What does construction and installation work mean? Construction and installation works. Organization of construction and installation work

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Construction and installation work is the general name for all work in construction. Assembly work is work performed using finished parts. All types of construction work are divided into general construction, special, transport, loading and unloading. General construction refers to work related to the construction of buildings and structures. General construction work is divided according to the type of materials processed or structural elements erected. Excavation work includes: digging pits, pits, trenches for strip foundations, free-standing supports, basements, underground communications; soil transportation - loading, removal, unloading, site planning, stripping, backfilling, embankment construction, soil compaction, etc. Piling work - installation of pile foundations, driving piles or driving piles. Stone work is the construction of walls, supports, vaults, pillars, and from piece products (brick, natural stone, large concrete blocks). Concrete and reinforced concrete work - carried out during the construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, these works include the preparation of a concrete mixture, transportation, laying with compaction in a form (formwork), care of concrete - creating conditions for normal hardening, monolithic work used when monolithic joints between prefabricated elements, installation of formwork and reinforcement of monolithic sections. Installation work is the delivery to the workplace, installation, alignment and fastening of finished products - steel, concrete, reinforced concrete, wood, etc. Carpentry and joinery work is the delivery of finished wooden products to the workplace and installation of rafters, windows, doors, as well as flooring from boards and parquet. Roofing work includes covering attic roofs with steel and asbestos-cement sheets and non-attic roofs with rolled materials (tar paper, glassine, roofing felt). Finishing work includes plastering, cladding, and wallpapering the walls of buildings. Wall cladding is carried out using large-sized and small-sized tiles, sheet facing materials and is applied to the walls after the completion of stone work. Plastering can be done either manually for small volumes or mechanically for large volumes. Painting and pasting refers to painting work. Finishing work also includes work on covering floors with linoleum, plastic and other materials. Special work includes laying power and telephone wires, installing sanitary equipment, installing fire-resistant masonry, anti-corrosion coatings, etc.

The bulk of large and medium-sized projects are, in one way or another, related to the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities, housing, bridges, roads, etc. The buildings being erected are either the goal of the plan in themselves, or are an integral part of it, without which the continuation of the project is impossible. As a rule, the largest amount of financial and material resources spent is on construction and installation work - construction and installation work. Accordingly, the regulation of this activity in legislation occupies a special place.

What does construction and installation work mean and how are they regulated?

Construction as such includes a wide range of concepts. This is not only the construction of new structures and buildings, but also activities for their repair (current and major), restoration, reconstruction and renovation. The process itself is multifaceted and consists of the following stages:

• organizational (marketing research, development of project concept, selection of customer and contractor);
• survey (geodetic, geological, environmental, geotechnical, hydrometeorological);
• design (preparation of design and working documentation);
• material support phase (procurement of necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to the sites);
• construction and installation (preparatory, basic and finishing);
• commissioning (control measures and necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term “construction and installation work” depending on the dictionary, reference book or legislative act where this term is mentioned. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation work in construction is a certain list of operations aimed at the construction of new buildings, premises and the installation (installation) of the necessary equipment in them (ventilation, heating, gas and water supply systems, sewerage, etc.). ). For abbreviation in technical documentation, the abbreviation SMR is often used rather than the full name.

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for Construction Norms and Rules.

It includes five sections:

1. General questions, classification and terminology. Management, organization and economics.
2. Requirements and standards for the design of structures, foundations and equipment.
3. Preparation, execution and acceptance of completed operations. Recommendations for construction and installation works.
4. Standards for drawing up estimates for all types of operations with explanations.
5. Norms of labor and material costs, prices for performing manipulations.

Also, the production of building materials, structures and products is regulated by GOST (State Standards), developed by government agencies and scientists. GOSTs are approved by Gosstandart and Gosstroy of the Russian Federation. For certain technologies and materials, especially new ones, manufacturers develop specifications (Technical Conditions), which are agreed upon with government agencies. With the development of best practices and new technologies, the entire regulatory framework is regularly reviewed and changes are made.

Existing types

The construction of a new building or its deep reconstruction requires the implementation of a huge number of actions of different directions and intensity using a wide variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction can be carried out using several different methods:

• contractor(most common in Russia), when all operations are performed by specialized organizations in accordance with the concluded agreement with the customer;
• economic when the entire scope of construction and installation work is carried out by the enterprise’s own departments;
• mixed, when one part of the operations is carried out independently, and contractors are invited for the other.

Based on the focus and expected result, the following main types of construction and installation work are distinguished:

• general construction;
• transport;
• unloading and loading;
• special.

Usually, installation or construction work is distinguished depending on which operations predominate at a particular stage. Installation is an activity using ready-made parts or components, for example, installation of power electrical wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures, various equipment (pumping, energy, transport, technological), painting and insulation of pipelines.

General construction activities, based on the materials being processed and the structural elements being erected, are divided into the following types:

Some of these actions are combined into the term “zero cycle”, which is familiar to every builder. It represents the initial phase of construction and includes preparing the construction site and access roads to it, carrying out excavation work, and laying the foundation. The zero cycle ends when the underground part of the building is erected and utility networks are installed. This is followed by the above-ground and finishing cycles.

Special activities include those performed in a special way or with special materials that require specific knowledge and skills. These include, for example, the installation of complex devices and systems, elevators, telephone lines, lining of units with fire-resistant or acid-resistant masonry, and construction of mine shafts.

Loading, unloading and transport operations involve the delivery of structural elements and parts of different sizes, tools and necessary equipment to the workplace. Due to the variety of cargo being moved, specialized equipment is used, such as panel carriers, trailers, dump trucks, conveyors, loaders, excavators, and cranes.

