventory buildings, and lengthening them leads to additional costs.

7. Technological maps (diagrams) for the production of work

7.1. Technological maps are developed for the performance of certain types of work, the results of which are complete structural elements or parts of buildings and structures, which include operational quality control schemes, a description of work methods, labor costs and the need for materials, machines, equipment, devices and protective equipment for workers. The development of technological maps should be carried out in accordance with the "Guidelines for the development of standard technological maps in construction" (M., 1976).

7.2. For homogeneous buildings and structures of a simple structure, erected using standard building structures and serial technological equipment with a limited number of organizations involved in the design and construction, as a rule, standard technological maps are developed; for buildings and structures with various atypical space-planning and complex structural solutions, complex or cramped work conditions, in which it is necessary to use special auxiliary structures, devices and installations that require participation in the construction of a large number of organizations - ex-per-men are being developed - steel technological cards. Experimental maps are always developed in relation to a specific object.

7.4. Technological maps are developed according to the working drawings of a building or structure in accordance with the technical solutions laid down in the development of the POS in the organizational and technological schemes and using advanced domestic and foreign experience that meets the modern technological level.

8. Geodetic support of construction and installation works

8.1. To draw up the geodetic part of the project for the production of work in housing and civil construction, the initial data are: master plan of the existing and projected development; data on the geodetic base of the construction site, including red lines, and the alignment base of buildings under construction; construction master plan of the built-up area; vertical planning project; data on the number of storeys and structures of buildings; plans and sections of foundations and typical floors.

8.2. The assignment for the development of the geodetic part of the project for the production of works should indicate: the name of the organizations - the customer, the general contractor, subcontractors; name, location of the object, its characteristics and purpose; breakdown data; types of work to be included in the geodetic part of the work production project; special requirements, not reflected in the regulatory documentation, for the accuracy of construction and installation work; a list of materials for the geodetic part of the work production project (text, calculation, graphic); the sequence of drawing up the geodetic part of the project for the production of work for individual buildings, the timing of the issuance of materials.

8.3. When developing the geodetic part of the project for the production of work, it is recommended to provide for the approximately following sequence of work.

1. For the preparatory period:

creation of a planned and high-altitude justification; fixing the leaders of the main axes with signs; installation and determination of marks of benchmarks; breakdown and fixing of the intermediate axes of the structure.

2. For the underground part of the building:

breakdown of the pit contour and transfer of axes and heights to the bottom of the pit; transfer of axes and heights to rags; alignment work in the construction of foundations and pile fields.

3. For the overground part of the building:

transfer of the main axes and marks to the base and mounting horizons; detailed breakdown and fixing of axes and elevations on the mounting horizon; breakdown and fixing of marks for installation of elements; installation of beacons; alignment during the installation of building structures in the design position; production of executive shooting and preparation of reporting documentation.

4. For engineering networks:

planned breakdown of networks; control over the depth of sections of trenches, the planned and high-rise installation of communications; executive surveys of laid networks.

5. For the installation of technological equipment:

determination of the design position of the equipment; control during installation and fastening; executive filming.

6. For a vertical layout:

definition and consolidation of zero work lines; tracing lines of a given slope, fixing points; transfer and fixing in nature of design planes; executive surveys of planned territories.

8.4. In the geodetic part of the work production project, a special place should be given to the composition and content of the documentation, which includes: executive geodetic diagrams, drawings, profiles, sections; acts of geodetic breakdowns and work readiness; geodetic control log; geodetic inspection reports; field journals.

Executive geodetic documentation is subdivided into internal and acceptance. Internal executive documentation is drawn up for the unfinished construction and installation stage and is one of the grounds for issuing by the chief engineer of the construction department (and equivalent organizations) a permit for construction and installation work. The internal executive documentation includes: executive schemes for the breakdown of the contours of the pits; acts and executive schemes for the breakdown of intermediate axles; pile fields breakdown acts; acts and executive schemes for the formwork prepared for concreting; acts of detailed geodetic breakdown on mounting horizons for the installation of a tier, basement, floor; executive schemes for leveling concrete preparations for floors; working diagrams for the installation of beacons.

Internal executive documentation can be drawn up for other preparatory types of work. The procedure for its registration is established by the chief engineer of the construction and installation organization. It is not presented to the working and State commissions when the object is put into operation.

Acceptance and commissioning as-built documentation is drawn up for the completed stage of construction and installation work and is presented to the field supervision, the Gosarkhstroykontrol authorities, general contracting (subcontracting) organizations, the customer, workers and state commissions for the acceptance of the facility into operation.

Acceptance and delivery as-built documentation includes: planned high-rise schemes for all types of engineering communications; plan-high-rise schemes and acts on the finished foundation pit, roadbed of roads and other earthworks; plan-height schemes of pile fields; plan-high-rise schemes and acts of finished foundations (pile, prefabricated, monolithic, etc.); plan-height schemes of columns; floor-plan high-rise schemes of buildings and structures in brick, large-block, large-panel design; planned high-rise schemes for elevator shafts; planned high-rise schemes and road acts; planned high-rise improvement schemes.

Geodetic as-built documentation must be kept in the production and technical department of the construction and installation organization and at the customer. When the object is put into operation, a copy is presented that is in the production and technical department.

9. Safety solutions

9.1. The composition and content of decisions on safety in work projects must comply with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80.

9.2. When developing a work production schedule, it is necessary to provide for such a sequence of work performance so that any of the work performed does not constitute a source of industrial hazard for simultaneously performed or subsequent work.

The timing of work and the need for labor resources should be established taking into account the provision of a safe sequence of work and the time to take measures to ensure the conditions for the safe production of work (temporary fastening of building structural elements in the design position, device slopes or fastening walls of excavations in the ground, installation of temporary protective fences when performing work at height, etc.).

9.3. On the construction master plan, hazardous areas should be indicated near the places of movement of goods by lifting and transport equipment, near a building or structure under construction, as well as an overhead power line.

The boundaries of hazardous areas should be established in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80, and, if necessary, determined by the calculation, which should be given in the explanatory note.

The general construction plan shall indicate the location of sanitary facilities, highways and pedestrian roads, determined taking into account hazardous areas, the location of lighting sources and the fencing of the construction site.

9.4. Sanitary facilities, highways and walkways for workers should be located outside hazardous areas.

In the event that temporary highways are located in the area where the cargo is moved by the crane, decisions on the installation of a signal fence, inscriptions or road signs warning of entry into the danger zone should be provided.

