Typical projects. Typical design What is a typical design in construction

Typical IS design involves the creation of a system from ready-made standard elements. The fundamental requirement for the application of typical design methods is the ability to decompose the designed IS into many constituent components (subsystems, task complexes, software modules, etc.). To implement the selected components, standard design solutions available on the market are selected, which are adjusted to the specifics of a particular enterprise.

A typical design solution (TPD) is a replicable (reusable) design solution.

The accepted classification of LBTs is based on the level of system decomposition. The following classes of TPR are distinguished:

elemental TPR - standard solutions for a task or for a separate type of task support (information, software, technical, mathematical, organizational);

subsystem TPR - as elements of typing are separate subsystems, developed taking into account the functional completeness and minimization of external information links;

object TPR - typical industry projects that include a full set of functional and supporting IS subsystems.

Each standard solution assumes the presence, in addition to the actual functional elements (software or hardware), documentation with a detailed description of the TPR and adjustment procedures in accordance with the requirements of the system being developed. To implement typical design, two approaches are used: parametric-oriented and model-based design.

Parametrically-oriented design includes the following stages: determination of criteria for assessing the suitability of applied software packages (PPP) for solving the assigned tasks, analysis and assessment of available PPP according to the formulated criteria, selection and purchase of the most suitable package, setting parameters (revision) of the purchased PPP.

Model-based design consists in adapting the composition and characteristics of a typical IC in accordance with the model of the automation object.

The design technology in this case should provide uniform means for working with both a typical IS model and a model of a specific enterprise.

.2. Blocked three-storey houses (resettlement of families by floors)

Blocked residential building is called an apartment-type building, consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to the area near the apartment. Blocked low-rise buildings consist of several adjoining isolated block apartments. The number of blocks that make up a house depends on various factors (the nature of the site, the terrain, the degree of fire resistance of the house, etc.) and may include from 2 to 1 apartments or more.

A block is an indivisible volume-planning element consisting of a different set of apartments, usually from single-family blocks of block apartments (Fig. 1).

The structure of the block houses retains some of the principles inherent in the architecture of a single-family building. Each apartment has a front and utility entrance, as well as its own land plot. of the front entrance, flower beds are arranged in front of the facade, and behind the house there is a garden, a vegetable garden, and outbuildings.

Blocking a house can be done from a wide variety of block apartment combinations. In fig. examples of blocking apartments are presented. The simplest and most common way is to adjoin block apartments with side walls and form a simple rectangular house.

In such a house, all apartments have two-sided orientation and through ventilation. The same simple construction of the house and an even greater building density is provided by a two-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the building, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of apartments, which receive a one-sided orientation and are deprived of through ventilation.

Therefore, two-row blocking is used, as a rule, in four-apartment buildings, in which apartments receive two-sided orientation and ventilation. This type of blocking is called cross-type blocking.

To improve the insulation of individual blocks or orientation conditions, blocking with a shift of blocks relative to each other or L-shaped with courtyards is used.

The same simple construction of the house and an even greater building density is provided by a two-row blocking. However, this technique, with a large number of block apartments in the building, worsens the sanitary and hygienic qualities of apartments, which receive a one-sided orientation and are deprived of through ventilation.

Blocked houses are often built as one- and two-story houses (Fig. 20, .21), and recently, to increase the density of urban development, three- and four-story houses with a more complex volumetric-spatial structure have been used (Fig. 22).

Layout of homestead plots and block houses.

Apartments in manor (individual) and block houses are closely connected with the land plot, which plays an essential role in the everyday life and economic structure.

The role of the site and the nature of its use in different settlements is not the same.

In the suburbs and urban-type settlements, it can be used for cultivation and recreation.

In the villages, the plot is used, in addition to agriculture, also for breeding livestock and poultry.

houses can be attributed to the incomplete isolation of the near-apartment plots of one from the other.

For rural settlements, the norms provide for a plot of 1200-100 m2 for an individual manor house, with a blocked building of 6 00 m2, with a two-family house 1200-100 m2.

In some cases, to increase the building density, three-storey mixed-type block houses are used, in which two floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with side-by-side plots, and apartments with rooms on the same level are located on the upper or lower floor - most often small one- or two-room apartments connected by a corridor or a gallery (depending on the climate) with stairs located at the ends of the house.

Special types of blocked houses. In foreign practice, with limited sizes of plots, three-story blocked houses are used, on the first floor of which there is a garage, a front room, a storeroom and other utility rooms (laundry, workshop), and living rooms - on the second and third floors.

To increase the building density, three-storey blocked houses are also used, where cottage-type apartments with side-by-side plots are located on the first two floors, and on the third floor there are small-sized apartments opening into a corridor or gallery with stairs at the ends of the house.

Sometimes on the ground floor there are one-storey apartments, occupying the width of two blocks, with a side plot and an entrance from one side of the house; the second and third floors are occupied by cottage-type apartments with separate entrances from the apartment plots located on the other side of the house.

Ticket 2.3. Secondary schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, schools of fine arts.

SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

Classification of schools Depending on the purpose, there are: - general education schools and boarding schools; - specialized schools and boarding schools for advanced training of children; - health-improving and sanatorium-forest schools; - special schools for children with physical and mental retardation.

General educational institutions include: - primary, basic, secondary general education schools; - a secondary general education school with in-depth study of individual subjects; - gymnasium and lyceum.

According to the level of education, general education schools are divided into three stages of education: - Stage I of education includes students in grades 1-4; - II stage of education includes students in grades 5-9; - III stage of education includes students in grades 10-11.

The capacity of newly built urban schools according to sanitary standards should not exceed 1000 people at present, rural small schools for the first stage of education - 80 people, I and II stages of education - 250 people, II and III levels - 500 people. School sites Secondary schools are located in a microdistrict with a maximum radius of accessibility from housing of 500 m. The school site should preferably be located adjacent to green areas. The area of ​​a school site depends on the size of the school and the nature of its space-planning scheme. The school site is intended for educational and auxiliary activities in the open air, recreation for children during recess, various sports and mass work, school-wide gatherings, for classes with children in extended-day schools. The length of the pedestrian path from home to school is taken as 500 m. The capacity of schools is determined at the rate of 180 places per 1000 inhabitants.

Functional zones of school areas: - physical culture and recreation, - educational and experimental, - recreation area, - economic zone.

Certain requirements are imposed on the location of the sports area:

Sports grounds for ball games and throwing must be at least 25 m away from the windows of the building and have a perimeter fence with a height of at least 2.5-3 m; - other sites - not less than 10 m. The sites should be designed in such a way that they provide access to them and the possibility of a circular bypass of fire engines.

Space-planning solution.

School buildings should be no more than 3 floors. When placing educational institutions in previously built 4-5-storey buildings, the fourth and fifth floors must be allocated for rarely visited by students and classrooms. The height of the floors of the school premises is 3.3 m, the height of the sports and assembly halls is 6-7 m. The degree of fire resistance of school buildings must be at least II.

