The role of international tourism in the world economy. The role of tourism in the global economy. History of the development of world tourism

International tourism has an impact on the development of both individual countries and the world economy as a whole. As international trade and other forms of international economic relations expand, the level of culture and education increases, international tourism will also develop.

At a certain stage in the development of the economy, when the need for travel increased sharply, manufacturers of travel services appeared. This led to the formation of a special type of product - tourism. Tourism is not a commodity of the first vital necessity, therefore it becomes an essential human need only at a certain level of his income and a certain level of society's wealth.

Currently, the tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Over the past 20 years, the average annual growth rate of the number of foreign tourist arrivals in the world amounted to 5.1%, foreign exchange earnings - 14%. So, if in 1950 the number of tourists around the world was 25 million, and the turnover of the tourism industry was 2.1 billion US dollars, then according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 1995, 576 million were registered in the world. tourist arrivals, receipts from international tourism reached 372 billion dollars. In general, the volume of foreign exchange earnings from tourism for the period from 1950 to 1995 increased 144 times.

At the beginning of the new millennium, tourism is firmly established in many countries as the main economic sector and the fastest growing economic sector, providing foreign exchange inflows and job creation.

International tourism provides the world's highest export earnings and is an important balance-of-payments factor for most countries.

The tourism industry has emerged as one of the most important job creation drivers in the world. The development of tourism stimulates the inflow of huge investments into infrastructure, most of which goes to improve the quality of life of both the local population and tourists. It provides governments with significant financial revenues in the form of tax revenues. Most of the new jobs and businesses in tourism are created in developing countries, which balances opportunities for economic growth, as well as helps to anchor residents in rural areas by preventing them from migrating to overcrowded cities.

Intercultural ties and personal friendships arising in the process of tourist exchange are an important factor in improving international understanding and contribute to the strengthening of peace between the peoples of the world.

The World Tourism Organization encourages national governments to develop partnerships with private sector enterprises, local government officials and non-governmental organizations, thus becoming more involved in tourism development.

Confident that tourism can be used effectively in the fight against poverty, UNWTO has committed itself to contribute to the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals through a new initiative to promote sustainable tourism as a means of poverty eradication. Known as ST-EP (Sustainable Tourism - Poverty Eradication), the program includes years of work by both organizations to promote sustainable tourism to eradicate poverty. This program was introduced in 2003.

The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of a particular country. In the economy of a particular country, international tourism performs a number of important functions:

- international tourism is a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country and a means of providing employment.
- international tourism expands contributions to the country's balance of payments and GNP.
- international tourism contributes to the diversification of the economy by creating industries serving the tourism sector.

With the growth of employment in the tourism sector, the income of the population grows and the level of the nation's well-being rises.

International tourism is one of the three largest export industries, behind the oil industry and the automotive industry, whose share in world exports is 11% and 8.6%, respectively. In 1991, the total income of the countries of the world from international tourism was 7% of total world exports and 3% of world exports of services.

This development of international tourism relations has led to the creation of numerous international organizations to help improve the work of this area of international trade. Many highly developed countries of the West, such as Switzerland, Austria, France, have built a significant portion of their wealth on income from tourism. Buy a virtual server inexpensive vps. During the post-war years, a powerful research base and a system of professional training in the field of tourism have been created.

So, international tourism, which is characterized by the fact that a significant part of the services are produced at minimal cost on-site, is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The tourism industry is one of the economic forwards providing an impressive amount of added value.

Of significant importance for the development of international tourism was also the desire of individual countries to increase foreign exchange earnings from tourism and the creation for this purpose of an entire branch of the economy - the tourism industry. The tourist industry is understood as a set of manufacturing, transport and trade enterprises that produce and sell tourist services and goods for tourist demand. This includes hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, catering establishments, enterprises producing souvenirs and other goods for tourist demand. The tourism industry employs over 214 million people worldwide.

Tourism terminology is undergoing significant changes in accordance with the rapid pace of development and formation of both public relations and tourism, its industries and types. The interpretation of tourist terms is the subject of fierce discussions among the developers of the theory of tourism. In order to determine the importance of tourism and to describe more fully the scope of its activities, it is necessary, first of all, to single out the various groups of subjects that interact in tourism:

1. Tourists. These are people who experience various mental and physical needs, the nature of which determines the direction and types of participation of these people in tourism activities as consumers.
2. Organizations providing goods and services to tourists. These are entrepreneurs who see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit through the provision of goods and services, taking into account the demand in the tourism market. tourism
3. Local authorities. They consider tourism as the most important factor in the economy associated with the income that local citizens can receive from this business in the form of taxes received by the local budget.
4. Host. The local population, who perceives tourism, first of all, as a factor in the employment of the population. For this group, the result of interaction with tourists, including foreign ones, is important.

Thus, tourism can be defined as a set of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, suppliers, local authorities and local people in the process of tourism activities.