9.5. The illumination of the construction site must be designed in accordance with the "Instruction for the design of electric lighting for construction sites".

Lighting should be provided for workers, security and emergency.

The calculation of the illumination should be given in the explanatory note.

9.6. When choosing a fence for the construction site and work areas, the requirements of GOST 23407-78 must be taken into account.

9.7. In the flow charts or diagrams for the performance of certain types of work, when determining the sequence and methods of performing work, it is necessary to take into account the hazardous zones arising in the process of work.

If it is necessary to perform work in hazardous areas, the technological map should provide for measures to protect workers from the action of industrial hazards.

9.8. The location of construction machines should be determined in such a way as to provide space for viewing the working area and maneuvering, provided that the safety distance is observed near an unreinforced excavation, piles of cargo, equipment.

The choice of means of mechanization must ensure that the technical characteristics of the machine correspond to the conditions of work.

9.9. The placement of workplaces should be designed on stable and durable structures, taking into account the action of hazardous areas.

When organizing workplaces, the issues of equipping them with collective protection means, rational technological equipment, small mechanization means, mechanized tools, devices to ensure the safe production of work must be resolved.

When organizing workplaces at a height, collective protective equipment should be used - fencing and catching devices.

Fencing of workplaces should be arranged if the height of the workplace from the ground is 1.3 m or more, and the distance from the edge of the height difference is less than 2 m.

9.10. The main requirements for fences during the construction of the aboveground part of the building are:

the possibility of repeated use, ease of installation and dismantling;

reliability of the attachment point of the fence to the elements of building structures.

9.11. When using paving means, inventory structures that meet the regulatory and technical documentation should be used.

Atypical means of paving should be used if they are made according to a project approved in the prescribed manner.

9.12. The methods of slinging the movable structures must exclude the sliding of the movable load.

The calculation of flexible slings is carried out in accordance with clause 107 "Rules for the design and safe operation of cranes".

9.13. The technological maps for the production of earthworks should indicate:

ways to ensure the stability of the soil when making pits or trenches;

safety measures when installing construction machines, placing materials or soil along the edges of trenches and pits;

solutions that ensure the immutability of the position and the safety of existing communications.

9.14. The conditions that determine the possibility of ensuring the stability of the vertical walls of the grooves without fasteners are specified in SNiP III-4-80.

If the specified values ​​are exceeded, as well as in the presence of cramped working conditions and in soils saturated with water, it is necessary to provide for the device of fasteners.

When the depth of the excavation is more than 3 m, the calculation of the fastening of the recesses should be given in the explanatory note.

9.15. When carrying out earthworks in the conditions of intersection of existing communications, it is necessary to provide for special devices that ensure the invariability of the position and the safety of existing communications.

Mechanical excavation is allowed at a distance of at least 2 m from the side wall and at least 1 m above the top of a pipe, cable, etc.

The soil left over from mechanized mining must be reworked by hand without the use of percussion tools.

9.16. The possibility of placing building materials and machines along the edges of the grooves should be established by calculation, the strength of the fastening of the grooves is determined taking into account the magnitude and dynamics of the generated load.

9.17. Technological maps for the production of installation work should contain specific instructions to prevent the danger of falling workers from a height, falling structures, products or materials when moving them with a crane or in case of loss of stability during installation or storage.

9.18. When erecting brick and frame-panel buildings, it is recommended to use protective devices using network materials of the TsNIIOMTP design.

9.19. In the case of using a safety belt, the technological map should contain instructions on how to fix it. For the convenience of work with the use of a safety belt, safety ropes or safety devices should be used.

As a safety device for attaching a safety belt carbine for the construction of residential and civil buildings, a device developed by the Mosorgstroy trust, Mosstroykomitet is recommended, consisting of a drum with a guide rope wound inside, a drum handle for tensioning the rope, a stopper for fixing the length of the rope and two carbines for securing a free the end of the rope and the drum itself to the mounting loops of structural elements. Transition ropes are connected to the guide rope.

The fastening of the safety belt karabiner can be done either by the guide rope or by the transition ropes.

No more than three people are allowed to join the guide rope. The mass of the device is 15 kg.

9.20. When choosing load-gripping devices, it is necessary to provide for the use of structures that have devices for remote unbundling of loads and ensure safe working conditions for unbundling of structures.

9.21. When choosing mounting hardware, an advantage should be given to devices that allow you to combine the simultaneous execution of several working operations (for example, alignment and temporary fastening of structures) or increase the safety of the operation being performed.

It is recommended to use the Mosorgstroy strut, which secures the panel without the use of scaffolding, as the mounting hardware used for the temporary fastening of wall panels.

For the temporary fixing of the balcony slabs, it is recommended to adapt the Orgtekhstroy Trust of the Ministry of Construction of the BSSR, which allows for temporary fastening of the balcony slab from the floor slab, and not under the slab to be installed, as when using traditional racks.

9.22. When developing technological maps for the production of stone work, solutions should be provided to prevent the collapse of the structures being erected, as well as the fall of workers from a height.

9.23. To prevent the collapse of masonry and working flooring, the technological maps should indicate (provide): the maximum height of free-standing stone walls; temporary fastening of the erected walls with a height higher than the maximum permissible; permissible loads on the working floor and their placement schemes.

9.24. Technological maps for stone work performed at subzero temperatures should contain solutions to ensure occupational safety during the masonry process performed by freezing, as well as during the thawing period.

The card indicates: the maximum permissible height of the masonry of walls and pillars for the thawing period; temporary fasteners for unloading load-bearing structures and walls; ways to strengthen walls, pillars and other structures, if there is a need for such reinforcement; the holding time of individual structural elements (arches of the vaults) at negative temperatures in mortars with or without chemical additives before they are removed from the formwork and during loading.

9.25. To prevent injury to workers by a falling object when performing masonry work in technological maps, it is necessary to provide for the device of protective flooring.

9.26. The technological maps for finishing work should contain specific instructions for preventing exposure to hazardous substances, as well as fire-fighting measures when working with flammable and combustible materials.

9.27. The explanatory note should indicate: calculation of hazardous areas; selection of the type of fencing for the construction site; calculation of the illumination of the construction site, work areas and workplaces, the choice of lamps; calculation of fastenings for walls of recesses; description of methods and sequence of work performance; a list of load-handling devices, assembly equipment, tools, containers, ladders, protective equipment for workers; list of measures to ensure labor safety in hazardous areas.