The occupancy of each class should not exceed 25 people. All school premises are divided into two main groups:

1. Classrooms: - classrooms for grades 1-4 (stage I); - classrooms and laboratories with laboratory assistants for grades 5-11 (II and III levels of education); - premises for work training and vocational guidance. 2. General school premises: - assembly and sports halls; - catering unit; - workshops; - administrative premises; - library, etc.

Study sections for grades 1-4 are designed as separate ones, separated into a separate block, impassable for students of other age groups. The composition of the premises: - classrooms - workshop for labor training, - universal room for extended day groups, - recreation and - sanitary blocks.

Study sections for grades 5-11 are formed on the basis of classrooms and laboratories. Study rooms include: - a working area (placement of study tables for students), - a teacher's working area, - additional space for placing teaching aids, technical teaching aids (TCO), - an area for individual lessons for students and possible vigorous activity.

In institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums and lyceums, a lecture audience should be provided. Its dimensions are set based on the capacity of the age parallel of students in it, consisting of no more than 3 classes, at the rate of 1 m2 per seat. Recreation in modern educational institutions is advisable to design a hall type.

School buildings, depending on the nature of the interposition of the main groups of premises, are conventionally divided into three types: linear, perimeter, block / main compositional options for school buildings: a - linear; b - perimeter; c - block

Linear the composition can be expressed in several versions - H-shaped, cruciform, etc. It is quite compact, simple in design. NS erimetral the composition is characterized by the arrangement of groups of rooms around an open courtyard, which is intended for relaxation during recess and various school rituals. Such a composition is quite compact even with a large school capacity. ... Blocky composition is the most flexible, it can be presented in many variants. With this composition, the school building is divided into functional blocks, interconnected by transitions or adjacent blocks without transitions

The composition of school buildings is also represented by the following types: - Pavilion the type of school building provides maximum differentiation of students, taking into account age, allows you to divide blocks according to functional characteristics. -Centralized block type is the basis of typical projects, the most common in domestic practice. -Perimetral type is formed around a closed courtyard space. - Type with developed center it is used for large schools, allows the most rational organization of extracurricular activities. - Compact type with large interior space. -Concentrated ultra-compact with a flexible layout provides significant space efficiency and overcomes the stiffness of the cellular structure of traditional schools. Rice. 5-3.

Specialized schools

An example of specialized schools is children's art schools. These schools have four departments: - preparatory; - musical; - choreographic; - Department of Fine Arts. The preparatory department should function separately from the rest of the premises of the children's art school. Includes the following premises: - music class, - drawing and modeling class, - storeroom, - room for storing musical instruments and art fund, - universal hall, - showers, - sanitary blocks.

The music department should be planned in such a way that equivalent rooms, depending on functional, acoustic, soundproofing and structural requirements, are interlocked into separate sections and differentiated vertically and horizontally from other rooms.

The choreographic department includes: - a hall for classes in rhythm and dance, - halls for classes in classical, folk stage, modern dances, - a class of theoretical disciplines, - a costume workshop, - dressing rooms, - showers, - sanitary units. The department of fine arts includes: - workshops of drawing, painting, composition, sculpture.

When designing special boarding schools for children with physical and mental disabilities, it is necessary to ensure quick communication with hospitals and at the same time try to locate buildings in a quiet green area. When designing special schools, specific cycles of treatment, upbringing, and everyday life must be taken into account. So, for example, in special schools for children with musculoskeletal disorders, it is required to design ramps; the parameters of the classrooms vary depending on the specific requirements. In this case, the height of the building should not exceed 2 floors. Rice.

Types of educational complexes

A multifunctional educational complex is a complex of public buildings, in which an educational institution is equally and interconnected simultaneously with another institution (for example, educational and cultural, educational and medical, educational and production, educational and scientific complexes, etc.).

The classroom refers to the entire set of premises associated with theoretical education - classes, offices, laboratories, lecture halls, a library. The term practice includes all premises and facilities intended for vocational training and practical training. This concept should include: in the field of culture - concert halls and auditoriums of conservatories, educational theaters; in medicine - clinics; in pedagogy - kindergartens, schools and other basic educational institutions, the function of serving students is carried out in the premises of large educational complexes - in buildings for food, consumer and medical services, culture and recreation of students. Hostels also belong to this group. A monofunctional branch educational complex - a complex of buildings and structures formed by educational institutions on the basis of the unity of the training function - unites educational institutions of different levels of education and advanced training, but one branch. They should be subdivided, depending on the affiliation of the cooperated institutions, into educational complexes of departments and educational complexes of large enterprises, production associations.

Determination of the area and volume of the building.

DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME AND AREA OF THE BUILDING

The area of ​​premises of residential and public buildings is determined by the dimensions of the individual surfaces of the walls and partitions that enclose the premises. The area of ​​niches with a height of at least 2 m is included in the area of ​​the room in which they are located. The total area of ​​premises in residential buildings is determined as the sum of the areas of living rooms, excluding built-in wardrobes. The usable area is determined taking into account the built-in wardrobes.

Areas occupied by protruding structural elements or heating stoves are not included in the area of ​​premises.

The working area of ​​public buildings is determined as the sum of the areas of the main, service and auxiliary purposes (excluding staircases, corridors, vestibules and passages, as well as technical premises intended for placing energy and plumbing equipment). Stairwells, corridors, etc. include in the usable area of ​​public buildings.

The volume of residential and public buildings. The volume of the basement or semi-basement is determined by multiplying the area of ​​the horizontal sections of the building at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the height measured from the level of the finished floor of the basement or semi-basement to the level of the finished floor of the first floor.

The volume of the above-ground part of a building with an attic floor is calculated by multiplying the area of ​​the horizontal section of the building along the outer contour at the level of the first floor (above the basement) by the full height of the building, measured from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the top of the backfill of the attic floor.

The volume of the above-ground part of a building in the presence of floors of different area is calculated as the sum of the volumes of its parts. The volume of the attic floor is determined by multiplying the area of ​​the horizontal section of the attic along the outer contour of the walls at the level of the attic floor to the top of the attic floor backfill. With a curvilinear outline of the attic, its average height is taken.

The area of ​​industrial buildings. The usable (total) area of ​​industrial buildings of industrial enterprises should be considered as the sum of the areas located on all floors, work, utility, warehouse and auxiliary premises, measured within the interior finished surfaces of the external walls, minus the areas occupied by staircases, through shafts, internal walls, supports and partitions.

The working area of ​​industrial buildings is determined as the sum of the areas located on the floors of industrial buildings, as well as on mezzanines, service sites, shelves, galleries, overpasses, in basements and other premises intended for the manufacture of products, including the area intended for placing semi-finished products ...

Ancillary area is defined as the sum of the areas of premises intended for in-plant transport, for the installation and maintenance of sanitary-technical and power equipment, including the area occupied by boiler houses with auxiliary rooms for boiler rooms, pumping stations for water supply and sewerage. Ancillary rooms also include ventilation chambers, transformer substations, open and closed switchgears, corridors, vestibules, passages and technical premises, for example, the area of ​​technical floors designed to accommodate engineering devices and communications.