Sometimes procurement operations are also distinguished, consisting of the production of semi-finished products (concrete mixture, reinforcement frame, mortar, prefabricated structures, including large-unit structures). Depending on the required volumes and complexity of production, they can be produced either by specialized enterprises (such as a reinforced concrete products plant) or directly on the construction site.

In addition to the construction of buildings, the list of construction operations also includes landscaping and landscaping, land reclamation, dredging, creation of environmental protection structures (anti-landslide, anti-erosion, anti-mudflow), bank protection, drilling, water pumping, etc.

Contractual relationship

Considering the complexity and diversity of actions carried out during the implementation of a project, especially a large one (construction of an industrial complex, military or agricultural facility), it is necessary to hire contractors to carry out all the necessary actions. Some of them cover most of the general construction processes, others specialize in certain areas that require special equipment and trained professional personnel.

Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a work contract, which has two contracting parties:

• the customer, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for carrying out certain processes, accepts the results and pays for them;
• a contractor who fulfills the customer's requirements within the agreed time frame.

The parties to the agreement may be legal entities, individuals or third parties who act on behalf and in the interests of the customer. Contractors are usually construction organizations or licensed individual entrepreneurs.

If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire scope of its obligations on its own, then it has the right (if this is not prohibited by the agreement) to enter into a subcontract agreement within the approved budget, that is, to attract other organizations to carry out certain processes.

Often, to carry out the entire construction complex, a general contractor is determined, who ensures and guarantees the entire construction process, fulfilling the order partly on its own, partly with the participation of subcontractors. The general contractor is responsible for all defects of subcontractors.

In addition to general provisions, such as the names of the parties, the date and place of signing, details, legal addresses and signatures of the parties, a standard contract agreement includes the following main sections:

In addition, the agreement has a number of annexes as an integral part, the list of which is indicated in the main body of the agreement. These include:

• calendar plan;
• lists of necessary equipment and materials;
• a copy of the customer’s title documents for the land plot;
• a copy of the customer’s permission to carry out construction;
• a copy of the contractor's license;
• acts of acceptance and transfer of technical documentation, materials and equipment;
• a copy of the insurance policy;
• regulations for the work carried out;
• estimate documentation;
• acceptance certificate.

If necessary, the parties may enter into additional agreements on certain issues as part of the execution of the general agreement. Problems arising in the production process are reflected in the protocols of disagreements and reconciliation of disagreements.

Depending on the scope of activities performed and the scale of the project, the contract may have different contents.

Thus, an agreement for the construction of a small residential building and a large factory can differ radically from each other, both in scope and in the detail of all the actions performed.

A construction contract imposes great responsibility on the contractor, since poor quality of workmanship, the use of low-quality materials and non-compliance with approved standards can cause destruction of structures, large financial losses or loss of life. Therefore, the quality of construction and installation work is of particular importance at each phase of construction.

The quality of construction products affects the cost and operational characteristics of the structure, their durability and efficiency. If an object is built from untested materials or in violation of technical regulations, then this leads to an increase in the cost of all processes due to the need to constantly correct identified deficiencies, increased operating costs for maintaining the object in working condition, and a decrease in the level of comfort of residents.

Control is carried out by checking the compliance of product indicators with the approved requirements recorded in technical specifications, standards, projects, supply contracts, product passports. The main task is to avoid marriage and defects and maintain proper product quality. There are two forms of quality control:

• production (internal) control system;
• external control.

Internal control is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Plants and factories that produce building materials issue passports for their products, confirming that they were manufactured in accordance with the state standard. The presence of such a passport when delivering products is mandatory.

Internal control has several areas that differ in their characteristics and focus.

By implementation time:

• Input. This is a study (external inspection) of materials, structures and products arriving at the construction site, as well as accompanying and technical documentation. The registration method is mainly used (analysis of passports, invoices, certificates), sometimes the measuring method is used.
• Operating. It is carried out during processes or immediately after their completion, has the form of a measurement or technical inspection, its results are necessarily recorded in special journals. The main figures at this stage are foremen, foremen, and site managers.
• Acceptance. It is carried out after the completion of a certain type of operation (stone, facing), representatives of the customer or designer often join the inspection, so it has an element of external control. As a result, a decision is made on the suitability of the facility and the possibility of continuing construction.

By volume of inspections:

• Solid. All structural elements or product units (piles, metal structures, etc.) are inspected.
• Selective. A certain part of the product, selected at random, is studied, its volumes are determined by SNiP (Building Norms and Rules).

By frequency:

• Constant. Information about the status of the parameter being monitored is provided continuously.
• Periodic. The parameter is monitored at certain intervals.
• Volatile. Checking occasionally (at any time), is used when there is no need for deeper forms of control.

By methods:

• Visual. It is based on GOST 16501-81.
• Measuring. It is carried out using the necessary measuring instruments, and, if necessary, laboratory analysis is carried out using appropriate equipment. A variety of methods can be used: mechanical (destructive), pulsed (acoustic, vibration) and radiation.
• Registration. This is an analysis of data that is recorded in various documents (magazines, certificates, inspection reports). It is used in cases where, for technical reasons, access to the controlled object is impossible.

To ensure appropriate product quality, large enterprises create specialized services, which are usually subordinate to the chief engineer (technical inspection, construction laboratory, geodetic service).

Analysis of data obtained as a result of instrumental research and comparison of them with current legal and design documentation is called construction expertise. It can be extrajudicial and judicial. All identified violations, deviations and defects are recorded in an expert report, which also includes photographs of the detected defects. Based on the results of the examination, the following are determined:

• assessment of wear of elements, utility networks and structures during operation;
• determining the amount of damage from emergency situations (fire, flooding);
• compliance with the project, GOST or SNiP;
• testing of materials and structures used;
• study of load-bearing elements in preparation for reconstruction or redevelopment.