9.28. To calculate the boundaries of hazardous zones arising from falling objects near a building under construction, SNiP III-4-80 should be followed; the formula can be used

where NS- effective cross-sectional area of ​​the falling object, m 2; m- the mass of the falling object, kg; g- acceleration of gravity, m / s 2; N- fall height, m; V o is the horizontal component of the falling velocity of the object.

9.29. When determining the danger zone arising from falling objects when moving a load by a crane, SNiP III-4-80 should be followed; the formula can be used

, (33)

where S- the value of the maximum possible departure of the structure aside from the initial position of its center of gravity if it is possible to fall freely, m; l- slings length, m; j is the angle between the vertical and the line, degrees; n- half the length of the structure, m; h- the height of the fall of the structure above ground level, the mounting horizon, m.

Execution documentation

production program of construction

organization

10. Development of a work schedule

10.1. The main decisions on the organization of the implementation of the production program of the construction organization are developed with the aim of fulfilling the planned scope of work and putting objects into operation with the highest technical and economic indicators with high quality of work on the basis of linking the activities of general construction and special units and teams; timely provision of the front of work; high level of planned reliability of construction production; timely delivery of material and technical resources; balancing the plans and production capacity of the construction division through the development of interconnected projects for the production of work for the construction of individual objects of the production program.

The documentation for the organization of work of the annual (two-year) program of the construction organization is developed by the general contractor for the construction and installation organization and approved by its management. For certain types of general construction, installation and special works, the documentation is developed by the division that performs these works and coordinates it with the general contractor for the construction organization.

The work schedule for the annual program of the construction and installation association (plant) is formed for all divisions of the organization (construction departments, sites), as well as subcontractors and customers.

In the schedule, the issues of the order of construction of objects of the annual production program are resolved and the requirements for resources are determined, the capacity of subcontractors is established.

The main task of the schedule is the rational use of available production resources while observing the directive or standard construction timeframes.

10.2. Formation of the work schedule is carried out taking into account:

ensuring timely engineering preparation of the construction site;

application of progressive forms and methods of organizing work in a continuous flow, planning and managing construction in order to comply with regulatory deadlines;

the optimal level of organizational and technological reliability of construction production;

specialization and zoning of the activities of construction departments;

integrated development of residential areas and neighborhoods;

optimization of organizational and technological solutions for material and technical resources.

For the formation of the schedule, the initial information is used: conditionally constant, normative reference and variable.

Conditionally permanent information includes:

projects of in-building title lists, protocols-orders from customers on commercial construction products and the volume of construction and installation work, commissioning of residential buildings and cultural and household facilities;

design and estimate documentation in accordance with SNiP 1.02.01-85, approved by the customer and accepted by the contractor in accordance with the established procedure for the volume of construction and installation work for the planned year, providing for a progressive technology for the construction of facilities and ensuring the possibility of timely ordering of material resources, including construction organization projects ;

measures of the plan for technical development and increasing production efficiency;

five-year and two-year plans for housing and civil construction in the city;

a scheme of the sequence of development of residential areas of the city, detailed planning projects, a plan of city-wide measures for the preparation of the territory and the laying of main engineering networks and communications, a consolidated calendar plan for the development of residential areas of the city for 2 to 5 years, construction organization projects (PIC) as part of projects for the development of micro-districts and quarters, standard organizational and technological models (OTM) and standard optimized construction schedules for individual housing and civil objects;

construction conditions, specialization of subdivisions of construction and installation organizations, capacity of construction and installation organizations for the manufacture and construction of buildings of various series.

Regulatory reference information includes:

standard terms for construction of facilities and backlog norms;

production standards for the consumption of material and technical resources, the duration and labor intensity of the construction of buildings for housing and civil purposes;

technical parameters of construction machines and mechanisms, devices, electrified tools.

Variable information includes data:

on the performance of construction and installation work for the period preceding the planned one (year, quarter);

on the availability of labor resources of the organization (construction departments) for all specialized (complex) brigades - number, professional qualifications;

on the achieved production (shift, monthly) in value and in kind per worker for all specialized (complex) teams and subcontractors;

on the availability of material and technical resources of the organization by the range of building materials, structures, semi-finished products, by types (brands) of construction machines and mechanisms, devices and electrified tools;

on the state of the reserve for engineering networks and communications, buildings of the main purpose, preparation of the development area.

10.3. The main provisions for the formation of the schedule are as follows. For each object, specialized flows are allocated, corresponding to the teams of the general contracting organization (construction departments, sites) and specialized flows carried out by teams of subcontractors.

Specialized flows are formed for the following works: preparatory, earthen, installation of underground communications, installation of foundations for the building frame, masonry, installation of the building frame, preparation for floors, roofing, carpentry, plastering, painting, facing, flooring, landscaping work ...

If the organization has complex teams performing several related types of work, it is advisable to enlarge specialized flows. The allocation of specialized streams of subcontractors is usually carried out for electrical, heat engineering, plumbing works; for gas supply, low-current networks, elevators.

When performing one type of work by general contracting construction departments and subcontracting organizations, each of them is allocated specific processes and volumes of work.

Arrangement of objects in the calendar plan is carried out in accordance with the directive terms of their commissioning, taking into account the priorities. For each object, the work of the main specialized stream is linked. The construction of the overground part of the building is accepted as the main specialized stream. The interconnection of the rest of the specialized flows for the objects is carried out subject to the rhythmic work of the corresponding teams in accordance with the models developed for all objects (cyclograms, line or network diagrams), which take into account the space-planning and design features, as well as the conditions of work.

The duration of the functioning of specialized streams for general contracting units is determined on the basis of the achieved development of teams in physical terms and physical volumes of work. For subcontractors, the duration of the functioning of specialized flows is determined on the basis of the estimated cost and the development of teams in value terms for the relevant divisions.

The developed calendar plan for the construction of facilities for the annual production program of the association serves as the basis for determining the need for labor, material and technical resources (by months, quarters, per year). In the event that the needs for certain types of labor, material and technical resources are exceeded, measures (recommendations) are developed to provide the construction divisions of associations with the missing resources. If the provision of facilities with certain types of resources is impossible, the calendar schedule for the construction of facilities of the annual production program is adjusted until the required volumes of construction and installation work are fully aligned with the capacities of the construction divisions of the association and subcontractors, or the program itself is adjusted.