Warehouse area is defined as the sum of areas intended for storing raw materials, various materials and products required for the production of products and repair of equipment, communications, as well as for the storage of finished products.

Ticket 3.2. The functional foundations of the design of apartments.

Living rooms are the main part of the apartment. They have different purposes and are subdivided into a common (living room) and sleeping rooms.

There should be free space in the recreation area. If the seating area will be used for sleeping, then it is necessary to provide a bedside table near the sofa, which will at the same time serve as a bedside table. The sleeping area is recessed in the room. Dining area This area is recommended to be located closer to the kitchen, preferably near one of the walls, there should be free access to the dining table so that it can be easily served. To have a correct idea of ​​the area occupied by one dining area, it is necessary to show in the plan a dining table with fully extended chairs and take into account all possible options for its position. In addition to the dining table and chairs, the dining area should have cupboards and shelves for dishes, a serving table. If you have a well-equipped kitchen, you can have kitchenware in it. Then, in the common room, only those dishes are left that can be an element of decorative decoration. Sometimes an opening is made in the wall separating the kitchen and the common room for serving dishes from the kitchen. Then the dining room and work tables are placed close to the wall with an opening. If a partition cabinet is located between the kitchen and the common room, then all the necessary containers for organizing the dining area are made in it. In this case, one of the compartments of the partition will serve as the transfer window. Work zone. This area is organized in the common room only if there is not enough space for it in the bedroom. This area should be isolated to some extent. Usually it is equipped in front of or next to a window so that natural light falls on the table from the front or from the left side. For work, you must provide a chair or work chair, as well as shelves or cabinets for books and various tools. Regardless of the number of residents and the area of ​​the common room, in accordance with the rules for arranging the necessary furniture, the minimum width of this room should be 3 m.This width is obtained by summing the dimensions of the equipment in the recreation area and the width of the entrance door to the room when it is located in the end wall.

The presence of each family member of his own room - a bedroom - is an indicator of the comfort of the home. Bedroom intended for sleeping, studying, storing clothes, books, for children to play. It is desirable that the rooms for the bedrooms are not passable (Fig. 3.7). Functional areas of the personal living room: 1. sleep and individual rest, 2. occupations (professional and amateur), 3. storage of dresses and linen, 4. storage of leisure items, 5. physical exercises and games, 6. cosmetic toilet.

The bedroom should be large enough, bright and calm.

The sleeping zone is located at the inner walls in the back of the room in such a way that the sleeping person's head is oriented to the east (south), and the legs to the west (north).

In this case, it is advisable to place the beds near the transverse wall away from the doors and not in the corner.

The sleeper's face should not be against the light.

The study area is located by the window, and the storage of clothes is more often in the back of the room at the entrance.

The distance from the outer wall to the end of the bed should be at least ≤40 cm, to the longitudinal wall of the bed not more than ≥80 cm.

All living rooms are designed to be non-passable.

It is preferable to make entrances to bedrooms from the corridor, bypassing the common room, especially in bedrooms for children.

It is advisable to direct the windows of the bedrooms to the courtyard to the green areas, taking into account the visual isolation from the windows of other apartments.

Sleeping rooms should have natural light and are included in the calculation.

Children's room... This room is a bedroom, which also serves as a place for children to stay during the day, and is a place for children's games and activities, for receiving guests.

The children's room is most conveniently located near the parents' bedroom.

The room needs to provide shelves for books, a wardrobe.

The orientation of the windows to the south and southeast is preferable.

Rooms for adult children are arranged more independently in terms of apartments, they are used in many ways: as a bedroom, as an office, as a living room.

Utility rooms include an entrance hall with utility corridors and storage cupboards, a kitchen, sanitary facilities, summer rooms.

Front (hallway) The front (hallway) provides the comfort of the entrance unit and communication with the premises of the apartment. The front provides a functional connection of family members with the corridor environment. The front is a kind of apartment lobby. The appearance of the front hall forms the first impression of the apartment and the owner, and the layout of the front room helps to orientate in the space of the apartment.

Kitchen intended for cooking and eating. Three main types of kitchen are used: kitchen-niche, working kitchen, kitchen-dining room (Fig. 3.8). The kitchen is designed for cooking and storing dishes, washing dishes, setting the table and other household processes, frequent use of food. The difference between the kitchen and other premises of the apartment is a special microclimatic environment associated with gas pollution, high temperature and humidity. Therefore, the kitchen must have good ventilation and lighting. The area of ​​the kitchen must be ≥ 8 m2. The kitchen is located in the common part of the apartment in a convenient connection with the entrance. A complete kitchen area consists of two main parts: the working area and the eating area. The kitchen is located in the common part of the apartment in a convenient connection with the entrance. A complete kitchen area consists of two main parts: the working area and the eating area. The eating area can be of different sizes, from a small table for one person in an economical dwelling to a normal breakfast table and a table for everyday meals in a comfortable space. The kitchen should be equipped with a sink for washing dishes.

Functional areas of the kitchen. 1. Storing raw food, 2. preparing food and washing dishes, 3. preparing food (dishes), 4. setting the table, 5. eating.

Working kitchen This is an isolated area for cooking only and should have natural light and ventilation. The entrance to the working kitchen is made from the front or from the corridor. Minimum area 8 m2. The arrangement of furniture can be L-shaped, single-row, U-shaped.

Kitchen-dining-living room The kitchen-dining-living room is a large space where guests are received, dine and cook. In addition to the main functional areas, a place for relaxation and family communication, watching TV and home activities is being designed here.

Toilet includes rooms where a bath or shower tray, washbasin and toilet are located. In one-room and small-sized two-room apartments, combined bathrooms are arranged, where all sanitary devices are located in one room. In apartments for large families, the bathroom is separate. Dimensional diagrams and placement of sanitary devices in sanitary facilities are shown in Fig. 3.9.

Shower room: shower tray, washbasin, toilet. Combined bathroom - washbasin, bath, toilet, washing machine, plan size: 1.98 (2.5) x 1.73 (1.5) m.Bathroom: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine, plan size : 1.5 x 1.73 m, 1.75 x 1.73 m, 1.9 x 1.73 m outside): toilet, washstand,

Summer premises 3.2. When choosing the type of open space for a balcony, loggia or terrace, one should be guided by the climatic conditions of the construction area, the need to save materials, construction and operating costs, the architectural concept and the location of the building.

1.Rules for calculating areas and volume... Residential building area should be defined as the sum of the areas of the floors of the building, measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, as well as the areas of balconies and loggias ... Area of ​​apartments and houses should be defined as the sum of the areas of living rooms and utility rooms, excluding loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storage rooms, vestibules ... Construction volume of a residential building is defined as the sum of the building volume above the + -0.000 mark (aboveground part) and below the mark (underground part). Building area is defined as the area of ​​the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the level of the basement, including the protruding parts. The area under the building located on the pillars, as well as the driveways under it, are included in the building area.