International quality control practice suggests a slightly different approach to this issue, the basis of which is:

• the material interest and responsibility of each performer for the proper execution of all manipulations, which is regulated by internal management - this is a kind of standard established at the enterprise;
• clear instructions for each work process;
• availability of highly qualified personnel;
• equipping with modern high-tech equipment.

External quality control includes inspections carried out by organizations that have the right of supervision and are independent of the contractor organization. Its main forms are:

• technical supervision of the customer;
• designer's supervision of the design organization;
• state architectural and construction supervision;
• control during the commissioning of a facility by various acceptance committees: fire, sanitary and epidemiological, industrial and mining supervision, labor inspection.

Technical supervision by the customer. It is carried out continuously throughout the construction and installation work. The customer's representative participates in the inspection of all hidden actions carried out, acceptance commissions, and intermediate acceptance of the most important structural elements. If there is no customer approval, then no further operations are carried out. Representatives of technical supervision have the right to make decisions on suspending construction and refusing to pay for processes carried out in violation of design calculations and technology. If the quality ultimately turns out to be insufficient, then the customer’s technical supervision employees bear responsibility along with the contractors.

Author's supervision by the designer is also carried out on an ongoing basis. Its main difference from the control functions of GASN and technical supervision of the customer is that for its implementation a separate agreement is concluded between the customer and the designer with the appropriate payment. Architectural supervision consists of monitoring the exact adherence of all actions of the contractor to regulatory documents and the approved project.

All changes in the project and rationalization proposals must be agreed upon with a representative of the designer's supervision. He is also present at intermediate acceptances and inspections, resolves issues regarding design and estimate documentation, points out deficiencies and monitors their elimination. All comments from the designer's supervision are recorded in a special journal, which is then transferred to the customer.

State architectural and construction supervision carries out general control at all phases (research, project development, construction). Its representatives must check pre-project documents, issue a construction permit and check its implementation at any time. They have the right to suspend construction, fine and initiate criminal proceedings.

Certification and licensing as components of quality control

With the rapid development of new technologies, the development of innovative building materials and methods of their fastening, the question of compliance of these developments with approved standards and quality indicators has arisen. Therefore, in recent decades, great importance has been attached to the certification of manufactured products and licensing of design, survey and construction activities.

– this is an activity aimed at establishing compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved regulations and standards. It is aimed at protecting consumer rights and the environment, as well as for the safety of people’s health, life and property. Objects of certification in construction can be:

• design products;
• industrial products manufactured by enterprises of the construction industry and building materials;
• erected structures and buildings;
• relevant services and works;
• imported elements.

Certification comes in one form:

• Voluntary, based on the initiative of a product manufacturer wishing to confirm the conformity of its products to potential customers.
• Mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range of goods that, if of poor quality, can be dangerous to people’s health and the safety of their property (balcony doors, windows, structures for private houses, locks, sealants).

In general terms, certification of any type of product occurs as follows:

• the applicant submits a declaration for certification;
• the testing scheme and methodology are determined, as well as the testing laboratory;
• sampling and identification of samples, examination of products and study of the state of production;
• analysis of the results obtained;
• registration, registration and issuance of a certificate of conformity.

Licensing represents an examination of the applicant (legal or individual) and the documents submitted by him regarding their readiness to perform the types of activities specified in the application. A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and legislative acts, the implementation of the declared technological processes and the level of control over them, the qualifications and work experience of personnel, and reviews of the applicant’s clients.

The licensing regulations stipulate that the applicant must have at least half of the full-time number of specialists and managers in the field of design and construction with 3 to 5 years of experience in the specialty. In addition, on the basis of property rights (or on other legal grounds), the candidate must have the necessary objects, tools and means of production (special equipment, manual or automatic tools, transport, power plants, measuring instruments).

The classifier of design, construction and installation works clearly defines the list of actions and necessary equipment. Actions for the construction of objects for various purposes (functional and industrial), such as roads, aerospace or agricultural facilities, are combined together. Not only the construction and installation work itself is licensed, but also the functions of the general contractor and developer.

As a rule, the licensing period after the first application is short (1 year); if during this time the analysis did not show violations on the part of the applicant, then the next license can be valid for 5 years; upon repeated application, the entire procedure is completely repeated. If an organization violates the current legislation, the license may be revoked.

Organization of construction and installation work

In the process of constructing large objects, such as multi-storey buildings, bridges, roads, factories, various specialized and general construction organizations usually take part. In order to ensure uninterrupted processes and systematic phased commissioning of completed parts of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is necessary.

In practice, there are three main methods for organizing construction and installation work:

• Consistent. When using it, individual activities are carried out one after another, that is, the next one begins no earlier than the end of the previous one. This approach is poorly applicable to large-scale projects, since it requires a lot of time, but is suitable for the construction of single buildings, since a small number of workers can be used.
• Parallel. It is based on the maximum possible combination of various processes (installation and construction) in a single period of time. It makes it possible to erect several buildings at the same time, but requires a significant amount of labor and equipment.
• In-line. It consists of splitting complex processes, combined in time, into a number of simple operations performed sequentially. All actions are divided into threads that are executed within clearly defined deadlines. In each facility that is included in the flow, construction and installation work is carried out by complex teams moving from one building to another. This ensures an even load on personnel and rhythmic delivery of objects included in the flow.

Work execution projects (WPP) include major decisions on the organization of construction and installation work. The PPR is developed by specialized trusts or other organizations and consists of:

• a calendar plan in which all the work of different performers is noted, linked to deadlines;
• a master plan indicating the location of the facility itself, auxiliary sites, mechanized installations, warehouses, heat and power supply networks, access roads;
• schedule of requirements for the supply of products, materials, structures, special equipment, and workers.