The methodological basis for the formation of a work schedule is the design (calculation of parameters) of a continuous flow with a given level of reliability. The parameters of the construction flow characterize its development in time, space, the level of its organization and the reliability of its functioning. The classification of parameters for executing a program of work in a continuous flow is shown in Fig. 15.

10.4. Reliability parameters characterize the stability of the construction flow within the specified limits and the ability to obtain the planned result in the face of random failures inherent in construction. These include the likelihood of failure and availability. The probability of failure-free operation is the probability of achieving the planned result under the given production conditions. Availability factor is the ratio of the duration of the uptime of the construction flow for the period under consideration to the total operating time (the sum of the duration of uptime and downtime for the same period of time).

10.5. Organizational parameters characterize the features of the construction department and the work program for the planned period: the capacity of the construction department, the number of parallel streams and teams.

The capacity of the construction division reflects the maximum amount of work (for the manufacture of precast concrete products and construction) that can be completed in a certain period of time under given production conditions. Depending on the capacity, the planned scope of work and the address program, parallel complex, object and specialized flows are formed. The specialized organization forms a number of parallel specialized streams (sanitary, electrical, pile driving, earthworks). The general construction organization forms specialized flows for the construction of the underground part of the building, installation of the aboveground part and finishing work, facility flows for the construction of cultural and domestic buildings. General contracting trusts, DSKs, factories form integrated flows for the development of residential areas, microdistricts, streets and city districts.

Each of the parallel streams serves one or more specialized or complex teams.

Rice. 15. Classification of parameters of a continuous flow for the implementation of the work program of a construction organization

10.6. The spatial parameters include: a site, an object, a microdistrict, a residential area, the territorial location of objects, the radius of service of objects by construction units (area of ​​operation), as well as the nomenclature of construction objects according to their design features (large-panel, brick, etc.) and standard series, engineering networks by type, by location in the region (city, district center, residential area, microdistrict, quarter, street, building site, detached buildings, distances between objects and from objects to the base of a construction organization).

10.7. The parameters of time include indicators that characterize the development of the flow in time. For the design of the organization of work in a continuous flow, the following parameters are distinguished: the duration of the construction of objects and the stages of their construction, the magnitude of the critical convergence of flows (organizational breaks), the rhythm of the flow, the possible timing of the start of construction (release of the construction site, engineering preparation of the territory, readiness of engineering networks and communications) and directive (normative) terms of putting objects into operation.

With the combined execution of two adjacent technologically dependent processes and stages of work, the convergence between them should be no less critical (minimum). This convergence is determined by the minimum necessary advance of the previous construction flow by the next one by an amount sufficient to carry out the work of the subsequent process in the established rhythm. Such an advance is taken in the amount of work on one capture (site, object) of the previous process, taking into account possible deviations (with a given level of reliability). Critical convergence can be expressed in units of time, the amount of work at an object (group of objects) or in units of a work front of a certain construction readiness.

10.8. Technological parameters characterize the features of the production of work: the amount of work, the intensity of the flow, the output, the labor intensity, the number of performers, the structure of the flow.

The activity of a construction and installation organization is considered as the functioning of a system of complex (object, specialized) flows, united by a common work program and the boundaries of the region. The number of such flows depends on the size of the region, the amount of work, the number and organizational level of specialized units that are part of the construction organization and are attracted from outside, their capacity.

Each of the complex flows is characterized by a structure corresponding to the nature of the work performed, construction objects and the conditions for its implementation. The structure determines the composition of object, specialized and private flows organized to fulfill the annual program of the construction division in accordance with the architectural, space-planning and design solutions, the scope of work and the established specialization of the divisions.

The number of parallel streams is determined depending on the scope of work of the construction and installation organization and its capacity.

10.9. To determine the parameters of the reliability of construction production, the value of failure is established for the leading technological processes, stages and objects in the conditions of a particular construction department.

As a failure of the construction process (leading private stream), such an amount of downtime of the flow during the day or deviation from the planned volume of work is taken, which significantly affects the work of the construction flow and, as a result, cannot be eliminated due to a periodic increase in labor productivity during the day.

As a refusal of a specialized or object flow, the deviation of the deadlines for the completion of a stage of work or the commissioning of an object from a given period (normative or directive) in working days can be accepted. A refusal is a deviation of the duration by an amount that, under the conditions of the construction subdivision under consideration, significantly affects the fulfillment of planned tasks, that is, the amount of technological failures is so large that adjusting the organization of work (degree of combination, intensity, duration of processes), redistribution of resources within the facility, with a periodic increase in labor productivity, the stage of work cannot be completed or the object cannot be put into operation as planned.

10.10. The main method of obtaining information about the reliability of construction production is the direct registration of failures at facilities in special journals; they record the number, cause and duration of failures, or the daily flow rate in physical or value terms. The duration of daily observations is up to a year (and not less than 1 month).

10.11. The duration of the specialized flow at the facility (for three stages of work - the construction of the underground part, installation of the aboveground part of the building, finishing work) is determined by the formula

, (34)

where Т ij- duration j-th stage of work (specialized flow at the facility at i-th object; k - module of cyclicity; m- the number of captures; n- the number of private streams ( n= 1, 2, 3, ...); S t o - organizational breaks between specialized flows, set depending on the specified level of reliability; к г - availability (reliability) factor *.

* Instructions for the design of the organization and management of flow housing and civil construction based on continuous planning (RSN 323-83). Kiev: NIISP. 1983.

10.12. Designing the work of a construction and installation organization in a continuous flow is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, proposals are developed for the formation of the annual program of the construction and installation organization and its approval by the customer (general contractor), and at the second stage, the development of documentation for organizing the work of construction departments in a continuous flow based on the approved annual program is carried out.

10.13. Proposals for the formation of an annual plan should be aimed at timely financing of the entire range of work during the year, the most complete use of the capacity of the industrial base, improvement of flow technology and organization of production, rational use of material and technical and labor resources, increasing labor productivity, linking the planned volume of work with the production capacity of the construction and installation organization to ensure the commissioning of all planned residential and civil buildings.

The proposals determine the composition (list) of construction objects and the timing of their commissioning by quarters of the planned year, as well as the list and volume of moving back-end objects necessary to ensure the rhythmic conduct of work and the efficient use of resources.