2.Functional space scheme of the house on two levels. From the correct organization of functional spaces. the structure of the house depends on the convenience of living in it, therefore, the design should be approached comprehensively. The difference between an individual house and a city apartment lies in the presence of two separate zones: residential and utility, which, according to hygiene conditions, must be separated from each other. In two-level housing, zoning is arbitrary. In a two-storey or attic building, the night zone is located on the second floor and is rarely visited or never visited during the daytime. As a rule, bedrooms, children's rooms and dressing rooms are located there. With a high level of comfort in the night zone, bathrooms (shower) rooms and a toilet must be placed. The night area is usually adjoined by balconies that serve for relaxation in the evening. In the day zone, they usually arrange a hall (entrance hall), a common room, a kitchen and a room for eating.

3. Physical culture, sports and physical culture and leisure facilities. Classification of sports facilities... Sports facilities are subdivided into: open and closed; summer and winter; volumetric and planar; universal and specialized types. According to the main purpose, they are distinguished: educational and training; demo; health and fitness; children's sports facilities. Sports facilities include playgrounds and fields for games, weight and track and field athletics, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, running and skating tracks, swimming pools, stadiums and Sports Palaces. Sports facilities are indoor and outdoor, separate for a particular sport (tennis court, basketball and volleyball courts, swimming pool, etc.) and complex, consisting of several buildings of a pavilion or block composition. Outdoor facilities are subdivided into sports fields, playgrounds and paths. Sizes and proportions are strictly regulated by international standards.

1. Technical and economic indicators in housing. Technical and economic indicators characterize primarily efficiency and convenience. The character of t-e. indicators can be different. 1) area of ​​the territory 2) area of ​​the building (includes the area under the base and protruding elements) 3) area of ​​hard surface 4) area of ​​landscaping 5) table (balance of the territory). Technical and economic indicators of a residential building: 1) number of storeys 2) building area 3) total area (residential and auxiliary) 4) volume = area to a height 5) coefficients K1 = Szl / Stot, K2 = volume / Stot. (Approximately 4.5)

2. Summer rooms (drawings, diagrams). Open summer premises of the apartment are an integral part of a comfortable apartment. A living cell is a unity (complex) of indoor and outdoor living spaces. The purpose of open premises is varied, it is determined by the purpose of the premises in which it is located. The collective image of the function of the open premises of the apartment is the improvement of the family. The balcony is a fencing platform protruding from the plane of the facade, which serves for recreation in the summer. Fr. balcony - consists of a one-double-leaf door with a window and a fence arranged outside. Veranda is a glazed unheated room attached to the building or built into it. Loggia is a closed and fenced room on three sides, open to the outside. Terrace is a fenced open annex to the building in the form of a recreation area. A courtyard-yard fenced on three sides, used for recreation (1-French balcony, 2-consular balcony, 3-corner balcony, 4-balcony-loggia, 5-loggia, 6-terrace).

3. Sports facilities: winter and summer stadiums, stadiums (open and closed), ski jumps, slipways, hippodromes, indoor roller skating rinks, riding arenas. Classification. Sports facilities are divided into: open and closed, summer and winter, volume and flat, universal and specialized types. According to the main purpose, they are distinguished: educational, training, demonstration, physical culture and health, children's sports facilities. Outdoor planar sports facilities: stadium, playgrounds for badminton 15 * 8m, basketball 28 * 16m, volleyball 24 * 15m, towns 30 * 15m, tennis 40 * 20m, table tennis 12 * 6m, running athletics and skating tracks, space-planning solution of buried sports facilities. Sports facilities include three groups of premises: for athletes, for spectators, and auxiliary premises.

Ticket 6.1. Single-section houses (schemes).

Sectional residential buildings are the most common type of residential buildings used in villages, towns and cities. They are acceptable in all climatic regions and have a wide range of apartment types. They are the most widespread. Almost 80% of the population lives in such houses.

Residential section (block-section) - a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, staircase, lift shafts).

The sections are divided into three groups according to the type of staircase-elevator node: 1) from a transverse staircase; 2) with distribution corridors (pockets); 3) with a longitudinal ladder

In the sections of the first group, the entrances to the apartments are provided directly from the floor areas

In the sections of the second group, the transversely located staircase is expanded by arranging a short corridor or hallway (pocket). The pocket is dead-end and is illuminated with artificial light

In the sections of the third group, the lettuce is located at the middle longitudinal axis of the building. Or the stairs are adjacent to the balcony or loggia.

Rice. Schemes of single-section residential buildings with different plan forms: a, b, d - compact plan form; c, e, f, g, i, k - a complex dismembered form of the plan.

Point single-section residential buildings of the tower type represent a failure in the structure of floor apartments, grouped around a single node of vertical communications of the staircase-elevator block. This type of residential building makes it possible to enrich the development, they play the role of accents; increase insolation and provide end-to-end ventilation of apartments

Rice. Schemes of single-section residential buildings with a different plan form: a, b, d - compact plan form; c, e, f, g, i, k - a complex dismembered form of the plan.

Ticket 6.2. Planning solutions for the territory of the estate.

Manor-type residential buildings

Low-rise individual residential buildings with plots near the apartment are called manor-type houses. They are divided into one- and two-apartment. Manor houses most fully meet the needs of a rural dweller. The main advantage of the manor house is the direct connection with the personal plot and utility premises, which unites them into a single whole, i.e. dwelling. Manor houses are common in rural settlements and small towns. Recently, it has been allowed to build manor houses in large cities on specially designated plots for cottage development.

Single-family manor houses

According to architectural and planning techniques, one-family houses are divided into three types: one-story (on one level); attic; two-storey with apartments on two levels. One of the main indicators of apartments is the number of rooms.

In a single-family house, the entire area can be conditionally divided into three groups: residential, utility

and communication. The living group includes a common room (living room), bedrooms, children's rooms, rooms for intellectual work. The household group includes a clean kitchen (for cooking), a feed kitchen, pantries for groceries and seasonal clothing, a garage, a workshop, etc. The communication group of the premises includes the entrance area (vestibule, front), corridors, hall, stairs. A residential one-storey building is appropriate for relatively small apartments with 2 to 5 rooms.

Depending on the size of the house and the plot, one or two entrances are envisaged in it - the main entrance from the side of the street, the other - an economic one from the side of the plot. A basement (underground) is arranged for storing pickles, vegetables and other products. In other cases, a separate cellar is built on the territory of the site. The attic is arranged ventilated, seasonal items are stored in it, linen, medicinal herbs, etc. are dried. Summer premises (verandas, terraces, loggias) increase the total used area of ​​the house in the summer and connect the apartment with nature.

Single-family houses with apartments on two or three levels and also with an exploited basement

the floor is called cottages. The main advantage of a house of this type lies in the architectural and planning compactness of the building area and the clarity of the isolation of the main zones - residential (2nd floor) and utility (1st floor). Cottage-type houses are usually built so that the areas and heights of the first, second and last floors are equal. The roof can be flat or pitched. The floors are connected by an intra-apartment staircase.