For processes carried out using new methods and high complexity, the PPR contains technological maps.

They indicate economic and technical indicators, requirements for the necessary safety precautions, schedules and recommendations on methods of organizing the work of workers, the need for resources (parts, inventory, equipment), and calculations of labor costs.

Often, a number of unrelated works are carried out simultaneously on the site, for example, electrical installation, plumbing, carpentry, and tiling. The rhythm of the work process requires the supply of certain materials at the right time in sufficient quantities and in the correct technological sequence. In order to prevent downtime, taking into account the opinion of contractors, hourly schedules are developed, based on which the manufacturer ships and the auto plant delivers the required elements to the site.

To link the supply of parts and their installation, transport and installation schedules are drawn up. Based on the technological sequence of building installation and the standard time for installing each element, the time of arrival of vehicles at the site and the range of goods that are delivered on each flight are clearly outlined. Weekly, daily and hourly schedules are drawn up, thanks to which different departments can see the big picture and act in a coordinated manner. This allows you to plan the completion time of each type of work and approximately calculate the completion date of the object.

In order to more fully cover the entire complex of processes being performed, calendar planning is used when working on all types of objects. It provides a general understanding of the sequence of actions over different time periods (from a day to several months), although plans regularly require adjustments depending on emerging circumstances. Construction duration is calculated according to SNiP standards and varies greatly depending on the complexity of the structure. A reduction or increase in the duration of work must always be justified, since if the duration is increased, delivery deadlines may be missed and the customer may incur losses, and unjustified reductions often become the reason for non-compliance with the standards for performing technological operations.

Depending on the scale of the project, the following types of planning may be used:

• simplified methods;
• calendar line charts;
• network graphs.

Simplified methods are used for current tasks, usually for the next few weeks or days. Such diagrams only indicate the types of actions to be performed and the timing of their completion; they are not clear enough and are not optimized. Simplified forms also include planning in the most general monetary form.

A calendar line graph, otherwise known as a Ganga graph, is a scale with marked horizontal lines of varying lengths representing the duration of each activity. To compile it fully and efficiently, you need to take into account the following points:

• draw up a list of necessary work;
• determine their volumes and production methods;
• calculate their labor intensity based on standards and previous experience;
• make a preliminary schedule with approximate deadlines for completing each task;
• optimize it taking into account the real possibilities of distributing labor, equipment and other conditions.

In order to correctly calculate the amount of work and the time spent on it, in addition to the prescribed standards, other significant factors should be taken into account, for example, local weather conditions or terrain features. If at the starting stage there is a time delay due to incorrect calculations, it will be almost impossible to compensate for it, since it is very difficult to adjust the linear graph.

The network diagram is compiled using a more modern graph technique (map, labyrinth, network). Printed on a sheet of paper or displayed on a computer monitor, such a diagram looks like a set of vertices connected to each other by segments (non-directed and directed). The circles at the beginning and end of the segment indicate the beginning and end of the work. In this type of planning, there can be a number of different paths between the start and end events. The longest path is called the critical path, and it determines the total duration of the project. Accordingly, other paths have time reserves and the ability to vary the speed of process execution.

The strength of such planning is the ability to adjust it along the way.

If construction does not meet the agreed deadlines, then it is possible to reduce the critical path time by redistributing labor and material resources from non-critical path stages, attracting reserves or changing the sequence of processes (if technologically feasible). To facilitate the preparation of schedules and their clarification, a number of computer programs have been created.

Calculation of estimated cost

An integral component of project documentation is the estimate, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Correct financial calculations contribute to the rhythmic and uninterrupted implementation of construction stages. If inaccuracies were made, this could lead to losses, missed deadlines, debt, or the need to attract additional financial resources, often credit.

The estimated cost usually includes several components and is calculated using the following formula: Ssmr=PrZ+NR+PN(Spr), where Ssmr is the estimated cost of all work, PrZ is the total amount of direct costs, Pn(Spr) is planned savings, or estimated profit. To better understand how calculations are made, you should dwell in more detail on each of the component parts.

The amount of all direct costs is calculated taking into account the total volume of work (in natural measurement units) and the currently applied prices per unit of measurement in accordance with estimated standards. Direct costs typically range from 65 to 80% of the total cost and consist of:

• employee salaries those who are directly involved in construction and installation work (10-15%);
• cost of all building materials which are used in the construction of structures (50-55%);
• operating costs of the vehicles used, special equipment, mechanisms and machines, including the salaries of specialists managing them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include reimbursement to a contractor or subcontractor for all costs associated with organizing and maintaining appropriate living and production conditions at a construction site. The amount of overhead costs is set depending on the wage fund and greatly depends on the scale of the facility being built, the method of production, and the type of construction. Typically this figure varies between 13-20%. To calculate them, standards are used taking into account the characteristics of production. Applying a multiplying factor for overhead costs is prohibited.

Overhead costs include:

• Expenses for administrative and economic needs. This takes into account payment for business trips, costs for the office, mail and telephone communications, maintenance and servicing of passenger vehicles, purchase of the necessary specialized literature (normative, technical, economic), subscription to the required periodicals.
• Expenses for personnel services. This includes training and retraining of managers and specialists, creation of proper living and sanitary conditions, and labor protection. This also includes additional payments to employees (length of service, additional leave for length of service), social insurance.
• Costs for the necessary organization of the process. These include maintenance of security, ensuring fire safety, costs of maintaining design teams and construction laboratories, depreciation deductions, geodetic measures, and landscaping.
• Other costs(property insurance, licensing, auditing, consulting, advertising services, banking services).

Estimated profit (the term "planned savings" is often used) represents the planned profit of the contractor. It should cover the costs of material incentives for personnel, as well as the development and modernization of production facilities. Its volume is calculated for each organization separately, based on the contract cost of construction, and ranges from 7-11% of the total amount. Estimated profit does not relate to the expenses taken into account in the estimated cost. To calculate it, they are guided by the relevant Guidelines.

