Lesson 4

Topic 1.2 Information Support analysis of financial economic activity

Topic 1.2.2 general characteristics information base of economic analysis.

Composition and content of accounting (financial) reporting forms.

The financial statements contain information about the property and financial position of the organization and the results of its activities at the end of a particular year.

Based on this data, in particular:

Analyzes the degree of solvency of the organization and its business activity in order to provide loans and credits;

Compiled statistical reporting for the purpose of macroeconomic planning;

Internal indicators of economic activity are planned;

The strengths and weaknesses of the organization are analyzed and measures are developed to eliminate weaknesses.

Ie Financial statements are a serious source of information. And therefore, it should be drawn up with a reflection of reliable indicators and in accordance with current legislation.

First of all, it should be noted that financial statements are a register in which information is collected that reflects liabilities, turnover, fixed and working capital, financial results, the amount of cash and non-cash funds and much more.

To form each of the indicators, you need:

1. its reflection according to the norms, which are approved by the current legislation for a specific accounting area and enshrined in the Accounting Policy. In accounting, these regulations are called Accounting Regulations (in the text - PBU);

2. documenting operations. Moreover, they are necessary as incoming source documents and documents of acceptance for registration and internal movement;

3. continuity of the accounting process;

4. correct reflection on accounting accounts in accordance with the current Chart of Accounts.

And to reflect these indicators in reporting, it is necessary to comply with other requirements that are approved, in particular:

1. By the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation PBU No. 4/99 "Financial statements of the organization", No. 43 dated 06.07.1999. This document sets out the basic rules for the formation of reporting - the composition and requirements for filling it out, the rules for evaluating articles for filling it out, the intermediate and publicity of reporting, and much more;

2. Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia "On the forms of accounting of organizations", No. 66n dated 02.07.2010. This normative act approves all forms of reporting, including for small businesses;

3. Federal law"On accounting", No. 402-ФЗ dated 06.12.2011. This law contains Articles 13-18, which set out General requirements to the formation and delivery of reports.

Part accounting statements include:

Balance. This is the main form in which all the property and financial position of the organization is presented in the form of balances by items, grouped by aggregated features, for example, "Accounts Receivable", "Cash", etc. The balance is drawn up reflecting the balances for a maximum of 3 years. Newly created organizations submit reports on the results of their first year of operation, affixing indicators only for reporting period;

Income statement... Includes indicators for 2 years. Reflects the order of formation net profit to distribution among the founders or to replenish the capital of the organization, and the formation of income tax. In addition, this report allows you to trace at what stage the loss was formed (if any), i.e. on the main type of activity or as a result of other operations.

In addition to these forms, reports are generated regardless of the accounting option Report on the targeted use of funds. It is filled in when the company has received budgetary subsidies and other earmarked contributions. Moreover, if there was no such funding, there is no need to submit a report, even a zero one!

Capital change statement. This is actually an explanation of two main forms - the balance sheet and the income statement. This form reflects in more detail information about the authorized, additional, reserve capital, the level of retained earnings or uncovered loss, etc .; the sources of capital formation and the reasons for their decrease are indicated. Compiled with the reflection of the balance for 3 years;

Traffic report Money ... Is also additional form to the balance sheet and discloses information about cash flows- on the receipt of funds and their spending, as well as on their availability at the moment. This report characterizes the changes in the financial condition of the organization, detailing the following areas of its activities: investment, current and financial;

explanatory note. It is a mandatory element of reporting and contains some extracts from accounting policies and information that allow you to assess the performance of the company, reflected in other forms of reporting. In particular, this can be data on the initial cost of fixed assets, the periods of their amortization, the availability of loans and the maturity and maturity, etc.

audit report. It is drawn up if the enterprise is subject to statutory audit... But, when generating reports, it is necessary to ensure not only the correct grouping of indicators by articles, but also the correct design of the Reports themselves.