Semi-detached manor houses

Semi-detached manor houses, coupled are a block consisting of two isolated apartments with one common wall and united by one roof (Fig. 3.16). Such a house has a number of advantages over a one-family house: less perimeter of outer walls, less fuel consumption for heating, blocking of engineering equipment, less width of the site, which, in turn, reduces the total length of the street and all communications. In terms of layout, semi-detached houses can be solved with apartments on one and two levels, as well as with a floor-by-floor arrangement of apartments.

Ticket 6.3. Buildings and premises for health care and social services for the population. Health care institutions: medical institutions with a hospital, medical centers, etc. Health care institutions: outpatient polyclinic and health-improving institutions.

BUILDINGS OF MEDICAL AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS

General plans. Site requirements

Treatment and prophylactic institutions and pharmacies should be located in accordance with the approved master plans of settlements and detailed planning projects. The placement of antenatal clinics, dental clinics and pharmacies is allowed in residential and public buildings as built-in and attached structures.

On the land plots of hospitals, maternity hospitals, dispensaries with hospitals, the following functional zones should be allocated: - medical buildings for non-infectious ones. For patients with infectious, obstetric, children's, tuberculosis and psychosomatic departments, separate garden zones should be allocated. The food preparation service should be located in the area of ​​medical buildings for non-infectious patients, or in the economic zone in detached buildings, or in annexes to utility buildings and medical buildings for non-infectious patients. The buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies should be provided with passages for road transport. Passages or lanes suitable for the passage of fire trucks should be designed on both longitudinal sides of medical buildings of hospitals, dispensaries and maternity hospitals at a distance of at least 5 m and no more than 8 m from the walls of medical buildings. On the land plot of the hospital, it is necessary to provide for separate entrances to the zones: - medical buildings for non-infectious patients; - medical buildings for infectious patients; - pathological and anatomical body; - economic. The pathological and anatomical building, the driveways to it and the parking lot of the funeral machines should not be visible from the windows of the medical buildings and the garden and park zone. In front of the main entrances to hospitals, clinics, dispensaries and maternity hospitals, there should be areas for visitors at the rate of 0.2 m2 per bed or one visit per shift, but not less than 50 m2.

Space-planning and design solutions

The structure and composition of the premises of medical institutions are determined by the design assignment, taking into account the profile, capacity of institutions and the centralization of clinical diagnostic laboratories, pathological departments, central sterilization departments, administrative services, food preparation services, laundries, garages. The height of buildings of medical and prophylactic institutions should be no more than 9 above-ground floors. Ward departments of children's hospitals should be located no higher than the 5th floor of the building, wards for children under the age of 7 years - no higher than the 2nd floor. Treatment-and-prophylactic institutions should be equipped with lifts and freight lifts. The height of the above-ground floors of buildings of medical institutions and pharmacies should be taken as 3.3 m. The height of X-ray rooms with non-standard equipment and operating rooms in operating blocks of hospitals is set depending on the size of the equipment.

Premises of medical institutions and pharmacies should have natural light. Lighting with a second light or only artificial lighting is allowed to be provided in the premises of sanitary facilities in wards, photographic laboratories, showers for personnel, anesthetic, preoperative, equipment rooms, washrooms, microbiological boxes, sanitary passages, as well as in accordance with the design assignment in the rooms of operating rooms and procedural X-ray diagnostic offices. The corridors of the ward departments should have natural lighting - windows in the end walls of buildings or windows in the light pockets of the corridors.

At least two emergency exits should be provided from each floor of the building of a medical and preventive institution. The use of external fire escapes for the evacuation of patients from hospital buildings is not allowed. The device in hospitals open stairs to the entire height of buildings is not allowed. It is allowed to arrange open stairs (without enclosing internal walls and partitions) from the vestibule to the second floor.

Hospital hospitals Hospital hospitals usually consist of the following groups of premises:

reception departments, rooms for discharge, specialized boxes; - ward offices; - operating units; - departments of anesthesiology and resuscitation and intensive care; - departments of functional diagnostics; - Department of rehabilitation treatment; - blood transfusion departments; - sterilization departments; - pharmacies; - food preparation service; - laundries; - service and utility rooms.

Admission offices, discharge rooms, specialized boxes

The main tasks and functions of the admission department: - admission, registration and triage of patients entering the admission department; - establishment of a preliminary medical diagnosis based on examination, diagnostic studies and, if necessary, the conclusion of consultant doctors; - organization of dynamic monitoring of patients with unclear and dubious diagnoses in diagnostic wards or isolation and diagnostic boxes; - solving the issue of the need for inpatient or outpatient treatment; - provision of necessary medical assistance; - carrying out, if necessary, sanitization of patients hospitalized in non-infectious departments; - provision of measures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases among patients and personnel; - organizing the transfer of patients in need of treatment in other inpatient facilities.

The reception departments should include the following premises: lobby; expected; registry and information desk; a room for temporary storage of patients' belongings; reception and observation box; observation deck; sanitary checkpoint; procedural; dressing room; X-ray diagnostic room; operating room for urgent operations; laboratory for urgent analyzes; the premises of the nurse on duty; pantry; premises for washing and sterilizing ships, cleaning, sorting and temporary storage of dirty linen; office of the doctor on duty; staff room; storage room for clean linen; sanitary blocks for personnel. Discharge rooms for patients: nurse's room; changing cabins; waiting room for discharged patients.

Ward offices Each department of an inpatient hospital consists of ward sections and rooms common to the department.

The ward section must be non-passable. At the entrance to the ward section, a gateway should be provided. The number of beds in the ward section, except for infectious and psychiatric departments, should be 30, and in the section for children under the age of one year - 24. Each section of the children's department should provide for two boxes or semi-boxes. In addition to the wards, the ward sections include boxes and semi-boxes, a post for a nurse on duty, a doctor's office, a treatment room, a pantry, a canteen, washing kitchen and tableware, a sanitary entrance for patients, washrooms, baths, sanitary units for washing and sterilizing ships, a pantry of clean linen , premises for the daytime stay of patients. Premises common to the department: the office of the head, the office of the senior nurse, the storage room for portable equipment, the staff room, sanitary blocks.

Operating units The operating room should be designed for one operating table.

The operating unit, as a rule, should have two non-passage departments: septic and aseptic. The number of beds in recovery wards should be provided at the rate of two beds per one operating room. The wards should be located outside the operating theater. The operating unit includes the following rooms: operating room, preoperative room, sterilization room, anesthesia room, apparatus room, room for storage and preparation of blood, laboratory for urgent analyzes, instrumental and material, room for heart-lung machine, plaster, storage room for portable equipment, storage room for portable X-ray machine and a photographic laboratory, the office of the head of the department, an anesthesiologist's office, a surgeon's office, a nurse's room, a pantry of clean linen, a pantry of cleaning equipment.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Reanimation and Intensive Care... They include

premises include: an intensive care room, a pre-resuscitation room, a laboratory for urgent analyzes, a sterilization room, a pantry of equipment, an intensive care unit, a post of a nurse on duty, a room for washing and sterilization of ships, a pantry, an office of the head of the department, an anesthesiologist's office, a staff room, a sanitary block, a storeroom cleaning equipment.

