Translation of "economic priorities" in English. Moscow State University of Press Factual priority of management, or ideological weapon

The “World Government” has dominated the countries under its control for hundreds and thousands of years through various means of control, which are also called control priorities. Priorities are, in military terms, various ways of waging aggression, war with the goal of mastering the human, natural, energy and other resources of a country. There are six management priorities, in other words, six types of weapons. The higher the priority, the stronger the weapon, however, the lower its performance.

One country can conquer another by military force. This is how “hot” wars are fought. This is a sixth priority weapon, the weakest in terms of irreversibility of the impact, but fast. Once upon a time, the ancient conquerors realized that it allowed them to quickly conquer another country, but also quickly receive a retaliatory blow and even destroy the aggressor himself. In addition, slaves in a conquered country do not work well. Therefore, the ancient conquerors began to improve their methods of aggression without changing their goals: to seize the resources of other countries. That's how it was invented fifth priority weapon- genocide through alcohol and drugs.

Then it was opened fourth priority weapon- economic. It gives even more stable results over time. From alcohol and drugs, enemies can be freed, or they can die. It’s another thing to give a loan today, and children and grandchildren will pay for it with the resources of their country. And no bloodshed! Therefore, such aggression began to be called “cultural cooperation.” The credit and financial system (CFS) is designed in such a way that it is almost impossible to repay debt. Its basis is usurious loan interest. Applied to entire countries and peoples on a global scale, this credit and financial system, in principle, does not allow one to escape from bondage.

Third priority weapons- factual (includes religions, ideologies, technologies). So that the people would not understand what was being done to them, the ancient conquerors created various ideologies. With their help, people's consciousness is processed and they are dumbed down. First of all, various religions are used for this. Later, “secular ideologies” appeared. “Lack of ideology” is also an ideology. Even the following “ideas” can “work”: “money makes money”, “wine in small quantities is very healthy”, “he who smokes Marlboro is a cowboy”, etc., etc.

Second priority weapons- chronological, historical information, chronology of all branches of knowledge. Whoever owns it can see the direction of all processes and form historical myths that make it possible to enslave countries and peoples. An example is the Biblical myth about the execution of Christ.

First priority weapons- methodological. The most powerful in terms of irreversibility of impact, but slow. It allows us to understand and distinguish between the processes occurring in the universe, including in human society. That is, in military terms, “to correctly assess the situation and make the right decisions,” to identify “invisible” processes.

Weapons of the sixth, fifth and fourth priorities- material, weapons of the highest priorities- informational. For real supranational governance it is necessary to own weapons of all six priorities.

You can confidently draw conclusions about what management priority politicians, parties, and movements “work” on, and what can be expected from leaders and parties. Will any party be able to achieve the promised goals if it wishes to act only through force (sixth priority), or exclusively through economic reforms (fourth priority), or through “spiritual revival” (third priority). The answer is obvious THEY CAN'T! The one who owns a weapon of a higher priority will sooner or later always win over the one who “works” at a lower one. We, supporters of the Concept of Public Security, act as information weapons of the first, highest priority. Therefore, we affirm: Victory will be ours! But every person must realize that Victory depends on him! Now let's take a closer look at weapons of different priorities and different types.

Military weapons

The weakness of military weapons is associated with their obviousness and the possibility of organized counteraction. Therefore, in conceptual power scenarios, direct aggression is not often used. Typically, within the target country, two opposing sides are neatly pushed into military conflict, both financed from two branches of the same purse. Under each of the opposing banners, as much as possible, an equal number of sympathizers, an equal number of newspapers and movements gather. As a result of the emerging conflict in this region, the preconditions are created for the intervention of a third party - an external one. This is exactly the scenario that all modern conflicts and coups follow.

Weapons of genocide

The purpose of genocidal weapons is to undermine the gene pool, weaken and destroy future generations. Among its means are alcohol, smoking, drugs, and genetic engineering.

Let us give examples of its action. An anthill is a hierarchically organized community in which roles for all participants are clearly defined. There are even separate “security squads”. An attack on an anthill by other insects is a hopeless matter due to well-organized defense. However, Lomechuza can win the fight against ants. These insects are capable of producing alcohol and excreting it from the body. They are harmlessly placed at the entrance to the anthill and in it itself. In the paws of Lomechusa there is a special gland that secretes alcohol. These secretions are licked off by the ants, after which no trace remains of their former organization. The matter ends with the destruction of the anthill.

In a similar way they were conquered native people America - Indians. A healthy psyche and subtle intuition made them invulnerable. Then the centuries-tested “fire water” was introduced. When the Indians became accustomed to alcohol, they began to receive moonshine stills with instructions for use as gifts. What happened next didn’t take long to happen. Today, the surviving descendants of Indians in the United States are displayed as relics.

The Bible is known to allow the use of wine. Luke conveys the crowd's opinion of Jesus Christ: “... loves to eat and drink wine...” (7:34). But Jesus was a Nazirite, who, as you know, did not drink wine. It is from such details that one can discern the perversion of the true teaching of Christ.

But the Koran prohibits the consumption of alcohol. "Wine, maysir, altars, arrows - an abomination from the work of Satan." (Sura 5:90).

The most dangerous alcoholic poisons are beer and champagne. It is from them that, as a rule, movement along an inclined plane begins. Without them, it would be almost impossible to involve children and women in drinking. The most dangerous types of drinkers are the “cultural drinkers.” They are the ones who bring a positive attitude towards alcohol to society. Drunk people make him dislike him.

Economic management priority, or economic weapon

Based on the economic priority of management, the investor country conducts financial transactions that allow the withdrawal of wealth from donor countries through the credit and financial system with loan interest.

In the 19th - 20th centuries, the gold standard played a special ominous role - a way of organizing monetary relations in which only gold plays the role of a universal equivalent. Countries were forced to stop printing their own money for goods that were available in sufficient quantities, and found themselves in a usurious loop of external borrowing.

Since its inception, money has been backed by goods, at least legally. In 1944, 44 member states of the anti-Hitler coalition signed an agreement at a conference held in the USA in Bretton Woods. It filled the currencies of the world with material content through a link to the dollar, which was supposed to be freely exchanged for gold in the proportion of $35 per ounce (31.1 g). French President Charles de Gaulle decided to exchange paper dollars for US gold reserves. Other countries followed his example. On August 15, 1971, when the US gold reserves were almost exhausted, US President Richard Nixon unilaterally signed a decree suspending the Bretton Woods agreement. Without exception, all world currencies have lost connection with the invariant commodity, lost their scale, maintaining only conditional relative relationships among themselves. Since then, colored, meaningless pieces of paper and numbers on a computer have been perceived as money by fooled humanity for 40 years. But the dollar is still in demand in the world precisely because it can be used to buy Russian wealth. The ratio of currencies is a mafia arrangement, not economics.

The scheme of this supranational management was most accurately described by Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744 - 1812), the founder of the financial dynasty: “Let me manage the country’s money, and I don’t care about those who create its laws.”

Crises, bankruptcies and wars are an integral attribute of a social system that allows interest on loans.

The essence of this management concept does not need to be looked for in the archives of Western intelligence services. It is openly and clearly stated in the Bible, in the books of Deuteronomy and the prophet Isaiah:

“You shall not lend to your brother silver, bread, or anything else that can be lended at interest. Give it to a foreigner at usury, but do not give it to your brother at usury...” (Deuteronomy 23:19-20).

“... and you will lend to many nations, but you will not borrow.” (Deuteronomy 28:12).

“Then the sons of foreigners will build your walls, and their kings will serve you... the people and kingdoms that do not want to serve you will perish, and such nations will be completely destroyed.” (Isaiah 60:10, 12).

On the contrary, the Qur'an regards lending money at interest as the gravest sin:

“Those who devour growth will rise only in the same way as the one whom Satan overthrows with his touch will rise. This is because they said: “After all, trade is the same as growth.” And Allah permitted trade and forbade growth. To whomever comes admonition from his Lord and he abstains, what preceded him (is forgiven): his cause belongs to Allah; and whoever repeats it, those are the inhabitants of the fire, they abide in it forever!” (Sura 2:275).

Usury is outright theft. The peculiarity of this theft is that it is sanctified by the Bible and permitted by law.

The investor should not claim interest, but only a share of the real profit that will be received in the country with the participation of his funds.

In other words, all banks must operate in the mode of investment funds, that is, take an active part in the development of the economy. This is how Islamic and Japanese banks work.

The most profitable business you can think of is seignorage. Seignorage is income that is obtained as the difference between the cost of producing money and its face value. For example, the cost of producing a hundred dollar bill is ten cents. Income is easy to calculate. Seignorage should be public property and not private. However, if a country has a central financial institution independent of the Government, this means that it is subordinate to transnational financial corporations and serves as their intermediary in that country. At the same time, the country loses its economic sovereignty. The US government has a colossal debt to the Federal Reserve System (FRS) - about 15 trillion dollars! In Russia, the Central Bank was established in December 1990 and is a private corporation. V.V. Putin has repeatedly tried to subordinate the Central Bank to the Government, but, apparently, this action should have broad popular support.

After the collapse of the gold standard, the invariant commodity is actually energy resources. They are an integral part of any other product. A country with powerful energy potential, such as Russia, can have the most reliable currency in the world and develop beautifully, even without having a single gram of gold or a single dollar in its reserves.

Each country must sell its goods only for its own money, otherwise its financial slavery is inevitable.

Factual priority of management, or ideological weapon

Based on the factual priority of management, parties, ideologies, religions, and the media “opposing” each other are formed. For conceptual power, it is a united front made up of left, right and center.

This scheme is surprisingly simple: divide, play off and rule. As a rule, the people of the controlled country are offered a choice from two equally false versions by the propaganda machine.

For example, modern science recognizes that the main question of philosophy is the question of the relationship between matter and spirit. The doctrine of the primacy of matter is called materialism, the doctrine of the primacy of spirit is called idealism. For centuries, the pendulum of misunderstanding has been swinging from idealism to materialism and vice versa.

In the Concept of Public Safety, all processes occurring in the Universe are understood as processes of the trinity of matter-information-measure (in Russian, “information” means “image”), which makes it possible to combine science and religion. Matter has specific information characteristics that always appear in to a certain extent. In turn, information and consciousness always have a specific material carrier and dimensional characteristics. “There is no thing without an image,” says the Russian proverb.

We, supporters of the Concept of Public Safety, consider ourselves to be sincere believers, although we do not go to church and are not associated with rituals. For us, the fundamental idea is the One God for all - the Creator and Almighty.

All the teachings of the Prophets, if we exclude from their texts the obvious malicious distortions of later periods, represent a Single Testament, a single coherent system of knowledge about the Universe.

We, supporters of the Concept of Public Safety, are outside of any religious denomination. We are equally interested in and guided by the true Divine Revelations that are contained in Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism and other religions. This understanding is far from ecumenism, which tries to reconcile different faiths instead of cleansing them of all evil.

According to Marx, the main contradiction in the economic sphere is the contradiction between the employee and the owner of the enterprise. This far-fetched contradiction covered the real contradiction between participants in productive labor (both owners and wage workers) and the credit and financial system for more than a hundred years. The single sphere of material production was divided into two parts, they were pitted against each other and their robbery continues.

Another method of manipulating consciousness is the opposition of paired concepts that have no content without context. They are given pronounced, far-fetched opposite assessments from the position of “good - bad”. Such paired concepts include: plan - market, democracy - dictatorship, economic openness - iron curtain, free society - totalitarianism, socialism - capitalism. When such artificial alternatives are identified, approximately equal financial and propaganda support is provided to both sides to conduct a useless dispute. The truth is to use both one and the other concept from each pair to a certain extent.

Chronological control priority, or chronological weapon

J. Orwell (“Year 1984”) speaks most precisely about the meaning of this weapon: “Who controls the past controls the future, and who controls the present has omnipotence over the past.”

The one who really controls is the one who has the ability to write and rewrite history.

For example, to enhance destructive actions, the role of Peter I was exalted, who imposed the worst version of worship on the West. It is he who is the godfather of the current thoughtless “elite”, which neglects the well-being of its own people.

Methodological priority of management, or methodological weapon

Characterizes worldview and methodology. At this level, development goals and management frameworks are formed, as a rule, for centuries. Such a worldview can be presented in lexical forms (the Bible, the Koran), but can be present in the subconscious and consciousness of the living and be reflected only in folk epics, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, folk songs, customs, traditions, and public morality. The Concept of Public Safety brought the knowledge that was stored in the collective unconscious of the Russian people to the level of consciousness.

An example of the use of this weapon is the introduction of a false idea of ​​the World, that matter, energy, space and time are the fundamental basis of the Universe. According to this concept, people are asked to decide for themselves what comes first - spirit-information or matter; Who is right - religion or science. As a result, the “divide and conquer” scheme was implemented: spirit-information was given to religions and occultism, matter to science and a person was forced to choose between two parts of one lie, and the triune matter-information-measure was hidden for the elite.

In any society, including the Russian one, there are dozens of acute economic problems, because of which the authorities periodically find themselves in conditions where many problems must be resolved simultaneously. However, in purely economic terms, there are several problems that always cause the greatest headaches for cabinet ministers. Typically, the state is aimed at choosing the optimal balance of a series of basic macroeconomic goals.

The considered main goals, which of course do not exhaust the content of the multi-link target function of the state, are closely interrelated. Thus, in the case of increasing investments that ensure the economic growth of a particular country, for example in the modernization of automobile manufacturing enterprises, production costs in the automotive industry are reduced, which helps to reduce imports of vehicles and thereby expands employment in domestic enterprises, which in turn relieves social tensions in society and contributes to further acceleration of economic growth.

The content of the target function of economic policy is largely determined by the type of economic system that has developed in a particular society. Thus, if the national economy is based on market relations, the state mainly solves only those problems to which the market mechanism retreats. In a non-market economic system, the government strives to decide everything and often goes so far as to promise to feed the population, modernize fixed assets of enterprises, harvest crops, provide each family with an apartment, etc. When putting forward the main development goals, the dominant values ​​in a given society, the historical traditions of the people, the geopolitical position of the country, etc. must also be taken into account.

When constructing a target function, which usually has a rather complex configuration, the government must first answer the question of whether it should strive to simultaneously achieve many goals or whether it needs to develop a certain order in their implementation, arranging targets in order of importance. The world experience accumulated to date proves the undeniable advantages of the second option. The reasons for this choice are:

The fact is that reducing unemployment (moving up the curve) is achieved by accelerating the rate of economic growth through stimulating government policies using cheap credit, large-scale long-term public investment, social benefits and other instruments, which usually generates an increase in the general price level. Conversely, the fight against inflation (downward movement), “cooling the economy” by increasing the cost of credit or cutting social programs at the same time, provokes a fall in GDP, accompanied by involuntary unemployment. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of the state is not so much to keep inflation and unemployment low, but to find an answer to the question of which combination of these two evils best contributes to the sustainable growth of the country’s economy in the foreseeable future.

The goals of economic growth and equitable income distribution can also conflict with each other: the desire to achieve greater equality in distribution can significantly weaken the incentives for work, investment, scientific and technological progress (STP) and entrepreneurial risk. A more equitable distribution of income is tantamount to raising taxes on high-income groups, which curbs their motivation. World statistics do not reveal a strict connection between the increase in general income inequality and the pace of economic dynamics. Thus, in Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, the incomes of the 10% of the poorest citizens today lag behind the incomes of the 10% of the wealthiest residents by only 4.5-5.5 times, while in Bulgaria and Romania - by more than 10 times. Meanwhile, the economy of the first group of countries is developing more successfully in the post-socialist space. A scientific explanation for this ratio of rates can be obtained by decomposing the general inequality into its two components - normal and excessive. And if normal differentiation of the population certainly has a positive, stimulating effect on economic growth, then excessive (unfair) stratification creates poverty among the broad masses of the population and limits its effective demand, which sharply slows down the economic dynamics of modern society.

The relationship between the goals of achieving full employment and economic efficiency also appears contradictory. Thus, in the USSR, workers had no fear of losing their jobs, which was an important factor in low labor productivity. On the other hand, if unemployment is too high, then the question arises of how to achieve efficient use of production (primarily labor) resources. The relationship between economic growth and economic freedom is equally ambiguous. It is indisputable that the highest rates of growth in well-being in the 20th century. ensured by those countries in which democratic freedoms were most protected in all spheres of public life, including the economy, where the right to choose forms and types of economic activity, purchase and sale of real estate, participation in strikes, etc. was actually realized. And vice versa, as noted by the prominent German economist W. Eucken, a totalitarian state, depriving people of freedom of economic choice, thereby frees them from responsibility and ultimately leads to poverty. True, in the USSR during the period of industrialization, it turned out to be possible to increase production volume in an environment of sharp suppression of freedom of choice in the sphere of economic activity, severe restrictions on entrepreneurial activity, the absence of a housing market, and the formalization of the trade union movement. The Chinese “economic miracle” over the past 30 years also occurred in far from the most democratic state in the world. As noted back in the 18th century. President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Princess E.R. Dashkova, if freedom marches ahead of enlightenment, then this leads to chaos. Economic freedom, apparently, is not always a benefit for the growth of the national economy, but only if the country reaches a certain level of socio-economic development, when the value of the national product created in the country per capita exceeds, say, 5 thousand dollars. in year. It was after reaching this threshold value of well-being that democratic processes began to grow in Latin American countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, etc.). Perestroika since M.S. Gorbachev in our country, too, from the standpoint of this theory, did not begin by accident, but was economically justified by the country’s achievement of a certain level of prosperity. The fact is that at a certain stage - in conditions when the roles of the subjective factor of production, the level of education and the general culture of the population in the development of society are sharply increasing - restriction of the economic rights of the individual may well become the main brake on further progress. The Austrian economist and Nobel Prize winner F. Hayek formulated an alternative before World War II; freedom or prosperity. He believed that in the name of raising living standards, humanity could even sacrifice some of its economic freedoms. By that time, the world had not yet tasted the full extent of totalitarian “welfare.” This was a mistake recognized by F. Hayek in his book “The Road to Serfdom” already in 1944. In general, freedom and prosperity are inseparable, just like totalitarianism and poverty. According to the index of economic freedom, determined by comparing the share of products produced at state-owned enterprises, the degree of government influence on business, the size of the tax burden, the share of the “black market”, the degree of security of property rights and a number of other indicators, Russia in 2002 ranked 131 place out of 155 countries, leaving behind even such “free” countries as Chad and Nigeria, not to mention the leaders, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Estonia, USA, Holland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Australia, Chile. The major recession that occurred in our country in the 1990s. and moving it far down the scale of economic development, may well be accompanied by the authorities’ search for opportunities to accelerate economic growth in the arsenal of means that are not of the most democratic nature. In a rapidly developing market economy, the state in a number of cases has grounds to limit the economic freedom of individual subjects in the name of the prosperity of society as a whole.

In any case, a serious loss of the economic foundations of the democratic structure of society is characteristic not only of the Russian Federation. A similar situation has developed in many Eastern European countries, where currently over 61 million people are considered poor (that is, they live on an amount not exceeding $2.15 a day). There are also many so-called vulnerable citizens here, whose disposable income is below 4.3 dollars. in a day. In African countries, the level of well-being is even lower: numerous beggars of the “dark continent” live on only 1 dollar, and the poor live on 2 dollars. in a day. However, in colder European countries, additional costs for clothing and home heating cannot be avoided.

Experience of overcoming the Great Depression of 1929-1933. brought science to the conclusion that the simultaneous achievement of even three main macroeconomic goals (economic growth, price stability, full employment) is subject to only a magician, a wizard, and the concept of a “magic triangle” arose in economic theory. This triangle became a polygon after World War II. All the goals outlined in it were immediately achieved in practice only in a few cases. High levels of economic growth with relatively low levels of inflation and unemployment were recorded in post-war Japan and Germany. A clear example of an “economic miracle” can be considered the reforms of L. Erhard, as a result of which, over the 15 years that have passed since their intensification in 1948, Germany’s GDP increased more than 4 times (which means forced unemployment was eliminated), in a devastated After the war, the country's housing problem was quickly resolved (and this despite the ongoing migration problems), large foreign loans provided under the Marshall Plan were repaid, and large-scale monetary assistance was deployed to a number of developing countries. The same “economic miracle” occurred later in the newly industrialized countries of East and Southeast Asia, and in the late 1990s. - in the USA and certain Western European countries (for example, France). These countries have entered the 21st century. in an environment of high economic growth and employment of the economically active population, with annual inflation of less than 2%, relatively stable exchange rates and a steadily improving quality of life. However, this success does not eliminate the contradictions in the system of economic goals, but only testifies to the art of the authorities’ search for adequate forms of resolving the deep-seated contradictions of the economic system.

Macroeconomic goals for the development of society and the indicators characterizing them can be not only mutually restraining and competing, but also incompatible. In this situation, the government must develop a system of priorities, determining what is more important for the country at the moment. In the process of developing priorities and finding target compromises, there is usually an intense political struggle between parties. Thus, if social democrats and other left-oriented parties, based on the recommendations of Keynesian theory and proving the need for state intervention in regulating a market economy, traditionally advocate full employment, then right-wing conservative parties, which in practice defend the liberal values ​​of neoclassics and the ability of the market mechanism to independently resolve emerging problems - to overcome inflation. At the same time, the problems of injustice in the activities of the latter fade into the shadows. It is no coincidence that just 1% of US households own 33% of total assets, and in the UK, given the unique concentration of land resources in the hands of a handful of individuals, the differentiation is even greater. Therefore, the arrival, departure and return to power of certain political parties are to a large extent determined by the situation in the national economy. For example, if the rate of inflation in a country slows down due to rising unemployment, then a sharp social protest against it naturally leads to Keynesians coming to power. However, the consequences of their often pro-inflationary policies usually return a supporter of classical economic theory to the presidency.

According to the Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize winner R. Frisch, the process of forming economic policy goals should be divided into two stages. The first is provided by senior government officials. Their duty is, on the basis of any political procedure (democratic, associated with studying the opinions of various social forces and the desire to achieve consensus in society, or authoritarian, in which the goals are strictly set by the central government) to clearly define preferences, the priority of solving certain economic problems . The most typical examples of such preferences in recent decades are curbing inflation, transition to a new quality of economic growth, and reducing involuntary unemployment. The effectiveness of the second stage depends on macroeconomists, who are called upon to ensure the development and provision to politicians of a more or less wide range of alternative development options, each of which corresponds to certain values ​​of regulatory goals. At the same time, it is fundamentally important that these options do not go beyond the resources available to the state, respond to the socio-political situation developing in the country, take into account the phase of the economic cycle through which the country is passing, and finally, simply correspond to common sense (as happened, for example , when making a decision to refuse to turn Siberian rivers into Central Asia or to place a large oil pipeline near Lake Baikal). In a democratic society, the president, legislative and executive branches are simply obliged to listen to the recommendations of economic science, decisively getting rid of secretiveness when forming economic policy. As a result, the proposal of Academician L.I. Abalkin to assign “to the Russian Academy of Sciences the role of an expert in making the most important strategic decisions” deserves immediate implementation.

After conducting a balanced scientific examination, the function of politicians is to ensure the implementation of any one of the proposed options in business practice. At the same time, it is not uncommon for cabinet members to reject the entire range of possible alternatives. Then it is a matter of honor for the scientific community to warn that they are showing incompetence because they want the impossible. However, it is more likely that priorities will shift between macroeconomic goals during the iterative procedure. As a consequence, a new set of options appears, etc. The internal and external conditions for the development of the national economy are far from constant, therefore economists must periodically update the number of options for the economic evolution of society, and also have several more alternatives in stock.

In recent decades, throughout the world, as the subjects of market relations strengthen and the mechanisms of market competition solve many previously considered purely governmental tasks (increasing efficiency, social security, developing fundamental science, etc.), a reverse process of a steady decrease in the dimension of the economic objective function is taking place. politicians. The famous economic policy theorist, Dutchman J. Tinbergen, put forward eight goals in 1955, characterizing: the volume of government spending, the rate of change in real wages, the level of employment, an indicator of income distribution, the size of investment, aggregate demand, the level of production, and the balance of payments. The goal functions that guided the governments of industrialized countries in the 1970s remained four components: full employment, price stability, the absence of unmanageable balance of payments deficits, and a sustainable level of economic development. Currently, many governments limit themselves to two goals: achieving a new quality of economic growth (associated with scientific and technical progress and achieving environmental balance) and combating uncontrollable inflation. At the same time, the promotion by governments of certain goals as priorities is to a large extent determined not so much by internal factors as by the need for them to comply with certain international agreements. For example, a country's accession to the European Union (EU) is specifically stipulated by the inadmissibility of excessive inflation on its territory. The main priority of the Russian state in the 1990s. - achieving relative price stability was an external requirement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a condition for it to provide large-scale loans to our country.

The decrease in the number of goals simultaneously implemented by the government testifies to the indisputable achievements of the modern market economy, which turned out to be capable of independently, without government intervention, providing spontaneously operating self-regulatory mechanisms for resolving many complex problems. Reducing the dimension of the objective function also acts as a reaction of the authorities to the well-known rule for implementing economic policy (called Tinbergen’s inequality). Its economic meaning is as follows: in order to avoid undermining the trust of the population, the state should not take upon itself what it is not able to do; the number of goals should not exceed the number of economic policy instruments at its disposal. In other words, any desired state of the national economy should be given the status of a political goal no earlier than the resources necessary to achieve it are found.

Control questions

1. What is the subject of economic theory? Name the functions performed by this science.
2. How do the objects of macro- and microeconomic analysis differ?
3. What is the role of J. Keynes in the formation and development of macroeconomics? What is the essence of the “Keynesian revolution” in economics?
4. For what purpose are microeconomic problems distinguished when analyzing macroeconomic issues, and vice versa, macroeconomic problems in the course of studying micro-level problems?
5. What eight to ten current problems for modern Russia and the world economy are studied in macroeconomics?

Prove the need to understand the problems studied by macroeconomics:

a) an entrepreneur;

b) manager;

c) the prime minister;

d) voter;

e) lawyer - deputy of the State Duma;

f) a student of economic and non-economic faculties;

g) banker;

h) unemployed.

6. What are the main macroeconomic objectives? Try to place them in order of importance for modern Russia.
7. What is the content of the concept of “economic freedom”? What motivates governments to consider economic freedom as one of the most important goals of their macroeconomic policies?
8. Demonstrate your knowledge of history when answering the questions: Does economic freedom always contribute to economic growth of a country? Will some infringement of freedom of choice in modern Russia help to achieve a doubling of the national product created in it?
9. What content do you put into the concept of “fair distribution of income”? What is the significance of constructing the Lorenz curve and calculating the Gini coefficient?
10. What is the relationship between economic growth and economic efficiency? What are the differences between extensive and intensive types of growth? In what direction should the indicators of economic efficiency known to you change to achieve intensive growth of the national economy?
11. Which government action do you consider preferable: striving for the simultaneous achievement of several goals or moving according to priorities in economic policy?
12. Using your understanding of the Phillips curve, explain the relationship between the goals of achieving full employment and stability of the general price level.

Expand the relationship between the following macroeconomic goals (from the point of view of their complementarity or mutual exclusion):

a) economic growth and full employment;

b) economic growth and a stable general price level;

c) economic growth and economic freedom;

d) economic growth and fair distribution of income;

e) economic growth and social security;

f) full employment and social security;

g) economic freedom and economic efficiency;

h) fair distribution of income and economic efficiency.

13. What is the problem of the “magic triangle (polygon)”? Have there been any cases of solving this problem in world economic history?
14. The action of what factors determines the dimension of the target function of the economic policy pursued by the state?
15. What are the political procedures by which government determines economic policy priorities in planned and market economies?
16. How do you see the “division of labor” between politicians and economists when formulating economic policy goals?

The current socio-economic situation in Russia determines the extreme relevance of targeted activities of the state in the sphere of ensuring the economic security of the country, Russian society and each citizen individually.

National interests are fundamentally based on strategic goals and must be taken into account when ensuring the country's competitiveness in the world market. Increasing international competition further aggravates the problem of national economic security.

Taking into account domestic and world experience, one’s own capabilities and global development trends, it is necessary to develop and adjust economic policies. It should be aimed at ensuring economic growth and its support by the main part of the population, which should understand the benefits of domestic development for social stabilization. In other words, a transition to an economic development policy is required.

In restoring reproduction and transitioning to economic growth, Russia will have to determine and maintain a difficult balance between the degree of openness of the domestic economy and the preservation of state sovereignty.

Economic policies that address these general problems are designed to:

Express the strategic interests of the development of the main political and economic interest groups and their associations;

Ensure coordination of the interests of different layers and groups of the population, as well as different generations;

Consider and guarantee the sovereignty of civil rights;

Take into account the socio-cultural characteristics of the country; get rid of any forms of doctrinaire and myth-making for the purpose of ideological and political manipulation of the behavior of subjects of a market economy;

Combine everything valuable accumulated in foreign and domestic political and economic thought and practice;

Rehabilitate and reveal the values ​​of a true rule of law state and the usefulness of government regulation for the public good.

The economic development policy of the state must be based on a practical awareness of the prospects for sustainable development. Breakthrough modernization, using all the intellectual capabilities of society and the available scientific and production potential, depends on the timely application of skillful economic solutions, in which the tasks of overcoming the crisis are seen through the prism of an accurate and clear vision of the future of Russia.

New principles of foreign economic strategy (geo-economic approach) are based on a different principle: the inclusion of the national economy or its component part in world economic relations cannot wait for a favorable moment, should not follow the world economic situation - the national economy fits into the world economic environment without predetermining any conditions . This is a strategic task for the national economy and it is being solved actively, not wait-and-see.

Ensuring economic security is essentially a long-term, strategic task. Its solution involves the development and approval of a state strategy (the doctrine of the country's economic security). This must be a state strategy that meets the highest national and state interests and has a normative nature.

The long-term nature of the state strategy for economic security requires not only the identification of final goals, but also the identification of stages for achieving them.

At the same time, the depth of the current crisis and the multitude of threats make it necessary to focus on priority urgent measures.

Developing an economic security strategy, giving it a normative character in the process of making political and economic decisions, including in the mechanism for managing social processes indicators that signal the emergence of threats, effective measures to repel them - these are the main directions of the state’s activities as the guarantor of the country’s economic security.

The development of the concept of economic security is always based on the highest long-term national and state interests. Therefore, it is inextricably linked with ideas about the future of the country, about the socio-economic model that should be formed as a result of the changes taking place and which acts as a social ideal. Only in this case the concepts of economic security and measures to achieve it acquire their meaning and become an effective beginning of mass consciousness.

It is quite possible to reach agreement on a set of basic medium-term economic policy priorities in society. Such priorities include:

Restoring government functions for goal setting and development programming;

Restoring and maintaining a balance between the degree of openness of the economy and the interests of domestic producers in conditions, on the one hand, of extreme excess of threshold standards of national economic security, and on the other, the formation of a new architecture of the world economy;

Implementation of inventory, control and management of internal and external public debts and assets;

Increasing income and, on this basis, effective demand of the population and commodity producers;

Strengthening the role of social partnership in ensuring stable support for social and economic policies;

Providing social guarantees based on minimum social standards and social targeted assistance;

Ensuring and protecting economic initiative and entrepreneurial initiative of the population;

Normalization of the reproduction process in the main production complexes;

Restructuring competitive sectors of domestic industry in order to create competitive structures;

Development of the economic foundations of federalism not only on the basis of the distribution of subjects of jurisdiction, but also along the path of forming mechanisms of budget regulation.

Apparently, this was one of the reasons that our country developed and approved the National Security Concept, which forms a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life.

The National Security Concept widely covers issues of the country’s economic security; a high level of economic security, which is determined by the level of economic development of the country, allows:

Carry out an independent economic policy, in particular, independently carry out major economic activities, without linking this with receiving financial or other assistance from abroad;

Maintain the stability of the economic standards in force in the country;

To respond with minimal losses to global and regional financial and other crises, sudden geopolitical changes in the world and quickly restore the lost balance;

Provide assistance to other countries, in particular neighboring ones, in cases where the unbalanced economic situation that has developed there may negatively affect the economic interests of the state.
Conclusion

The concept of “economic security” is relatively new in the vocabulary of Russian economic management bodies. This concept, well known in the practical activities of management structures in Western countries, allows for a very broad interpretation. Economic security is a synthetic category of political economy and political science, closely related to the categories of economic independence and dependence, stability and vulnerability, economic pressure, blackmail, coercion and aggression, economic sovereignty, etc.

In our opinion, economic security is a state of the economic system in which it is able to adequately respond and effectively withstand all threats of a critical nature, both external and internal.

The main subject of security is the state, which exercises functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

Security objects are a part of the material world allocated by a subject for the purpose of security management. The main security objects of the Russian Federation are:

Personality - its rights and freedoms;

Society – its material and spiritual values;

The state – its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Economic security itself has a rather complex internal structure. Three of its most important elements can be distinguished:

Economic independence, which in the conditions of the modern world economy is by no means absolute;

Stability and sustainability of the national economy, which implies the protection of property in all its forms;

The ability for self-development and progress, which is especially important in today’s dynamically developing world.

International economic security is a state of the international economic system in which it is able to adequately respond and effectively counter all threats of a critical nature, that is, each member state of the world community is provided with:

Freedom of the path of economic development;

Security from hostile external influences, enshrined in international law;

Resistance to global external and internal economic shocks and crises.

Threats to national economic security are defined in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 29, 1996 No. 608.

The most likely threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, the localization of which should be targeted by the activities of federal government bodies, are the following:

1. Increasing property differentiation of the population and increasing poverty levels, which leads to a violation of social peace and social harmony.

2. Deformation of the structure of the Russian economy.

3. Increasing unevenness of socio-economic development of regions.

4. Criminalization of society and economic activity.

However, the situation is changing, which implies the emergence of new threats and, therefore, requires the development of a new State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation, which would take them into account fully.

Every year, each state is assigned certain economic tasks. First of all, they depend on the qualities of a market economy. The democratic system of government has many disadvantages. This requires timely intervention in the state's economy. This intervention has now undergone a major reorientation. Let's consider what the priorities of the Russian state's economic policy are. We will also try to find answers to the question on what the well-being of citizens and the country as a whole depends.

Socio-economic policy of Russia and its main directions

The state has a significant influence on the economic development of society. Lack of regulation can lead to serious negative consequences. The main function of the state in the country's economy is to use all existing opportunities to ensure economic development. This significantly increases the efficiency of the economy. The state's interest is to ensure the legal reliability of socio-economic activities. This is necessary in order to fully benefit from its results. There are a number of negative aspects in the economy of the Russian Federation, which the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation is designed to eliminate. These include:

• The inability of a market economy to conserve limited resources.
• Failure to adequately protect the environment from the negative consequences of human activity.
• Lack of regulations governing the use of limited resources available to nature.
• Lack of incentives to create public goods and services (road construction, etc.).
• Lack of responsibility for the consequences of government decisions.
• Inability to guarantee citizens' rights to work.
• Orientation of the economy to meet the needs of those segments of the population who are willing to pay for goods and services.
• Instability of the country's development.

The need for the state to carry out socio-economic policy

Since the scale of production increases every year, there is a need for constant global investment injections into the economy. Even the largest domestic enterprises cannot do this. That is why it is extremely important to keep the country’s economy under political control. In the Russian Federation there are currently many enterprises whose activities are controlled by the state. They cannot in any way be transferred to private business. When managing the economy, the state pursues exclusively global goals. This ensures that the macroeconomic balance is maintained at the proper level. In addition, social production is guaranteed, which private business will never provide.

Government policy goals and priorities may change. First of all, they are determined by the features of the country’s economic development in a given period of time. Therefore, correct goal setting is extremely important for the Russian state. This determines its further development.

The Government of the Russian Federation sets itself the following priorities:

• Providing support for the state’s financial system, creating its resistance to various factors, reducing inflation.
• Taking measures to increase the flow of investment into the country, reducing pressure on private entrepreneurs, and creating competition.
• Maintaining the proper level of social development, directing investments in human capital.
• Improving innovative sectors of the economy.
• Improving the defense complex.
• Ensuring balanced development of regions.
• Economic diversification.
• Adaptation of the Russian economy in accordance with the requirements of the WTO.

Long-term economic development plan

To ensure the economic growth of the state, it is extremely important to formulate a long-term plan for economic development, as this helps to determine what the policy priorities of the Russian state are in the economy.

The concept providing for measures for the socio-economic development of the state until 2020 is established in the relevant order. The main priorities that it enshrines are:

• Improving the well-being of Russian citizens.
• Taking measures to improve the level of national security of the country.
• High dynamics of economic development.
• Strengthening the position occupied by the Russian Federation in the world market.

Ensuring the normal development of the state is facilitated by the goals that are set for the Russian government when determining its policy. Strict adherence to these goals will ensure positive dynamics in the development of the state. The following main goals of economic policy can be identified:

• Formation of the most relevant structure of social production.
• Stimulating an increase in production volume.
• Ensuring maximum employment of the population.
• Proper distribution of income.
• Maintaining stable prices in the market and creating a flexible pricing policy.
• Reducing the negative consequences of inflation.
• Ensuring the safety of natural resources.

Achieving these goals will increase the level of development of the Russian economy, on which the wealth and prosperity of the country depends. However, in this situation, certain contradictions may appear. For example, increasing production volumes can lead to environmental degradation. That is why it is extremely important to determine what the priorities of the Russian state’s economic policy are. This will help eliminate contradictions between goals and help develop the correct methodology for governing the state.

Measures to implement the directions established by the socio-economic policy of Russia

Conducting a review of programs approved by the state, which will help bring them into line with the financial capabilities of the state.

Approval of “road maps” that will help improve business conditions.

Taking measures to improve tax administration, which will help reduce the tax burden on business and attract additional funds for the development of domestic entrepreneurship as investments.

Development of proposals to promote the development of single-industry towns in the complex, liquidation of emergency housing stock.

Taking measures to improve the state debt policy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to improve the employment law.

Forming more cohesive inter-budgetary relations.

Acceleration of the process of adoption of federal laws.

The main strategic objectives that are set for the economic policy of the state

Achieving macroeconomic stability.

Coordination of strategic and budget planning.

Ensure innovation is maintained.

Improving the quality of human capital.

Let's take a closer look at them.

Ensuring macroeconomic stability as one of the main goals of economic policy

This goal involves the creation of a balanced budget, a gradual annual reduction of the budget deficit and minimizing it, and the ability to predict inflation parameters.

In the future, it is planned to limit the use of revenues from oil and gas production, ensuring a balanced budget of the Russian Federation with reasonable forecast indicators for the cost of oil.

Measures to ensure coordination of budgetary and strategic planning in the long term

The strategic objectives of the state must be assessed in accordance with priorities. To do this, they should be compared with the existing real opportunities, on which the wealth and prosperity of the country depends. Only the use of an integrated approach, taking into account all past problems, will make it possible to effectively distribute state resources across areas of economic policy.

Moreover, any decision should be made only after a preliminary analysis of the possibilities of its financial support and how it will affect the achievement of the main strategic goals that the state faces.

Development and implementation of tools necessary to support innovation

The state must necessarily take an integrated approach when creating a favorable investment environment. To do this, it is necessary to ensure macroeconomic stability in the country, increase the competitiveness of domestic products, and also eliminate existing administrative barriers.

Improving the quality of human capital

When implementing modernization, the availability of qualified specialists is extremely important, and therefore the state must pay attention to the quality of education and control the conduct of vocational training.

In addition to education, it is necessary to improve the system of domestic scientific schools and attract foreign specialists to the training process. It is also necessary to direct efforts to create decent working conditions and increase productivity; for this, a number of amendments should be made to the Law on Employment.

Thus, the main priorities of Russia's economic policy are determined by the specifics of the transition period to a new innovative level, which is oriented towards social needs. In order for the Russian state to enter a new stage of development, it is necessary to establish the correct long-term goals and priorities that will determine the entire necessary set of transformations in the state’s economy.

