Objectives for studying the topic: In this section, we will consider the content and main priorities economic policy state, we will study the problems of structural restructuring of the Russian economy, identify the state's capabilities to form and support the functioning of the financial and budget systems, the infrastructure of the market economy. Basic concepts and terms: financial policy, budget, tax system, taxation system, monetary policy, structural policy

The economy of any country is a complex system, that is, a set of qualitatively defined subsystems, between which there is a natural connection

1. Financial policy of the state State financial resources are formed through the collection of taxes, customs duties, duties, special payments, the sale of state property, proceeds from the privatization of state property, funds from the sale of the country's gold reserves, the release and sale of state securities securities, sale of state blocks of shares, profits from state entrepreneurial activities, obtaining Money on the basis of external and internal borrowing, the use of reserve and insurance funds. The impact of public finances on socio-economic processes in society depends largely on the correctly developed financial policy of the state. Financial policy is a set of financial measures carried out by government bodies through the links and elements financial system... The main task of financial policy is to achieve a macroeconomic balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

The information base for making managerial decisions on the efficient use of financial resources is consolidated balance financial resources of the state. The purpose of developing a balance is to determine the amount of financial resources of the state for the forecast period, the possibilities of using them to finance economic and social development programs, as well as to establish the optimal directions for their distribution and use.

According to their functional purpose, the expenditures of financial resources of the state can be grouped into five groups: 1. Financing public services general purpose (costs of public administration; maintenance of legislative, executive and judicial bodies; international activities, national defense, ensuring public order and security, etc.); 2. Financing the production of public goods (spending on science, education, culture and art, health care, physical culture and sports, social protection and social Security, housing and communal services, mass media, etc.); 3. Financing of public services related to economic activities (expenditures on the development of areas of material production; on improving the efficiency of economic activities, carrying out structural transformations in the economy, creating conditions for economic growth, for the implementation of targeted comprehensive programs, etc.) ; 4. Expenditures of state trust funds

5. Other expenses (interest payments and costs associated with servicing public debt, creating reserve funds, general transfers, etc.)

Ineffective public financial policy leads to the emergence of public debt. Public debt is divided into internal and external

Domestic public debt - the total amount of government debt to the population, holders of government securities, equal to the amount of past budget deficits

2. Budgetary policy The state budget plays an important role in the social redistribution of resources and is the main link in the state financial systems. The state budget is an annual plan of state expenditures and sources of their financial coverage. The budget is drawn up according to the budget classification

The budget classification is a unified international system of functional grouping of budget revenues and expenditures according to homogeneous characteristics. It provides the ability to compare budget data from different budgets, to determine the nature of the state's regulatory actions to find revenue sources and directions for using the funds received.

Functions of the budget: 1. Fiscal (consists in financial support for the implementation of its main functions by the state). When performing this function, it must be remembered that the state budget is considered not only as an estimate of revenues and costs, but above all as a way to ensure macroeconomic balance and economic growth, a financial plan

2. Regulatory (the withdrawal of a part of the social product in the form of taxes and non-tax revenues to the budget makes it possible to adjust the use of this product, affecting the volumes aggregate demand and the proportion between consumption and savings in the economy). At the stage of recession, budget expenditures increase, compensating for the loss of a part of public demand, which revives the economy, but worsens the budget balance. During the recovery phase, an increase in tax revenue improves the fiscal balance. 3. Strategic (determined by the structure of state consumption and state investment and is implemented through the influence of the state on the intersectoral and interregional redistribution of resources within the country in accordance with the established priorities). 4. Stimulating (consists in the influence of measures budgetary policy to intensify economic processes). The main strategic directions of budgetary policy: - ensuring full and timely execution of the financial obligations of the state at all levels of government; - elimination of discouraging elements and strengthening of stimulating functions of budgetary policy; - reducing the debt burden on the economy

The main stages of the budgetary process: - drawing up a draft budget; - consideration of the budget; - budget approval; - budget execution; - preparation, consideration and approval of a report on the implementation of the budget

3. Tax regulation Tax policy has a special role in state regulation. Taxes are one of the most important types of state revenues that the state receives on the basis of its powers. Tax is obligatory payment, which is charged to the budget from legal entities and citizens

There are two main groups of taxes: 1. Direct action. These are taxes on the processes of production and circulation of products - capital, labor and land. Examples are income tax, wages and other labor income, property tax, donation and inheritance tax, land tax, etc. The taxpayer perceives direct tax directly as a shortfall in income (withdrawal of part of it)

2. Indirect action. The subject of taxation is goods and services. Indirect taxes are manifested in distribution and consumption, they extend their effect to the consumer and represent taxes on his expenses. Examples are excise taxes on goods and services, VAT, sales tax, customs tariffs, duties and fees for the provision of services. The main functions of taxes: 1.fiscal (consists in receiving and accumulating tax payments and forming on their basis the revenue part of the budget to finance public spending) 2.social (its essence is in maintaining social equilibrium by reducing the large discrepancy between the real incomes of certain social groups population) 3. regulating (its essence is that through tax levers there is stimulation (discouragement) of certain forms of economic activity, production and consumption, industries and regions). Tax system - a set of taxes levied by the state in a given country, tax rules and bodies that implement tax functions

The system of tax authorities includes tax collection bodies represented by the tax inspectorate and supervision over the payment of taxes represented by the tax police. The tax system is based on the following principles: 1. Obligation to pay taxes - development of norms of obligatory payments (taxes) determined according to reliable data about the object of taxation and the establishment of responsibility for evasion of their payment

2. Equality of subjects of taxation is the prevention of any manifestations of tax discrimination. It is provided with a unified approach to business entities in determining their tax liabilities. 3. Social justice- providing social support to low-income strata of the population by introducing economically sound taxation. This is the establishment of a non-taxable minimum, the application of differential taxation of income of citizens (enterprises) with different levels of income, etc. 4. Stability - ensuring the invariability of taxes and mandatory payments during the budget year

5. Scientific validity - the establishment of new or change in the amount of existing taxes must be scientifically substantiated and undergo practical testing. 6. Uniformity of payment of taxes - determined by the establishment of the timing of payment of tax obligations, based on the need to ensure the receipt of funds to the budget

7. Availability - ensuring the transparency of information about the types of taxes, amounts and forms. 8. Stimulation - when determining the types and sizes, a prerequisite is the degree of their influence on socio-economic development

The taxation system is the taxpayers normatively determined by the legislative authorities, their rights and obligations, objects of taxation, types of taxes, fees and other obligatory payments to budgets, contributions to state trust funds, as well as the procedure for collecting established tax payments, fees and contributions. Also tools tax regulation are tax benefits that are enshrined in regulatory enactments as exceptions to general scheme calculations of a specific type of tax, and relate to the object, rate or other components of taxation

According to the types of levied rates, taxes are classified into three groups: 1. Progressive tax means that a higher percentage is taken on high incomes than on low ones (that is, the tax rate rises as income rises)

2. Proportional tax - the same tax rate is charged, regardless of the amount of income

3. Regressive taxation - the percentage of income withdrawal by taxes decreases with increasing income. Introduced in order to stimulate profit growth. At the same time, with regressive taxes, income inequality increases after taxation. Thus, the sales tax (like all indirect taxes levied on the prices of goods, it refers to regressive ones) is a greater burden on people with low incomes than on those who receive high incomes. In the case of a progressive taxation scale, an increase in income leads to an increase in part of tax payments, which is a kind of "built-in" stabilizer that "cools" the economy. Decrease tax rates and an increase in government spending is used as a lever for enhancing economic dynamics, while an increase in tax rates and a decrease in costs is one of the ways to prevent the economy from overheating. In the case of overstated rates, a number of negative consequences arise, the most important of which are: o undermining the foundations of normal reproduction and scientific and technological progress, o deformation and inhibition of the production process, o decrease in labor activity, o growth of the "shadow" economy, o mass practice of tax evasion , o reduction of revenues to the state budget. The main tasks tax reform are: - reduction and equalization of the tax burden, - strengthening of tax control over production costs, - minimization of the costs of execution and administration of tax legislation, - reduction of tax rates. The taxation system should be simplified as much as possible. It is necessary to significantly increase the taxation of unproductive activities: entertainment business, some types of mediation, etc.

4. Monetary regulation Monetary policy (MCP) is a set of measures in the field of money circulation and credit, aimed at regulating economic growth, curbing inflation and ensuring the stability of the monetary unit, ensuring employment of the population and equalizing the balance of payments. State monetary regulation carried out by the Central Bank. Regulation instruments are divided into direct and indirect. Indirect instruments of monetary policy: 1. Policy of the discount rate. The Central Bank acts as the main creditor of all other banks. The rate on such loans is called the discount rate. The difference between the discount rate and the rates of commercial banks is a source of profit for the latter. The Central Bank has the right to change this rate at any time. By raising it, he limits the demand for borrowed funds on the part of commercial banks, reducing it, - stimulates this demand. The rate cut also stimulates the private sector to invest more.

2. The system of required reserves. Mandatory reserve ratio - the ratio of the amount of the prescribed investment of a commercial bank in central bank to the urgent obligations of this bank. The amounts representing the required minimum reserves of commercial banks are kept in the Central Bank in the form of term deposits. If commercial Bank does not fulfill this requirement, he has to pay penalty interest. The central bank, by increasing the value of the required reserve, restrains the business activity of commercial banks, while decreasing it stimulates it.

3. Regulation through operations with securities on the open market. Administrative controls credit and banking system- direct prescriptions to banks in the form of directives, instructions, as well as the application of sanctions. The Central Bank controls the activities of commercial banks, conducts regular audits

5. Structural policy Relationships, which reflect the interconnections and interdependencies between individual parts of the economy in the process of its development, are characterized by the concept of "structure of the economy." For state regulation, the following main types of structural relationships are of greatest importance - reproduction, sectoral, social, regional, foreign trade

The reproduction structure is characterized by the relationship: 1. Between the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods

2. Between the reimbursement of the used means of production and the newly created value

3. Between consumption and accumulation

4. Between production areas and infrastructure swarm

The sectoral structure characterizes the contribution of individual industries, industries, intersectoral complexes to the reproduction of GDP

The regional (territorial) structure of the economy characterizes the contribution of individual regions to the reproduction of GDP. The social structure reflects the distribution of the national economy by organizational and legal forms of business, the level of income and life of the population

A kind of mirror of the state of the economy is the structure of foreign trade

The structural policy of the state is a substantiation of the goals and nature of structural transformations, the definition of a set of measures to support the development of those elements economic system that provide the economic growth and solving urgent problems of the present

There are two types of structural policy: 1. Passive structural policy - the state creates a legal basis for the free flow of capital and labor from one industry to another, but does not directly intervene in these processes. The structure changes only due to changes in the rates of profit. 2. Active structural policy - the state, with the help of a system of measures and means, influences the acceleration of progressive structural changes. A whole range of measures is possible: stimulating the flow of capital into priority sectors; stimulating the development of industries that accelerate the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress; protection and provision of financial assistance to industries that are in a state of decline and require a radical reconstruction of the production apparatus; curtailment of part of production in depressed industries, etc.

The concept of an active structural policy is based on a clear definition of the most effective directions for the structural transformation of the economy. At this stage of economic development, the main directions of the state structural policy should include: 1. Production growth in industries that provide a significant part of the export of finished products

2. Growth of production in industries that are capable of replacing imported products on the domestic market

3. Development of the production of goods competitive in the world market

4. Support for industries that use resource-saving technologies

5. Production growth in industries that are able to raise the scientific and technical level and product quality

6. Development of competition through restructuring and diversification of production

7. Development of production of raw materials, semi-finished products and components to replace imported

Currently in Russia there is a process of structural degradation of industry, expressed in the transformation of the structure towards the primary, unskilled. less technologically complex industries, which, of course, entails both an increase in the dependence of the national economy on the world market, and the subsequent degradation of the scientific and technical potential of the country

When discussing the structural restructuring of the Russian economy, the most important issues remain: 1. conversion of the branches of the military-industrial complex; 2. support and development of small business. 3.policy of support and development of branches of the real sector of the economy

The reorganization of the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex plays an important role in the economic reforms carried out in Russia and the restructuring of the management system. Partial or complete reorientation of enterprises (production facilities, scientific and technical potential and labor resources) from military to civilian needs is a conversion

The priorities in the field of conversion of the military-industrial complex are: the formation of national research centers for the most important (breakthrough) technologies; creation of financial and industrial groups, technology parks based on the use of dual-value technologies; the formation of transnational companies, new industries based on breakthrough and competitive technologies as forms of participation in the global division of labor; full transition to the state contractual system for placing orders for the needs of the state; normative and legal support of the economic mechanism corresponding to the peculiarities of the organization and economy of the military-industrial complex

The real sector of the economy is a sector of the economy directly related to material production, making a profit and filling the budget. The state needs support for the functioning of the real sector of the economy, which is mainly implemented through a mechanism to stimulate investment activity in these areas, as well as the creation of tax incentives Control questions: 1. What is the financial policy of the state? What are its main tasks and activities? 2. What is the state budget? What are its functions in the economy? 3. What is the tax policy of the state? What are the principles of the tax system? 4. What is monetary policy? What are its main tools? 5. What is the structural policy of the state? In what directions and how is it being implemented?

MAIN PRIORITIES OF STATE ECONOMIC POLICY IN CREATING A NEW ECONOMY

ALEXEEV ALEXEY VENIAMINOVICH,

candidate of economic sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Email address: [email protected]

The article analyzes the key competencies of the state when creating a new economy. The age structure of the production equipment was estimated. The conditions necessary for the creation of a new economy are identified. The author describes the creation of internal and the struggle to open external markets that correspond to the systemic properties of the new economy. The institutions of the new economy are considered.

Key words: new economy; investments; innovation; institutions.

The author analyzes the state responsibility in creating a new economy. The age distribution of production equipment is estimated. The article also introduces conditions which are necessary for creation a new economy and considers the new economy institutions. The article describes the internal markets creation and struggle for the foreign markets opening, the new economy relevant system properties.

Keywords: new economy; investment; innovation; institutions.

JEL classifier codes: B52, F59, O31.

Qualitative changes, signs of which began to be observed in the economies of developed countries, were seriously discussed in the second half of the last century. In 1959, D. Bell introduced the concept of "post-industrial society", meaning a society in which the industrial sector gives way to science, and its development is determined by the ability to generate new information and knowledge. Therefore, the special interest in the new economy that emerged in the last decade of the 20th century did not come as a surprise.

In the world economic community, the term "new economy" has not gained universal recognition, but the very problem of transforming the traditional economy into informational recognition has received. This problem is relevant for any national economy, for Russia it is doubly relevant. Indeed, significant changes in the very foundations of the economies of Western countries were actively taking place just when Russia was painfully moving from an administrative to a market system. The risk of "falling out" of the world civilization process then sharply increased: the transition from the old to the new is in itself quite painful, multiplied by the general degradation of the national economy, it went beyond all reasonable norms.

How to counter this risk? What is the nature of the economy in Russia's long-term interests? What needs to be done within the framework of state economic policy to ensure that these interests are secured? These and other questions are at the heart of this study.

1. KEY COMPETENCES OF THE STATE IN CREATING A NEW ECONOMY

There is no precedent in the world for creating a new economy without the active participation of the state. Obviously, Russia, with its strong paternalistic traditions, rich historical experience in the implementation of large national projects and still rather superficial market thinking, will not be an exception to this rule. At the same time, the specified features further actualize the problem with which developed economies have been familiar for a long time: “How exactly should the participation of the state in the construction of a new economy be manifested?”

Original Russian Text © A.V. Alekseev, 2010

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Boundary answers to this question are known:

■ The state itself is building a new economy.

■ The state creates conditions for its residents so that they independently build

new economy.

The final balance between the considered alternatives in Russia will be much closer to the first approach than to the second, which is typical for the United States and, to a somewhat lesser extent, for developed European countries. Russian society is prone to fairly strict regulation of market relations. In the USA (more) and in Western Europe (less), society, on the contrary, generally recognizes that the state should not directly interfere in the economic activity of economic entities and itself act as such a subject (except in fairly clearly specified cases). The state is expected to undertake a commitment to mainly focus on ensuring the institutional conditions for effective economic interaction of economic entities and the unconditional protection of their short- and long-term interests.

How large is the activity the Russian state in the framework of the scenario "The state itself builds a new economy"? Prior to the beginning of the period of active creation of state corporations, the Russian state demonstrated a very restrained investment and innovation activity in the military sphere and almost completely aloof itself from innovative activity in the civilian sphere.

So, in the 90s. In the last century, there was no need to talk about any kind of innovative development: the sharply declining investment activity did not provide even a simple reproduction of the already existing production system. Indeed, the rate of renewal of fixed assets began to grow only in 2001 and only in 2002, i.e. only seven years later, it exceeded the level of the already disastrous 1995. Subsequently, the rate of renewal of fixed assets gradually increased, however, even in the quite prosperous 2005, the level of renewal of fixed assets was almost three times lower than this indicator of the "Soviet" period.

The situation with the disposal of old fixed assets is no better. The active disposal of old, morally and physically worn out equipment has never been a strong feature of the domestic industry. In the crisis 90s. the situation only got worse. However, as the economy stabilized and subsequently grew, equipment retirement continued to decline (Fig. 1). The situation is quite understandable - as the crisis was over, the enterprises gradually used their existing capacities. Experiencing severe financial constraints, they did not have the opportunity to adequately update their production apparatus and, therefore, were forced to maintain their existing capacities. A significant part of enterprises generally found themselves in the "trap" of unused capacities: on the one hand, there are no funds to upgrade capacities, on the other hand, the existing capacities are used by tens of percent below the norm - why should they be upgraded?

1990 1995 200 0 200 1 2002 2003 200 4 2005

Renewal & Disposal

Rice. 1. Ratios of renewal and retirement of fixed assets in comparable prices (in comparable prices)

Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2006: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2006, 326

The investment failure resulted in a sharp increase in the average age of equipment.

The average age of equipment from 1990 to 2005 almost doubled (!) - from 10.8 to 19.3 years. The growth of the average age of the equipment went on steadily, with an almost constant rate, and only in 2005 there seemed to be a tendency for its decline (Fig. 2).

1970 1975 1980 1985 1 990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 999 200 0 2 001 200 2 2 003 2004 2005

Rice. 2. Average age of equipment, years

Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2005: Statistical collection / Rosstat.- M., 2005, 392. Construction in Russia.

2006: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2006, 157

It is worth remembering that in the early 90s. of the last century, an indicator of 12 years was considered unacceptably high, and even then “the scientific community sounded the alarm” that urgent effective measures should be taken to prevent a catastrophe in the national production apparatus. These alarmist sentiments in those years were actually ignored, since life has shown that even with an average age of the equipment park twice as large, the economy continues to function and even somehow develop. But this does not eliminate the problem of the ultra-high average age of equipment in the national industry.

Indeed, it is difficult to expect that a domestic producer will be able to produce competitive products for the open Russian and, moreover, the world market on "relic" equipment. More precisely, it will be able to, if we are talking about the extraction of natural resources or environmentally dirty industries, that is, those industries for which a foreign manufacturer either cannot, or, under the conditions of strict national legislation, does not want to apply.

A weak investment process, therefore, washes out of the Russian industry those industries whose products are in fierce competition with those of foreign manufacturers, i.e. exactly the area in which the greatest added value is created. Obviously, in this case, the declared course of creating a new, adequate to the requirements of today, economy and its actual development do not in any way correlate with each other.

2. AGE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

Since the beginning of the 90s. of the last century, the age structure of production equipment in industry has changed radically. 1990 to 2004 The share of the youngest group of equipment (up to five years old) has decreased by almost 3.5 times (and if compared with 1970, by 4.4 times in general), the share of equipment in the middle age has decreased by 5.5 times (from 6 to 10 years), the share of old equipment has more than doubled (from 16 to 20 years) and the share of the oldest equipment (over 20 years) has more than tripled. Thus, if in 1990 almost 60% of the equipment of the Russian industry was under the age of 10, then in 2004 this equipment became less than 14%.

Perhaps the only positive trend that can be identified is an increase in the share of the youngest equipment, starting from 2000. Indeed, the share of

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ore under the age of five years by 1999 in relation to 1992 decreased by 5.6 times; by 2004, the situation had improved here (Fig. 3, Table 1).

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Rice. 3. Age structure production equipment in industry,%

Table 1

Age structure of production equipment in industry,%

1975 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

All equipment (at the end of the year) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

of it in age, years:

up to 5 37.5 33.1 29.4 10.1 5.2 4.1 4.1 4.7 5.7 6.7 7.8 8.6

6 - 10 29,7 28,2 28,3 29,8 24,1 20,1 15,2 10,6 7,6 5,8 4,9 5,1

11 - 15 14,8 16 16,5 22 24,7 25,3 25,7 25,5 23,2 20 16,4 12,3

16 - 20 9 9,8 10,8 15 17,5 18,9 20,1 21 21,9 22,6 22,7 22,5

more than 20 9 12.9 15 23.1 28.5 31.6 34.8 38.2 41.6 44.9 48.2 51.5

Source: Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2005: Statistical collection / Rosstat. - M., 2005, 392

Thus, at least until 2004, no noticeable positive influence of the state's investment policy on the state of domestic fixed assets was observed. With the creation of state corporations, the situation may begin to change. Until recently, the state limited itself to demonstrating (not always successful) its "best" intentions to support business investment programs, but nothing more.

All the more relevant is the answer to the second question posed: "What conditions does the state create for its residents so that they independently build a new economy?"

3. CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO CREATE A NEW ECONOMY

In developed economies, the following three basic conditions are considered the minimum necessary to create a new economy:

Ensuring the stability of the financial system;

Investing in people and technology;

Creation of internal and expansion of external markets.

Ensuring the stability of the financial system. The stability of the financial system is usually ensured when at least two conditions are met: tight control over budget expenditures, on the one hand, and a low refinancing rate, on the other.

Russian budget it has been in surplus for several years, the refinancing rate is formally relatively high (currently 10%), but in reality it is even lower than the inflation rate. Although inflation is high in the country, it is not so much a consequence of an irresponsible government policy seeking to ensure high social benefits with low budget revenues, as a payment for the low ruble exchange rate and changes in the global price environment, independent of the nature of domestic economic policy.

There is no reason to expect that the stability of the financial system in Russia will be disrupted in the foreseeable future.

Investing in people and technology. The new economy is based on working with information, generating new knowledge. Sustainable generation of more and more new knowledge is unattainable within the educational system that provides industrial production. The only way not to fall out of the new economy is to constantly update the accumulated knowledge. The existing education system is not coping with this task well. Traditional education formats are focused on young people and do not provide quality education throughout the entire period of a person's labor activity. The modern economy, however, makes a demand for highly educated workers.

In recent years, in connection with the beginning of the implementation of the National Project "Education", the situation began to change. However, the project is designed for the long term, and there is no need to expect quick results. Thus, “on the line” of “investments in people” Russia deserves a low assessment: investments in the education system are not so small, but the organization of education itself is inadequate to the requirements of the new economy. At the same time, there is no doubt that the potential of the Russian education sector is very high, but whether it will be effectively used is an open question at present.

Are investments in technology sufficient in Russia?

In the last decade of the last century, the number of research and development personnel has been rapidly declining. In recent years, this process has slowed down, but by no means stopped. On the other hand, funding for science has begun to improve since the beginning of this century. The level of this financing, both in absolute and relative terms, is currently quite far from the indicators of 1992, but the movement towards the restoration of pre-crisis indicators is quite stable (Table 2).

table 2

Financing of science from the federal budget

Indicators 1992 1995 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total number of research and development organizations 4555 4059 4019 4099 4037 3906 3797 3656 3566

Number of personnel engaged in research and development, thousand people 1533 1061 855 887.7 885.6 870.9 858.5 839.3 813.2

Federal budget expenditures, million rubles 17396.4 23687.7 31055.8 41576.3 47478.1 76909.3

including:

basic research 8219.3 11666.6 16301.5 21073.3 24850.3 32025.1

applied research 9177.1 12021.1 14754.4 20503 22627.8 44884.2

in% of GDP 0.5 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.28 0.36

in% of federal budget expenditures 2.43 1.6 1.32 1.69 1.79 1.51 1.76 1.76 2.19

Source: Russia in Figures, 2005, 287, 292.

Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2005, 592. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2006, 587, 589, 596

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The decrease in the number of organizations that carried out research and development at the expense of the federal budget, and the decrease in the number of personnel engaged in research and development, is difficult to interpret as a positive phenomenon. There is little that can be said “to justify” this trend, it is that, for example, the absolute amounts of R&D expenditures in Canada and Russia are comparable, however, per capita R&D expenditures in Canada are more than six times higher (in the United States, almost 13 times) (Table 3). At the same time, the share of Russia in world spending on science does not exceed 1%, and the number of Russian researchers is almost 11% of the world. The number of researchers in Russia is approximately equal to the number of researchers in Japan, but Japan's share in funding research and development in world science is more than 15 times higher than that of Russia. Unconcentrated, "scattered" over a large number of research centers and researchers, small costs, of course, contribute to the development of the national economy, but they are not able to give the effect that is achieved in developed countries.

The rapid growth of expenditures on science in real terms, the increase in the share of these expenditures in GDP is definitely a positive phenomenon. A fly in the ointment is that this growth comes from a very low base. With good dynamics of growth in research expenditures, Russia lags so far behind developed countries in terms of the absolute level of these expenditures that even at high rates it will take many years to reach at least European indicators. The prospect of catching up with the United States is a very distant future (Table 3).

Rice. 4. Allocations for the section "Fundamental research and assistance to scientific and technological progress" of the federal budget at constant prices of 1991, million rubles. Excluding allocations for the section "Research and development work in the field of space activities"

Source: Science in Russia, 2001, 59-60.

Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2004, 546.

Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2005, 592.

Russia in numbers, 2005, 292

Table 3

Internal expenditures on research and development in 2002

Countries Total, billion USD Per capita, USD

Russia 10.2 70.2

United Kingdom 25.4 427.6

Germany 47.6 580.2

Italy 13.8 240.6

Canada 13.4 439.9

USA 243.6 892.1

France 28.8 478.1

Japan 94.7 747.7

Source: N. Beketov (2004). State policy of innovation // The Economist. - No. 9. - 66

The structure of investments in fixed assets in the "Science and Scientific Services" industry clearly indicates that if anyone is concerned about the development of science in Russia, it is the state. Almost all investments here are made in the state form of ownership, and this trend is only increasing. Private capital is behaving with the utmost restraint here. The mixed property situation is not much better. Earlier, foreign capital was reluctantly sent to the domestic branch of Science and Scientific Services, and in recent years this almost symbolic desire has also disappeared gradually (Table 4).

Table 4

The structure of investments in fixed assets by the branch "Science and scientific services" by forms of ownership,% of the volume of investments in the industry

Form of ownership 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Russian 88.5 95.6 94.2 94.5 96.5

State 70 74.9 72.6 73.8 79.9

Municipal 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3

Private 4.3 7.7 10.4 12 7.7

Mixed 13.3 12.4 10.8 8.5 8.6

Foreign 2 1.5 2.3 0.9 0.4

Joint Russian and foreign 9.5 2.9 3.5 4.6 3.1

Source: Investments in Russia, 2001. - M., 2001, 31. Investments in Russia, 2001. - M., 2003, 32-33. Investments in Russia, 2005. - M., 2005, 52-53

If in 1990 expenditures on research and development in the Russian Federation amounted to more than 2% of GDP, which was only slightly lower than in developed European countries, then by 1995 the ratio in question had deteriorated significantly. With the subsequent rapid increase in costs, the situation began to improve, but the ratio of research and development costs compared to developed countries remains unacceptably low. Moreover, in recent years the economy has been growing faster than the costs of research and development, which only confirms the fact of its orientation towards extensive rather than intensive growth factors (Table 5). In any case, the dynamics under consideration does not give grounds to say that there have been obvious changes in the domestic economy in favor of creating an economy focused primarily on the creation of added value, and not on the reproduction of the Russian economy in its modern format.

Table 5

Internal expenditures on research and development, in% of GDP

Countries 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Russia 2.03 0.85 1.05 1.18 1.25 1.28 1.16

USA 2.65 2.51 2.72 2.74 2.67 2.68 2.68

Austria 1.39 1.56 1.91 2.03 2.12 2.2 2.24

United Kingdom 2.16 1.98 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.88

Germany 2.75 2.19 2.45 2.46 2.49 2.52 2.49

China 0.6 1 0.95 1.07 1.13 1.23

Netherlands 2.07 1.99 1.82 1.8 1.72 1.76 1.78

Poland 1 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.59 0.56 0.58

Portugal 0.52 0.57 0.8 0.85 0.8 0.78

Republic of Korea 2.37 2.39 2.59 2.53 2.63 2.85

Turkey 0.32 0.38 0.64

Finland 1.88 2.26 3.38 3.38 3.43 3.48 3.51

France 2.37 2.29 2.18 2.2 2.23 2.18 2.16

Sweden 3.35 4.25 3.95

Japan 2.96 2.9 2.99 3.07 3.12 3.15 3.13

Source: Russia and countries of the world, 2002, 358; Russia and the countries of the world, 2004, 296. Russia and the countries of the world, 2006, 308

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JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES Volume 2, No. 1. 2010

Over the past decade, the ratio of "fundamental research - applied research - development" has somewhat changed: the share of research, both fundamental and applied, has decreased in the cost structure, and the share of developments has increased, respectively (Table 6). Perhaps this means the gradual commercialization of science, more active use business results of fundamental and applied research. On the other hand, the course towards creating large scientific groundwork for transferring the economy to an innovative regime is still not visible within the framework of the dynamics under consideration.

Table 6

Internal current costs of research and development by type of work,%

Costs 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

All costs 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

including by type of work

Basic research 16.9 15.7 15.8 17.7 16.1 14.2 13.4 13.9 14.6 15.1 14.2 14.0

applied research 20.5 18.1 16.2 16.8 16.9 17.4 16.4 16.4 15.9 15.6 16.5 16.4

Development 62.7 66.2 68.0 65.5 67.0 68.3 70.2 69.7 69.4 69.4 69.4 69.5

Calculated from: Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2003, 533. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2004, 548. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2005, 594. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2006, 598

Table 7

Distribution of internal R&D expenditures by sector

activity in 2004, in%

Countries Total Public sector Business sector Higher education sector Private non-profit sector

Russia 100 25.3 69.1 5.5 0.2

USA 100 12.2 70.1 13.6 4.1

Austria 100 5.7 66.8 27 0.4

United Kingdom 100 9.7 65.7 21.4 3.2

Germany 100 13.2 70.4 16.3

Spain 100 16 54.4 29.5 0.1

Italy 100 17.5 47.3 33.9 1.4

China 100 23 66.8 10.2

Netherlands 100 14.4 57.8 27.9 0

Poland 100 39 28.7 32 0.4

Portugal 100 16.9 33.2 38.4 11.5

Republic of Korea 100 12.1 76.7 9.9 1.3

Turkey 100 7 28.7 64.3

Finland 100 9.5 70.1 19.8 0.6

Switzerland 100 1.1 73.7 22.9 2.3

France 100 16.7 62.9 19.1 1.3

Sweden 100 3.5 74.1 22 0.4

Japan 100 9.5 75.2 13.4 1.9

Source: Russia and the countries of the world, 2004, 297

The interest of business in the commercialization of existing scientific developments is also manifested in its high share in the total costs of research and development. This share corresponds to the level of developed countries. Does not correspond to the world practice of ano-

an extremely high share of the public sector in total expenditures on research and development; and an abnormally low share of the higher education sector in these expenditures (Table 7). This difference is easily explained by the specifics of the organization of domestic scientific research: in the Russian Federation, scientific research has historically developed within the framework of the Academy, and not the Ministry of Higher Education. At the same time, world practice shows that such low scientific and technical activity in the field of higher education does not benefit either business or education.

With the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy in general and Russian education, in particular, an increase in the activity of Russian universities in the field of research and development and / or further integration of Russian academic science and education should be expected. This is exactly what is happening in the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where the differences in the lines “public sector” and “sector of higher education” are rather formal rather than substantive.

Financing innovation in the Russian manufacturing sector. The Russian manufacturing sector demonstrates high rates rising costs of technological innovation. At the same time, first of all, the costs of process innovations increase, not product innovations. A stable orientation of business towards transforming its technological basis, and not towards simple improvement of manufactured products within the framework of unchanging technologies, is a clear sign that domestic business is no longer living today and is ready to invest in its future development. Acquisition of new technologies and replacement of old equipment - if not yet a guarantee of successful integration of the Russian economy into the world one, then at least its foundation (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Expenditures of industrial organizations on technological innovations by types of innovations and types of economic activity,%

Calculated from: Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2003, 539. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2004, 552. Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2005, 599. Russia in Figures, 2006, 320

Metallurgical production dominates in the structure of costs for technological innovation, followed by production Vehicle... The shares of other industries are small. At the same time, the costs of technological innovations in mechanical engineering are not only relatively small, but also tend to decrease. The situation in the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment is slightly better, but even here, judging by the costs, it cannot be said that this industry is the leader of technological progress in the domestic manufacturing industry (Table 8).

On the whole, the Russian economy does not yet "want" to integrate into the world economy as a supplier of new technologies and modern equipment. But the request of the world market for the supply of energy- and resource-intensive environmentally "faulty" products, such as products of the metallurgical and chemical industries, responds willingly. Serious R&D budgets with good dynamics are easily formed here. Not a bad situation in transport engineering and in the production of equipment for such infrastructure industries as electric power, gas and water distribution. And in mechanical engineering and instrument making, the dynamics are much sluggish.

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JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES Volume 2, No. 1. 2010

Obviously, the current economic model of business behavior in Russia forms priorities in sectoral development not in the way that the supporters of creating a new economy in the country would like, but in the way that the world market demands “here and now”. The trend is not new, but the question “Is the world economy“ formatting ”the Russian economy for its own needs or is the Russian economy solving its problems using the opportunities provided by the world economy? does not become less relevant. If, nevertheless, to tackle this issue, it is worth in the current situation to see and positive side: the current situation simplifies the management task rather than complicates it. Indeed, there is no need for an "offensive along the entire front" or dispersing forces to raise all the sectors strategically important for the Russian economy. Some of these industries have found themselves in the global division of labor and are developing quite successfully. It is only necessary to clearly define the priorities in sectoral development and concentrate efforts where the market solves the problem of modernization poorly or does not solve it at all.

Table 8

Costs of industrial organizations on technological innovations,%

Cost types 2004 2005

Total 100 100

Extraction of minerals 10.5 5.5

Extraction of fuel and energy minerals 9.1 3.6

Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy 1.4 1.8

Manufacturing 87.4 87.1

Manufacture of food products, beverages, and tobacco 13.1 7.3

Textile and clothing industry 1.0 0.7

Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear 0.1 0.1

Wood processing and manufacture of wood and cork products 1.0 0.5

Pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities 2.7 3.0

Production of coke and petroleum products 6.9 4.5

Chemical production 6.2 10.9

Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 0.5 1.2

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 3.4 3.6

Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products 21.4 23.4

Manufacture of machinery and equipment 5.1 4.9

Manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 6.2 8.3

Production of vehicles and equipment 13.7 14.3

Other industries not included in other groups of manufacturing industries 6.2 4.5

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 2.1 7.4

Calculated according to: Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2006, 603-604

Even more informative is the structure of costs for technological innovation by type of economic activity. It has already been noted above that the share of expenditures of industrial organizations on research and development is small. However, it differs significantly across the branches of economic activity. Thus, in "mining" the share of research and development costs is several times higher than in industry as a whole (half of all costs for technological innovations), and in "mining of fuel and energy minerals" it is almost 60%. The share of costs for the purchase of machinery and equipment here, respectively, is significantly less than the average, and the cost of purchasing software is higher. It will be shown below that it is precisely this structure of costs for technological innovation that is typical for developed countries. It does not yet follow from this that the domestic fuel and energy complex in terms of its development is closer to the level of developed countries than other branches of the domestic manufacturing sector, but the considered cost structure is still an informative indicator. It is impossible not to pay attention, however, to the fact that

Of all the costs of technological innovations in the extractive industry, the share of fuel and energy minerals accounts for two-thirds of the budget under consideration, and technological innovations in the extraction of ALL other minerals, of which, as you know, there are many in Russia, only one-third.

The share of R&D expenditures is also high in "the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment", as well as in the "manufacture of vehicles and equipment". Next, by a large margin, comes the “production of machinery and equipment”. The share of expenditures on research and development in other industries is small, which forms a low level of expenditures for the item under consideration for the industry as a whole.

Thus, technological innovations in the domestic industry are implemented mainly (and in many industries to a decisive extent) through the acquisition of new machinery and equipment. There is little or no in-house research and development. Only 1% of the results of scientific and technical activities are in the economic turnover, while in the USA and Great Britain - up to 70% (Obolensky, 2006, 85). Such a regime is quite acceptable for catching up or copying development formats, but clearly not suitable for “ordering music” on the market for new technologies. Obviously, the technological level of the domestic industry is increasing. However, it is still a recipient of Western machines and technologies. If Russia plays an independent role in these markets, it will be in the future. It cannot be said that Russia is not moving in the direction of just such a future, but it is too early to talk about its “automatic” offensive.

So the cost of innovation is going up. What are the results? As usual, the results are noticeably more modest than the costs, although they have a strong correlation. Thus, the share of organizations that carried out technological innovations in total number organizations of industrial production, having decreased in 2002, grew up to 2004; in 2005, it decreased markedly again.

The share of organizations implementing technological innovations in the total number of organizations is frankly small - within 10%. In such industries as textile and clothing production, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water, the number of enterprises that have introduced technological innovations is quite symbolic - within 4%. At the same time, a number of industries in this sense are very active. So, in the production of coke and petroleum products, technological innovations were introduced at every third enterprise, in chemical production and the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment - at every fourth. Innovative activity in mechanical engineering exceeds the industry average level, but not much (Table 9).

Be that as it may, in most branches of Russian industry, innovative technological activity is low. The level of innovation activity of Russian enterprises, even in the conditions of investment growth in recent years, does not exceed 10% against 51% on average in the EU countries and 70% in the United States (Obolensky, 2006, 85). Taking into account the accumulated lagging behind the world technological level in the disastrous 90s, the considered activity of Russian enterprises is clearly insufficient for successful integration into world economy for most industries. The decline in the innovative technological activity of natural monopolies is especially alarming. Thus, the share of enterprises implementing technological innovations in the fuel and energy complex, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water is gradually decreasing. In more competitive industries, the situation is noticeably better, which in itself suggests that the state should pursue a more balanced economic policy with respect to natural monopolies, countering the “natural” desire of the monopoly to preserve the existing status quo.

It should be noted that the number of advanced production technologies used in the domestic industry is steadily growing. However, it is alarming that patents, considered to be advanced production technologies, are based on less than 3% of cases. It is obvious that a significant part of "advanced manufacturing technologies" can be considered as such only with a certain stretch. Technologies that don't just improve technological process, and translating it

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for a new technological base, obviously significantly less. However, the number of patents in the technologies used is growing rapidly.

Table 9

Innovatively active industrial production organizations by type

economic activity

Types of economic activity Number of organizations that carry out technological innovations Share of organizations that carry out technological innovations in the total number of organizations,%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total 2168 2191 2192 2402 9.8 10.3 10.5 9.3

Extraction of fuel and energy minerals 40 37 37 33 7.6 7.3 7.4 5.7

Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy 29 30 32 36 4 4.5 4.8 5.6

Manufacture of food products, including beverages, and tobacco 406 400 384 387 7.9 7.9 7.7 8

Textile and clothing production 72 72 66 64 3.2 3.7 3.9 4.3

Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear 16 19 16 13 4.7 6.4 6.5 6.1

Wood processing and manufacture of wood and cork products 29 32 37 34 2.9 3.2 4.4 4.6

Pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities 83 92 81 103 5.6 6.5 5.9 3.3

Production of coke and petroleum products 27 33 25 27 31.8 43.4 29.8 31.4

Chemical production 158 160 140 147 26.3 25.9 22.8 23.5

Manufacture of rubber and plastic products 46 44 41 44 13 11.5 10.2 10.7

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products 117 114 142 139 6.8 7.1 9.1 9.3

Metallurgical production and production of finished metal. products 139 134 135 151 12.8 11.9 11.3 11.9

Manufacture of machinery and equipment 293 288 273 271 12.6 13.4 14.2 13.5

Manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 364 373 392 427 24.4 25.9 26 26.8

Production of vehicles and equipment 158 ​​166 173 190 20.2 21.2 21.8 23.8

Other industries not included in other groups of manufacturing industries 128 115 143 125 14.8 13.8 17 14.2

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 63 82 75 211 5.1 6.4 4.7 4.2

Priorities of the state economic policy of Russia in 2011-2013

The main strategic objectives (priorities) of state economic policy for the medium term (2011-2013) were formulated by President D. Medvedev in the budget message for 2011-2013.

Economic and budgetary policy, as its component part, should be aimed at carrying out a comprehensive modernization of the economy, creating conditions for increasing its efficiency and competitiveness, long-term sustainable development, at improving the investment climate, and achieving concrete results.

Based on this, it is necessary to solve the following tasks.

First. Security macroeconomic stability , which includes, among other things, a balanced budget, a consistent reduction in the budget deficit, predictable inflation parameters, and a reduction in the size of the budget deficit.

In the medium term, it is necessary to limit the use of oil and gas revenues, focusing on ensuring a balanced federal budget with reasonable forecast estimates of oil prices.

Second. Coordination long-term strategic and budget planning.

It is necessary to soberly assess the priority of strategic tasks, comparing them with real opportunities. Only a comprehensive approach to strategic decision-making, taking into account the lessons of the crisis and the new internal and external conditions for the development of the Russian economy, will make it possible to reallocate resources in favor of effective directions of state policy.

We need clear rules for assessing the volume of existing expenditure obligations and procedures for accepting new expenditure obligations, providing for increased responsibility for the reliability of their financial and economic justifications.

Any proposed new solution should be analyzed from the point of view of the possibilities of its financial support and contribution to the achievement of the country's strategic development goals.

Third. Ensuring focus budget system on achieving concrete results .

The Government of the Russian Federation has created a set of interrelated measures to improve the efficiency of the entire system government controlled... Changes in the legal status of state and municipal services are aimed at increasing the availability and quality of state and municipal services. municipal institutions(for the implementation of these measures, by order of June 10, 2011 N 1021-r, the "Concept for reducing administrative barriers and increasing the availability of state and municipal services for 2011 - 2013" was approved).

The practical implementation of these solutions will allow avoiding payment only for the very existence of an institution, regardless of the results of its work.

Fourth. Development and implementation of tools support innovation .

In the coming years, it is necessary to provide an integrated approach to the formation of the innovation system and the investment environment as a whole, to create conditions for the full cycle of innovation development, including by ensuring macroeconomic stability, protecting competition and property rights, and eliminating administrative barriers.

It is necessary to develop and implement in practice specific mechanisms for the introduction and support of innovative technologies, primarily within the framework of projects in such areas as energy efficiency, medical technology and pharmaceuticals, space and telecommunications, nuclear technology, strategic computer technology and software.

To increase the competitiveness of Russian products in the foreign market, it is necessary to actively use the potential of trade representations, improve the system of providing export credits, export insurance and government guarantees. First of all, this concerns the export of products of high-tech industries, nuclear and power engineering, as well as military equipment.

Fifth. Improving quality human capital .

No modernization is possible without qualified specialists, talented scientists, quality education and continuous professional training. You need to strive for growth scientific potential our country, the accumulation of intellectual property, ensuring for this purpose the continuity of generations in the field of scientific research and technological development, attracting and retaining young people in it.

In addition to developing our own scientific schools, attention should be paid to attracting highly qualified foreign specialists, as well as to promote the improvement of the qualifications of Russian specialists in foreign educational institutions.

Serious attention should be paid to both education and improving the health of citizens, the formation of a healthy lifestyle, and the creation of conditions for increasing labor and creative activity.

The economic tasks of each state are largely determined by the far from perfect qualities of a market economy. The democratic mechanism is characterized by a huge number of shortcomings, which determine the relevance of the state's participation in the economy.

What is Russia's policy aimed at?

Russia aims to eliminate the following negative aspects:

What are the priorities of the Russian state policy in the economy?

As a result of the increase in the scale of production, it is necessary to carry out global injections of capital into the economy, which even the largest domestic enterprises are unable to carry out. Political control over the economy has a strategic purpose. The country has a huge number of enterprises that provide economic development, but cannot be entrusted to representatives. Nuclear production and biological research can be cited as an example. In matters of economic regulation, the state tends to set exclusively global goals. This is not only maintaining the macroeconomic balance, but also guaranteeing social production. Goals and priorities tend to change. This will depend solely on the stage of development of the country's economy as a whole.

Economic Policy Objectives

The economic development of Russia can guarantee the goals that the government sets when building its policies. They can change, as mentioned above, but in most situations they are reduced to a single list. Russia's policy is aimed at:

• Supporting harmony in the sphere of social production.
• Stimulating the growth of production volumes.
• Guaranteeing full employment of the population.
• Justified
• Stabilization of prices in the market.
• Prevention of the inflation process.
• Conservation of natural resources.

Quite often, clear contradictions can form between goals. The most common challenge is striking a balance between increasing production and protecting New economy is formed under the influence of state policy, which levels contradictions, eliminates conflicts and develops an effective management method.

From the past to the future

Studying the question of what are the priorities of the policy of the Russian state in the economy, it is worth saying that the role of the government as a regulatory entity that creates optimal conditions for the functioning of economic objects, it is determined historically. Initially, the government conducted a strict tax collection. With the development of the economy, the list of tasks has increased. Since the 20th century, during the existence of the USSR, the government held the position of a total regulator, which determined the mentality of the country's inhabitants.

Since 1999, economic priorities have been a prerequisite for limiting impact. This practice did not take root, and since 2000 everything has returned to normal. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation testified that by 2000 half of the economic segment was under the leadership of the government. By 2007, this figure had increased. A transition was made to state regulation by such companies as Sibneft and Gazprom. The phenomenon has two sides. On the one hand, the state has fully assumed responsibility for the development of the economic segment, and on the other hand, it is practically unable to build an effective management system.

Long term policy

The main manifestation that testifies to the intervention of the Russian government in the economy is the formation of a long-term development plan for the latter. In particular, in 2008, an order was legalized on the concept of social and economic development of Russia for the period up to 2020. If we study what are the priorities of the policy of the Russian state in the economy for this period, we can say about improving the well-being of Russian citizens, about ensuring an adequate level of national security, about the dynamic development of the economy and about strengthening positions in the world market.

Social priorities

The new economy of the country is aimed at achieving high standards in the well-being of the people. According to preliminary estimates, by 2020, not only the level of income, but also the living conditions of each person should correspond to the indicators inherent in highly developed states. We can talk about safety, about the availability of educational and health services, cultural benefits, as well as about the presence of an ecologically clean environment.

Leadership and innovation

The directions of Russia's economic policy are aimed at leadership and innovation. In the long term, the state will not only have to maintain its leadership position in the energy segment, raw materials processing and production. It should form an economy of knowledge and high technologies, which will ensure a high level of competitiveness in the world market. We can say that the government's plans are to provide high-tech goods and intellectual services in the world market, which by 2020 will account for at least 5-10% of the total number of identical proposals.

Based on what are the priorities of the policy of the Russian state in the economy today, we can talk about plans aimed at the formation of new territorial centers of growth not only in resource regions, but also in areas where innovative, industrial and agricultural potentials are concentrated. This will reduce regional inequality. On the way to this goal, it is planned to create an extensive transport network, which will become the guarantor of interregional integration and territorial mobility.

Features of economic development, formed by the goals and priorities of the country

The peculiarities of the Russian economy, determined by the specifics of the transition to an innovative, socially oriented type, determine the relevance of the simultaneous solution of problems of both catching up and advancing development.

Global competition in the world market does not allow achieving prosperity and efficiency without the advanced development of sectors of activity that determine the specification in the global economic system. New priorities and goals in economic policy are predetermined by the transition to the export and raw material growth modification. The latter is based on a balance between business freedom and national competitiveness. An approach to prosperity is impossible without the implementation of a complex of transformations, which are determined by the country's policy, its priorities and goals in the development of the economy.

The most important areas of the Government's modernization policy for the coming years include:

Implementation of institutional reforms to ensure sustainable and dynamic development of human capital. It is investment in a person that is a priority of state policy and a priority of budget expenditures: increasing the efficiency of education systems, healthcare, pension provision, creation of incentives and tools to improve housing conditions. It is these sectors that should become the generators of domestic demand, driving growth in many other sectors - in science, research and development, industry and infrastructure.

Strengthening the role of domestic demand in ensuring economic growth. Structural renewal of the economy, leading to a decrease in the dependence of production and the financial system on the export of fuel and raw materials. Consistent demonopolization and development of competition, without which all measures to stimulate demand will not be effective.

Sustainable economic growth is based on the inviolability and security of private property. As the socio-economic situation stabilizes, the state will reduce its share in the ownership of industrial and financial assets. Privatization will be carried out in the interests of an efficient owner.

Ensuring macroeconomic balance, implying a reduction in the budget deficit, lower inflation and interest rates, stabilization of the exchange rate national currency... It is necessary to carry out a complex set of institutional and organizational measures for the restructuring of expenditure obligations, aimed at increasing the efficiency and strengthening the targeted nature of budget expenditures.

It is necessary to develop and start consistently implementing measures to increase the international attractiveness of the ruble and expand the possibilities for its use in international settlements. This requires increased stability of the Russian currency, low inflation and lower interest rates.

Improving the efficiency and reliability of the banking system. This will contribute to increasing the availability of financial and credit services, the formation of a stable financial market attractive to domestic and foreign investors, and the creation of conditions for the emergence of long-term investment instruments.

Mitigating regional polarization by accelerating the development of depressed and underdeveloped regions, the development of a strategic management system at the regional level.

Reducing income differentiation, including narrowing the gap in the standard of living of the working and the disabled population. Consistent policy of targeted social support of low-income strata of the population, poverty alleviation, formation and implementation of effective employment policy, including by promoting self-employment and encouraging entrepreneurial initiative of citizens.

Development state system health care, in order to prevent a deterioration in the health indicators of the population during the crisis period, including due to the growth in the cost of medical and pharmaceutical drugs, and a decrease in the availability of quality medical care. State guarantees of free medical care must be specified and fully ensured, and measures must be taken to increase the efficiency of resource use, including structural transformations in health care. Mandatory system health insurance should become the main source of funds for paying for medical care. Improvement of law enforcement institutions as a condition for the effective functioning of the economic system (economic institutions). An effective economy requires an effective system for protecting human and property rights, and ensuring the implementation of current legislation. The reform of the law enforcement (and above all the judicial) system is an integral part of the policy of economic modernization. A radical increase in innovative activity in the economy, the formation of a "critical mass" of efficient, dynamically developing, competitive enterprises in all sectors of production, the continuation of the technological modernization of the domestic industry. Stimulating energy and resource efficiency improvements. Development of infrastructure - transport, energy, information, which creates the basis for increasing efficiency and reducing the level of costs in all sectors of the economy.

The priorities of the economic policy of modernization will also be reflected in the formation of the priorities of the budgetary policy for 2014 and subsequent years.