Departments of functional diagnostics Hospitals with 400 or more beds should provide

two departments of functional diagnostics: one department - for admitting inpatients, the other department - for receiving visitors to the polyclinic department. In multidisciplinary hospitals with less than 400 beds, one department should be provided for receiving inpatients and visitors to the polyclinic department.

Rehabilitation departments Physiotherapy departments are planned to be subdivided into

"Dry" zone (rooms for electrical, light, heat therapy) and "wet" area (hydrotherapy, mud therapy), which is associated with different requirements for the level of humidity, electrical safety and interior decoration. Rooms for treatment with movement in water also belong to the "wet" zone; it is recommended to locate them adjacent to the rooms for hydrotherapy, as a rule, on the ground floor. The premises of the "dry" zone of the physiotherapy department can be located on any floor, however, taking into account the organizational unity of the department, it is necessary to provide for a convenient connection between the zones.

Electrosleep treatment room must be located in soundproofing conditions. Recommended

place it in the no-go zone of the department, taking into account the need to orient the windows to the quietest zone of the site. The office must have a control room with a viewing window for observation, which serves as a soundproof gateway. Light and sound protection curtains should be provided. Fotariy is intended for group procedures of prophylactic exposure to ultraviolet rays. In the case of photographing, a dressing room for patients and a control room with an area of ​​4 m2 is provided, where a nurse's workplace is organized. The control room should have a glazed viewing window and sound signaling. The entrance to the control room is organized from the treatment room.

Heat therapy A utility room for heating should be designed at the office.

paraffin and ozokerite, equipped with a fume hood. The room for aerosol, electro-aerosol therapy (inhalation) requires the placement of the compressor to the individual inhalation devices next to them or in the adjacent room. Compressors for multiple treatment site inhalation units should be located in the basement or semi-basement floor.

Contrast baths carried out in two adjacent pools with dimensions of 1.75 by 1.75 m and a depth of 1.2 (1.3)

m. The passage from one pool to another is carried out by stairs between the pools.

Close to spinal traction rooms the rest room should be located, since

after these procedures, rest in a horizontal position is required.

Mud therapy e Premises for mud therapy, hydrogen sulphide and radon baths should not be

to be located directly under the ward offices. The mud therapy hall should consist of separate cabins with adjoining shower cabins and two cabins for undressing patients. Patients can only enter through the undressing booths and showers.

Electro mud procedures should be carried out in a separate isolated room,

planned to be included in the composition of mud therapy premises, but arranged in compliance with the requirements for electric light therapy premises. A mud storage should be provided for storing peat mud.

1. Taking into account natural and climatic factors in the design of a dwelling (insolation).Engineering and geological conditions characterized by the temperature of the outside air, the presence of groundwater, the degree of subsidence, etc. Temperature and humidity conditions characterized by the temperature of the outside air and its humidity. Wind regime characterized by directionality, speed and repeatability of air flows. Insolation- irradiation of residential premises and adjoining territories with direct sun light; characterized by duration and measured in hours. Providing the required insolation creates the sanitary and hygienic comfort necessary for a person in living quarters. Terrain relief characterized by a slope in degrees.

2. Types of stairs in apartments (diagrams, drawings). An intra-apartment staircase provides a connection between the premises of an apartment located on several levels. The stairs are located in the front or in the common room, free from a berth. The maximum slope of the stairs is 1: 1.25, the minimum width is 90cm. Types of stairs: 1-single-flight, 2-g-shaped, 3-spiral, 4-p-shaped.

3. Spectacular buildings-buildings of cinemas. In terms of structure, cinemas are classified as hall-type buildings and are the most common type of entertainment building. The norms provide for the provision of 20-30 places per 1000 inhabitants. All types of cinemas are characterized by the following features: by the nature of operation - year-round, seasonal and combined action; by the number of seats in the auditorium - 200,300,500,800,1200,1600 for year-round and 2500 - for summer open areas; by the number of halls - one-, two-, three- and four-hall. All premises of the cinema are subdivided into the following complexes and groups: premises of the visual complex - a cash register with a cash register, an entrance hall, a foyer, a buffet with utility rooms, a smoking room and sanitary facilities; premises of the demonstration complex - an auditorium, premises for technological support of the cinema, stage in cinemas with universal halls, administrative, production and technical premises. Cinemas are divided into: year-round (multiplex, single-screen) and seasonal (summer open and summer closed).

1. Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys. Classification of residential buildings by number of storeys. Low-rise 1-2 floors; 3-5 medium difficulty, liftless; 6-9 (one elevator), 10-16 (two), more than 16 (3-4 elevators) - multi-storey, with an elevator, the staircase must be smoke-free.

2. Functional-spatial organization of bedrooms (drawings, diagrams). The bedroom is intended for relaxation, it is located in the back of the apartment, if there is a possibility, the bedrooms are located on the 2nd floor. Dimensions for 1 person = 8-9mkv. 2 people = 12 sq. Inhabited by type: for 1 person, for 2 people - children of the same sex, children of different sexes up to 9 years old, married couple. Functions other than sleeping place, space for cabinets should be provided. There should be close accessibility to the bathrooms; for large apartments, 2 sanitary blocks should be provided. Bedrooms should not be walk-through. It is not recommended to place beds against outside walls. The zone of mental activities should be located near light openings at a distance of no more than 1.5 m. With small areas of personal rooms, built-in wardrobes are the best type of their equipment.

3. Spectacular buildings-buildings of theaters. Buildings of theaters, operas and ballets, philharmonic. They are located within the city with good transport links. It should be at a distance of 40 m from the adjacent buildings along the main facade, and 20 m along the rest. In terms of structure, the Tatras are classified as hall-type buildings. According to the purpose (nature of the action), they are: dramatic, dramatic muses, opera and ballet, musical comedy, puppet shows, tours. According to the planning principle, the premises of theaters are subdivided into premises for the spectator, stage, and production and warehouse complex. In the domestic and foreign practice of theater design, six schemes for constructing a deep grate stage are used, differing in the degree of spatial development and the volume of possibilities that, in principle, this stage can provide: 1-stage with two pockets and a backstage, 2-stage with one pocket and a backstage, 3 -stage with two pockets without a backstage, 4-scene with one pocket, 5-scene with a backstage, 6-scene without pockets and without a backstage.

1.Classification of residential buildings by planning structure (scheme): 1) estates, 2) blocked, 3) atrium, 4) multi-section, 5) single-section, 6) corridor, 7) gallery, 8) corridor-section, 9) gallery-section, 10) mixed structure.