Travel, tourism is a complex of related business areas. The closest profession to tourism is the distribution of tours, that is, the work of travel agencies. Transport organizations, catering establishments and accommodation establishments are directly involved in tourism. Related types of business can also include financial structures that finance the development of the service sector.

International tourism has become an important source of foreign exchange earnings for many developed and developing countries. For example, the share of income from foreign tourism in the total amount of receipts from the export of goods and services is: in Spain - 18.3%, Austria - 11.8%, Greece - 33.6%, Portugal - 14.9% , in Cyprus - 53%. In most developing countries, foreign tourism accounts for 10-15% of income from the export of goods and services (India, Egypt, Peru, Paraguay, Costa Rica). The growing importance of tourism in the economic development of an increasing number of countries confirms the assumption that the share of receipts from international tourism will increase over the next decade.

International tourism has a significant impact on solving the problem of employment, providing jobs on a temporary and permanent basis. According to the World Tourism and Travel Council, in 2004, 8.1% of all workers were employed in world tourism, that is, one in twelve workers was employed in tourism. Projections show that in 2014 the number of workers in tourism will account for 8.6% of the total employed population in the world. In the United States, according to national statistics, the tourism industry provides more than 16.7 million jobs, which is 11.9% of the total number of jobs in the country.

The contribution of tourism to employment and the creation of new jobs determine the socio-economic importance of this sector.

The development of tourism has a stimulating effect on such key sectors of the economy as transport, communications, trade, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and, taking into account the multiplier effect, is one of the most promising areas of economic restructuring.

The increase in capital investment in tourism also demonstrates the economic importance of this area at the global level. So, in 2004 the share of tourism in the total investment in the world was 9.4% or 802.3 billion dollars.

In these countries of the Asia-Pacific region, exports of goods and services are mutually complementary. The development of these sectors is based on the rapid rise in telecommunications, international transport, in particular air transport, and banking. Thus, the export of goods leads to an increase in business travel to these countries, which, in turn, stimulates the development of the hotel business and the entertainment industry, in a word, inbound tourism. The latter increases foreign exchange reserves and stimulates economic growth.

In 2012, according to the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), the global hospitality industry outperformed other sectors of the global economy, including manufacturing, retail, financial services and communications. The contribution of tourism to global GDP grew by 3%, and the number of employees in the industry increased by 5%, reaching 260 million. Thus, for the first time, one job in 11 worldwide was created by the tourism industry. The industry accounted for 10% of all new jobs created in 2012.

The economic contribution of tourism and travel, if we count the direct, indirect and indirect effects, amounted to $ 6.6 trillion in 2012. (annual growth in the range of $ 500 billion), as well as $ 765 billion in investments and $ 1.2 trillion. export services (in 2012 prices). Together, this amounts to 9% of world GDP.

The most productive of the 20 largest economies in the world last year were the tourism industries of South Korea, China, South Africa and Indonesia. 1% growth in the European market and 2% in the United States seem especially low compared to 10% growth in South Korea, 7% growth in China and South Africa.

According to WTTC experts, the world tourism industry will maintain the same growth dynamics in 2013. The industry's contribution to GDP is projected to grow by 3.2%, while the global economy is expected to grow at 2.4%. In 2013, the hospitality industry will already account for 266 million jobs. Employment growth rates will again exceed the global average.

1.1 Place and role of international tourism in the world economy

International tourism is one of the most dynamically developing spheres of foreign economic activity and occupies an important place in the modern world economy, and its role is constantly growing.

According to the World Tourism Organization, the annual income from international tourism in 2002 amounted to 474.2 billion dollars with 702.6 million international travel.

In addition, among various types of services, tourism occupies one of the leading places, already today it is one of the largest industries, which provides over 12% of world exports of goods and services, which is $ 1.289.8 billion. 1 International tourism ranks among the three largest export industries, behind the oil and automotive industries.

International tourism has a significant impact on global GDP. Thus, according to the estimates of the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), in 2004 the share of tourism will be 10.4% of world GDP, and in the next 10 years, according to forecasts, the share of tourism will increase to 10.9%.
Tourism is listed in the first five positions in total exports of 80% of countries in the world, especially Europe, the Middle East and the United States.

Tourism is a phenomenon. The term "tourism" could not be found in any language in the world until the middle of the 19th century. The word “tour” was most often associated with a trip, then with the fact that a person was temporarily absent from his home on business or in the name of a pleasant pastime, that is, a modern interpretation of the word “tourism” was gradually developed.

Webster's Dictionary explains the word "tourist" as "someone who travels for pleasure or interest," 2 another 19th century dictionary contains more interesting meanings: "people who travel for pleasure, out of curiosity and because they have nothing to do" and even "for the pleasure of bragging about it later."

One of the original and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by the professors of the University of Bern Gunziker and Krapf, which was later adopted by the International Association of Scientific Tourism Experts. Initially, these scholars were of the opinion that tourism can be defined as a series of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel of people, as long as this leads to a permanent stay outside the place of permanent residence and is not associated with obtaining any benefit (profit). This definition does not apply to excursions, business travel related to making a profit, even when the profit is not received in the host country. It should be noted that it is difficult to distinguish between business travel and those undertaken for the purpose of entertainment, as most travel is a combination of the two.