Composition and content of accounting (financial) statements

In order for the financial statements to comply with the requirements for them, in the preparation of financial statements, compliance with following conditions: full dispatch for the reporting period of all business transactions and the results of the inventory of all production resources, finished products and calculations; complete coincidence of the data of the synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as indicators of reports and balances with synthetic and analytical accounting data; recording business transactions in accounting only on the basis of duly executed supporting documents or equivalent technical data carriers; correct assessment of balance sheet items.

Reporting should be preceded by significant preparatory work, carried out according to a special schedule drawn up in advance. An important stage preparatory work for the preparation of reporting is the closure at the end of the reporting period of all operational accounts: calculation, collective and distribution, matching, financially effective. Before starting this work, all accounting records on synthetic and analytical accounts (including inventory results), the correctness of these records has been verified.

Financial statements -- one system data on the property and financial position of the organization and on the results of its economic activities, compiled on the basis of data accounting according to established forms. The financial statements of the organization (except for budgetary and insurance organizations and banks) consist of:

• - balance sheet (F1);
• - profit and loss statement (F2);
• - statement of changes in equity (F3);
• - cash flow statement (Form 4);
• - appendices to the balance sheet (Form 5);
• - explanatory note;
• - an auditor's report confirming the accuracy

Accounting statements of the organization, if it is in accordance with

federal law is subject to mandatory audit.

Balance sheet - is a system of indicators characterizing the financial position of the organization as of reporting date.

In practice, the balance is usually presented in the form of a two-sided table, the left side of which is called the asset, the right side is the balance sheet liability. This arrangement of units is caused by purely practical considerations and established national traditions.

In the balance sheet, assets and liabilities should be shown with a subdivision depending on the maturity (maturity) for long-term (more than 12 months after the reporting date or normal operating cycle) and short-term (within 12 months after the reporting date or normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months).

When compiling a balance sheet, it should be borne in mind that:

• - the data at the beginning of the year must correspond to the data of the balance sheet for last year;
• - no offset between the items of assets and liabilities, profits and losses is allowed, unless such offset is provided for by the relevant accounting regulations;
• - individual indicators are reflected in the net valuation, that is, minus the regulating values ​​(depreciation, reserves, etc.).

V balance sheet, separate indicators are included that are not included in its total indicators, which concretize data for a certain account(such as property, plant and equipment; intangible assets; financial investments; receivables and certain types of obligations).

Any balance sheet represents the state of the property mass as a grouping of heterogeneous property assets (material assets in the direct possession of the economy) and rights to these values ​​and at the same time as capital formed by the will of certain economic entities (entrepreneurs, shareholders, the state, etc.), as well as third parties (creditors, investors, banks, etc.). The balance reflects the state of the economy in monetary terms, in Russia - in rubles. Because of this, the issue of the correct assessment of balance sheet items is of exceptional importance, both in the construction of a balance sheet and for assessing the activities of the economy.

The company's funds are reflected in the balance sheet in the following assessment:

• - fixed assets - at their initial cost, that is, at the actual costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture, minus wear and tear;
• - intangible assets - at their initial cost, that is, at the actual acquisition costs, including the costs of bringing them to the state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes, minus depreciation;
• - capital investments - at actual costs for the developer (customer);
• - equipment - by actual cost acquisitions;
• - financial investments (investments in securities, in the authorized capital of other enterprises, bonds, loans provided, etc.) - at the actual costs for the investor;
• - material values(materials, fuel, spare parts, containers and others material resources) - at their actual cost;
• - work in progress - at the actual production cost (in mass and batch production - at the standard (planned) cost, or at direct costs, or at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products);
• - distribution costs - in the sum of costs attributable to the remainder of unsold goods at trade and public catering establishments;
• - deferred expenses - in the amount actually incurred in the reporting period, but related to the next reporting periods;
• - finished products- at the actual or standard (planned) production cost;
• - goods - at purchase price;
• - goods shipped, work handed over and services rendered - at full actual or standard (planned) cost;
• - accounts receivable - in the amount recognized by the debtors;
• - balances of funds on foreign currency accounts, other monetary funds (including monetary documents), securities, accounts receivable and payable in foreign currencies ah - in rubles, determined by converting foreign currencies at the exchange rate The central bank RF effective as of the last day of the reporting period.