The proposals for the formation of an annual (two-year) work plan in a continuous flow should contain the materials indicated in Table. 27.

Development of proposals for the formation of the annual production program of the construction and installation organization (Fig. 16) includes:

analysis of the internal building title lists received from the customer for approval of the project;

distribution of construction objects between construction departments and subcontractors;

drafting a directive work schedule based on production standards;

determination of the need for basic material and technical resources: sources and possibilities of their coverage;

drawing up a financing plan in the context of the annual program;

preparation of comments on the structure of the plan of the construction and installation organization and proposals for adjusting projects of internal building title lists.

Methodological guidance and control over the performance of work is carried out by the chief engineer (deputy head) of the construction and installation organization.

Table 27

Materials (edit)	Appointment
Directive work schedule of the construction and installation organization in a continuous flow in the volume of the annual (two-year) program	Establishment of terms for putting objects into operation	The sequence and timing of the construction of facilities (by stages of work)
Remarks of the construction and installation organization on the projects of title lists for the planned period	Establishing the correspondence of the production capacity of the construction and installation organization to the objects of the type lists	Clarification of the list of objects and works, terms of commissioning and allocations for the planned period, the list of back-up objects and the readiness of the territory for development
Data on the annual demand in material and technical resources	Revealing the general demand in the main ma-te-ri-al-no-technical resources for the program of work, data for drawing up applications	Calculation of the total need for basic material and technical resources for the annual (two-year) work program, the composition of annual applications
Explanatory note	Explanations and comments on the proposals for the form-mi-ro-va-tion of the annual program	Calculation of the main parameters for the construction of facilities, a description of the construction conditions and their linking with the estimated volumes

10.14. When analyzing the project of in-building title lists of objects, the construction and installation organization checks:

compliance with the planned annual scope of work

the limits of capital investments and construction and installation works approved in five-year plans;

availability and timing of the release of design and estimate documentation;

the estimated amount of backlog at the beginning of the planned year and for the next year;

preparation of the territory (resettlement, demolition of buildings, reclamation, peat removal, planning of the territory as of January 1 of the planned year);

terms for the customer to complete city-wide engineering measures (laying of trunk engineering networks and communications) and equipment of the territory, construction of engineering structures, as well as their compliance with the required timeframe for putting objects into operation.

Rice. 16. The procedure for the development of proposals for the formation of the annual work program

10.15. As a result of the analysis of projects of detailed planning of residential areas and microdistricts, the following should be determined: plots and town-planning complexes, the sequence of construction of sites (town-planning complexes), microdistricts and their facilities. The expected timing of the work and activities carried out by the customer is specified and, depending on them, the possible dates for the start of construction. At the same time, materials of projects for organizing the construction of residential neighborhoods and individual objects should be used.

According to the timing of the possible start of construction and the proposed timing of the commissioning of facilities, the construction period is established and its compliance with the standard duration is checked in accordance with SNiP 1.04.03-85.

Construction objects are distributed among organizations in accordance with their production capacity, specialization and area of ​​work.

10.16. Construction and installation organizations, together with the customer, consider proposals (orders) for work performed by a contractor, draw up approval protocols and send them to higher organizations. In these documents, the volumes of construction and installation work should be distributed for each construction division and for each construction site, as well as by quarters of the year in such a way that the commissioning of objects in operation within the standard time frame is ensured. First of all, it is necessary to provide for the completion of the construction of the previously started objects on time.

10.17. The directive work schedule is developed in order to identify the technological feasibility of performing the planned volumes of work and putting the facilities into operation within the proposed time frame; a schedule is formed for objects and stages of work in the following order:

distribution of construction volumes, subject to uniform loading of factories throughout the year and taking into account the territorial distribution of facilities;

distribution of construction objects by subdivisions of the construction and installation organization and flows, taking into account the adopted specialization, territorial location of objects, types of buildings and terms of commissioning;

development of a schedule for line construction taking into account the continuous work of specialized streams and their linking with each other and with the work of subcontractors, as well as taking into account the even use of resources.

According to the schedule, the need for material, technical and financial resources by months and quarters and in general for the planned year is established, the compliance of the terms of commissioning of facilities with the proposed in-building title lists, as well as the timeliness of construction and installation works, engineering networks and engineering equipment by other organizations of the city (district).

10.18. As a result of the development of proposals, discrepancies with the project of in-house title lists should be identified regarding the possibility of including objects in the work plan, the scope of work, the timing of commissioning, financing and material and technical support, requirements for the deadlines for the completion of engineering networks and communications, preparation of the territory, engineering structures and other work performed by the customer or on his instructions by construction and installation and special organizations that are subordinate to other ministries and departments.

Based on the calculations, the construction and installation organization draws up comments on the project of in-building title lists: comments and the draft financing plan required for the flow organization of construction are transferred to the customer for correcting proposals for the formation of the annual plan and the title list of construction objects.

10.19. Documentation on the organization of work of the annual program of the construction department is developed in a continuous flow on the basis of approved in-building title lists and consists of the materials indicated in table. 28.

The specified documentation is developed in the following order: preparation of initial data; distribution of objects by divisions of the construction and installation organization and subcontractors;

calculation of parameters of in-line construction; development of a schedule for in-line construction; development of logistics schedules.

An approximate scheme for the development of documentation for organizing the work of construction departments in a continuous flow is shown in Fig. 17.

Table 28

Document	Appointment
Calculation of the level of reliability and the value of a pair of meters for a planned period	Determination of the value of indicators or-ga-ni-za-zatsionno-technological reliability and parameters of continuous flow for the settlement period
The sequence of erection of buildings and their distribution according to sub-divisions, construction and installation and sub-contracting or-ga-ni-za-tsi-yam	The image of the territorial distribution of objects, engineering networks and communes, the distribution of objects according to use-by-no-bodies, the establishment after-to-va-tel- construction of buildings and structures
Annual (two-year) work schedule of the construction and installation organization in a continuous flow	Establishing the timing and after-to-va-tel-ness of the performance of work on the technological stages of production and individual leading types of work, the timing of the construction of residential and non-residential facilities. Determination of the workload of the brigades during the year and the planned implementation of construction and installation works in cost terms
Schedules of the complete set of materials, semi-fab-ricates and products as required in machines and mechanisms	Determination of the number and terms of delivery of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, materials, semi-finished products and equipment for the program of work of the construction and installation organization, taking into account the co-peri - ried deliveries. Establishing the need for a subdivision in the main machines and mechanisms for the continuous functioning of the flows
Explanatory note	Justification of the adopted engineering decisions on the technology and organization of precise construction, the complexity of the development of arrays, increasing the level of reliability of the decisions made, the choice of the value of the flow parameters, the need for resources, technical and economic for-ka-te-whether.