Over time, the basic concept of tourism has expanded to include various types of business travel that do not lead to a permanent stay in the country and do not imply making a profit.

In order to identify the features of the current stage of tourism development, it is necessary to consider the history of its origin.

Modern tourism is, on the one hand, a young phenomenon, since it became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times.

The periodization of tourism development in Western Europe is covered in great detail by VB Saprunova 3. It is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites; social prerequisites; target functions of tourism at different stages of development. According to this periodization, there are 4 stages in the history of tourism development:

before the beginning of the 19th century - the prehistory of tourism;

the beginning of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century - elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

the beginning of the XX century - before the Second World War - the beginning of the formation of social tourism;

after World War II - the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism. It was during this period that tourism acquired a truly massive character: from a luxury item, it became a need for the majority of the population of highly developed industrial countries. To a certain extent, this was facilitated by a reduction in working hours, and, accordingly, an increase in free time. A powerful leisure industry is being formed with its own institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organizing and managing production.

So, at a certain stage in the development of the economy, when the need for travel increased dramatically, there were also manufacturers of travel services. This led to the formation of a special type of product - tourism. Thus, tourism emerged as a commodity that can be bought and sold in the consumer market and which is sold in the form of tangible and intangible services. A peculiar advantage of tourist services as a product is that a significant part of these services are produced with minimal costs on the spot and, as a rule, without the use of foreign currency.

Tourism is not a commodity of the first vital necessity, therefore it becomes an essential human need only at a certain level of his income and a certain level of society's wealth.

1. Tourists. These are people who experience various mental and physical needs, the nature of which determines the direction and types of participation of these people in tourism activities as consumers.

2. Organizations providing goods and services to tourists. These are entrepreneurs who see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit through the provision of goods and services, taking into account the demand in the tourism market.

3. Local authorities. They consider tourism as the most important factor in the economy associated with the income that local citizens can receive from this business in the form of taxes received by the local budget.

4. Host. The local population, who perceives tourism, first of all, as a factor in the employment of the population. For this group, the result of interaction with tourists, including foreign ones, is important.

Thus, tourism can be defined as a set of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, suppliers, local authorities and local people in the process of tourism activities.

The study of tourism from a scientific point of view has recently attracted the attention of scientists in many fields of knowledge. In this regard, it became necessary to develop precise and consistent definitions and terms. This problem is dealt with annually by various organizations, including the United Nations, the World Tourism Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

International organizations constantly refer to the topic of tourism terminology, mainly with the aim of harmonizing the principles of international statistics. Thus, in 1937, the definition of "international tourist" was given at the Conference of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations. In 1950, the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO) - the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO), reorganized in 1975 into the World Tourism Organization (WTO), clarified the definition of "tourist", introducing new concepts: "excursionist" and "transit traveler". At the same time, a clear distinction was made between these categories from the category "tourist".

Here is the classic definition of tourism given by V.A. Kvartalnov: “Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time in order to enjoy visited place "5.

Let's consider the basic concepts and categories from the point of view of norms. In the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Tourism" 6, the following definition is given. Tourism - temporary trips (travel) of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, foreign citizens and stateless persons outside their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational or professional business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay.

The study of tourism is carried out using various approaches and methods, in the choice of which there is no unanimity among specialists. For example, authoritative American professors R. McIntosh, C. Goldner and B. Ritchie recommend the following approaches 7:

1. The institutional approach to the study of tourism involves the study of various tourism institutions and intermediaries, such as hotels, restaurants, tour operators, travel agents, etc. This method requires the study of the organizational process, operational methods, the economic environment of the business, etc.

2. A product-based approach examines various tourism products in relation to their production, marketing and distribution. However, this approach takes a long time to learn and does not allow researchers to quickly identify the foundations of tourism.

3. The historical approach includes an analysis of the activities of tourism institutions from a historical perspective and the impact of innovation on their development. This evolutionary approach has not been widely developed, since tourism has become widespread relatively recently.

4. The management approach, according to experts, is the most important and promising, as it is focused on individual travel companies, that is, it has a microeconomic character. This approach is focused on such types of management activities necessary for the functioning of a tourism organization as planning, control, pricing, advertising, etc. procedures should trigger a mechanism of change, taking into account the changes taking place in the tourist environment.

5. The economic approach, due to the importance of tourism, both for the domestic and for the world economy, is actively studied by economists in terms of the formation of supply and demand, its impact on the balance of payments u1080 and the exchange rate, employment, economic development and other economic factors. Using this approach, it is possible to develop a framework for analyzing tourism and its economic impact on the country's economy. However, it does not pay due attention to the environmental, socio-cultural, psychological and anthropological impacts.