Sources of funds of the enterprise are reflected in the balance sheet:

• - authorized capital - in the amount determined by the constituent documents;
• - Reserve capital- in the amount of unused funds of this capital;
• - reserves for doubtful debts- in the amount of reserves created at the end of the reporting year to cover the company's accounts receivable;
• - reserves to cover future expenses and payments - in the amount of unused reserves;
• - deferred income - in the amount received in the reporting period, but relating to the next reporting periods;
• - profit - in the amount actually received in the reporting period profit. The advance and actual use of profit in the reporting period or the actual loss received are reflected in the asset of the balance sheet as separate items. V annual reporting only uncovered loss is included in the balance sheet currency, or retained earnings the reporting year;
• - accounts payable - in the amount of actual debts to creditors.

The profit and loss statement characterizes the financial results of the organization for the reporting period and makes it possible to compare them with the results for the previous reporting period. If the report for the last year contains indicators whose determination methodology is different from the methodology of the reporting year, it is necessary, in accordance with the requirements of RAS 4/99, to recalculate the indicators for the previous reporting period according to the accounting methodology for these indicators of the reporting period.

There are no indicators in the report related to taxes payable and other tax payments to the budget, except for the indicator on the accrued amount of income tax.

In accordance with clause 61 of the Methodological Recommendations for the Application of Chapter 25 "Corporate Profit Tax", the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Order of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of February 21, 2002), the procedure for presenting data in the report in form No. 2 depends on the organization's recognition of income as income from common types activities or other receipts (operating income, non-operating or extraordinary). Income and expenses arising from the facts of economic activity that are unequivocally different from the ordinary activities of the organization (natural disaster, fire, expropriation of assets, etc.) are considered extraordinary.

In case of independent development of the report form, the organization has the right to present the indicators given in the section "interpretation of individual profits and losses" in the form of transcripts to the corresponding articles of the report ("including" or "from them").

At a minimum, the organization is obliged to disclose in the report data on the groups of articles provided for in the PBU 4/99 report:

• - proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services minus value added tax, excise taxes, etc. taxes and mandatory payments (net proceeds);
• - the cost of goods, products, works, services sold (except for commercial and administrative expenses);
• - business expenses;
• - administrative expenses;
• - profit / loss from sales;
• - interest receivable;
• - Percentage to be paid;
• - income from participation in other organizations;
• - other operating income and expenses;
• - other non-operating income and expenses;
• - profit / loss before tax;
• - income tax and similar obligatory payments;
• - profit / loss from ordinary financial and economic activities;
• - extraordinary income and expenses;
• - net profit.

The articles of the report are formed on the basis of the income and expenses of the organization, calculated from January 1, 2000 in accordance with the requirements of PBU 9/99 (in terms of income) and PBU 10/99 (in terms of expenses of the organization).

The income of organizations for the reporting period is reflected with the division for the total amount of revenue, operating income and non-operating income, and, if any, extraordinary income.

Revenue, operating and non-operating income (revenue from the sale of products (goods), revenue from the performance of work (provision of services, etc.), constituting five or more percent of the total income of the organization for the reporting period, are shown for each type of income separately At the same time, each of these types of income must correspond to their share of expenses.

The Explanatory Note must contain information about the data, the disclosure requirement of which is defined in paragraph 27 of the Accounting Regulations "Financial statements of the organization" PBU 4/99, as well as other provisions on accounting (on changes in the accounting policy of the organization, on material production stocks, fixed assets, about the income and expenses of the organization, about events after the reporting date and conditional facts of business life, about information on affiliated persons, about information on operating and geographical segments, etc.) and not reflected in the forms of financial statements.

The Explanatory Note is subject to disclosure of the data of items for which other assets, other creditors, debtors, other liabilities, certain types of profits and losses are reflected in the Balance Sheet and the Profit and Loss Statement, if they are material. The explanatory note should include brief description activities of the organization (ordinary activities; current, investment and financial activities), the main performance indicators and factors that influenced the financial results of the organization in the reporting year, as well as decisions based on the results of the consideration of the annual financial statements and the distribution of profits remaining at the disposal of the organization, i.e. relevant information useful to obtain a more complete and objective picture of the financial position of the organization, the financial performance of the organization for the reporting period and changes in its financial position.