First. Ensuring long-term balance and sustainability of the budget system as the basic principle of responsible budget policy with the unconditional fulfillment of all state obligations and the fulfillment of the tasks set in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012. In the context of a reduction in previously predicted revenues, it is necessary to develop algorithms for using various sources of financing in the event of an unpredictable increase in the budget deficit. The budget strategy should contain clear guidelines for the resource provision of government programs and an assessment of the risks of budget imbalance in various forecast scenarios, as well as a recommended algorithm of actions for their implementation. Second. Optimizing the structure of federal budget expenditures . The exhaustion of opportunities for increasing the total volume of federal budget expenditures requires the identification of reserves and redistribution in favor of priority areas and projects, primarily ensuring the solution of the tasks set in the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 and creating conditions for economic growth. The main reserves currently are:- ensuring long-term balance of the pension system with a gradual reduction of subsidies to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from the federal budget, subject to a consistent increase in the standard of living of pensioners; - active use of public-private partnership mechanisms to attract investments and services from private companies to solve public problems, as well as investing funds from the National Welfare Fund and pension savings in investment projects, primarily infrastructure, on a repayable basis; - possible extension of the deadlines for the implementation of certain areas of the State Armament Program for 2011–2020; - increasing the targeting of social support for citizens; - carrying out structural reforms in the social sphere; - increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures in general, including through optimization of public procurement, the budget network and the number of civil servants. Third. Development of program-targeted management methods . State programs of the Russian Federation should become the key mechanism through which strategic and budget planning are linked. State programs must establish general requirements for the policies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in relevant areas, for determining the mechanisms of interaction between federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Various options for achieving goals can and should be considered at the stage of preparing state programs, but when approving programs, only one option should be chosen - the one that the Government of the Russian Federation considers justified from the point of view of achieving the set goals and for the implementation of which the necessary resources are available. Fourth. Making decisions to ensure long-term balance and transparency of the pension system . The primary task is the adoption of a new pension formula, which should ensure not only the maintenance of the purchasing power of pensions, their differentiation depending on the length of service and earnings of citizens, incentives for citizens to retire later, but also a steady trend towards reducing the dependence of the pension system on federal budget transfers while maintaining an acceptable insurance load for business. It is necessary to increase the level of transparency of the pension system. Since 2014, cash services for the execution of the budget of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, as well as the budgets of other state extra-budgetary funds, should be carried out by the Federal Treasury. Fifth. Creation of new mechanisms for financing infrastructure development . The Government of the Russian Federation needs to begin placing funds from the National Wealth Fund and pension savings into financial instruments intended for the implementation of self-sustaining infrastructure development projects that ensure the maximum multiplier effect of economic growth with minimal risks for funds placed by the state. Sixth. Transition to the formation of a state task for the provision of state (municipal) services to individuals and legal entities on the basis of a unified list of such services and unified standards for their financial support. To improve the accessibility and quality of public services, it is necessary to solve three problems. The first is the legislative consolidation of the procedure for the formation of a single basic list of state (municipal) services in such areas as education, healthcare, culture, and others. The founders of state and municipal institutions, based on these lists, will develop state and municipal tasks for subordinate institutions. The second is the creation of a unified methodology for calculating standard costs for the provision of state (municipal) services. The third is the inclusion of the main parameters of the state task in the target indicators for the implementation of relevant state programs. Thus, a unified legal and methodological framework will be created for the provision of state (municipal) services in connection with the development targets of the relevant industries. The task of optimizing the network of state and municipal institutions remains urgent. It is necessary to reorganize institutions focused on providing predominantly paid services, as well as institutions whose activities do not correspond to the powers of state authorities and local governments. The funds released in this case must remain in the relevant industry and be used to finance the state program for the development of this industry and the solution of its priority tasks. Seventh. Development of the tax system and increasing its competitiveness. The stability of the tax system should be ensured. Further changes are possible only as a last resort due to the requirements of the modern economy, new priorities of the state’s economic policy, including the need to stimulate the development of new industries, investment activities and improve the quality of tax administration. It is necessary to further simplify tax accounting and bring it closer to accounting, improve the quality of tax administration, implement measures to combat tax evasion, including using offshore jurisdictions, as well as complete work on amending the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding property taxation (primarily real estate) and increasing the fiscal burden on owners of prestigious, expensive property. Eighth. Interbudgetary relations . Starting from 2014, the adoption of three-year budgets will become mandatory in all regions. In conditions when the regions are entrusted with significant responsibility for the implementation of social measures provided for by the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012, the risks of imbalance of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a result of changes in the delimitation of powers of state authorities and local self-government bodies must be eliminated. Expenses of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be provided to the maximum extent by their own revenue sources. At the same time, all decisions made must be calculated and financially supported. Providing additional financial assistance to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be combined with the development of their economy at their own expense. More careful, constant monitoring of the financial situation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, changes in the main parameters of their budgets, the structure of expenses, state and municipal debt is needed. Also, methodological assistance is extremely important to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including those related to the implementation of sectoral policies and the management of regional finances. Ninth. Increasing transparency of budgets and the budget process . Citizens and businesses need to know where the taxes they pay are going. This requires a high level of transparency in the budget and budget process. For these purposes, it is necessary to continue the formation of the integrated information system “Electronic Budget”, including the commissioning of a single portal of the budget system, which will post systematized up-to-date information on the formation and execution of all budgets - from federal to settlements, as well as to begin the implementation of international standards public sector financial reporting. Since 2013, the brochure “Budget for Citizens” should be regularly published (posted on the Internet) at all levels of government. This will make it possible to inform the population in an accessible form about the relevant budgets, planned and achieved results of using budget funds. Information published in open sources will allow citizens to get an idea of ​​where budget funds are spent and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of expenditures and the intended use of funds. So, in 2014–2015 the transition to program-targeted methods of strategic and budget planning should be completed. The main instrument for achieving the goals of state policy should be state programs, the requirements for which will follow from strategic planning documents, and the mechanisms and volumes of their financial support will be established in the long-term budget strategy, three-year budgets and the Program for Improving the Efficiency of Public (State and Municipal) Finance Management for the period until 2018.