6. The sociological approach is due to the fact that tourism is a social activity, therefore, the attention of sociologists is aimed at studying the individual and group behavior of tourists and the impact of tourism on society. With this approach, social groups, habits and customs of both guests and residents of the host country are considered. The social aspects of tourism and recreation have not yet been sufficiently studied, and this predicts a wider application of the sociological approach.

7. The geographic approach specializes in the study of the terrain of the tourist zone (flows of tourists to these areas), landscape, climate, as well as economic and socio-cultural aspects. The course of recreational geography is of particular importance here, since tourism and recreation are closely interconnected.

8. The interdisciplinary approach is primarily due to the fact that tourism covers almost all aspects of society. Since travelers have very different goals, it is necessary to use a psychological approach when marketing and promoting a tourism product. When studying cultural tourism, among other things, it is advisable to apply an anthropological approach. The involvement of political institutions due to the crossing of state borders by tourists and the need to obtain a passport and visa for this from the relevant government agencies, as well as the existence in many states of government structures for the development of tourism require the involvement of political sciences. For the tourism industry to function, legislators need to provide appropriate legal frameworks in the form of tourism laws and other regulations.

9. A systematic approach to the study of tourism integrates other approaches into a single integrated approach, with the help of which, at the micro level, it is possible to study the activities of tourism firms in a competitive environment, their markets, as well as their relationship with other systems, such as political, legal, economic and social ...

International tourism is outbound and inbound. Outbound tourism is the travel of persons permanently residing in a given territory to another country. Inbound tourism is travel within a given country of persons who do not reside permanently on the territory of this country.

In accordance with the specifics of the reflection of financial results in the country's budget, there are two types of tourism: active and passive.

The arrival of foreign tourists to this country is active tourism. Active tourism is a factor in the import of money (currency) into a given country.

Departure of tourists from one country to other states is passive tourism. Passive tourism is a factor in the export of money (currency) from a given country.

Depending on the main purpose of travel, the following types of tourism are distinguished: recreational, educational, scientific, business.

Recreational tourism is tourism for the purpose of recreation, health improvement and treatment. It should be borne in mind that the stay of citizens in special sanatoriums (both in the presence of sick leave and in its absence) does not apply to tourism, since in this case a sanatorium is a kind of hospital.

Cognitive, or cultural, tourism is a journey in order to get acquainted with historical and cultural sights and unique natural objects according to a specific program.

Scientific tourism is dominated by attendance at congresses, symposia, etc., usually followed by excursion trips.

Business tourism (travel of businessmen for business purposes) is the most dynamic and profitable type of tourism.

By the nature of the organization of travel, individual, group, organized and amateur (unorganized), stationary and mobile tourism are distinguished.

According to the intensity of tourist vouchers, there is a distinction between permanent and seasonal tourism. A year-round and relatively uniform visit to tourist regions is called permanent tourism. This is typical, first of all, for the most famous centers of civilization, culture, health improvement: famous cities of the world, resorts, places with unique mineral waters and mud.

Some regions attract tourists mainly at certain times of the year. Such tourism is seasonal. Tourist regions visited only at certain times of the year (eg summer or winter) are characterized as one-season tourist regions. Regions visited at any time of the year (both summer and winter) are called two-season. The seasons, depending on the degree of intensity of visits by tourists to a given tourist region, are divided into: peak (i.e. busiest), quiet (with an average degree of load) and dead (unloaded, almost not visited by tourists) seasons.

According to the duration of the stay of tourists in travel, short-term and long-term tourism are distinguished. Short-term tourism is tourism when the duration of the trip does not exceed three days. Long-term tourism is tourism in which the travel period is more than three days.

Based on the vehicles used for the movement of tourists, tourism is distinguished with the use of the tourist's personal transport and public transport, i.e. transport owned or leased by a tourist business entity. These types of tourism include auto tourism, caravan cruises, sea and river cruises, etc.

In addition, the tourist can be provided with either certain types of services of his choice, or a full range of services. A full range of services can be provided through the sale of so-called inclusive tours or package tours.

An inclusive tour is used most often for air transportation, and the cost of transporting a tourist to the destination and back is determined on the basis of specially developed inclusive fares, which are sometimes half the usual ones. It also includes the cost of a tourist's accommodation in a hotel, meals (full or partial) and other services provided for a certain number of days of a tourist's stay in the country of destination. The general price level of an inclusive tour must not be lower than the usual tariff (i.e. the cost of transportation) to a given country. The client is informed of the full price of the inclusive tour without breaking it down into separate types of services. Inclusive tours are supposed to be used both for group and individual tourist trips. A package tour also involves providing the client with a full range of services, which, however, may not include travel costs. Usually, package tours are organized according to a certain, pre-advertised program.

There is no fundamental difference between these concepts. In Western European countries, the term "inclusive tour" is more common, in the USA - "package tour".

The structure of these tours varies greatly depending on the country, the composition of tourists, their purchasing power, the nature, range and quality of the services offered.