There are industry standards for estimated profits, depending on the type of operation:

• General industry standards that apply to all businesses. For repair and construction work, they amount to 50% of the workers' compensation fund, which is included in the direct costs included in the estimate. Regarding construction and installation work, this figure is 65%.
• Standards depending on the types of processes performed. They are used at the stage of drawing up working documentation and are specified in Appendix No. 3 of the Methodological Instructions.
• Individual standards for individual organizations. Do not apply to enterprises fulfilling orders with funds from the Federal budget.

The structure of planned savings takes into account the following expenses:

• re-equipment and modernization of fixed assets of the enterprise;
• material incentives for employees: financial assistance, treatment in sanatorium-resort complexes, purchasing tickets to cultural events and gym memberships, assistance in repaying mortgages and purchasing certain services and goods;
• tax payments (property, profit, local taxes) at a rate not exceeding 5%;
• assistance to individual partner educational institutions.

A correctly drawn up, thoughtful estimate allows you to organize construction and installation work at the proper level, avoiding cost overruns and delays in payments during construction. In addition, it is possible to achieve the cost of construction and installation work through the use of more productive mechanisms, reasonable savings in materials, changing the labor regime or improving management. To accurately calculate the cost, factor analysis is used - this is a technique for studying the impact of each individual construction factor on the costs.

It is necessary to distinguish between two concepts of the price of construction products:

Estimated cost of construction.

2. Estimated cost of construction and installation works.

Estimated cost of construction– this is all the funds necessary for the construction of the facility (that is, the amount of capital investment). It is determined based on the results of the consolidated estimate.

Estimated cost of construction is the basis for financing construction, forming contract prices, and paying for completed construction and installation work.

Composition and structure of the estimated cost of construction

Estimated cost of construction and installation work– this is the price of products of individual construction organizations.

Estimated cost of construction and installation work– this is the cost of general construction, special and plumbing work according to the estimate.

Purchase of technological equipment– this is the cost of manufacturing and delivery of technological, handling and power equipment.

Other work and costs:

Expertise, licensing.

Expenses for land acquisition, etc.

Estimated cost of construction and installation work- these are the standard costs of a construction organization expressed in monetary terms for the production of these works.

According to its economic content, it is divided into direct costs and overhead costs.

Direct costs directly related to the production of construction and installation works and are calculated using the direct counting method.

These include: the basic salary of workers, the estimated cost of materials, the cost of ESM.

Basic salary of workers– this is piecework or time-based wages for workers engaged in construction and installation work.

To the article "Materials" materials costs included , structures, parts, fuel, electricity, steam, water at an ex-office warehouse price.

Costs of operating construction machines divided into: annual, one-time, operational.

Overhead costs in construction: purpose, composition, calculation method.

Overheads are intended to compensate for the costs of construction organizations for maintenance, organization and management of construction (administrative expenses, etc.) Their value is determined indirectly as a percentage of the workers' wage fund.

Overhead costs are calculated using the formula:

HP = AHR + PORS + POP + PNR,

where AHR - administrative expenses (for example, salaries of administrative and management personnel, office expenses);

RORS - employee service costs construction (for example, additional wages for production workers, health and safety costs);

POP- expenses for organizing work at a construction site;

PNR - other overhead costs.

To determine the norms of overhead costs in local estimates, guidelines for determining the amount of overhead costs in construction are used. MDS 81-33.2004 " Guidelines for determining the amount of overhead costs in construction" .

Estimated profit in construction: purpose, areas of use, calculation method.

Estimated profit (Planned savings ) - This is the standard (guaranteed) profit of the contracting organization as part of the price of construction products, which goes mainly to the development of the production base and social sphere of the contractor.

To determine the norms of estimated profit in local estimates, documents are used that determine the amount of estimated profit in construction. MDS 81-25.2001 " Guidelines for determining the amount of estimated profit in construction"

The amount of estimated profit is determined from the wage fund (payroll) of workers based on:

industry-wide standards established for all performers of work used in the preparation of investor estimates;

standards for types of construction and installation work used in the preparation of local estimates (estimates);

individual standards for a specific contractor (with the exception of construction projects financed from the federal budget).

Direct costs in construction: purpose, composition, calculation method.

Direct costs are determined directly by direct calculation depending on the volume of work, required resources, estimated standards and prices for resources.

Includes: the cost of basic wages of construction workers (Zor), the cost of building materials and structures (M), the cost of operating machines and mechanisms (Esm).

PZ = M + Zor + Esm

Types and procedure for drawing up estimate documentation.

Estimate– this is a document (part of the project) that determines the amount of funds required for the construction of an object or the performance of a certain type of work.

Composition of estimate documentation in a construction project:

Local estimates

Object estimates

Estimates for individual types of costs

Summary estimate of construction costs

Cost Summary

Statement of contract price

Local estimates– these are primary estimate documents that are drawn up for certain types of work based on the volumes defined in the working documentation.

The cost of work as part of the local estimate consists of PP, NR, PN.

Object estimates are compiled on the basis of local estimates for the facility and serve as the basis for the formation of contract prices for the construction of the facility.

They are compiled according to Form No. 3 and contain the following columns:

Object estimates are compiled at one price level - basic or current (forecast).

Summary estimate compiled in Form No. 1 on the basis of object estimates and estimates for individual types of costs. It determines the estimated limit of funds required to fully complete the construction of all facilities provided for by the project, that is, the volume of capital investments.

The approved consolidated estimate is the basis for financing construction.

Local estimates: purpose, content and methods of preparation.