2. Functional-spatial organization of kitchens (furniture equipment). 1) storing raw foods, 2) preparing food and washing dishes, 3) preparing food (dishes), 4) setting the table, 5) eating (dining room). The main processes in the kitchen determine the composition of the equipment. Functional zones are placed sequentially in the direction from the depths of the room to the light front: pantry (refrigerator) -additional table-sink-worktable-stove-serving table-dining table for breakfast. A niche kitchen is a kitchen whose equipment is placed in a niche in the living room, dining room or hallway. The working kitchen is an isolated area for cooking only and must have natural consecration and ventilation. The main schemes for placing equipment in a working kitchen: 1) single-row (linear), 2) double-row, 3) l-shaped, 4) u-shaped, 5) island. The kitchen-dining room is intended for cooking and eating. In addition to kitchen equipment, a table and chairs are placed in it.

3. Spectacular buildings - Club buildings, meeting buildings, club buildings and leisure-entertain. institutions. Buildings of museums and exhibitions. Exhibitions are: periodic and permanent; by appointment: thematic and complex. Fundamental museum buildings are located in the city center with good access, axial and frontal orientation in relation to city highways. Club buildings are extremely diverse. They are designed for entertaining leisure, classes in circles, various creative activities, communication according to interests or age structure. The most common type of yavl are clubs with two main types of activities: entertainment and hobby (club). In all clubs, the premises of the entertainment and club parts are placed in such a way that they can be used separately. For the building of clubs, compact centralized or block-planning schemes are used.

1. Sanitary units (equipment diagrams, furniture). Sanitary units - sanitary-hygienic group apartment areas such as bathroom and toilet. To ensure comfortable conditions, the bathrooms are equipped with exhaust ventilation. The bathroom is one of the most expensive and equipment-rich premises of the apartment. Depending on the size of the apartment, different types of bathrooms are used: in one-room apartments, a combined bathroom is allowed, in multi-apartment apartments one separate bathroom is designed, in large apartments it is possible to have two bathrooms. Traditional placement of bathrooms - in the depths of the apartment along the transverse wall, as a rule, the bathroom of another apartment is adjacent. The composition of the equipment in the sanitary premises of the apartment: shower-shower tray, washbasin and toilet bowl, bathtub, washing machine; toilet-toilet (washstand).

2. Blocked houses, one-story (drawings, diagrams). One-storey block-apartments are economically inferior to two-storey apartments; according to the architectural and planning solution, they are close to manor country houses. Small apartments are designed on one floor, less often four-room apartments. The living room is oriented to the main facade, to the kitchen area. One-room block apartments are designed with an entrance from the corner of the main facade or the middle of the side facade. Two-room block apartments are of two options: 1) with one-sided arrangement of living rooms, 2) with two-sided arrangement of living rooms. Three-room block apartments have a significant width along the front of the main facade, which reduces their economic efficiency. The entrance is located in the center of the apartment, which allows you to place a common room and a kitchen on one side, and bedrooms on the other.

3. Buildings and trade establishments: department stores, shops, retail and small-scale wholesalers. Covered markets, multifunctional shopping centers. Space-planning solution of stores. Stores are divided into the following groups of premises: retail premises, premises for receiving and storing goods, for preparing them for sale, utility premises, administrative and utility premises, technical premises. Space-planning schemes for 2-storey stores assume the following main types of relative location of retail and non-retail premises: frontal, deep, corner, mixed. Sales areas of shops should, as a rule, have natural consecration, but it is allowed to place them in the basements of sales areas for the sale of food products, dishes and other non-combustible materials. You can identify the following basic layouts of commercial equipment: linear (single-line and double-line), island, box, salon. Multifunctional shopping malls are currently one of the actively developing types of commercial buildings. The architecture of multifunctional centers can vary in accordance with the internal content and the context of the tasks assigned.

This is the development of projects of buildings, structures intended for repeated construction.
Typical design is used in the construction of residential, public buildings and industrial buildings.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF TYPICAL DESIGN

Until 1928, standard designs were used for the construction of various structures, fortresses and even entire cities. Sviyazhsk became a striking example of such construction. According to the standard design, the wooden walls of Arkhangelsk were built in 1584.
In 1714, albums of D. Trezzini's standard projects were published. The decree of Peter I of April 4, 1714 says: "What manner of building houses ... take drawings from the architect Trezzini." This is the first known mention of the introduction in the construction of a prototype of a "series" of typical residential buildings.

The Trezzini series consisted of several projects of residential buildings with one and two floors of different dimensions. The designs were engraved, printed and given to the developers as such. Each print contained the dimensions of the plot, the plan of the house, the facade with a gate, and a short explanation indicating the dimensions of the plot and the house.
The unprecedented scale of housing construction in our country in the Soviet years became possible due to the steady increase in the level of industrialization of the country.
Soviet years
In the pre-war and post-war years, residential buildings were actually built for communal settlement. In accordance with the base of building materials, residential buildings were erected mainly from bricks according to individual projects, in which typical layouts could be partially used.

A radical turn took place in 1951, it was decided to create specialized design organizations for standard design.
The massive use of standard projects created a huge number of house-building factories that produced serial construction products.
Already 15 years later, not houses, but the construction products themselves, from which the space-planning solutions of buildings are formed, were adopted as an object of typification.
And despite the fact that a huge number of buildings practically do not differ from each other, it was the industrialization of standard construction that provided the population with housing, schools, kindergartens and other public buildings.

CHALLENGES THAT CURRENTLY RISE BEFORE APPLYING A TYPICAL PROJECT

1. Limited land area.
In the Soviet years, hectares of land were allocated, on which the master plan was developed using standard series of houses. Now the developer often has a small plot on which it is possible to build 1-3 houses. In such limited conditions, it becomes much more difficult to select a ready-made standard project. But probably!
In the conditions of dense urban development, a typical project cannot be applied due to the fact that it is necessary to use every meter of land for construction.
2. Frequently changing rules in regulatory documents.
This is not explicable, but true. Changes appear in the regulatory documents every year. Requirements for technological equipment, structural features of buildings, etc. are changing.
Thus, the project that passed the examination in 2015 cannot be reused, without appropriate adjustment, already in 2016.

TYPICAL DESIGN CURRENTLY

Currently, the most widespread use of standard projects is used in the construction of cottages.
The norms for the development of standard design documentation were canceled, however, registers of standard design documentation began to be created at the state level. Any project organization can submit its project to these registers.
The Ministry of Construction of Russia has developed a draft federal law "On Amendments to the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law" Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures ", a draft resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation" On Amending Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation " typical design documentation.
The adoption of these draft regulatory legal acts will create conditions for the application of standard design documentation, as a result of which the construction time for capital construction projects, including socially significant ones, the time for passing the state examination of project documentation will be reduced, as well as the budgetary system budget expenditures for the construction of capital facilities will be reduced. construction.
In order to submit a project to the register, it is necessary to fill in the "Passport of Typical Design Documentation" and send it to the Ministry of Construction of Russia. On the site http://www.minstroyrf.ru

PROSPECTS FOR TYPICAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

In the previous chapter, it was mentioned that standard projects are massively used in the construction of private residential buildings.
A simple conclusion can be drawn from this, which generally characterizes the prospects for the development of standard design. Namely, a free economy will always make a choice in favor of the most rational solution.
Despite the fact that modern standard projects of multi-apartment and public buildings are primarily developed as individual ones, the development and use of ready-made standard projects will also depend on the desire and capabilities of the developer in finding the most rational and economical solution.
House-building factories also continue to work, producing series of products, both for the construction of panel buildings, and a separate nomenclature and standard products are used in buildings made according to individual projects.
The prospect and need for the development of standard design will be relevant in the future, as it allows solving the main problem - saving construction.