International tourism, for many countries, has become a significant source of income and growth of the national economy. Such highly developed countries as Switzerland, Austria, France have built a significant portion of their wealth on income from tourism.

In the classification of the World Tourism Organization, countries are distinguished, which are primarily countries - suppliers of tourists, and countries that are primarily receiving. The countries - suppliers of tourists include: USA, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, England. Countries receiving tourists include: Australia, Italy, Switzerland, France, Cyprus, Greece, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Turkey.

According to the number of arrivals and income from international tourism, the World Tourism Organization annually makes a rating of the ten leading countries (Table 1.1).

The first ten countries in the world by the number of tourists in 2002
Table 1.1
		Number of tourists, million people	The ratio of the number of tourists,%	Share of the global level,%

1.	France	77,0	2,4	11,0
2.	Spain	51,7	3,3	7,4
3.	USA	41,9	-6,7	6,0
4.	Italy	39,8	0,6	5,7
5.	China	36,8	11,0	5,2
6.	Great Britain	24,2	5,9	3,4
7.	Canada	20,1	1,9	2,9
8.	Mexico	19,7	-0,7	2,8
9.	Austria	18,6	2,4	2,6
10.	Germany	18,0	0,6	2,6
			September 2003

France and Spain lead in international tourist arrivals, together accounting for over 18% of all international arrivals. The United States ranks third despite a 6.7% decline from the previous year. Although China is ranked fifth, it confirms the importance of the industry with 11% growth.

The United States is the leader in international tourism revenues, with $ 67 billion, despite a decline of 20% since 2000. The revenues of Spain, France and Italy range from $ 34 billion to $ 27 billion. The most progressive compared to the previous year are Hong Kong (China), China and Austria (Table 1.2).

Since the 60s of the twentieth century, international tourism began to develop rapidly. At this time, the phenomenon of tourism is gaining momentum, with the number of international tourist visits exceeding 50 million, and after the 60s and 70s, which are characterized by mass tourism at the world level, the growth of international tourism is acquiring an exciting pace (Table 1.3).

Top ten countries in the world in terms of tourism revenues (international tourist arrivals) in 2002
Table 1.2
		Tourism revenue, billions of dollars	Income ratio (%)	Share of global level (%)

1.	USA	66,5	-7,4	14,0
2.	Spain	33,6	2,2	7,1
3.	France	32,3	7,8	6,8
4.	Italy	26,9	4,3	5,7
5.	China	20,4	14,6	4,3
6.	Germany	19,2	4,0	4,0
7.	Great Britain	17,8	9,5
8.	Austria	11,2	11,1	2,4
9.	Hong Kong (China)	10,1	22,2	2,1
10.	Greece	9,7	3,1	2,1
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)			September 2003

Thus, the number of arrivals from 1960 to 2000 increased by almost 10 times (Chart 1.4). The average annual growth rate of 4.3% in foreign tourist arrivals from 1990 to 2000 reflects the resilience and resilience of international tourism to economic fluctuations.

Dynamics of the number of arrivals of tourists and receipts from tourism around the world for 1960-2002.

Table 1.3

	Number of arrivals, million people	Changes,%	Receipts, billion dollars	Changes,%
1960	69,2	-	6,86	-
1970	159,6	130,4	17,9	163,2
1980	284,8	78,3	102,3	471,9
1990	459,2	61,2	264,7	158,5
2000	687,3	49,6	473,4	78,8
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

Countries' revenues from the sale of tourism services grew more than 69 times during this period, from $ 6.8 billion to $ 473.4 billion (Chart 1.5).

Diagram 1.4 Diagram 1.5

The growing importance of tourism in the economic development of an increasing number of countries confirms the assumption that the share of receipts from international tourism will increase over the next decade.

International tourism has a significant impact on solving the problem of employment, providing jobs on a temporary and permanent basis. According to the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), in 2004, the world tourism will employ 8.1% of all workers, that is, one in twelve workers will be employed in the tourism sector. Projections show that in 2014 the number of workers in tourism will account for 8.6% of the total employed population in the world. In the United States, according to national statistics, the tourism industry provides more than 16.7 million jobs, which is 11.9% of the total number of jobs in the country. eight
The contribution of tourism to employment and the creation of new jobs determine the socio-economic importance of this sector.

The increase in capital investment in tourism also demonstrates the economic importance of this area at the global level. Thus, in 2004 it is expected that the share of tourism in the total volume of investments in the world will be 9.4% or 802.3 billion dollars.
In the total number of tourist trips in the world, 60% are trips in connection with leisure, 30% are business trips.

According to WTO forecasts, the development of international tourism will constantly increase. Thus, the average growth rate of international tourist visits is 4.2% until 2010 and 4.5% in the period from 2010 to 2020.
International tourism contributes to economic and social development on a global scale. The above data confirm once again that international tourism occupies an important and significant place in the world economy.