Estimate - this is a document (part of the project) that determines the amount of funds required for the construction of an object or the performance of a certain type of work.

Local estimates refer to primary estimate documents and are compiled for certain types of work and costs for buildings and structures or for general site work based on the volumes determined during the development of working documentation (DD).

The initial data for drawing up local estimates are:

parameters of buildings and structures and scope of work;

current estimate standards and free (market) prices and tariffs.

In this case, enlarged estimate standards and current unit prices are used.

Local estimates are developed according to Form No. 4 for individual types of work and parts of buildings and structures.

The cost determined in local estimates includes direct costs, overhead costs and estimated profit (planned savings).

With the base-index method, the cost of work is determined on the basis of the volume of work and unit prices (FER-2001, TER-2001). The cost of materials not included in the direct costs of prices is determined in local estimates at base or current prices.

With the resource method of drawing up local estimates, to determine the estimated direct costs, a preliminary local resource statement , according to form No. 5, and then based on the indicators of the resource statement, it is developed local resource estimate . The initial data are the volumes of work, collections of GESN-2001 and collections of estimated prices for resources.

Consolidated estimate calculation: purpose, content and method of preparation.

Summary estimate of construction costs buildings and structures is the main document that determines the estimated limit of funds required to fully complete the construction of all objects provided for by the project. The consolidated estimate, approved in accordance with the established procedure, serves as the basis for determining the capital investment limit and opening construction financing.

The consolidated estimate includes data on all estimates in separate lines, excluding amounts to cover limited costs and calculations for individual types of costs.

The summary estimate for construction is drawn up at the current price level. To form the value at the current price level, the basic price level of 2001 can be used. The decision on the price level taken into account in the summary estimate calculation is made by the customer in the design assignment. The SSRSS is compiled in Form No. 1 on the basis of object estimates and estimates for certain types of work and costs.

The estimated cost of each object included in the consolidated estimate is distributed according to columns indicating the cost of construction and installation work, equipment, other costs and the total estimated cost. The SSR contains 12 chapters.

For transport construction projects, the consolidated estimate consists of the following chapters:

Preparatory work.

Subgrade.

Travel clothing.

Artificial constructions.

Intersections and junctions.

Setting and belonging.

Communication device.

Buildings and structures of road and motor transport services.

Temporary buildings and structures.

Other work and costs.

Design and survey work.

An explanatory note is attached to the SSR, which provides:

level of estimated prices; preparation of SSR;

a list of estimate standards adopted for the preparation of estimates;

norms of HP and estimated profit;

features of determining the estimated cost of construction work for a given construction project;

calculation of the distribution of funds in areas of capital investment.

Unit prices: definition, types, order of preparation.

Under unit price understand direct costs expressed in monetary terms: labor, material, operation of construction machines per unit of measurement of a structural element or type of work.

Unit prices are summarized in tables and contain the following indicators for the structure or work meter adopted in them:

labor costs for workers (except for labor costs taken into account in the cost of operating construction machines) as of 01/01/2000;

the cost of operating construction machines, including wages for workers servicing the machines as of 01/01/2000;

cost of materials, products and structures (except for materials, structures and products, the cost of which is not taken into account in the unit price) as of 01/01/2000;

norms for the consumption of materials (in physical terms), the cost of which is not taken into account in the unit price;

names and consumption rates of materials, products and structures, the characteristics of which are accepted when drawing up estimates based on design data

In total, about 50 FER collections have been developed .

Unit prices are used to determine the estimated cost of construction work, develop consolidated standards for estimated cost, price lists and contract prices, as well as for payments for completed construction work.

All unit prices are divided into two groups:

"Closed" take into account all types of material resources.

"Open" do not take into account the costs of local and some types of imported materials. Data on unaccounted for materials is shown as a separate line directly in the price quote, indicating the code, name and expense for the price meter.

The essence of linking open EPs is to take into account unaccounted for local materials and structures. The cost of materials is taken ex-construction site.

Determination of the estimated cost of a unit of measurement of building materials and structures: content of costs, development procedure.

When drawing up estimates, all building materials are divided into two groups: local and imported .

Local – supplied for construction directly from enterprises in the building materials industry, etc. (these are brick, stone, crushed stone, gravel, sand, concrete and reinforced concrete structures, concrete and mortars, a/c mixtures, etc.) Wholesale prices for local materials are usually set ex-factory by the supplier. Transportation costs for delivering local materials to construction sites are significant and vary significantly among individual construction sites and areas. Zonal estimated prices are established for local materials. Taking into account all costs of purchasing and delivering building materials directly to the construction site (free construction site).

Imported – are supplied to construction sites mainly from territorial supply authorities. Their prices are given in the “Collection of average regional estimated prices for materials, products and structures” (cement, lumber, steel and wooden structures, roofing materials, glass, etc.). Wholesale prices for imported materials are set ex-wagon at the destination station. The costs of transporting imported materials from the destination station to construction sites have an insignificant share in their cost and therefore average regional estimated prices are set for free on-site warehouse for territorial areas.

Franco– the amount of transport and loading costs included in the selling price of the product. They are distinguished: (ex-factory-manufacturer, ex-car-departure-station, ex-station-of-departure, ex-car-destination).

Estimated prices of material resources are determined at the base or current price level based on MDS 81-2.99 "Guidelines for the development of collections (catalogs) of estimated prices for materials, products, structures and collections of estimated prices for the transportation of goods for the construction and major repairs of buildings and structures" .

FSSC-2001 Federal collection of average estimated prices for materials, products and structures used in construction, parts 1-5.