Typical design is a system for the serial development of architectural and structural projects based on the typification of buildings, their fragments or individual elements for repeated repetition in construction. The standard design system is especially widely used for the construction of residential and public buildings as the only available means of providing design documentation for a colossal volume of mass housing and civil construction. At the same time, standard projects, the development of which is entrusted to the most qualified specialists, provide the state standard for housing and services. The standard establishes the required quality level of these buildings for the duration of a typical project (8-10 years). The main goal of standard design is to ensure the introduction of the most advanced (within the framework of the standard) architectural and structural solutions into mass construction. Typical design is a satellite of mass construction in a short time. For the first time, the method of typical design of residential buildings was used during the development of Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 18th century. Then architect. D. Trezzini developed three groups of standard projects of one- and two-storey residential buildings for people of different property status. These projects were mandatory for the development of the streets (lines) of the island.

The best architects were involved in the development of standard projects - A. Zakharov, I. Staroe, V. Stasov, etc. The possibility of creating a stylistic unity of development in private ownership was achieved by building on public funds with the subsequent sale of houses (sections) to the population (for example, standard houses on the Volga embankment in Tver). The re-construction of a number of administrative objects within the same complex of the central city square (with small nuances in the arrangement of details), with their various staging, contributed to the creation of individual architectural ensembles in the centers of Poltava, Chernigov, Simbirsk and other provincial cities.

A very widespread methodology for the typical design of facades of mass residential development was used in the restoration of Moscow after the devastating fire of 1812. Developers used the products of the newly created state brick, stone processing, sawmills. The stylistic unity of the building was ensured by the use of samples from albums of facade options developed under the leadership of O. I. Bove for buildings with various typified schemes of space-planning solutions.

The typical design methodology was formed in a short time in parallel with the development of typical projects and was not free from shortcomings, which required its improvement based on the comparison of parallel development and improvement of two methodological ways - "closed" and "open" typification systems.

Closed system consists in the orientation of the production enterprise for the complete production of prefabricated products for a series of several types of buildings necessary for urban planning conditions. Such a typification system allows production to be oriented towards the release of a relatively small range of products. Therefore, the closed system was the basis for the creation of the domestic house-building industry. This accelerated the commissioning of production facilities and allowed a sharp increase in the volume of housing construction. However, the formation of buildings with only one-typical typical houses impoverished it aesthetically.

Departure from these shortcomings of a closed system provides its modern version of block-sectional design, when the objects of typing are mainly building fragments - block-sections.

Which can be applied to a large number of different objects, used for implementation by many performers in different conditions.

Economics and Law: Dictionary-Reference. - M .: University and school. L. P. Kurakov, V. L. Kurakov, A. L. Kurakov. 2004 .

See what a "TYPICAL PROJECT" is in other dictionaries:

The project, which can be applied to a wide range of objects, has been used for implementation by many performers in different conditions. Raizberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva EB .. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., Rev. M .: INFRA M ... Economic Dictionary

typical project- - [L.G. Sumenko. The English Russian Dictionary of Information Technology. M .: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technologies in general EN standard project ...

typical project- tipinis projektas statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. standard design vok. Standardausführung, f; Standardentwurf, m rus. typical project, m pranc. projet type, m ... Automatikos terminų žodynas

typical project- a project that can be applied to a wide number of objects, used for implementation by many performers in different conditions ... Dictionary of economic terms

Typical project- these are mainly houses made of reinforced concrete structures produced by local house-building factories (DSK). Typical, in this case, says that the houses built from the products of a specific DSK differ from each other, except ... ... Housing encyclopedia

Cinema "Pervomaisky" Typical project of cinemas the project, according to which cinemas were built ... Wikipedia

A project intended for the construction of similar structures. 11a g. such projects are primarily provided for objects of mass construction, such as: artificial structures (pipes, bridges, overpasses), passage. buildings, station ... Technical Railway Dictionary

standard project- The project of an enterprise, buildings, structures and their complexes, intended for repeated use, by linking to specific construction conditions [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages ​​(VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Topics ... ... Technical translator's guide

- (see TYPICAL DRAFT) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Model national law on the development of tolerance is a document prepared by a group of experts of the European Council for Tolerance and Reconciliation (ECTR) and legally regulating legal relations in such a field as tolerance in ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Prevention is a priority of clinical mammology, Andrey Dmitrievich Kaprin, NI Rozhkova, The book presents the latest achievements of scientific and practical medicine in the prevention of breast diseases. The modern disease screening system is described in detail ... Category: Obstetrics and Gynecology Publisher: Special Publishing House of Medical Books,
• Istanbul, Becker Frank Stefan, Bergmann Jurgen, Ferner Manfred, "West is West, East is East ...". Not true. What do you say when you find yourself in Istanbul, the former capital of an undoubtedly Asian country, but at the same time - the cultural capital of Europe in 2010? Among… Category: Guides Series: Guide. Nelles pocket Publisher:

Every person dreams of a beautiful modern home. Often, in order to create a unique home project, you need to pay a certain amount of money. But this option is not always suitable for everyone, because it is better to use these funds to purchase materials.

The solution to this problem is a typical project, which in most cases can be used as a basis for building a house. Such documents can be provided both free of charge and for a certain price.

Modern projects of two-story houses from a bar include all calculations, which allows you to immediately install the building.

Typical project and its features

A typical building project can be called previously developed documentation, which includes the basic calculations of specific houses. They are created in most cases for the same type of buildings, cottages or private houses.

Each development company has its own direction, therefore, when creating these types of projects, there are certain directions both in design and in the type of construction. For example, wooden houses are made in about the same (standard style), but they may differ slightly both in appearance (type of roof, etc.) and in dimensions.

Benefits of typical projects

Today, many construction companies offer their services for the development of basic house documentation, which includes an individual architectural style. But the disadvantage of this option is that you have to pay for all this.

If you choose a ready-made house project, the price for it will be much lower, since all the calculations have already been carried out for a certain template in advance. This allows construction companies to sort of speed up their work.

Each typical project is different, but it may include several main sections:

• structural features (type of foundation, material calculations, etc.);
• home electrician - includes all the parameters for mounting such systems;
• calculation and installation of water pipes;
• heating and gas.

As you can see, you get everything at once. It also allows you to select a specific type of building according to your desires and availability of finances. The workmanship of such structures complies with all standards.

The use of standard projects is a good option when choosing the type of house and materials for its construction, and sometimes they are complemented by the design of the decoration, which makes it unique and practical.
For what a typical project is, see the video: