Chuvash population. Appearance of the Chuvash: characteristic features and characteristics. Indigenous population of the Chuvash Republic. Comparison of the standard of living of the population of Chuvashia and
Population size and distribution
As of January 1, 2009, 1296.2 thousand people lived in the republic, which is 0.9% of the total population of the country. Russia is dominated by subjects in which the population varies from 1 to 2 million people, including Chuvashia.
The rural population within Chuvashia is unevenly distributed, amounting to about 40%. The northern and central regions of the republic are more densely populated; their population density exceeds 30 people per km 2 .
The rural population of Chuvashia lives in villages that differ in population and location. In Chuvashia, there are 1,727 rural settlements with a population of 526,100 people, therefore, on average, about 300 people live in a village. In the republic, villages are located mainly in river valleys, on watersheds of rivers and ravines, and along roads.
The urban population grew especially rapidly from 1959 to 1989: the number of city residents increased by 3.1 times, thanks to which by 1970 it exceeded the rural population. In 2001, the share of city residents was 61.4%. The growth of the urban population of the republic occurred due to Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk, therefore their share in the urban population of Chuvashia is 71%. At the same time, the share of small towns in the total urban population of the republic is decreasing - from 51.9% in 1959 to 27.2% in 2000.
There are 17 urban settlements on the territory of Chuvashia: 9 cities and 8 urban-type settlements.
According to population, the classification of cities in the republic is as follows:
* large city (250-500 thousand people) - Cheboksary;
* large city (100-250 thousand people) - Novocheboksarsk;
* medium-sized city (50-100 thousand people) - Kanash;
* small towns (20-50 thousand people) - Alatyr, Shumerlya;
* small towns with a population of less than 20 thousand people - Kozlovka, Tsivilsk, Yadrin, Mariinsky Posad.
Urban-type settlements include Kirya, Buinsk, Vurnary, Kugesi, Ibresi and Urmary. The villages of New Lapsary and Sosnovka are part of the Cheboksary City Council.
Urban settlements are unevenly distributed throughout the republic; there are more of them in the northern part of Chuvashia. It is no coincidence that the Cheboksary urban agglomeration was formed in the north of the republic, which included Novocheboksarsk, Tsivilsk, Kugesi, as well as all settlements within the Cheboksary region and part of the villages bordering this area. The core of the agglomeration is the city of Cheboksary.
In the last decade, the urban population has practically not increased and is about 60%. In some settlements there was even a decrease in it, these include the cities of Kanash, Shumerlya, Alatyr, Kozlovka, villages
The ethnic composition of Chuvashia is heterogeneous
National and religious compositionIn general, the national composition of the population in Chuvashia continues to maintain its historical character, which is the key to stable and positive processes in the field of interethnic relations. There are 19 national cultural centers in the republic, which actively cooperate with government bodies of the republic and neighboring regions. A peculiarity of the Chuvash Republic is the historically established fact that, on the one hand, the titular nation makes up the majority of the population, on the other hand, about half (45.7%) of the Chuvash are settled in compact groups and dispersed outside the territory of the republic, in other regions of the Russian Federation. This determines the emergence and active work of more than 60 Chuvash national-cultural autonomies and socio-cultural centers in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. The population of Chuvashia and the Chuvash living compactly outside the republic were and are distinguished by a high degree of interethnic and social tolerance. In Chuvashia and the Chuvash, the level of interethnic marriages is quite high. National culture was and is one of the main components of the preservation and development of ethnic groups. It is obvious that only with awareness of the main features and characteristics of a particular ethnic group is it possible for it to fit into the multinational environment of modern Russia.
Throughout the 20th century, Chuvash people left the republic, forming Chuvash diasporas in other regions of the country. At the same time, representatives of many nationalities live in the republic: Chuvash - 67.7%, Russians - 26.5%, Tatars - 2.7%, Mordovians - 1.2%, other nationalities - 1.8%. In total, citizens of 97 nationalities and 9 ethnic groups live together in Chuvashia. There are three ethnographic groups of Chuvash: the upper (Viryal, Turi) live in the northern and northwestern regions of Chuvashia, the lower (Anatri) - in the south of the republic and beyond, the middle (Anat Enchi) - in the northeastern and central regions. The Chuvash language consists of two mutually intelligible dialects: the upper one (the okaya dialect) and the lower one (the ukaya dialect).
The main problem with language proficiency questions was the definition of mother tongue. Moreover, to a greater extent this difficulty was characteristic of the Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians and other ethnic groups living in Cheboksary. The younger generation in such families often speaks less (or does not speak at all) their parents’ native language than Russian.
The traditional Chuvash faith was a natural pagan faith. After the voluntary entry of the Chuvash region into the Russian state in 1551, the Christianization of the Chuvash people began. Currently, 95% of the population adheres to the Orthodox religion, 3% to Islam, 1% to Protestantism, 1% to other religions and denominations.
Demographic situationBy the 60s of the last century, in Chuvashia, as in most regions of Russia, the demographic transition to the modern type of reproduction was completed, that is, the birth rate gradually decreased. Therefore, in the period 60-80s. the rate of natural increase ranged from 14.7 to 7.6 people per 1000 inhabitants.
Since the 90s, the republic has experienced an unfavorable demographic situation: since 1992, the mortality rate has exceeded the birth rate. The rate of natural population decline has increased in the last decade and in 2000 amounted to 9.8 people per 1000 inhabitants
The decline in the birth rate and increase in mortality in the republic is associated with economic and demographic reasons. The conditions of the transition period negatively affect the residents of Russia.
In the republic, as throughout the country, there has been a sharp decline in the standard of living of the population: constant rise in prices, inflation and unemployment are holding back the birth rate and increasing mortality from disease, accidents and suicide. At the same time, in Chuvashia, as in most regions of Russia, the proportion of people of retirement age is increasing, which in turn reduces the birth rate and increases mortality. In recent years, there has been a decline in life expectancy. In 1989, this figure was 70.3 years (for men - 65.4, for women - 75.2), and in 1995 - only 66.1 years (for men - 60.2, for women - 72 ,1).
On the territory of the republic, the demographic situation is not the same everywhere. A relatively favorable demographic situation is observed in the capital of the republic, Cheboksary, and in the cities of Novocheboksarsk and Tsivilsk. This is explained by the increased share of the working-age population in the age composition of city residents. Large cities with developed infrastructure and higher educational institutions attract young people from rural areas aged 16-35, who subsequently settle in there, start families, adding to the number of city residents. There is a natural population decline in all regions of the republic. This figure is low in the southeastern regions of the republic. The traditions of large families are still preserved here. Religion also has a certain influence on the demographic situation, and in the southeast of the republic part of the population professes Islam. The highest rates of natural population decline are observed in the city of Alatyr and in the Alatyr region.
The sex and age structure of the population is “imprinted demographic history.” A significant decline is observed at the age of 50-60 years old (the first echo of the war, these are the “children of war”) and a slight decrease is observed among the 20-30-year-old residents of the republic (the second echo of the war, these are the children of the “children of war”). The ratio of men and women in different age groups is not the same.
Men predominate between the ages of 0 and 20, and women predominate at retirement age. By 2003, the number of women in the republic exceeded the number of men by 88 thousand people, but from year to year the difference between the number of men and women is decreasing. For example, in 1990 there were 1,164 women per 1,000 men, and in 2000 - 1,137.
Currently, a gradual process of aging of the republic's population is taking place. The population over working age increased from 1990 to 2000. by 12.4%. The share of people of retirement age in 2000 was 19.5%. The proportion of pensioners is especially high in the Shumerlinsky district (37.3%), their smallest share is observed in Cheboksary (13.9%) and Novocheboksarsk (12.5%) (see Table 5 in the Appendix). Simultaneously with the increase in the population of retirement age, there is a decrease in the number of children. For the period from 1990 to 2000. the number of people under working age decreased by 16.5%. The highest proportion of children is observed in the Ibresinsky district (26.1%), and the lowest in the Shumerlinsky district (18.9%).
Urbanization and migration. Labor resourcesThe decrease in the population of Chuvashia is not only due to natural movement (fertility and mortality), but also due to population migration. The main regions of departure of the population of Chuvashia are Moscow and the Moscow region, Tatarstan, and the Nizhny Novgorod region. Among the regions where the population most comes from, one can note the Ulyanovsk region.
The national composition of those arriving in Chuvashia from regions of Russia is characterized by approximately equal numbers of Chuvash and Russians. The number of Russians leaving Chuvashia is almost 2 times greater than the Chuvash ones. The labor force of the republic is considered to be the population of working age, with the exception of people with disabilities, as well as working pensioners and teenagers. The number of labor resources and their qualitative composition is variable and depends on many reasons. So, for example, in terms of gender, men predominate, and in terms of age, people from 30 to 44 years old; in terms of education, people with secondary and special education.
Within Chuvashia, migration growth of the population is uneven (Fig. 26). The main flows of migrants are directed to the north of the republic, to large cities - Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk. Mostly rural residents of the republic, especially young people, come here. The southern regions of the republic have a negative migration balance, that is, the number of people leaving these regions is less than the number of people moving here for permanent residence. In the last decade, the flow of migrants from the northern and eastern regions of the country has increased into the republic.
Holidays and traditionsThe main role in the preservation and development of folk artistic traditions in the republic belongs to club-type cultural institutions. Today, 514 folklore groups operate in 887 club institutions in Chuvashia, mastering and promoting national folk traditions, customs and rituals. Of these, 35 bear the title “national”. Club institutions of the republic are doing a lot of work to revive and update the calendar holidays and rituals “Surkhuri”, “Savarni”, “Vaya”, “Ker Sari”, etc.
Surkhuri is an ancient Chuvash holiday. It was celebrated during the winter solstice. Later, this New Year holiday coincided with Christian Christmas (rashtav) and continued until baptism (kasharni). During the celebration of Surkhuri, rituals were held that called for ensuring economic success and personal well-being of people, a good harvest and offspring of livestock in the new year.
During surkhuri, from Christmas to baptism, mummers (svetka) walked around in the evenings and acted out all kinds of humorous scenes.
Closer to midnight, fortune telling began. Young people sought to predict their future, to find out what changes awaited them in the new year. Guys and girls went to the sheepfold at midnight and grabbed sheep by the hind legs in the dark in order to recognize the signs of their future husband or wife by their color and age. The very name of the holiday comes from this ritual: in direct translation, surah uri means “sheep’s foot.”
There were a great many ways of fortune telling. Young people usually made wishes about their betrothed, while adults were interested in the prospects for the harvest.
Savarni (Maslenitsa)
In 2008, it is celebrated on March 9th. For the Chuvash people, Savarni is a holiday of honoring the sun. On this day, they bake pancakes, organize horseback riding around the village in the direction of the sun, and burn an effigy of “Savarni Karchak”.
Celebrated on June 30th. Akatui (translated from the Chuvash language means “wedding of the plow”) is one of the main national holidays of the Chuvash people. It is dedicated to the end of spring field work. Since ancient times, the Chuvash gathered on this day to congratulate each other, join a common round dance and sing their favorite songs, and swim in the river. Men organized sports competitions: kereshu - belt wrestling, running, horse racing. The children also tried their hand at various games: pole climbing, sack running, and tug of war.
The Uyav holiday is held in the spring and summer. It is based on games and round dances. The essence of the national celebration is communication after the sowing season, getting to know the betrothed, singing round dance songs, in which, in one form or another, there were appeals to the forces of nature with a request for a rich harvest, abundant rain. The word "uyav" literally means "observance", initially it meant the observance of traditional ritual life, and later this began to be called any holiday, ritual celebration. In 2007 it was celebrated on July 7-8.
National costume, cuisineThe residents managed to preserve their original culture, traditions, crafts and crafts: unique embroideries, unusual costumes, unique women's headdresses, ritual holidays associated with the ancient beliefs of the pagan Chuvash, and the preparation of the national drink - Chuvash beer.
National traditions in clothing have great vitality. Through a comparative analysis of individual parts of clothing and jewelry, our ethnographers came to the conclusion that the Chuvash preserved the ancient style of clothing better than anyone else. Until the mid-19th century, the Chuvash mainly used home-made fabrics. This was facilitated by the isolation of subsistence farming. While home-made vegetable paints were used, dyeing yarn was a rather complex and labor-intensive process and the canvas was white. But white clothes quickly get dirty, and as soon as aniline dyes penetrate into the everyday life of the Chuvash, and along with the decomposition of the natural economy, the steadfastness of antiquity weakens, yarn dyeing begins. Even at the end of the 18th century, the lower Chuvash people began to weave motley fabrics.
Despite the close relationship of the peoples of the Volga region with the Russian people and among themselves, their artistic cultures, while experiencing a certain mutual influence, nevertheless retain their specific characteristics. And in this regard, Chuvash embroidery stands out. Deifying natural phenomena, the ancient ancestors of the Chuvash reflected their pagan ideas in the patterns of clothing and utensils. Thus, the universe was depicted in the form of a quadrangle, the image of the great goddess through the great tree of life, the sun - in the form of a circle or rosette, etc. Thus, the ornament very realistically reproduced the worldview of our ancestors.
The ancient festive women's costume is very complex; it consists of a tunic-like white linen shirt and a whole system of embroidered, beaded and metal decorations. In completing the costume, headdresses and decorations made of beaded shells and coins play an important role. In the distant past, they undoubtedly played the role of amulets and talismans, and later they began to indicate the age and social affiliation of the owner. Beads and shells as decoration appeared among the ancestors of the Chuvash in very ancient times. But during the Mongol-Tatar yoke, some of the craftsmen were taken to the Golden Horde, and some died. The Chuvash, who took refuge in the forests, still have a tradition of decorating themselves with jewelry made of precious metals and, most likely, it was then that this replacement of temple rings, coins, various pendants, and coins took place. The Chuvash used beads to make maiden headdresses tukhya and women's headdresses hushpu, which have survived to this day, and neck ornaments. It was used to string pendants for braids, tassels for back and waist decorations. The frame of the tukhya and khushpu was made of thick woolen or canvas fabric, sometimes leather, and beads were sewn onto it with a harsh thread. The pattern of beadwork is similar to the geometric pattern of embroidery. The main colors of beads are red and green (from dark blue to light blue), white and yellow.
To decorate headdresses, craftswomen chose coins not only by their size, but also by their sound. Coins sewn to the frame were attached tightly, while coins hanging from the edges were attached loosely, and there were gaps between them so that during dances or round dances they would make melodious sounds.
Khushpu women's headdresses had a unique shape. They come in two types: cone-shaped and helmet-shaped, and have a “tail” - a part going down to the back. There are two types of tukhya girls' headdresses - pointed and without a point, they do not have a back part. The artistic techniques used in sewing are rich and varied. The craftswomen placed each coin and bead with great skill and taste. Among the items made of silver and beads, on a par with tukhya and hushpu, there are women's and girls' chest jewelry shulkeme. In some ethnographic subgroups they were also called pendants to the supran or ama. The girl's decoration, unlike the women's, did not have a triangular part used to attach the surpan and was single-tiered. Among the upper Chuvash, the shulkeme consisted mainly of two identical parts and had a square shape, while among the lower and intermediate Chuvash it was semi-oval and rectangular. Among items embroidered with silver and beads, a special place is occupied by women's and girl's jewelry - tevet. It was worn over the left shoulder. Women wore tevet mainly at weddings, and girls wore it during the spring ritual of “maiden arable land”, in round dances and at autumn holidays dedicated to sheep, first bread and flax. One of the traditional holidays was “girl beer” - in honor of hops and new beer, when all participating girls must wear tevet.
Chuvash costumes and their ornamentation differed among the three ethnographic groups. Grassroots patterns were embroidered on homespun white canvas, always large and polychrome. The main ornament was often made with wide stripes of madder color and was accompanied by a small pattern. The ornamentation is characterized by monumental features. Virial craftswomen, in addition to white canvas, also used a colored base and loved small, filigree ornaments. Their costume differed in the way it was worn. Black onuchi were an indispensable accessory to their toilet. The costume and patterns of the middle grassroots are closer to the grassroots. Women's shirts were distinguished by rich ornamentation on the chest. It was decorated with patterns and rosettes. The rosettes consisted of spoke-shaped figures superimposed on each other. The patterns were in the shape of a diamond. Of great interest among them was a complex ornament with an asymmetrical composition, which is found only in the embroidery of married women’s shirts. The ornamentation of the women's costume was subordinated to the overall composition. The hem, compared to other parts of the shirt, was embroidered more modestly, and a clear rhythm was observed in its decoration. An important role was played by the rhythmic alternation of wide and narrow stripes, including stripes and geometric patterns. Chuvash craftswomen revealed their natural gift and skill in decorating leg guards. They were worn both on holidays and on weekdays. Silk and wool threads were used to create patterns. The embroidery was one-sided, and patches were widely used. A long fringe, brown or blue, enriched the legguard when moving, playing against the white background of the shirt, enlivening the woman’s entire costume.
Girls from the age of five to six learned needlework. By the age of 12-14, many of them, having mastered the secrets of craftsmanship and a variety of techniques, became excellent craftswomen. The girl's costume did not have chest rosettes. shoulder pads sleeve patterns. Young girls embroidered their outfits, intended for holidays or spring round dances, modestly. They put all their skill and skill into embroidering wedding clothes. One of the accessories of the wedding attire was the bride's veil - a large cloth with embroidery in the corners. During the wedding, the veiled bride was supposed to sit, surrounded by her close friends, in the front corner of the hut, separate from the groom. At a certain point in the wedding, a ceremony took place to remove the veil and dress the bride in the costume of a married woman. The embroidery of the bedspreads amazes with the richness of their shapes and the variety of decor. Masmak women's headbands come in two types: among the Anatri Chuvash they are wide, with a trapezoidal pattern composition on a white canvas, and among the Viryal they are narrow, embroidered with small geometric shapes, usually on a strip of colored fabric.
Men's clothing was distinguished by the richness of embroidery and variety of ornaments. One of the most interesting accessories of men's clothing was the shupar - a robe made of homespun white canvas. In the last century, it was worn mainly by elderly men and wedding leaders, and even earlier, priests were supposed to wear such a robe during sacrifices. In addition to embroidery, silk stripes were used liberally in decorating a man's robe. The craftswomen especially diligently executed the patterns on the back - they were large, expressive, always with monumental features. The patterns of the ancient men's robe, placed around the chest slit, on the shoulders, on the chest, on the back, on the sleeves, on the hem, were subject, as on the women's shirt, to a single compositional structure. But their ornamental motifs almost did not repeat the patterns of women's clothing. The robe was embroidered with a one-sided seam according to the thread count. The figures of the ornament resemble images of horses, plants, and human hands, which are often accompanied by symbols of “arable land.” One of the features of the decoration of robes is also the abundance of “fire” signs in them, made with silk stripes. The girls put all their skill, all their skill as embroiderers into making the groom’s scarf. The girl gave a scarf to the groom on the day of matchmaking, expressing her consent to marry him, as well as demonstrating her skills. The groom wore a folded scarf around his neck during the wedding. Since the middle of the 19th century, embroidered clothing has been gradually replaced by motley clothing. At the beginning of the 20th century, this process intensified. Natural dyes are being replaced by aniline ones. Weaving mills appear in villages. The motley costume (shirt, scarf, apron) is becoming widespread mainly among the lower Chuvash people. At first, such a suit was work clothes, and later it became festive. In the costume of the riding Chuvash, the motley found no place for itself. The woven pattern in them is developed in the manufacture of women's and men's elegant belts.
Chuvash cuisine is very similar to Tatar and Bashkir. Simple meat is used, but lamb still prevails among meat products. A very characteristic feature of Chuvash cooking is the use of vegetables for preparing first courses with cheese, and not in sautéed form. An extremely rich assortment of flour products. Meat and fish filling and onions are added raw and brought to readiness during baking. The filling is often complex: layers of potatoes, meat, onions and other products alternate.
Traditional dishes mainly consist of agricultural and livestock products. Porridge (pgtg), oatmeal (tinkele), flour jelly (kesel, nimer), soups (yashka, shyarpe) in fish or meat broth with seasonings from cereals, vegetables and herbs were widely consumed. Popular among the Chuvash were soup with dumplings (salma yashki, zgmakh yashki), sausage made from a sheep's stomach stuffed with meat and lard (shgrttan), boiled sausage stuffed with cereals, minced meat or animal blood (tultarmsh, sukta). Dairy products were consumed in the form of whole (set) and sour milk (turgh), buttermilk (uyran), cream (khgyma) and curd cheese (chgkgt). The Bashkir and Orenburg Chuvash also made kumys (kgmgs). The baked goods were varied: bread made from rye flour (zgkgr), often with the addition of malt; for the festive table, the Chuvash people prepared hgparta - fluffy wheat bread; pies (kugl), khuplu - a large round pie with a complex meat and cereal filling, pancakes (pelem) and pancakes (eclipse ikerchi), flat cakes (pashalu, yusman, surkhuri, ikerche, vetya), cheesecakes with potato or curd filling (pyaremech, tgpgrchg ikerchi), koloboki (ygva) made from wheat flour, khurgn kukli - small pies like dumplings or dumplings (they were cooked in a cauldron).
Honey (ardor) was traditionally present on the Chuvash table. Favorite drinks are beer made from barley or rye malt (sgra), mead or mash (sim-pyl, kgrchama).
15:08 — REGNUM
Representatives of about 115 nationalities live in Chuvashia. The most numerous are the Chuvash (67.7% of the total population of the republic), Russians (26.9%), Tatars (2.8%) and Mordovians (1.1%). They are followed by Ukrainians (0.39%) and Maris (0.3%): in numbers they do not reach the 5 thousand threshold. Representatives of other nationalities make up 0.85% of the total population of the republic. Chuvashia is also home to a significant group of Belarusians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Roma, Uzbeks, Germans and Moldovans, Bashkirs, Udmurts and Jews. At the same time, representatives of Tajik nationality are actively moving to the cities of the republic: from 2002 to 2010, their number increased by 44.4% (or by 146 people), and this is the highest growth rate among other ethnic groups. These results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census were published by Chuvashstat, the correspondent reports with reference to the document.
Let us recall that according to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census, representatives of 97 nationalities and 9 ethnic groups lived in Chuvashia. As in 2002, during the 2010 census, nationality was also indicated by the respondents themselves. In addition, the population had the right not to answer the question about nationality: according to the 2010 document, 48.1 thousand people (3.8%) do not have information about their nationality.
According to the results of the 2010 census, more than 1.251 million surveyed residents of Chuvashia identified themselves as representatives of 115 nationalities. In general, there are four most numerous national groups in the republic (that is, nationalities whose number exceeds 5 thousand people). The first place is traditionally occupied by the Chuvash: the number of the titular nation in their native republic is 814.8 thousand people (or 67.7% of the total population of the region). They are followed by Russians - 323.3 thousand people (26.9%), Tatars - 34.2 thousand (2.8%) and Mordovians - 13 thousand (1.1%). In 2002, the group of leaders included Ukrainians, but by 2010 their number in Chuvashia decreased from 6.4 thousand people to 4.7 thousand.
In second place in terms of population are representatives of Russian nationality, their share has also decreased. Thus, if from 1970 to 1989 the share of Russians increased from 24.5% to 26.7%, then it began to decline. Over the next thirteen years, from 1989 to 2002, their number dropped to 26.6%. By 2010 it had risen slightly, to 26.9%.
The Tatars rank third in number. Their share in the overall population structure of the region is also unstable. In 1990 there was an increase of 1.9%. However, during the last intercensal period, from 2002 to 2010, there was a decrease of 6% (or 2.2 thousand people). Over the same period, the proportion of those who consider themselves representatives of Mordovian nationality also decreased by 18.6% (or by 3 thousand people).
Of the above nationalities in the republic in 2002-2010, only the number of Mari increased - by 3% (or by 106 people).
As noted in the document, changes in the national composition of the population are caused by three factors. The first is related to “differences in the natural reproduction” of population groups. The second is with the processes of “change of ethnic identity under the influence of mixed marriages” and other factors. The third factor is external migration.
According to the data, further in terms of numbers in terms of nationality, the situation is as follows. Chuvashia is home to 1,417 Belarusians (or 0.12% of the total population surveyed in the region), 1,290 Armenians (0.11%), 891 Azerbaijanis (0.08%), 644 Tajiks (0.05%), 602 Roma and 565 Uzbeks (0.05 each), 404 Germans and 461 Moldovans (0.04 each), 332 Udmurts, 317 Jews and 295 Bashkirs (0.03 each), 240 Georgians and 190 Kazakhs (0.02 each %), 127 Chechens, 166 Greeks and 117 Poles (0.01% each). There are also 90 Arabs, 81 Koreans, 72 Lithuanians, 22 Estonians, 14 Vietnamese, 6 Chinese, 5 British, 3 Japanese and 3 Americans living in the republic.
The number of Cossacks is noteworthy. In Chuvashia, 60 people classified themselves as belonging to this socioethnic group, 16 of them were women.
It is of interest that during the census, 352 people (or 0.03% of all respondents in the republic) indicated “other answers about nationality.” In particular, 75 residents of Chuvashia called themselves “Russians” by nationality, 50 - “mestizo”, approximately 30 people each - “Dagestanians”, “Guineans” and “Angolans”. There are also 11 “Bulgars” living in the republic, who consider themselves descendants of Volga Bulgaria. The list of "other answers" also lists one "Israeli" and one "Mexican."
Also in the republic, one representative each of such nationalities as Aguls, Mountain Jews, Itelmens, Kamchadals, Karaites, Koryaks, Mongols, Nenets, Pomors, Sami, Selkups, Udins, Ingrian Finns, Croats, Tsakhurs, Circassians, Shors, declared themselves. Evenks, Evens and Eskimos.
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The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 1,238,071 people. (2015). Population density - 67.50 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 60.7% (2015).
- 1 Population
- 2 Demographics
- 3 Age and gender composition
- 4 Migration
- 5 National composition
- 5.1 Chuvash
- 5.2 Tatars
- 6 General map
- 7 Notes
Population
| Population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 1928 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 1990 |
| 894 479 | ↗903 300 | ↗1 097 859 | ↗1 223 675 | ↗1 292 486 | ↗1 336 066 | ↗1 337 182 |
| 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 |
| ↗1 339 822 | ↗1 344 014 | ↗1 347 818 | ↘1 345 489 | ↘1 345 431 | ↘1 343 966 | ↘1 341 946 |
| 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 |
| ↘1 339 194 | ↘1 338 819 | ↘1 334 219 | ↘1 327 743 | ↘1 313 754 | ↘1 311 737 | ↘1 304 984 |
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
| ↘1 299 306 | ↘1 292 236 | ↘1 286 239 | ↘1 282 567 | ↘1 279 359 | ↘1 251 619 | ↘1 250 518 |
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |||
| ↘1 247 012 | ↘1 243 431 | ↘1 239 984 | ↘1 238 071 | |||
250 000 500 000 750 000 1 000 000 1 250 000 1 500 000 1928 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Demography
| Fertility (number of births per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 18,3 | ↘18,2 | ↘17,3 | ↗18,6 | ↘15,7 | ↘10,2 | ↘10,0 | ↘9,4 | ↗9,8 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘8,9 | ↗9,1 | ↘8,9 | ↗9,7 | ↗10,1 | ↗10,5 | ↘10,1 | ↗10,3 | ↗11,6 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗11,7 | ↗12,6 | ↗12,9 | ↗12,9 | ↗14,0 | ↗14,0 | ↘13,9 | ||
| Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 8,9 | ↗9,9 | ↗10,7 | ↘10,6 | ↘10,1 | ↗13,0 | ↘12,4 | ↘12,3 | ↘11,7 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↗13,3 | ↗13,8 | ↗14,1 | ↗14,8 | ↗15,3 | ↘14,9 | ↗15,2 | ↘14,7 | ↘14,5 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↘14,4 | ↘13,7 | ↗14,5 | ↘13,5 | ↘13,3 | ↘13,2 | ↗13,3 | ||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 9,4 | ↘8,3 | ↘6,6 | ↗8,0 | ↘5,6 | ↘-2,8 | ↗-2,4 | ↘-2,9 | ↗-1,9 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘-4,4 | ↘-4,7 | ↘-5,2 | ↗-5,1 | ↘-5,2 | ↗-4,4 | ↘-5,1 | ↗-4,4 | ↗-2,9 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗-2,7 | ↗-1,1 | ↘-1,6 | ↗-0,6 | ↗0,7 | ↗0,8 | ↘0,6 | ||
| at birth (number of years) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 70,3 | ↘70,0 | ↘69,3 | ↘66,9 | ↘66,2 | ↗66,2 | ↗67,2 | ↗67,6 | ↗68,7 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘66,9 | ↘66,4 | ↘66,0 | ↘65,8 | ↗65,9 | ↗66,3 | ↗66,4 | ↗67,0 | ↗67,4 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||
| ↗67,8 | ↗69,0 | ↘68,5 | ↗69,7 | ↗70,3 | ↗70,8 | |||
Age and sex composition
According to the 2002 census, compared with the 1989 census, the age structure of the population has changed towards an increase in the proportion of people over working age (17.6% in 1989 and 19.6% in 2002) and a decrease in people under working age (26.9 and 19.9% respectively). The share of people of working age increased throughout the republic as a whole from 55.5% in 1989 to 60.3% in 2002.
The gender structure of the population is characterized by a predominance of women, and there is a downward trend in the proportion of women in the total population. Thus, according to the 1959 census, this share was 57.3%, and according to the 2002 census - 53.7%. Thus, there is a process of equalizing the ratio of men and women.
Migration
The decrease in the population of Chuvashia is not only due to natural movement (fertility and mortality), but also due to population migration. The main regions of departure of the population of Chuvashia are Moscow and the Moscow region, Tatarstan, Nizhny Novgorod region, and Ulyanovsk region.
The national composition of those arriving in Chuvashia from regions of Russia is characterized by approximately equal numbers of Chuvash and Russians. The number of Russians leaving Chuvashia is almost 2 times greater than the Chuvash ones.
National composition
Ethnic map of Chuvashia| 1939 people |
% | 1959 people |
% | 1989 people |
% | 2002 people |
% from Total |
% from indicating- shih national nal- ness |
2010 people |
% from Total |
% from indicating- shih national nal- ness |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1076810 | 100,00 % | 1097859 | 100,00 % | 1338023 | 100,00 % | 1313754 | 100,00 % | 1251619 | 100,00 % | ||
| Chuvash | 777202 | 72,18 % | 770351 | 70,17 % | 906922 | 67,78 % | 889268 | 67,69 % | 67,87 % | 814750 | 65,10 % | 67,70 % |
| Russians | 241386 | 22,42 % | 263692 | 24,02 % | 357120 | 26,69 % | 348515 | 26,53 % | 26,60 % | 323274 | 25,83 % | 26,86 % |
| Tatars | 29007 | 2,69 % | 31357 | 2,86 % | 35689 | 2,67 % | 36379 | 2,77 % | 2,78 % | 34214 | 2,73 % | 2,84 % |
| Mordva | 22512 | 2,09 % | 23863 | 2,17 % | 18686 | 1,40 % | 15993 | 1,22 % | 1,22 % | 13014 | 1,04 % | 1,08 % |
| Ukrainians | 3629 | 0,34 % | 3837 | 0,35 % | 7302 | 0,55 % | 6422 | 0,49 % | 0,49 % | 4707 | 0,38 % | 0,39 % |
| Mari | 397 | 0,04 % | 755 | 0,07 % | 3799 | 0,28 % | 3542 | 0,27 % | 0,27 % | 3648 | 0,29 % | 0,30 % |
| Belarusians | 648 | 0,06 % | 1113 | 0,10 % | 2198 | 0,16 % | 1881 | 0,14 % | 0,14 % | 1417 | 0,11 % | 0,12 % |
| Armenians | 108 | 0,01 % | 142 | 318 | 0,02 % | 1261 | 0,10 % | 0,10 % | 1290 | 0,10 % | 0,11 % | |
| Azerbaijanis | 41 | 0,00 % | 181 | 422 | 0,03 % | 857 | 0,07 % | 0,07 % | 891 | 0,07 % | 0,07 % | |
| Tajiks | 9 | 0,00 % | 135 | 0,01 % | 383 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 644 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | ||
| Gypsies | 42 | 0,00 % | 58 | 0,01 % | 452 | 0,03 % | 701 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | 602 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % |
| Uzbeks | 47 | 0,00 % | 129 | 210 | 0,02 % | 356 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 565 | 0,05 % | 0,05 % | |
| Moldovans | 15 | 0,00 % | 68 | 0,01 % | 250 | 0,02 % | 359 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 461 | 0,04 % | 0,04 % |
| Germans | 322 | 0,03 % | 291 | 0,03 % | 376 | 0,03 % | 520 | 0,04 % | 0,04 % | 404 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % |
| Udmurts | 66 | 0,01 % | 76 | 0,01 % | 558 | 0,04 % | 453 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 332 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % |
| Jews | 545 | 0,05 % | 1003 | 0,09 % | 690 | 0,05 % | 393 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 317 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % |
| Bashkirs | 53 | 0,00 % | 280 | 0,02 % | 318 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 295 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | ||
| Georgians | 100 | 0,01 % | 108 | 0,01 % | 151 | 0,01 % | 405 | 0,03 % | 0,03 % | 240 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % |
| Kazakhs | 84 | 0,01 % | 67 | 0,01 % | 194 | 0,01 % | 240 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 190 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % |
| Greeks | 16 | 0,00 % | 199 | 0,01 % | 200 | 0,02 % | 0,02 % | 166 | 0,01 % | 0,01 % | ||
| other | 513 | 0,05 % | 752 | 0,07 % | 2061 | 0,15 % | 1854 | 0,14 % | 0,14 % | 2129 | 0,17 % | 0,18 % |
| indicated nationality | 1076742 | 99,99 % | 1097843 | 100,00 % | 1338012 | 100,00 % | 1310300 | 99,74 % | 100,00 % | 1203550 | 96,16 % | 100,00 % |
| did not indicate nationality | 68 | 0,01 % | 16 | 0,00 % | 11 | 0,00 % | 3454 | 0,26 % | 48069 | 3,84 % |
Chuvash
Main article: Resettlement of the Chuvash in RussiaTatars
Main article: Settlement of Tatars in RussiaTatars live compactly in the Batyrevsky, Kozlovsky, Komsomolsky, Shemurshinsky, and Yalchik districts. Chuvashia has 24 Tatar, 5 mixed settlements. There are 19 schools teaching the Tatar language, 24 mosques (as of 1997). There are the All-Tatar Social Center of Chuvashia (Cheboksary, since 1992), the Tatar Social and Cultural Center of Chuvashia (Shygyrdan village, Batyrevsky district, since 1993). The newspaper “Vakyt (newspaper of Chuvashia)” is published (since 1996). The Tatar People's Theater (village of Polevye Bikshiki, Batyrevsky district, since 1965) and the folklore and variety ensemble "Mishar" (village of Urmaevo, Komsomolsky district) perform.
General Map
Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the real population is displayed):
Mari El Nizhny Novgorod Region Tatarstan Mordovia Cheboksary Novocheboksarsk Kanash Alatyr Shumerlya Tsivilsk Kugesi Vurnary Kozlovka Yadrin Mariinsky Posad Ibresi New Lapsary Poretskoye Urmary Batyrevo Shygyrdan Komsomolskoye Krasnoarmeiskoye Shemursha Novoe Atlashevo Morgaushi Yantikovo Ishley Alikovo (Alikovsky district) Krasnye Chetai Yalchiki Bolshoi Karachur Shorkistry Arabosi Turmyshi Toburdanovo Urmaevo Tarkhany Trekhbaltaevo Suguty Stemasy Napolnoye Buinsk Klimovo New Churashevo Kirya Burtasy Kalinino Cherepanovo Tyurlema Churachiki Populated areas of ChuvashiaNotes
- 1 2 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015.
- Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and average for 2014 (published March 17, 2015)
- All-Union Population Census of 1926. M.: Publication of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated areas. Available urban and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
- Statistical reference book of the USSR for 1928.
- All-Union Population Census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
- All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to census data as of January 15, 1970 for republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
- All-Union Population Census 1979
- All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2010
- All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
- All-Russian population census 2010. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, settlements of the Chuvash Republic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015.
- Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
- Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
- Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
- 1 2 3 4
- 1 2 3 4
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
- Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
- 1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1939. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by region of Russia: Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- All-Russian Population Census 2002: Population by nationality and Russian language proficiency by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
- All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
- Tatar encyclopedic dictionary. - Kazan, 1999.
| Population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Republic |
Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Komi Crimea Mari El Mordovia Sakha (Yakutia) North Ossetia Tatarstan Tyva Udmurtia Khakassia Chechnya Chuvashia |
|
| The edges |
Altai Transbaikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk |
|
| Regions |
Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Ivanovo Irkutsk Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Orel Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sam Arskaya Saratovskaya Sakhalinskaya Sverdlovskaya Smolenskaya Tambovskaya Tver Tomskaya Tula Tyumenskaya Ulyanovskaya Chelyabinskaya Yaroslavlskaya |
|
| Federal cities |
Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol |
|
| Autonomous region |
Jewish |
|
| Autonomous okrugs |
Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2 |
|
|
1 Located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region |
||
| Chuvashia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Capital: Cheboksary Districts: Alatyr | Alikovsky | Batyrevsky | Vurnarsky | Ibresinsky | Kanashsky | Kozlovsky | Komsomolsky | Krasnoarmeysky | Krasnochetaysky | Mariinsko-Posadsky | Morgaushsky | Poretsky | Urmarsky | Tsivilsky | Cheboksary | Shemurshinsky | Shumerlinsky | Yadrinsky | Yalchiksky | Yantikovsky Articles: Geography | Coat of arms | Anthem | History | Population| Administrative division | Flag |
|||
Population of Chuvashia Information About
(Analytical review based on official data from government statistical bodies)
About the potential of Chuvashia in the Russian Federation in 1990-2015
The population of the republic as of January 1, 2016 was 1 million 236.6 thousand people, or 0.844 percent of the total population of Russia, taking into account the Crimean Federal District. For 2006-2015 The population of Chuvashia was declining at a faster rate than the population of the Russian Federation as a whole. In 1990, the population of the Chuvash Republic was equal to 0.904 percent of the total population of the RSFSR (excluding Crimea and Sevastopol).
As of January 1, 2016, the level of general unemployment in our republic was 5.0% of the total number of employed, which is higher than the figures for the Volga Federal District as a whole, equal to 4.8%.
During the years of “reforms” (1991-2015), the economic potential of Russia, as well as its constituent entities, decreased significantly, since the ongoing “reforms”, privatization and appropriation of national wealth by oligarchs and other representatives of the alliance of the bourgeoisie, officials and criminals destroyed enterprises, organizations, collective farms and state farms.
At the same time, the decline in the economic potential of Chuvashia was greater than the Russian average. This can be clearly seen from the following table:
| Share of Chuvashia in the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole in% (RF=100%) | 1990 | 2005 | 2010 | 2013 |
| Population | 0,904 | 0,905 | 0,879 | 0,863 |
| Gross regional product | 0,800 | 0,426 | 0,408 | 0,416 |
| Cost of fixed assets (at the end of the year) | 0,779 | 0,610 | 0,529 | 0,486 |
| Industrial output volume | 0,783 | 0,439 | 0,396 | 0,363 |
| Agricultural production | 1,192 | 0,991 | 0,858 | 0,940 |
| Scope of capital construction work | 0,739 | 0,600 | 0,421 | 0,541 |
| Investments in fixed capital | 0,763 | 0,536 | 0,466 | … |
| Retail trade turnover | 0,567 | 0,423 | 0,498 | 0,506 |
| Public catering turnover | 1,000 | 0,500 | 0,688 | 0,699 |
| Research and development personnel | 0,439 | 0,173 | 0,128 | 0,177 |
For example, if in 1990 the volume of industrial products produced at the enterprises of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was equal to 0.783 of the total volume in the RSFSR, then in 2005 it amounted to only 0.390% of the all-Russian total, i.e. the rate of decline in Chuvashia was 2.0 times greater than in the country. At the end of 2013, the volume of industrial production of the republic was equal to only 0.363% of the all-Russian total. The fall continues.
The gross regional product, which in 1990 amounted to 0.800 of the total volume in the Russian Federation, decreased to 0.416% in 2013. The volume of capital construction work, accordingly, over these years decreased from 0.739% to 0.541% of the total volume in the Russian Federation. The value of fixed assets of the Chuvash Republic in 1990 was 0.779% of their total value in the Russian Federation as a whole; in 2013 this figure decreased to 0.486%.
The volumes of retail trade turnover and public catering in 1990 in Chuvashia amounted to 0.567% and 1.000% of the total volume in the RSFSR, respectively. And in 2013 they were equal to only 0.506% and 0.699%, respectively.
In general, in the Chuvash Republic in comparable prices at the end of 2015, industrial production amounted to only 69.5%, agricultural production - 76.8%, the volume of construction contracts - 39.3% of their 1990 level, respectively.
Comparison of the standard of living of the population of Chuvashia and
Russian Federation in 1990 – 2015
A more rapid decline in the economic potential of Chuvashia in 1990–2015 compared to the Russian average was accompanied by a significant relative decrease in cash income and wages of the population of the republic compared to the Russian Federation, as can be seen from the following table:
|
Subjects Russian Federation |
Average per capita income of the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a percentage of the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole (per month) | ||||
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | |
| Russian Federation | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 |
| 83,11 | 87,80 | ||||
| Republic of Bashkortostan | 83,41 | 76,11 | 85,01 | 93,59 | 107,20 |
| Mari El Republic | 78,80 | 46,82 | 41,74 | 53,98 | 56,30 |
| The Republic of Mordovia | 85,71 | 49,45 | 51,24 | 58,53 | 57,30 |
| Republic of Tatarstan | 86,18 | 79,48 | 90,38 | 90,85 | 107,20 |
| Udmurt republic | 88,48 | 66,37 | 57,56 | 65,78 | 78,50 |
| Chuvash Republic | 76,04 | 49,98 | 48,67 | 58,00 | 58,10 |
| Perm region | 88,02 | 105,26 | 101,38 | 102,83 | 98,50 |
| Kirov region | 91,71 | 59,58 | 56,62 | 70,87 | 73,20 |
| Nizhny Novgorod Region | 91,24 | 75,32 | 75,56 | 86,61 | 102,20 |
| Orenburg region | 89,86 | 63,61 | 62,13 | 70,94 | 77,80 |
| Penza region | 86,18 | 55,24 | 53,75 | 67,24 | 71,10 |
| Samara Region | 93,55 | 114,20 | 115,59 | 107,37 | 89,4 |
| Saratov region | 90,78 | 67,51 | 61,67 | 63,33 | 66,60 |
| Ulyanovsk region | 87,10 | 55,98 | 56,28 | 68,33 | 69,20 |
Over the years of “reforms,” the monetary income of the population has decreased both in the Russian Federation and in individual regions of the country, including those included in the Volga Federal District. But these rates of decline varied. Thus, if in 1990 the average per capita monetary income in the Czech Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was 76.04% of the level in the RSFSR, then at the end of 2015 they amounted to only 58.10% of the Russian average. To compare and evaluate the results of the “reforms,” we present indicators for other subjects of the Volga Federal District.
Similar trends are typical for the indicators of the average monthly nominal accrued wages of workers (see table):
| Subjects Russian Federation |
Average monthly nominal accrued wages in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a percentage of the indicators for the Russian Federation as a whole | ||||
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | |
| Russian Federation | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 |
| Volga Federal District | 88,78 | 80,19 | 75,67 | 74,52 | 75,70 |
| Republic of Bashkortostan | 88,78 | 86,93 | 77,29 | 78,17 | 76,00 |
| Mari El Republic | 83,83 | 52,39 | 57,72 | 60,38 | 64,90 |
| The Republic of Mordovia | 81,85 | 49,82 | 59,16 | 56,72 | 65,10 |
| Republic of Tatarstan | 88,78 | 90,41 | 82,62 | 82,81 | 86,30 |
| Udmurt republic | 94,72 | 78,33 | 74,50 | 68,21 | 74,10 |
| Chuvash Republic | 78,22 | 53,80 | 59,30 | 62,07 | 62,90 |
| Perm region | 93,07 | 109,46 | 90,58 | 83,23 | 83,10 |
| Kirov region | 92,41 | 68,44 | 66,58 | 63,44 | 64,80 |
| Nizhny Novgorod Region | 87,79 | 76,35 | 76,37 | 77,93 | 78,70 |
| Orenburg region | 93,07 | 83,15 | 72,05 | 72,54 | 72,10 |
| Penza region | 82,84 | 56,58 | 60,86 | 68,84 | 68,20 |
| Samara Region | 90,76 | 99,58 | 90,77 | 78,65 | 80,10 |
| Saratov region | 87,13 | 62,58 | 63,58 | 69,46 | 66,30 |
| Ulyanovsk region | 87,46 | 64,27 | 62,46 | 63,66 | 67,10 |
The table shows that in 1990 the average salary in Chuvashia was equal to 78.22% of the average salary in the RSFSR. At the end of 2015, this figure decreased to 62.90%.
Something else is also important. With each subsequent year, the gap in the level of wages and monetary income of the population in absolute terms increases. Thus, in 2000, the average salary in the Russian Federation was 2234 rubles, and in Chuvashia – 1196.2 rubles. (the gap is 1037.8 rubles). In 2006, the average salary in the Russian Federation was 10,727.7 rubles, and in the Czech Republic – 6,407.2 rubles. (gap – 4320.5 rubles). At the end of 2015, for the Russian Federation - 33981.0, for Chuvashia - 21360.0 rubles. (gap – 12611.0 rubles). This is already a significant gap.
The program of the Government of the Chuvash Republic to increase wages does not reduce this gap, but increases it. Our republic is falling further and further behind the Russian Federation.
The same is true for cash income. If in 2001 the average per capita cash income in Chuvashia was 1140 rubles, in the Russian Federation - 2281 rubles. (the gap is 1141 rubles), then at the end of 2006 the income amounted to 5294.4 rubles, respectively. and 9947.3 rub. (in Chuvashia less by 4652.9 rubles). At the end of 2015, the figures were respectively equal to 18,508 rubles. in Chuvashia and 30,306 rubles. In Russian federation. That is, the gap has already increased to 11,798 rubles.
The most acute social problem remains poverty among most of the population of Chuvashia. Almost all pensioners belong to the poorest category. In 1990, the average monthly pension was 101 rubles, including pensions for old age - 108 rubles, for disability - 89 rubles, for the loss of a breadwinner (for each disabled family member - 68.6 rubles), for long service years (teachers, doctors, etc.) – 102 rubles, social pensions – 60.7 rubles. This was significantly higher than the subsistence level, which was about 46 rubles. At the same time, a loaf of bread then cost 18 kopecks, a ticket on public transport – 5 kopecks, rent for a 2-3-room apartment – 12-18 rubles. per month.
In 2015, pensions in the republic amounted to 10,901.4 rubles, which is practically lower than the real minimum subsistence level (survival threshold), taking into account inflation.
Moreover, in most cases, these pensions must also support other unemployed family members, children and grandchildren.
During the Soviet period (1990), the population with incomes below the subsistence level was no more than 4-6%, and at the end of 2015 - 16.3% of the total population of the Chuvash Republic.
Conclusions:
The relative underestimation of wages and the reduction of pensions and social guarantees to the population from the state and private capital that accompanied the “reforms” over the past 20 years tend to decrease in subsequent years. The conclusion is this: the governments of the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic and private capital (the union of oligarchs, officials and criminals) continue to use financial levers to redistribute income from workers and pensioners in favor of the rich for their further accumulation of capital at the expense of the bulk of the population. And in this matter, the population of our republic is losing more and more compared to the average for the Russian Federation.
For example, if in 1990 the average salary in Moscow was 337 rubles, then in Chuvashia it was 237 rubles. per month, i.e. the gap is 1.42 times. In 2006, respectively – 18698.6 rubles. and 6407.2 rub. The gap is 2.92 times. In 2015, salaries were 64,324 and 21,360 rubles, respectively. The gap is 3.01 times, i.e. has become even bigger and will continue to grow. Added to the problem of poverty is the problem of social inequality.
Over all these years, some growth in wages in the republic was accompanied by a rapid increase in prices for essential goods.
Thus, at the end of 2015, the average salary in Chuvashia, as we have already announced, amounted to 62.90% of the average salary in the Russian Federation. But at the same time, the cost of the minimum set of food products in Chuvashia in December 2014 was 87% of the average Russian cost. The cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services, respectively, was 87% of the Russian average.
It turns out that prices for the same goods in Chuvashia are 43% more expensive relative to Russia when comparing the actual purchasing power of accrued wages in the Chuvash Republic and the Russian Federation.
This is the inconsistency of the policies of the current government. We need another program that would serve not the oligarchs, but the working people.
THIS PROGRAM WAS PRESENTED TO THE PEOPLE BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
State Duma Deputy
Russian Federation
V.S. SHURCHANOV.
The Chuvash are a unique people who have been able to carry their authenticity through the centuries. It is the fifth largest nation in Russia, most of whose representatives speak the Chuvash language - the only living one of the extinct Bulgar group. They are considered the descendants of the ancient Sumerians and Huns, however, the Chuvash gave a lot to modern history. At a minimum, the homeland of the symbol of the revolution Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev.
Where live
More than half of the representatives of the Chuvash people - 67.7%, live on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. It is a subject of the Russian Federation and is located on the territory of the Volga Federal District. The republic borders on the Ulyanovsk and Nizhny Novgorod regions, Tatarstan, Mordovia and the Republic of Mari El. The capital of the Chuvash Republic is the city of Cheboksary.
Outside the Republic, the Chuvash live mainly in neighboring regions and Siberia, with a small part living outside the Russian Federation. One of the largest Chuvash diasporas in Ukraine - about 10 thousand people. In addition, representatives of the nationality live in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
There are three ethnographic groups on the territory of the Republic of Chuvashia. Among them:
- Horse Chuvash. They live in the northwestern part of the region, have local names turi or virial.
- Middle-bottom Chuvash. Their location is the northeast of the Republic, dialect name anat enchi.
- Grassroots Chuvash. They live in the southern part of the region, in the Chuvash language they have the name anatri.
Number
The Chuvash are the fifth largest ethnic group in Russia: about 1,400,000, according to the 2010 census. Of these, more than 814 thousand people live on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. About 400 thousand Chuvash are located in neighboring regions: Bashkortostan - 107.5 thousand, Tatarstan - 116.3 thousand, Samara - 84.1 thousand and Ulyanovsk - 95 thousand regions.
It is worth noting that the number of Chuvash by 2010 decreased by 14% compared to the 2002 census. Negative dynamics brought this indicator to the level of 1995, which ethnographers perceive as a negative result of assimilation.
Name
The main version of the origin of the name is associated with the ancient tribe “Suvars” or “Suvazy”. It was first mentioned in the 10th century in the memoirs of the traveler of Arab origin Ibn Fadlan. The author wrote about a tribe that was part of the Volga Bulgaria and refused to convert to Islam. Some researchers believe that it was the Suvars who became the ancestors of the Chuvash, who went to the upper reaches of the Volga in order to avoid the imposition of an alien religion.
In chronicles, this name was first mentioned only in the 16th-17th centuries, during the period of the Chuvash Daruga joining the Russian state after the fall of the Kazan Khanate. One of the earliest evidence is the description of the mountain Cheremis (modern Mari) and Chuvash by Andrei Kurbsky, who spoke about the campaign against Kazan in 1552.
The self-name of the people is Chavash, which is considered the traditional definition of nationality. The name of the nationality in other languages is similar in sound: “chuash” and “chuvazh” - among the Mordovians and Tatars, “syuash” - among the Kazakhs and Bashkirs.
Some researchers believe that the roots of the name and the people go back to the ancient Sumerians, but geneticists have not found confirmation of this theory. Another version is associated with the Turkic word javas, which means “peaceful, friendly.” By the way, such character traits, along with decency, modesty and honesty, are characteristic of modern Chuvash people.
Language
Until the 10th century, the language of the Suvazian tribes existed on the basis of ancient runic writing. In the X-XV centuries, during the close proximity to Muslim tribes and the Kazan Khanate, the alphabet was replaced by Arabic. However, the sound of the language and the definition of local dialects became increasingly distinctive during this period. This allowed the formation of an authentic, so-called Middle Bulgarian language by the 16th century.
Since 1740, a new page in the history of the Chuvash language began. During this period, Christian preachers and priests from among the local population began to appear in the region. This led to the creation in 1769-1871 of a new version of writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The basis of the literary language was the dialects of the lower Chuvash. The alphabet was finally formed by 1949, and consists of 37 letters: 33 of them are characters of the Russian alphabet and 4 additional Cyrillic characters.
In total, the Chuvash language has three dialects:
- Grassroots. It is distinguished by an abundance of “hooking” sounds and is widespread downstream of the Sura River.
- Horse. “Outlining” phonetics, characteristic of the inhabitants of the upper reaches of the Sura.
- Malokarachinsky. A separate dialect of Chuvash, characterized by changes in vocalism and consonantism.
Modern Chuvash language belongs to the Turkic language family. Its unique feature is that it is the only living language of the extinct Bulgarian group in the world. This is the official language of the Chuvash Republic, which, along with Russian, is the state language. It is studied in local schools, as well as in educational institutions in some regions of Tatarstan and Bashkiria. According to the 2010 census, the Chuvash language is spoken by more than 1 million Russian citizens.
Story
The ancestors of the modern Chuvash were the nomadic tribe of Savirs, or Suvars, who lived in the Western Caspian region since the 2nd century AD. In the 6th century, its migration to the North Caucasus began, where part of it formed the Hunnic kingdom, and part was defeated and driven out to Transcaucasia. In the 8th-9th centuries, the descendants of the Suvars settled in the Middle Volga region, where they became part of the Volga Bulgars. During this period, there was a significant unification of culture, religion, traditions and customs of peoples.
In addition, researchers note a significant influence on the language, objects of material and spiritual culture of the ancient farmers of Western Asia. It is believed that the southern tribes, who migrated during the Great Migration of Peoples, partially settled in the Volga region and assimilated with the Bulgarian-Suvar peoples.
However, already at the end of the 9th century, the ancestors of the Chuvash separated from the Bulgarian kingdom and migrated further north due to their rejection of Islam. The final formation of the Chuvash people ended only in the 16th century, when the assimilation of the Suvars, Tatars from the neighboring Kazan kingdom and Russians took place.
During the reign of the Kazan Khanate, the Chuvash were part of it, but they remained separate and independent, despite the need to pay tribute. Soon after the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the Chuvash accepted the power of the Russian state, but throughout history they defended their rights. Thus, they participated in the uprisings of Stenka Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, opposed the arbitrariness of officials in 1571-1573, 1609-1610, 1634. Such self-will caused problems for the state, therefore, until the 19th century, a ban on blacksmithing was in force in the region to stop the production of weapons.
Appearance
The appearance of the Chuvash was influenced by the long history of migration of the ancestral people and significant mixing with representatives of the Bulgar and Asian tribes. Modern Chuvash people have the following types of appearance:
- Mongoloid-Caucasian type with a predominance of European features - 63.5%
- Caucasian types (with light brown hair and light eyes, as well as with darker skin and hair, brown eyes) - 21.1%
- pure Mongoloid type - 10.3%
- sublaponoid type or Volga-Kama race with mildly expressed Mongoloid characteristics - 5.1%
From a genetic point of view, it is also impossible to distinguish a pure “Chuvash haplogroup”: all representatives of the nation are of mixed race. According to the maximum correspondence among the Chuvash, the following haplogroups are distinguished:
- Northern European - 24%
- Slavic R1a1 - 18%
- Finno-Ugric N - 18%
- Western European R1b - 12%
- Jewish J inherited from the Khazars - 6%
In addition, genetic connections between the Chuvash and neighboring peoples have been discovered. Thus, the Mari, who in the Middle Ages lived in the same region with the Bulgarian-Suvars and were called the Mountain Cheremis, share with the Chuvash a mutation of the LIPH chromosome gene, which causes earlier baldness.
Among the typical appearance features it is worth noting:
- average height for men and short for women;
- coarse hair that naturally rarely has a curl;
- darker skin tone and eye color in Caucasians;
- short, slightly depressed nose;
- the presence of epicanthus (a characteristic fold in the corner of the eyes) in representatives of mixed and Mongoloid types;
- the shape of the eyes is almond-shaped, slightly slanting;
- wide face;
- prominent cheekbones.
Ethnographers of the past and present noted soft facial features, a good-natured and open expression associated with character traits. The Chuvash have bright and agile facial expressions, easy movements, and good coordination. In addition, representatives of the nation were mentioned in all testimonies as neat, clean, well-built and neat people who created a pleasant impression with their appearance and behavior.