10.20. The distribution of construction objects between the divisions of the construction and installation organization is carried out taking into account the architectural and constructive characteristics and technological assessment of the objects of the two-year construction program, determined according to projects and estimates, the technological and object specialization of the divisions, the territorial distribution of objects, the area of ​​work of the construction division and its capacity.

Rice. 17. The procedure for the development of documentation for the organization of the work of the plant (association) in a continuous flow

10.21. The sequence of the construction of objects is established with the condition that each stream is provided with the necessary volume for the construction of buildings of the same series, thereby creating conditions for improving technology and increasing labor productivity. At the same time, the territorial distribution of residential buildings in areas of mass development and dispersed within the city and outside the city, the timing of the provision of a building site, the readiness of engineering networks and communications, pile foundations and the underground part of buildings, uniform loading of production workshops of the housing construction base should be taken into account.

10.22. In order to determine the early dates for the start of construction, schedules and construction plans for in-line construction are preliminarily developed. The construction site plan shows the layout of construction projects broken down into areas of complex development and queues, places for laying engineering networks and communications, their connection to existing highways, the placement of tower cranes and the linking of typical facility construction plans to specific construction conditions. The graphs in enlarged meters with a breakdown into stages (erection of the underground part of buildings, installation of floor structures of the aboveground part and finishing works) indicate the timing of the construction of buildings, taking into account the continuous load of flows, the timing of the completion of the preparation of the territory, utility networks and their routing (priority construction of buildings, through which engineering networks pass), the capabilities of specialized subcontractors and the optimal technological timing of the construction of buildings.

10.23. The directive schedule of the continuous construction of objects is drawn up using the cyclograms of the continuous construction of typical buildings of each series, refined for the considered settlement period. The schedule provides for the production of work on a system of permanent production lines, the development of flows in time and in individual areas, the linking of specialized flows with each other, a scheme for moving teams and machines from object to object, as well as the total volume of work by periods corresponding to the capacity of industrial production of construction and installation organization.

10.24. The work schedule of construction and installation organizations in a continuous flow should be developed in the following order:

determination of the sequence of the construction of objects;

determination of the total cost of construction of facilities by technological stages of the production of work with the allocation of the cost of general construction work within each stage;

clarification of the complex of works performed at each stage, and the definition of specialized units for their implementation;

identification of the conditions for the production of work (the presence of engineering networks and communications or an indication of the timing of their readiness, the need to demolish buildings, transfer communications, reclamation and planning of the territory);

determination of the intensity of each specialized stream for the construction of buildings, taking into account reliability indicators;

Determination of the required number of parallel specialized threads for the implementation of the work program on its own, as well as by the forces of involved subcontractors;

distribution of construction objects according to specialized flows, taking into account the manufacturability of the facilities, the adopted specialization, territorial location and the due dates for their commissioning;

drawing up a calendar schedule of line construction.

The construction schedule for each object provides for the construction time frame, which allows organizing the work of each assembly team of the construction department. For this, for construction and installation organizations and their departments, the following are determined:

the number of objects in each series;

the need for structures, parts and materials for the construction of large-panel buildings;

normative groundwork for the work of the underground part;

provision of design and estimate documentation in full;

the state of engineering preparation of the construction site and the development area, engineering equipment;

availability of assembly cranes, vehicles and other construction machines and mechanisms.

10.25. Objects and their groupings are evaluated depending on the following characteristics:

type and series of projects, their modification (sectioning, orientation, configuration and type of foundations, the presence of built-in or attached premises, etc.);

territorial location of objects, tightness of the site;

purpose - objects of state, cultural and domestic, cooperative and intended for the relocation of residents from demolished buildings;

availability in construction organizations of approved and complete design and estimate documentation, including engineering networks and communications;

the state of engineering preparation and equipment of the territory;

occupation of the construction site with buildings, power lines, etc.;

the state of construction (an object rolling over from the previous year, starting again or rolling over to the next year).

10.26. The schedule of in-line construction of facilities covers:

calculation of monthly commissioning of facilities, the need for sets of parts, planned and regulatory backlog for construction departments;

determination of the expected (with a given probability) duration of construction of typical buildings and the main stages of work corresponding to the full load of specialized units and teams of workers, the possibility of the production base of the construction and installation organization for the supply of parts;

accounting for the organizational and technological reliability of construction production;

uniform forms of schedules for the construction of aboveground and underground parts of buildings, schedules for engineering preparation of the territory.

The schedule for in-line construction should be developed according to three technological stages: the construction of the underground part of buildings, the construction of the aboveground part, special and finishing work. With a large technological specialization of subdivisions or the involvement of subcontracting specialized organizations, the stages can be divided into complex processes, for example, earthworks, installation of pile foundations, installation of a grillage and installation of structures of the underground part of the building.

10.27. All objects within the planned year are divided into five groups:

1) objects that are being completed since last year;

2) objects that have been transferred since last year at the stage of installation or construction of the underground part of the building;

3) objects, the construction of which must be started and completed in the current year;

4) back-up objects, which are transferred to the next year at the stage of erection of the underground and installation of the above-ground parts of buildings;

5) back-up objects, which are transferred to the next year at the stage of finishing work.

Objects of the third group can be of different readiness for construction. The main factors that determine the readiness for construction and the possible timing of the start of installation are: the availability of design and estimate documentation, financing in the required amount, the state of engineering preparation (demolition of buildings, transfer of communications, planning of the territory, etc.), the presence of laid engineering networks and communications, and dr.

10.28. When drawing up a schedule for in-line construction, objects of the annual program are preliminarily divided into several stages (priority groups) that determine the sequence of construction. The first stage includes buildings of the first and second groups, the second - objects of the third group that have a high degree of readiness for construction, the third - objects of the third group in terms of the timing of the provision of the construction site and the readiness of engineering networks, the fourth - back-up objects in the order of the timing of engineering preparation ... As part of each priority group, objects from the point of view of the sequence of their construction can be equivalent or written in the order of the desired sequence of their installation.

If the list contains objects through which a single engineering network passes, a strict installation sequence is set. For some objects, specific dates for the early start of installation may be known, or the directive dates for the completion of construction may be set.

10.29. The entire territory on which construction objects are located should be divided into several construction areas: an administrative, residential area, a street or several streets. For all objects of the annual program, depending on the construction address, the belonging to a certain area is established.

Construction objects are distributed between the SMU and the brigades, guided by their specialization and the area of ​​work. For each SMU and for each brigade, objects and series of houses are established for the construction of which it specializes, as well as those objects and series of houses that the team can build without a significant decrease in productivity.

For the effective work of construction departments and in order to reduce relocation, for each SMU or brigade, the main and adjacent areas of work are established.

10.30. The organizational and technological reliability of construction production, envisaged in the schedules of in-line construction, is achieved through the implementation of the following measures:

the duration of the stages of work included in the schedules is set not deterministic, but expected with optimal probability;

the end of work is determined by an interval of values ​​depending on the standard deviation of the intensity of the leading processes;

the minimum organizational breaks between the stages of work are determined by the value of the standard deviation and the specified level of reliability, as well as by the type of work;

reserves of time, work front, machines and mechanisms, material and financial resources are determined and taken into account.

If the constructed schedules do not provide the target date for putting the facility into operation, it is necessary to resort to other options for technology and organization (change in the number of cranes and the composition of crews, change in shifts, the degree of combination of processes, their intensity and duration), which will allow the work to be completed within a given timeframe with taking into account probabilistic indicators, expected duration and organizational breaks.

If the change in the technology and organization of work does not allow to ensure the completion of work on time with the necessary organizational breaks, the sequence of construction of facilities should be changed in such a way that at first the builder will have facilities with a smaller amount of work. Then, additional material and technical and labor resources should be transferred from facilities where there are reserves of time.

If these possibilities have been exhausted, the object should be placed under special control, the priority supply of material and technical resources should be ensured, i.e., conditions are provided for to maximize the level of organizational and technological reliability and thereby reduce the duration of work stages and breaks between them.

10.31. When scheduling the construction of facilities, the main limitation on the capacity of construction and installation organizations must be met. The need for precast concrete products and structures of each group in each month of the planning period should not exceed the capacity of the plants' technological lines. Temporary use of insurance stocks of products with their subsequent replenishment is allowed.

The uniformity of consumption of material resources is achieved by changing the sequence of the construction of facilities, the intensity of their installation, the number of cranes, assigning facilities to other teams with a large production potential.

If in the process of constructing a schedule for a given set of objects of the annual program, the number of brigades and the capacity of factories, the continuity of the work of the brigades is not achieved, then it is necessary to identify the shortage of certain resources, estimate their number and submit the conclusion to the management of the construction and installation organization for decision-making. When bottlenecks are eliminated by replacing some objects, redistributing or introducing additional capacities, the initial data is changed and a re-modeling is performed.

When it is impossible to increase the capacity or replace objects, the admissible value of the reserve time of the brigades when moving from object to object is entered. A variant of the schedule is being developed for which, subject to the restrictions, the total value of the time reserve for all teams of the construction and installation organization will be minimal.

Rice. 18. An enlarged block diagram of the algorithm for the development of an annual schedule for the installation of objects with a continuous flow

10.32. An enlarged block diagram of an algorithm that simulates the process of assembling objects of a construction and installation organization is shown in Fig. eighteen.

Block 1. The next object that passes into the installation stage is selected, its series and type are established, as well as a team of installers performing the installation of the object.

Block 2. The deadline for finishing the installation of the object is determined by multiplying the number of remaining captures by the duration of assembling one capture and dividing the result by the availability factor. The term for the release of the brigade is determined.

Block 3. The monthly demand for reinforced concrete products required to complete the installation of the facility is determined.

Block 4. The received demand for reinforced concrete products by months is summarized with the number of products consumed for the previously considered transitional houses.

Block 5. Compares the total demand for reinforced concrete products in each month of the planning period, which extends to the installation of the rolling object, with the capacity of technological lines of factories. If the demand for products does not exceed the capabilities of the factories, then the object is assigned to the team, included in the flow, and control is transferred to the next block.

Block 6. It is checked whether there are still unconsidered passing objects. If there are any, then the similar work of blocks 1 - 5 is repeated for the next passing object until all the passing objects have been considered.

Block 7. The next month of the planned period is selected. Block 7 is the initial one in the main branch of the algorithm, which considers objects newly started by construction.

Block 8. The presence of teams released in the period under review is checked, and the team with the earliest release date is selected from among them. Areas and objects (series of houses) are being established, for the construction of which she specializes.

Block 9. A new object is selected for this brigade.

Block 10. The selected object is assigned to the brigade, the term for its installation is determined, taking into account the provision of a given level of reliability.

Block 11. The date of completion of installation of the underground part of the facility and the date of completion of construction of the facility are determined.

Block 12. It is checked whether an early installation start date has been set for this object.

Block 13. Block 14. The specified period is checked.

Block 15. Determined the need for reinforced concrete products in each month for which the installation of the object applies.

Block 16. The received demand is summed up with the previously consumed amount of resources for other objects.

Block 17. It is checked whether the total demand for products does not exceed the capacity of the factories. If there are enough factory resources for each month, the facility is finally assigned to the brigade and included in the flow.

At this point, the consideration of this object ends and control is transferred to block 8, in which the presence of brigades released in the month under consideration is checked.

If there is a team, the considered procedure for selecting and including an object in the stream is repeated. After all the teams that are vacated in a given month are considered, control is transferred to block 22. The balance or deficit of resources of the construction and installation organization in the month under consideration is determined, for which the total demand for products of various groups for installation is deducted from the given capacity of factories.

Block 21. The possibility of production of products by construction and installation organizations in the next month is being adjusted by summing up the remaining resources with a given capacity of the organization in this month. The correction provides an integrated accounting of the capacity of the construction and installation organization. After that, the next month of the planned period is selected (block 22) and the calculation is repeated. At the end of the planning period, the calculation is completed.