Estimated prices for materials, products and structures (
) are accepted as an ex-office warehouse and are determined by the formula:

=Tsm+ Str +Star+Ssno+ZSR, (1)

where: Tsm - free or regulated price for industrial and technical products (manufacturer price), which is determined on the basis of catalogues, price lists and other information from supplier enterprises, as well as monthly information releases of regional centers for pricing in construction (RCCP);

Page - transport costs, taking into account the costs of loading and unloading operations. They are assessed on the basis of prices and tariffs in force in a given region and the scheme for the supply of materials, which provides for the most economical mode of transport. The cost of delivery of materials from the on-site warehouse to the work area is taken into account as part of the state elemental estimate standards (GESN), as well as by compiling calculations of transport costs for the transportation of goods;

Star - the cost of containers, packaging and props (taken into account if necessary);

Ssno - the cost of services of supply organizations, determined on the basis of agreements and contracts for the supply of materials;

SZSR - the amount of procurement and storage costs.

Determination of transportation costs for the delivery of materials to the construction site: composition, procedure and development methodology.

To calculate the cost of transporting construction materials and loading and unloading operations, it is used OSSP-2001-1Industry compilation of estimated prices for cargo transportation for construction , which consist of two parts.

Recently, the demand for all types of construction work has increased significantly. The reason for this is the constant desire for change. Some purchase new housing, others create a unique design. Construction and installation work, which will be discussed in the article, includes a huge range of activities. We'll talk about them today.

Types of jobs

First of all, construction and installation work is divided into actions related to general construction and special manipulations. Common processes include the following types:

• earthen;
• concrete or reinforced concrete;
• stone;
• finishing;
• carpentry;
• roofing

Special events include the following:

The scope of construction work directly depends on the purpose and expected result. The more global the construction, the greater the volume will be.

Depending on how many processes are performed by machines, there are:

• fully mechanized work,
• partially mechanized,
• manual labor.

Types of construction work may also differ in the complexity of their implementation. Simple ones are those that can be carried out by one person or a small group of builders. At the same time, the processes are logically connected with each other according to the specifics of execution. Complex work is considered to be those that involve a large number of people, as well as various construction equipment. However, there are cases when a complex of simple manipulations is performed in the same way.

Home construction

If you are planning to build a house, then you will have to master all types of construction work. This happens in stages.

• The first thing it all starts with is the excavation process, during which the foundation is built, the walls are erected, and the basement is made.
• The second stage of construction is work already above ground, namely: installation of structures, laying walls from the selected material, construction of openings, manipulation of wood and roof.
• The third and final stage is finishing the house. At the same time, you carry out work on the wiring and all electrical equipment in the room.

Major renovation

Repair and construction work is divided into two categories: capital and current. What is meant by these concepts? The need for a major overhaul of the building is, first of all, indicated by its appearance. These are not just scuffs and minor problems. As a rule, this is global destruction, collapses and strong faults.

Works that are classified as major repairs:

• restoration of destroyed parts of a building, house, apartment;
• global reconstruction and replacement of main structures;
• strengthening elements that have become unusable.

Maintenance

Current repairs also represent repair and construction work, but such processes are much smaller in volume and do not cover much of the area involved. Moreover, such orders are cheaper. It is worth saying that prices for construction work depend entirely on the volume and complexity of the process being performed.

The need for routine repairs appears much more often than the need for major works. A person’s need to live in comfortable conditions tells him when it’s time to make an update.

Types of construction work that are classified as current repairs:

• partial replacement of elements of the floor, walls, roof and other places;
• wall correction;
• door repair;
• changing wallpaper, parquet, linoleum;
• painting walls, floors, ceilings;
• work to eliminate gaps, cracks, leaks.

Construction materials

The quality of construction work largely depends on the qualifications of the craftsman. However, the final result, that is, the external beauty and reliability of the structure, depends on the choice of material. In the modern construction products market there is a huge number of different companies offering their services. Sometimes it can be difficult to choose high-quality material on your own, so trust the advice of experts. It is best if the choice is made directly by the order executor. This way you can make a claim at the end of the process. Otherwise it will be difficult to do this.

Let's give an example of choosing a material for housing construction. For example, if you decide to build a house made of wood, then at your service:

Each of the materials has its own advantages and disadvantages. And the choice must be made by someone who knows all the features of the process and the purpose of construction. But these types of bricks are available for those who are building a stone house:

• ceramic;
• silicate;
• facing;
• façade;
• stove

Just by the name it becomes clear for what purpose the brick was made, but there are still nuances in terms of manufacturer and quality. Sometimes the same material from different manufacturers is radically different from each other. Be careful when choosing such products, because this is half the success in construction.

Finishing

Construction and finishing work is the creation of a kind of “soul” of the room. It is at this stage that it takes on its final form. In some cases, all the work, including finishing the premises, is performed by the same contractor, but sometimes it becomes necessary to find another contractor. During the finishing process, the flooring is manipulated, wallpaper is applied, walls are painted, and stone and wood are worked with. Using high-quality material, you guarantee yourself a unique type of housing. In addition, you need to think about its strength and safety.

Design

Describing the types of construction work, sooner or later we come to the design of the room. This is a special science that is not accessible to many people. The presence of finances and desire does not mean the presence of taste. Therefore, when developing the design of a room, we recommend that you seek advice from specialists if you are not sure of a good result. A professional will carefully analyze all the features of your premises and develop an option that will look best on you.

There are many design secrets. One of them is the process of selecting the color scheme of the room. Shades are of great importance in design. They show or hide flaws. Here are some examples:

• in a room that is constantly exposed to the sun, it is better to use cool colors: blue, blue-green, blue-violet;
• on the north side it is better to give preference to warm colors: red, yellow, orange;
• white, gray, black colors are considered neutral, so they can be used in any room;
• it is important to maintain the color – colors that combine with each other, otherwise the room will look awkward;
• When combining colors, you can follow two directions: contrast and nuance. The first is acceptable for the kitchen, living room, hallway, and the second, calmer, is suitable for bedrooms and children's rooms.

The mood of the people living in it depends on what room design you choose. This has been proven by scientists.

Style

When discussing construction and finishing work, one cannot ignore such a topic as the style of construction. After all, when a person decides to build a house, the first thing he imagines is what his home will look like. What are the most common house styles now?

In many ways, the style of the building depends on the financial capabilities of the customer.

Prices

Prices for construction work vary depending on the contractor and the complexity of the process. Each company has a price list with rates. Before placing an order, read all documents and clarify details. It is very important to find out the reasons why prices for certain works may be increased. It is best if the cost of the entire order is indicated initially. Then at the end of construction you will not have an unpleasant surprise.

And lastly, work only with trusted companies. Nowadays there are a lot of scammers or simply unskilled workers. The ideal option would be if you act on the recommendation.

When we talk about the construction of buildings, roads and the repair of objects, we mean carrying out a whole set of activities and actions that lead to the desired result, namely a new building or a repaired road. Construction and installation work (hereinafter referred to as construction and installation work) is precisely the main part of the construction sector, without which it is impossible to carry out major repairs of premises or construct new buildings.

Explanation of construction and installation work

A fairly broad definition is understood to mean a variety of works that differ from each other in the direction of action and means of execution. If we give a general definition of the concept, then the decoding of construction and installation work will look like this - this is a set of actions for the construction of new objects (buildings, structures), their repair and reconstruction, as well as the installation and installation of equipment. One company simply cannot handle all the work, since the scale of the tasks assigned to it will be simply enormous. Therefore, there are organizations in the construction market whose activities have a narrower specialization. For example, there are companies engaged only in the construction and repair of roads, or companies building industrial facilities.

Types of construction and installation work

There are several main types of such work:

• general construction;
• transport and loading and unloading (delivery of materials, devices and equipment);
• special (with a special type of materials).

The most diverse is general construction activities. It consists of:

• earthwork (digging holes, trenches, ditches), pile work (driving, installation of pile foundations) and stone work (building walls, stone laying, etc.);
• roofing (installation of attics, roofs), plastering (painting, pasting) and insulation;
• installation of floors and communications;
• installation work of wooden, concrete and reinforced concrete, light enclosing structures;
• landscaping;
• installation work of technological equipment;
• and etc.

To finally understand what decoding construction and installation work is, you need to understand what all types of the above work include.

Features of construction and installation works

Each field of activity has a number of features and nuances. For construction and installation work, the most important criterion is quality, which completely depends on the professionalism of workers, competent organization of the process and the interaction of system parts with each other. At the beginning of the work, the set goals and objectives, planning and control are of great importance, and the end result is competent and high-quality construction and installation work. After all, people’s safety depends on this.

Proper preparation and organization of the process have a great influence on obtaining the desired result. Making mistakes or miscalculations can be costly for the contractor company in the literal and figurative sense of the word. Correcting defects in construction can cost human lives. Plus, this is always a rather expensive undertaking. It should also be understood that when calculating construction and installation work, the use of untested or low-quality materials, as well as unjustified savings on mandatory expense items, is not allowed. In order to take into account all the features of construction, it is necessary to carry out all work in stages.

Order of conduct

Deciphering construction and installation works will include competent and consistent implementation of all stages of construction activities.

For example, before constructing new facilities, it is first necessary to carry out geological studies of the soil of the site. It is possible that before construction begins, it will be necessary to drain the swamp or carry out drainage work to avoid flooding.

Afterwards you can start drawing the outline of the foundation. This is usually done using wire, wooden pegs and rope. Next, you need to dig a trench to lay the foundation of the future building. Afterwards you can proceed to the construction of walls. If you are planning a wooden building, then you should strictly adhere to the drawn up project. Stone walls have their own rules - for example, laying the stone strictly horizontally, bandaging the seams and filling with mortar.

After this, the attic floors are laid out, windows, attics and rafters are installed, it all depends on the number of floors of the building and the complexity of the construction. Next, the roof fronts are closed and the roofing material is laid. The next stage is finishing work (external and internal), then installation of equipment (plumbing, heating systems, etc.)

The scope of construction and installation work largely depends on the assigned tasks. For example, one company may be directly involved in the construction of the facility, but they trust another organization or do it themselves.

Organization of construction and installation work

In the process of constructing buildings and structures, various entities are necessarily involved: designers, surveyors, equipment suppliers and customers. In order for the construction and installation work process to be systematic, special attention should be paid to the organization of work.

It is better to clarify all questions regarding construction technology with representatives of construction and installation organizations and specialized trusts that prepare projects.

Typically, the project contains a work schedule, a general construction plan, according to which the deadlines for the execution of the contractor’s work are calculated and all volumes of construction and installation work are shown. In addition, this document indicates the location of the building and construction sites being constructed, water and energy supply schemes, as well as the number of materials, products and construction machines used. For complex buildings, technological maps are used, which specify special safety requirements, main stages, construction technologies, etc.

Organization of construction and installation work is very important, because it determines the rhythm in which installation, carpentry and other types of work will be carried out.

What is the estimated cost?

The level of quality of construction activities carried out largely depends on the amount of the allocated budget for construction. Therefore, such a concept as “estimated cost of construction and installation work” plays a decisive role in the work process. It is an official confirmation of project funding. It reflects all the final figures.

Calculation of construction and installation works

The jobs are fairly easy to count. It is necessary to add up all direct costs (cost of materials, salaries of workers, etc.), overhead costs (administrative costs, etc.) and planned savings. The last component is otherwise called the estimated or standard profit of a construction organization.

Construction and installation work is the most important stage of construction. Only with competent and qualified planning and organization of construction and installation works can the desired result be achieved with minimal expenditure of effort, money and time.