1.2. Trends in the development of international tourism in certain regions of the world

To study the development of international tourism and its impact on the world economy, it is necessary to consider individual regions of the world. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) identifies five main regions of the world:

Asian-Pacific area

Near East

International tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is primarily due to the different levels of socio-economic development of countries and regions. The greatest development of international tourism has received in Western European countries. This region accounts for about 60% of the world tourism market and about 50% of foreign exchange earnings. More than 18% of the world tourism market and 20% of foreign exchange earnings come from the Asia-Pacific region, less than 17% of the market and 24% of foreign exchange earnings - to America, and about 8% of the market and 5% of foreign exchange earnings to Africa and the Middle East combined. nine

Each region of the world is divided into smaller regions, which in turn are represented by their constituent countries (Table 2.1).

The geographical concentration of international tourist exchanges corresponds to the geographical concentration of trade, but it has two important differences. 10

First, countries with a positive balance of tourism receipts, such as the United States, Spain, Portugal, Greece, often have a negative balance in trade. Countries with a negative balance of tourist exchanges have a positive trade balance, for example, Germany, Japan. The composition of the regions of the world
Table 2.1
	Subregion	Countries in the region
America	North America Caribbean countries Central America South America	USA, Canada, Mexico, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Brazil
Africa	North Africa West Africa Central Africa East Africa South Africa	Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, South Africa, Botswana, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Kenya, Mauritania, Tanzania, Seychelles
Asian-Pacific area	Northeast asia Southeast Asia South Asia	China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Australia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Iran, Maldives
Europe	Northern Europe Western Europe Central / Eastern Europe Southern Europe Eastern Mediterranean	France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Portugal, Netherlands
Near East	-	Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Syria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Iraq

Second, the exchange of tourism services between industrial countries with similar patterns of demand is not necessarily an exchange of similar types of products as in trade in goods.

Indeed, the exchange of goods between industrialized countries is primarily the exchange of products of the same category, for example, trade in cars between the United States and Japan, or food between European countries. This is the so-called intra-industry trade. In tourism, the exchange of similar products also exists, for example in the cultural tourism sector, but on a smaller scale. As a rule, there are exchanges of traditional types of tourism. For example, residents of northern European countries mainly spend their holidays in the resorts of the Mediterranean countries, while residents of southern warm countries prefer to relax in ski resorts.

Europe firmly holds the first place among other regions of the world in terms of the number of foreign tourists received. In 2002, despite a modest increase of 2%, international tourist arrivals totaled 400 million. International tourism revenues rose to $ 240 billion, or $ 600 per tourist arrivals. The most prominent leaders in this region are France and Spain, which show the best results in terms of the number of international tourists received and in terms of income from international tourism. Turkey leads the region in terms of international tourism growth, accounting for 19%. The Russian Federation, Ukraine and the CIS countries are developing quite steadily. The UK has had a negative development trend for the past three years (Table 2.2).

The following factors are behind the relative loss of European dominance:

Some Western European countries, particularly in southern Europe, such as Italy and Greece, and to a lesser extent Spain and Portugal, are experiencing declining competitiveness due to the aging of their tourism product;

Some Nordic countries such as the UK, Denmark, Norway and Sweden are very expensive for tourists. This inevitably affects their competitiveness;

The popularity of the countries of Southeast Asia is growing, which have recently been successfully developing their tourism industry.

However, the decline in the European market share in international tourism is taking place against the backdrop of increasing arrivals to the region and tourism receipts. Tourist flows are mainly directed to the recreation centers of Western and Southern Europe. These zones account for 64.5% of all arrivals in Europe. This tourist concentration is the result of the habit of spending summer holidays on the beaches.

International arrivals and tourism revenues in Europe
Table 2.2

	Change, %	Mln. Doll.	Change, %




Croatia

Germany


Ireland

Netherlands

Portugal


Switzerland


Great Britain
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)		September 2003

In Southern and Western Europe, France, Spain and Italy benefit most from tourist flows to the region and are major tourist destinations. The UK is traditionally famous for educational tourism. The Nordic countries of Europe, in particular the Scandinavian countries and Ireland, specialize in ecotourism.

The Asia-Pacific region continues to develop at a rapid pace. It displaced the Region of the Americas to the third place and occupies almost 19% of the tourism market in the world. The unexpected outbreak of SARS has temporarily stalled the region's sustained economic growth, with arrivals at many of the region's travel destinations more than halving their usual levels. While the previous record holders in Northeast Asia (-9%) and Southeast Asia (-16%) suffered significant losses, South Asia (+ 17%) after two difficult years has convincingly restored its positions on the crest of economic growth and politics. trade liberalization.

The leading countries in this region are China, Hong Kong (China), Korea, Taiwan and Singapore (Table 2.3).