If, as a result of the check in block 13, it turns out that the estimated start date for the installation of the above-ground part of the object in question was earlier than the date of the underground part of this object and the organizational break, calculated taking into account the established level of reliability, an object with an earlier date for the underground part is selected for this brigade. If there are no such objects in the list, measures are taken to accelerate the construction of the underground part of the building for a certain period of time or the possibility of combining the installation process with the completion of work on the underground part of the building.

It may turn out that for the selected object the target date for completion of construction is set (block 14). If the standard term is violated, then the object is transferred to a higher priority group and the calculation is repeated. In this case, block 14 checks whether the estimated construction time is beyond the directive. If not, then it goes on to block 15 and the calculations are repeated in the usual way.

During the operation of block 17, it may turn out that the need for reinforced concrete products in any month exceeds the capabilities of construction and installation organizations. In this case, the possibility of changing the intensity of installation, the use of products or their stock in the warehouse is checked. If at the same time the demand exceeds the capabilities of the construction department, the object is returned to the list.

10.33. As a result of the construction of the schedule for the leading process - the installation of buildings, late deadlines for the completion of work on the construction of the underground part of buildings and early dates for the start of work on their finishing are set.

10.34. The schedule of the line production of work on the underground part of buildings is built in a similar way. The continuous work of specialized teams and the corresponding sets of machines for work, pile foundations, grillage and installation of structures for the underground part of buildings with restrictions on the capabilities of leading machines, the capacity of construction departments and the supply of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures is considered. This takes into account the expected duration of the processes with a given probability and the necessary organizational breaks, ensuring the timely transfer of the work front and their completion.

10.35. When scheduling the production of finishing work, the continuous work of specialized finishing teams, the required time for putting objects into operation, the duration of work expected with a given probability, and the sequence of objects determined by the preparation of the work front are taken into account.

If the deadline for the completion of work with a corresponding organizational break exceeds the directive, measures are taken to increase the number of performers, the sequence of including objects in the flow or change the technology and organization of processes up to their combination by a technologically possible amount.

10.36. Documentation for the annual work program of a construction organization in a continuous flow serves as the basis for the formation of a production and economic plan (construction financial plan).

The schedules for the construction sequence of the objects of the annual production program are the basis for drawing up a plan for the commissioning of residential buildings and social and cultural facilities.

According to the schedules of the need for material resources for the objects of the annual production program of the association (according to the nomenclature), plans are drawn up for material support and equipment, the work of production, subsidiary enterprises and UPTK. Graphs of the need for technical resources by objects of the annual production program of the association by types (brands) of machines, mechanisms are used to draw up plans for the operation of construction machines and mechanisms, to control mechanization.

10.37. The basis for the development of a calendar schedule for the rational operation of an organization's existing fleet of construction machines should be based on the principle of forming sets of sequentially replaced machines serving one specialized stream or object. This principle ensures: reducing the influence of the availability of certain types of machines on the implementation of the annual production program; observance of the target dates for the commissioning of facilities; prompt reorganization of the machine work schedule; the efficiency of the fleet operation.

The distribution schedule of available erection cranes by construction sites is formed on the basis of the principle of interchangeability using the method of differentiated selection of erection cranes per site. The effectiveness of the implementation of a differentiated method of distribution of assembly cranes is manifested in a decrease in the cost of mechanization of work, an increase in capital productivity for each high-rise crane, and a reduction in specific capital investments in the construction of buildings with a higher number of storeys.

10.38. The structure of the agreed and approved documentation for organizing the work of construction departments in a continuous flow (for example, the city of Yaroslavl) includes schedules:

the sequence of construction of objects of the annual production program for construction departments;

labor requirements by facilities for specialized (complex) brigades (by months, quarters, per year) - the form is given in table. 29;

requirements for technical resources for objects of the annual production program by types (brands) of machines, mechanisms (by months, quarters, per year) - the form is given in table. thirty;

interconnection of specialized flows and distributions of capital investments by facilities (for a month, quarter, year).

Table 29

The design of a temporary road is chosen depending on several factors:

Duration of construction;

Carrying capacity of vehicles and traffic intensity;

Hydrogeological conditions of the area of ​​work;

The time of the year.

Depending on these factors, temporary roads can be: unpaved; unpaved with reinforced coverage; with a hard surface including precast concrete slabs.

Dirt roads are arranged under favorable hydrogeological conditions (for soils of category IV and higher) and during construction in winter in conditions of soil freezing. The transverse relief of the road is profiled with a slope of 5-6 o from the center to the shoulders using a motor grader.

Hard-surface roads are suitable when the construction duration is more than one year or under unfavorable hydrogeological conditions. Usually they are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, laid on an underlying layer of sand 15-25 cm thick.As a rule, road slabs withstand three to four times the turnover, which is greatly facilitated by laying the slabs on a leveled sublayer and fastening them to each other by welding or wire twists.

Figure 6 - Classification of temporary road structures

Natural dirt roads

Arranged at low traffic intensity (up to 3 cars per hour in one direction) in favorable soil and hydrogeological conditions. Carriageway profiling is performed to drain water during precipitation and snow melting.

Figure 7 - Construction of a dirt profiled road

Dirt improved roads

They experience heavy loads (up to 60 kN per axle) or are in less favorable conditions, they are strengthened with crushed stone, gravel, slag, tar or bitumen binder, and compacted with a roller.

Without the use of a binder

Gravel roads

Coatings of crushed stone and gravel optimal mixtures are used for roads of III - IV categories with a subgrade made of sandy-clay or sandy soils and in the presence of gravel or crushed stone materials in the construction area. Crushed stone and gravel coverings suit the crescent profile for the entire width of the roadbed.

For the device of gravel pavements, quarry gravel material or artificially composed mixtures are used, the optimal compositions of which are given in table. 3.

Gravel pavements on the subgrade are arranged in two or three layers, depending on the estimated thickness of the pavement. The thickness of individual layers is assumed to be 15 - 20 cm.

Table 3 - Optimal mix composition for gravel road

For the device of crushed stone, natural or artificial crushed stone is used. Crushed stone of fractions 70 - 150 and 40 - 70 mm is used for the lower layer, and only crushed stone of fractions 40 - 70 mm is placed in the upper layer. To form the upper dense layer and fill the pores, small fractions are used: 5 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 40 mm. Their number should be 10 - 15% of the volume of crushed stone in the coating. Layers are evenly distributed by a bulldozer or motor grader over the entire width of the carriageway and compacted from the edge of the roadbed to the axis of the road.

Figure 8 - Construction of a gravel road