An organization that uses in taxation the method of determining revenue from the sale of products (works, services) as it is paid, provides separately data on tax payments due to the budget, calculated on the basis of the submitted tax calculations, and data calculated on the basis of information on the sale of goods, products , works, services and financial results reflected in accounting based on the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity. At the same time, data on tax payments calculated using two methods are presented in the context of significant types of taxes and with the reflection of the amounts of deviations.

When setting out the main performance indicators, a characteristic of fixed assets (the share of the active part of fixed assets, depreciation rates, renewal, disposal, etc.) can be given, intangible assets, financial investments, scientific and technical level of products, etc. In this case, the information can be supplemented with the necessary analytical tables, transcripts. It is recommended to identify trends in key performance indicators, as well as qualitative changes in the property and financial situation, and their reasons.

If necessary, the Explanatory Note should indicate the accepted procedure for calculating analytical indicators (profitability, share of own working capital etc.).

When evaluating financial condition in the short term, indicators for assessing the satisfactory structure of the balance sheet (current liquidity, security own funds and the ability to restore (lose) solvency). When characterizing solvency, one should pay attention to indicators such as the availability of funds in bank accounts, at the cash desk of the organization, losses, overdue accounts receivable and accounts payable credits and loans not repaid on time, completeness of transfer of relevant taxes to the budget, paid (payable) penalties for failure to fulfill obligations to the budget. You should also pay attention to the assessment of the organization's position in the market. valuable papers and the reasons for the negative phenomena that took place.

When assessing the financial situation for the long term, the characteristics of the structure of sources of funds, the degree of dependence of the organization on external investors and creditors, etc. are given. The characteristics of the dynamics of investments in previous years and for the future are given, with the determination of the effectiveness of these investments.

In addition, an assessment of the organization's business activity can be given, the criteria of which are the breadth of markets for products, including the availability of supplies for export, the reputation of the organization, expressed, in particular, in the awareness of customers using the services of the organization, etc .; the degree of fulfillment of planned indicators, ensuring the specified rates of their growth (decrease); the level of efficiency in the use of the organization's resources. It is advisable to include data on the dynamics of the most important economic and financial indicators the organization's work over a number of years, descriptions of future investments made economic activities, environmental protection measures and other information of interest to potential users of financial statements.

Joint-stock companies in the Explanatory Note provide the names and positions of members of the board of directors (supervisory board), members of the executive body, the total amount of remuneration paid to them. In this case, all types of remuneration paid are described (wages, bonuses, commissions and other property grants (benefits and privileges)).

Joint-stock companies whose securities are traded on stock market, along with the annual financial statements, formed taking into account the above, they prepare annual financial statements based on the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the Committee on international standards financial statements, and submit it to the organizer of trading on the securities market, investor and other interested parties at their request. The specified reporting is submitted on time in accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting". At the same time, if the requirement for the submission of annual financial statements, drawn up based on the requirements of IFRS, determines the deadline for its submission previously established in accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting", then the annual financial statements prepared based on the requirements of IFRS for the previous reporting year... In the case of circulation of securities on the market of a state, requiring the submission of reports according to the accounting rules of this state, the accounting statements of the organization should be drawn up in accordance with these rules.

The accuracy of the information in the annual financial statements of the organization, if it is in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation subject to mandatory audit, confirmed by the auditor ( audit firm), licensed to carry out auditing activities.

Financial analysis Bocharov Vladimir Vladimirovich

2.1. The composition and content of financial statements and the procedure for their preparation

All businesses and commercial organizations that are legal entities are obliged to draw up accounting (financial) statements on the basis of synthetic and analytical accounting data. It expresses a unified system of data on the property and financial position of an enterprise and on the results of its economic activities and is formed according to accounting registers in accordance with established forms.

The financial statements consist of:

1) balance sheet (form No. 1);

2) profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

3) a statement of changes in equity (form No. 3);

4) a statement of cash flows (form No. 4);

5) annexes to the balance sheet (form No. 5);

6) an explanatory note (to forms No. 1–2);

7) an audit report confirming the reliability of the organization's financial statements, if it is subject to audit in accordance with federal legislation.

The financial statements must present an objective and complete picture of the financial position of the enterprise at a certain date. The reporting is considered reliable and complete if it is compiled on the basis of the rules established by regulations accounting. If, during the development of financial statements, insufficient data is revealed to form a complete picture of its financial position, then additional indicators and explanations are included in the statements.

When preparing financial statements, an enterprise must ensure the neutrality of the information it contains, that is, one-sided satisfaction of the interests of some user groups in front of others is excluded. Information is not neutral if, through selection or presentation, it influences the management decisions of users to achieve predetermined goals.

The financial statements of an enterprise should include indicators of the activities of all branches, representative offices and other divisions (including those allocated to separate balance sheets). For each numerical indicator of financial statements, in addition to the report drawn up for the first reporting period, data must be provided for at least two years - the reporting one and the one preceding the reporting one.

If the data for the period preceding the reporting period are incomparable with the data for the reporting period, then the first of them are subject to correction based on the rules determined by regulatory enactments on accounting. Each material adjustment should be disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet and income statement, together with an indication of the reasons for the adjustment.

Items of the balance sheet, profit and loss statement and other separate forms of financial statements that are subject to disclosure and for which there are no numerical values ​​of assets, liabilities, income and expenses in standard forms developed by the company independently are crossed out or not filled out.

Indicators about individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions should be presented separately in the financial statements if they are material or if without knowledge of them by interested users it is impossible to assess the financial position of the enterprise or the financial results of its activities.

Data on certain types of assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions can be reflected in the balance sheet and the income statement in a total amount with disclosure of explanations in the specified forms, if each of these indicators separately is insignificant for the assessment of the financial position of the enterprise by interested users.

Enterprises compiling consolidated financial statements, taking into account data on their subsidiaries (dependent) companies, determine the volume of financial statements provided to them by subsidiaries and dependent companies.

To ensure the reliability of accounting and reporting data, enterprises are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and assessment are checked and documented.

If an incorrect reflection of business transactions of the current period is revealed before the end of the reporting year, corrections are made by entries in the corresponding accounting accounts in the month of the reporting period when distortions were identified. If an incorrect reflection of business transactions is detected in the reporting period after its end, but for which the annual financial statements have not been approved, corrections are made by the records of December of the year for which the annual financial statements are prepared for approval and submission to the addressees. In cases of detection in the current reporting period of incorrect reflection of business transactions in the accounts of the last year, corrections in the accounting and reporting for the past reporting year (after the approval of the annual financial statements) are not made.

When drawing up financial statements, it should be borne in mind that the accounting process at the enterprise is carried out on the basis of the Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization" PBU 1/98 dated 09.12.98. This policy should meet the requirements of completeness, discretion, priority of content over form, consistency and rationality.

In accordance with the requirements of the Accounting Regulations "Financial statements of the organization" PBU 4/99 dated 06.07.99, offsetting between assets and liabilities, profit and loss items is not allowed in the statements, unless such offset is permitted by the relevant accounting regulations.

The balance sheet includes numerical indicators in a net estimate, that is, minus the regulatory values ​​that should be disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet and the income statement. Therefore, in the balance sheet, data on intangible assets, fixed assets, low value and wear and tear items are shown at residual value.

If the enterprise forms a reserve at the end of the reporting year to secure investments in securities of third-party issuers at the expense of profit in the annual balance sheet, the balances of these financial investments are shown according to market value if it is lower than the cost accepted in accounting. In the liabilities of the balance sheet, the amount of the formed reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities and recorded on the corresponding account is not separately reflected.