Cloth
In everyday life, Chuvash men dressed simply: a loose shirt and trousers made of homespun cloth, which was made from hemp and flax. The look was completed with a simple hat with a narrow brim and shoes made of bast or leather. The habitats of the people were distinguished by the appearance of the shoes: the Western Chuvash wore bast shoes with foot wraps in black, while the Eastern Chuvash preferred white. It is interesting that men wore onuchi only in winter, while women complemented their look with them all year round.
Unlike men, who wore national costumes with ornaments only for weddings and religious ceremonies, women preferred to look attractive every day. Their traditional clothing included a long, tunic-like shirt made of white store-bought or homespun cloth and an apron.
Among the Western Viryalas, it was complemented by a bib, traditional embroidery and appliqués. Eastern Anatri did not use a bib, but made an apron from checkered fabric. Sometimes there was an alternative option, the so-called “modesty apron.” It was located on the back of the belt and reached mid-thigh. An obligatory element of the costume is a headdress, of which Chuvash women had many variations. In everyday life they used light-colored scarves, canvas surpans or headbands similar to an Arab turban. The traditional headdress, which has become one of the symbols of the people, is the tukhya cap, resembling a helmet in shape and richly decorated with coins, beads and beads.
Chuvash women also hold other bright accessories in high esteem. Among them were ribbons embroidered with beads, which were passed over the shoulder and under the arm, neck, waist, chest and even back decorations. A characteristic feature of the ornaments is the strict geometry of the forms and specularity, the abundance of rhombuses, eights and stars.
Housing
The Chuvash settled in small villages and villages, which were called yaly and were located near rivers, lakes and ravines. In the southern regions the type of settlement was linear, and in the northern regions it was the traditional cumulus-cluster type. Usually, related families settled at different ends of the yawl and helped each other in everyday life in every possible way. The increase in population in the villages, as well as the traditional modern formation of streets, appeared in the region only in the 19th century.
The home of the Chuvash was a solid house made of wood, for insulation of which straw and clay were used. The hearth was located indoors and had a chimney; the house itself had a regular square or quadrangular shape. During their neighbors with the Bukharans, many Chuvash houses had real glass, but in the future most of them were replaced with specially made glass.
The courtyard had the shape of an elongated rectangle and was traditionally divided into two parts. The first contained the main living house, a summer kitchen with an open fireplace and all the outbuildings. Products were stored in dry cellars called nukhreps. In the back part they laid out a vegetable garden, equipped a corral for livestock, and sometimes there was a threshing floor there. There was also a bathhouse located here, which was available in every yard. Often an artificial pond was dug next to it, or they preferred to locate all buildings near a natural reservoir.
Family life
The main wealth of the Chuvash is family relationships and respect for elders. Traditionally, three generations lived in a family at the same time, the elderly were carefully looked after, and they, in turn, raised their grandchildren. Folklore is permeated with songs dedicated to love for parents; there are even more of them than ordinary love songs.
Despite the equality of the sexes, the mother, “api,” is sacred for the Chuvash. Her name is not mentioned in abusive or vulgar conversations or ridicule, even if they want to offend a person. It is believed that her word is healing, and a curse is the worst thing that can happen. The Chuvash proverb eloquently testifies to the attitude towards the mother: ““Treat your mother with pancakes baked in your own palm every day - you still won’t repay her with kindness for kindness, or labor for labor.”
Children are no less important in family life than parents: they are loved and welcomed regardless of the degree of relationship. Therefore, in traditional Chuvash settlements there are practically no orphans. Children are pampered, but they do not forget to instill hard work and the ability to count money from an early age. They are also taught that the main thing in a person is kămăl, that is, spiritual beauty, the inner spiritual essence that can be seen in absolutely everyone.
Before the widespread spread of Christianity, polygamy was allowed, and the traditions of sororate and levirate were practiced. This means that after the death of her husband, the wife had to marry her husband's brother. Sororat allowed the husband to sequentially or simultaneously take one or more of his wife’s sisters as his wife. The tradition of minorat, that is, the transfer of inheritance to the youngest in the family, is still preserved. In this regard, the youngest of the children often remains for the rest of their lives in their parents’ house, caring for them and helping with the housework.
Men and women
The Chuvash husband and wife have the same rights: the man is responsible for everything that happens outside the home, and the woman takes full responsibility for everyday life. Interestingly, she can independently manage the profit she receives from the sale of products from the yard: milk, eggs, fabrics. It values hard work, honesty and the ability to have children most of all.
It is especially honorable to give birth to a boy, and although girls are loved no less in Chuvash families, their appearance means additional troubles, since each of them has to be paid a substantial dowry. The Chuvash believed that the later a girl gets married, the better: this will allow her to accumulate more dowry and thoroughly learn all the intricacies of housekeeping. Young men were married as early as possible, so in traditional families the husband is often several years younger. However, women had the right of inheritance from their parents and husband, so they often became the head of the family.
Life
Today, as throughout history, agriculture continues to play a major role in the life of the Chuvash. Since ancient times, people have been actively engaged in agriculture, using three-field or slash-and-burn systems. The main crops were wheat, rye, oats, spelt, peas, and buckwheat.
Flax and hemp were grown to create fabrics, and hops and malt were grown to produce beer. The Chuvash have always been famous as excellent brewers: every family has its own beer recipe. Stronger varieties were produced for holidays, but in everyday life they drank low-alcohol varieties. Intoxicating drinks were produced from wheat.
Livestock farming was not so popular because there was a lack of suitable forage land in the region. Households raised horses, cows, pigs, sheep, and poultry. Another traditional occupation of the Chuvash is beekeeping. Along with beer, honey was one of the main export goods to neighboring regions.
The Chuvash have always been involved in gardening, planting turnips, beets, onions, legumes, fruit trees, and later potatoes. Among the crafts, wood carving, basket and furniture weaving, pottery, weaving and handicrafts flourished brightly. The Chuvash achieved great success in woodworking handicrafts: the production of matting, ropes and ropes, carpentry, cooperage, carpentry, tailoring, and wheelwork.
Religion
Today, more than half of the Chuvash formally profess Christianity, but there are still associations of adherents of traditional paganism, as well as religious syncretism. A few groups of Chuvash profess Sunni Islam.
In ancient times, the Chuvash believed that the world was a cube, in the center of which were the Chuvash. Along the shores the land was washed by oceans, which gradually destroyed the land. It was believed that as soon as the edge of the earth reached the Chuvash, the end of the world would come. On the sides of the cube were the heroes guarding it, below was the kingdom of evil, and above were the deities and spirits of those who died in infancy.
Despite the fact that the people professed paganism, they had only one supreme god, Tour, who ruled the lives of people, sent disasters to them, and emitted thunder and lightning. Evil was personified with the deity Shuittan and his servants - evil spirits. After death, they tortured sinners in nine cauldrons, under which they maintained a fire for eternity. However, the Chuvash did not believe in the existence of hell and heaven, just as they did not support the idea of rebirth and transmigration of souls.
Traditions
After the Christianization of society, pagan holidays were correlated with Orthodox ones. Most of the ritual celebrations occurred in the spring and were associated with agricultural work. Thus, the holiday of the winter equinox Surkhuri marked the approach of spring and the increase in sunny days. Then came the analogue of Maslenitsa, the sun festival of Savarni, after which Mancun was celebrated for several days, coinciding with the Orthodox Radonitsa. It lasted several days during which sacrifices were made to the sun and ceremonies of veneration of ancestors were carried out. The month of remembrance was also in December: the culture believed that the spirits of ancestors could send curses and blessings, so they were placated regularly throughout the year.
Famous Chuvash
One of the most famous natives of Chuvashia, born near Cheboksary, is the famous Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev. He became a real symbol of the revolution and a hero of national folklore: they not only make films about him, but also come up with witty jokes about Russian ingenuity.
Andriyan Nikolaev was also from Chuvashia - the third Soviet citizen to conquer space. Among his personal achievements is working in orbit without a spacesuit for the first time in world history.
The Chuvash have a rich historical and cultural past, which they have been able to preserve to this day. The combination of ancient beliefs, customs and traditions, adherence to the native language help preserve authenticity and transfer the accumulated knowledge to new generations.