International arrivals and tourism revenues in the Asia-Pacific region
Table 2.3
	International tourist arrivals		International Tourism Income
		Change, %	Mln. Doll.	Change, %

Asian-Pacific area
Australia

Hong Kong (China)

Indonesia


Macau (China)
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore

§ 3. The role of tourism in the economy of various states

Tourism at the present stage is playing an increasingly prominent role in the global economy. The pace of tourism development is growing steadily. So, if in 1950 the number of tourists around the world was 25 million people, and the turnover of the tourism industry was $ 2.1 billion, then in 1987, according to the World Tourism Organization, these figures were respectively $ 363 million and $ 150 billion. As of 2002, the number of tourists in the world exceeded 500 million with a turnover of about $ 250 billion. Despite this, international tourism accounts for no more than 10% of the trade turnover. Every year, about half a billion people visit foreign countries for tourism purposes. International statistics classifies a foreign tourist as any person who visits another country for any purpose other than professional activity paid in that country. Therefore, foreign tourists are considered to be people who have come to a foreign country not only on excursions, but also on vacation, treatment, for playing sports and attending sports competitions, visiting relatives and friends, for business and scientific purposes.

There are three main types of international tourism: recreational, scientific and business. Recreational tourism accounts for over 70% of all tourist trips. Scientific tourism accounts for no more than 15%, and, accordingly, business tourism accounts for the same amount.

The backbone of the tourism industry is formed by travel companies. But other industries work for tourism, for which tourist services are not the main activity. These are enterprises of culture, trade and others. It is believed that in addition to the costs of travel to and from the country, food accounts for 40% of his expenses, 8% for travel within the country, 30% for accommodation, and the rest for other expenses.

The bulk of tourist travel in the world is carried out between industrialized countries with market economies. This primarily applies to Western European countries. Spain and Austria, for example, have tourism revenues accounting for about one third of merchandise export revenues. These countries, as well as Italy, France, Switzerland, bring the balance under the item "tourism" with a large positive balance. At the same time, a number of Western countries with a developed tourism industry are balancing the tourism item with a negative balance. This primarily applies to Germany and Japan.

Of the Eastern European countries, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union had the largest income from foreign tourism. With the collapse of these countries, the tourism markets have changed. Currently, the most promising countries in terms of tourist exchanges are the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. Significant tourist resources are concentrated in the former Soviet republics, although these resources are underutilized, especially in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Far East and the Caucasus. Lack and shortage of tourist goods, high prices for tourist services and low quality of these services are affecting.

About 70 international organizations deal with tourism issues to one degree or another. A powerful research base and a system of professional training in the field of economics and tourism have been created. For example, in Switzerland (St. Gallen), the tourism industry is dealt with by the Institute of Tourism and Transport Economics at the Higher School of Economics, Law and Social Sciences. A research institute for leisure time and tourism has been established at the University of Bern. In Germany, these problems are dealt with by the European Institute of Tourism, established at the University of Trier. The Institute for Tourism is also located in Starnberg. In Russia, at the state level, the problem of tourism is dealt with by the State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism.

The tourist market is part of the national economy. In the case of international tourism, it simultaneously refers to two sometimes very different economic systems, one of which exists within the borders of the country of origin of tourists, and the other in the country that receives tourist flows. International tourism is a complex, multipurpose and, in some cases, multidirectional economic phenomenon, which quite fully embodies the main mechanisms and consequences inherent in the global economy. International tourism is present in the export-import operations of the world and regional trade in goods and services, international economic relations, and is both a derivative and a prerequisite for integration processes in the global economy.

Tourism today is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. For its high growth rates, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century. Tourism is the fundamental basis of the economy of many developed and developing countries of the world. Between 1950 and 2007, the number of international tourists increased 37 times, and receipts from this type of service increased almost 428 times. In 2008, the number of international tourist arrivals in the world reached 924 million people, and foreign exchange earnings from international tourism in 2007 amounted to 856 billion dollars.

According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, 2010 saw a strong recovery in international tourism. International tourist arrivals, after a 4% decline in 2009, when the impact of the global economic crisis was most acute, increased by almost 7% to 935 million. One year after the start of the global recovery in 2010, the tourism sector is expected to continue to grow in 2011, but at a slower pace. UNWTO projects international tourist arrivals to grow by 4% to 5% in 2011, slightly faster than the long-term average.

“The recovery in international tourism growth is good news, especially for those developing countries that depend on this sector to generate the income and jobs they need,” said UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai. "The challenge today is to maintain this positive growth in the years to come, in a still volatile global economic environment."

Modern tourism plays one of the main roles in the global economy. This industry is developing rapidly and will soon become its most important sector. According to the forecasts of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the growth of the tourism industry will be irreversible in the 21st century, and by 2020 the number of international tourist arrivals will more than double its 2000 level - from 681 million to 1.6 billion trips. The annual growth of investment in the tourism industry will be about 30%.

This branch of the economy is the fundamental basis of many developed and developing countries of the world. According to the WTO, its contribution to the world economy is equivalent to 11-12% of the world's gross national product. Tourism accounts for about 7% of total capital investment, 11% of global consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenues, about 7% of global export revenues, which in absolute terms is second only to revenues from the export of oil and oil products, and cars.