When an enterprise creates reserves for doubtful debts at the end of the reporting year (quarter) for settlements with legal and individuals for products (goods, services) with the attribution of the amount of reserves to the financial results, the accounts receivable shown in accounting, for which the reserves have been created, are reflected in the balance sheet in the amount minus the formed reserve. In this case, the amount of the reserve reflected in the accounting in the liabilities of the balance sheet is not shown separately.

V explanatory note additional information is provided to the financial statements: about changes in the accounting policy of the enterprise, fixed assets, inventories, about income and expenses, about events after the reporting date and conditional facts of economic activity, etc.

It is recommended to include information on the relevant data in the explanatory note in the form of separate sections. This note is subject to disclosure of indicators of items for which other assets, other debtors and creditors, other liabilities, certain types of profits and losses are shown in the balance sheet and profit and loss statement, if they are material. The explanatory note should provide a brief description of the company's activities by its types (current, investment and financial).

When characterizing the main indicators, data on the use of fixed assets (the share of the active part of fixed assets, depreciation rates, renewal, disposal, etc.), intangible assets, financial investments, scientific and technical level of products, etc. can be provided. Information can be supplemented analytical tables and transcripts. It is advisable to monitor trends in the main indicators of the enterprise, as well as qualitative changes in its property and financial situation, their reasons. If necessary, an explanatory note should indicate the accepted procedure for calculating analytical indicators (profitability, asset turnover, etc.).

When assessing the financial condition for a short-term period, indicators of the satisfactory structure of the balance sheet, the provision of own funds and the ability to restore (lose) solvency can be given. When characterizing solvency, attention should be paid to such parameters as the availability of funds in bank accounts, in the cash desk, losses, accounts receivable and payable, not paid on time, loans and borrowings not repaid on time, completeness of transfer of taxes to budget system, paid (payable) penalties for failure to fulfill obligations to the budget and partners. You should also highlight issues related to the position of the enterprise on the stock market, and the reasons for the negative phenomena that have taken place.

When assessing the financial situation for the long term, the structure of sources of investment financing, the degree of dependence of the enterprise on external investors and creditors are given. The dynamics of investments for previous years and for the future is given with the definition of their effectiveness.

It is advisable to include in the explanatory note data on the dynamics of financial and economic indicators of the enterprise for a number of years, descriptions of future capital investments, innovative and economic events and other information of interest to potential users of financial statements.

Joint-stock companies in the explanatory note give the names and positions of members of the board of directors (supervisory board), members of the executive body, the total amount of remuneration paid to them. Joint-stock companies whose securities are traded on the stock market, along with the accounting statements formed taking into account the above provisions, prepare annual financial statements developed based on the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) recommended by the International Financial Reporting Standards Committee, and submit its organizer of trading on the stock market, investors and other interested parties at their request. The specified reporting is submitted within the time frame established by the Federal Law "On Accounting" dated November 21, 1996, No. 129-f3.

In the case of circulation of securities on the market of a state, requiring the submission of reports according to the accounting rules of this state, the financial statements of the enterprise should be drawn up in accordance with these rules.

The reliability of the information in the annual financial statements of the open joint stock company(JSC) is subject to mandatory audit and is confirmed by an auditor (audit firm) licensed to carry out auditing activities.

The financial statements are attached to the cover letter of the enterprise, drawn up in accordance with the established procedure and containing information on the composition of the submitted statements. The financial statements submitted to the addresses established by the legislation of the Russian Federation are signed by the head and chief accountant of the enterprise. In organizations where accounting is kept on a contractual basis by a specialized organization (centralized accounting) or a specialist accountant, financial statements are signed by the head of the organization and the head of a specialized organization (central accounting) or a specialist in accounting.

In connection with the introduction from 01.01.2001 of the new Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, changes should be made to the composition of the articles of the current forms of financial statements, including the balance sheet. For example, long-term financial investments are now accounted for in the Financial Investments account on the corresponding sub-accounts: shares and shares, debt securities, loans granted, contributions under a simple partnership agreement. Therefore, in analytical work, one should be guided by the new Chart of accounts of accounting and the changes made to the financial statements by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.