In some countries, tourism provides up to a quarter or more of all treasury receipts. France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, and even the former socialist countries Hungary and the Czech Republic receive between 15% and 35% of the gross national product from the tourism industry. For Cyprus, this figure is even higher - 45%.

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4.1. The role of tourism in the global economy

Nowadays, tourism is a powerful global industry. For its rapid growth, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century. In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of GDP, the creation of additional jobs, and employment. Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport, communications, construction, agriculture, that is, it acts as a kind of catalyst for socio-economic development.

The importance of tourism as a source of foreign exchange earnings and the expansion of international contacts is constantly growing.

The size and degree of influence of international tourism in the world can be estimated by the following indicators. In 1950, the number of international tourists in the world was 25 million. - 592 million people, and receipts from international tourism reached 423 million USD. According to the WTO forecasts, by 2010 the number of trips will amount to 937 million, and receipts from tourism will increase to 1.1 trillion. USD.

According to the WTO, the contribution of tourism to the world economy is 10.9% of world GDP. To service such a number of people moving around the world, an even larger number of specialists from many tourism-related industries are involved, which constitute the essence of the tourism industry and infrastructure. Tourism employs 130 million people (every 15th).

The analysis of tourism profitability leads to interesting comparisons. Thus, for each resident of the United States there are twice as many tourists as for a Russian, and with approximately equal prices for tourist services, the profitability of the tourist industry in the United States is 5 times higher. Perhaps there is a lot to learn. Of the 250 thousand residents of the resort of St. Petersburg (Florida, USA), 60 thousand are employed in tourism and serve 5 million tourists annually. Even more paradoxical is the situation in Andorra, where the whole country (50 thousand inhabitants) works for tourism, all residents make beds, cook food, sing and dance from morning till night for the needs of tourists, sell them goods. The latter is very attractive for tourists, since Andorra is a duty-free zone. There are no other types of activity in a dwarf country located in a narrow mountain valley, or they do not have a significant weight in the economy of the state.

Most countries have two days off. And that is why, according to statistics, the largest share is taken by weekend tourism (2-3 days), followed by weekly tourist trips (6-7 days), a much smaller share is taken by 8-12 day tours, all other, longer tourist trips drop out of statistics due to the insignificance of their share in the total mass.

In order for tourism to become a mass phenomenon and to involve large segments of the population, it is necessary to have sufficient funds to allocate some part of the funds from the family budget to ensure recreation. As a rule, short-term rest required (and is required now) significantly more funds than for usual accommodation and working hours, which is associated with the costs of travel, accommodation in a different place, food and entertainment.

Thus, the Russian classic of tourism Mikhail Mikhailovich Marinin and J. Bleile offer a completely understandable formula for the development of society in Europe, contributing to the intensive development of tourism in the post-war years. In the course of the economic revival after World War II, Europeans experienced first the “Eat Enough” wave, then “Dress normally”, then “Your own house and car” and, finally, the “Tourist wave”. Over the past decade, a certain part of the Russian population has been rapidly passing through these stages.

There is a direct link between trends in the tourism industry and overall economic, technical and social gains.

The growing standard of living in the developed industrial countries of the world leads to an increase in the duration of vacations and a fairly high level of retirement benefits, which also has a significant impact on the development of tourism.

In the practice of tourism activities, a distinction is made between the supplying countries of tourists and the countries receiving tourists. The first can include: USA, Germany, England, Belgium, Denmark, etc. The second group includes France, USA, Spain, Italy, Hungary, etc. Tourists from the most developed countries of the world - USA, Germany and Japan - spend more money on foreign travel than tourists from other countries. WTO experts point out that there is a clear link between tourism development trends and the general state of the economy in the country. Travel dynamics are very sensitive to whether the economy is booming or declining. In relation to the tourism industry, there are concepts such as “visible and invisible trade”, “visible and invisible exports and imports”.

Visible trade deals with the export and import of goods and raw materials. Wherein the country's trade balance called the difference between the value of visible exports and the value of visible imports.

Invisible trade relates to the import and export of the service sector. Invisible exports- this is income from arriving foreign tourists, as well as from the sale of tickets to them for domestic transport and other services in the host country. Invisible imports countries make up the money spent by its citizens on foreign travel.

The difference between a country's total income from exports (visible and invisible) and the total value of imports (visible and invisible) is called the balance of payments. The balance of payments can be positive or negative. All countries in the world are striving to increase tourism revenues and are making serious efforts to attract foreign tourists to the country.

Ten countries with a positive tourist balance: Spain, Italy, USA, France, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Portugal, Austria, Hungary.

Russia, with its colossal tourist potential, occupies a modest place in the international tourist market. It accounts for about 1% of the world tourist flow.

Ten countries with negative travel balance: Germany, Japan, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Finland.

The role of international tourism in the world economy. The role of tourism in the global economy. History of the development of world tourism