Unemployment as a socio-economic phenomenon presentation. Unemployment in the economy: essence, causes, Russian characteristics. The essence and types of unemployment

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According to Rosstat data for November 1, 2008, 4.6 million people, or 6.1% of economically, were classified as unemployed active population(according to the methodology International organization labor). Then, it turns out that the overall unemployment rate in 2009 could rise to 7.5 million people. And the replenishment of the “army of unemployed”, accordingly, will amount to 2.9 million people

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Currently transition period to market relations is carried out in Russia. This is associated with great difficulties and the emergence of many socio-economic problems, which entail painful processes that cause unemployment. In turn, the problem of unemployment is inextricably linked with people, their production activities and has a strong impact on every person. Losing a job leads to a loss of income, and, consequently, a decrease in living standards, because... wages for most people are the only source of income. Losing a job is also a huge psychological stress. A person becomes unsure of himself and the future.

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Social consequences of unemployment: Negative: 1. Aggravation of the crime situation. 2. Increased social tension. 3. An increase in the number of physical and mental illnesses. 4. Magnification social differentiation. 5. Decrease in labor activity

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Positive: 1. Increased social value of the workplace. 2. Increase in personal free time. 3. Increased freedom to choose where to work. 4. Increasing the social significance and value of work.

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Economic consequences unemployment: Negative: 1. Devaluation of the consequences of training. 2. Reduction in production. 3. Costs of helping the unemployed. 4. Loss of qualifications. 5. Declining living standards. 6. Underproduction national income. 7. Decline tax revenue

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Positive: 1. Creation of a labor reserve for structural restructuring of the economy. 2. Competition between workers as a stimulus for the development of work abilities. 3. A break from employment for retraining and improving the level of education. 4. Stimulating the growth of labor intensity and productivity.

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Emotional and psychological problems of unemployment: Emotional consequences on a person: low self-esteem, the need for psychiatric treatment in a hospital, depression, suicide, etc. Medical problems: human health problems caused by stress (alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver, heart disease, kidney disease). Workers who had normal blood pressure before being laid off suffered from high blood pressure after learning of the layoff until they found suitable work again. Stress caused by unemployment can reduce life expectancy. The existence of a connection between the deterioration of family relationships, i.e. disruption of family functioning, and unemployment is undeniable. At the time of unemployment in such families, cases of infant mortality, child abuse, the need to transfer children into guardianship, conflicts between parents and children, and divorces increase. Such children are more likely than other families to experience behavioral deviations, insomnia, and disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. Scientists have discovered an undeniable connection between unemployment and suicide, violence, and imprisonment. When studying crime cases, it turns out that 70% of prisoners were not working at the time of arrest.

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According to a sociological survey conducted among the population (100 people) of the Solnechny village of Saratov, it was found that:

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Slide captions:

Unemployment: causes and consequences

TO disabled population include people who, due to age and health, are not able to work: children under 16 years of age, pensioners (men over 60 years old, women over 55 years old), disabled people.

Working population (labor resources) Voluntarily unemployed - able-bodied people not engaged in social production and not seeking to get a job: 1. full-time students, 2. housewives, 3. tramps, 4. people who were looking for work, but despaired of finding it and therefore stopped looking for work.

Employed - people who have a job, and it doesn’t matter whether the person is employed full-time or part-time, full-time or part-time. In this case, a person is considered employed if he does not work for the following reasons: sick, on vacation, on strike, due to natural disasters.

The following are considered unemployed: able-bodied citizens; without work and income; registered with the employment service; actively looking for work and waiting to start working.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that implies a lack of work among people who make up the economically active population. Unemployment

The unemployment rate is a quantitative indicator that allows you to compare unemployment for different population sizes (for different countries or for different periods of the same country). Unemployment rate

Measuring unemployment and unemployment rate Country's population Labor force + Those who have dropped out of the labor force Labor force = Women (16 – 55 years old) + Men (16 – 60 years old) Labor force Economically active population Economically inactive population (voluntarily unemployed) Employed Unemployed

number of unemployed x 100% total number labor force unemployment rate

Structural changes in the economy, expressed in the fact that the introduction of new technologies and equipment leads to a reduction in excess labor. An economic recession or depression that forces employers to reduce the need for all resources, including labor. Government and trade union policy in the field of wages: increase minimum size wages increases production costs and thereby reduces the demand for labor. Seasonal changes in the level of production in certain sectors of the economy. Changes in the demographic structure of the population, in particular population growth in working age increases the supply of labor and therefore increases the likelihood of unemployment. Causes of unemployment

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon characterized by the lack of work for part of the population. Types of unemployment From the point of view of the nature of the displacement of a worker from production From the point of view of the causes and conditions for the occurrence of unemployment Voluntary Involuntary Frictional Cyclical Seasonal Structural

Associated with searching for and waiting for work for various reasons, for example, moving due to a change in marital status, graduation from a university. This type of unemployment involves the movement of labor across industries, regions, due to age, change of profession, etc. Frictional unemployment Features: Ready-made specialists with a certain level of professional training and qualifications are looking for work. This type of unemployment usually lasts for a short period of time. Contributes to more rational placement workforce and higher productivity.

Frictional unemployed include people: those who quit of their own free will, those who have found work but have not yet started work, seasonal workers (out of season), those awaiting reinstatement at their previous job, those dismissed from work by order of the administration

It is characterized by a mismatch between the demand for labor and supply in various firms, industries, and various professions; the profession “disappears” as a result of scientific and technical progress. Structural unemployment Represented by workers who are unable to occupy existing jobs due to the lack of necessary skills and abilities to produce a new type of product that is in demand in the market. Longer and more expensive than friction.

Caused by a change in phases in the production cycle. Cyclical unemployment is represented by workers who are laid off during a period when the entire economy is suffering from economic recession. It is believed that when the economy improves, such workers will find work again.

As a result of necessity, seasonal work is carried out in a number of industries (for example, in agriculture). Seasonal unemployment

Voluntary - associated with people’s reluctance to work, for example, in conditions of lower wages. Voluntary unemployment increases during an economic boom and decreases during a recession; its scale and duration vary among people of different professions, skill levels, as well as among different socio-demographic groups of the population.

Involuntary (waiting unemployment) Occurs when a worker is able and willing to work at a given wage level, but cannot find a job. The reason is the imbalance in the labor market due to wage inflexibility. When real wages is above the level corresponding to the equilibrium of supply and demand, supply in the labor market exceeds demand for it. The number of applicants for a limited number of jobs increases, and the likelihood of actual employment decreases, which increases the unemployment rate.

Frictional Structural Natural unemployment Full employment = Labor force × (1- natural rate of unemployment) The natural rate of unemployment is a situation where there is only structural and frictional unemployment in a country.

Calculate the unemployment rate in a country with a population of 100 million people. Of these, 24 million are children under 16 years of age, 30 million people have dropped out of the labor force due to age, 4.6 million people are unemployed, 1 million people are employed part-time and are looking for work. Task

Consequences of unemployment and underemployment of resources macroeconomic instability psychological and social political ECONOMIC NON-ECONOMIC

Individual Feelings of inferiority Despair Nervous and cardiovascular diseases Psychological stress

Methods for regulating unemployment Methods for regulating structural unemployment Methods for regulating frictional unemployment Methods for regulating cyclical unemployment Methods for regulating frictional unemployment: improvement information support labor market; eliminating factors that reduce labor mobility Methods for regulating structural unemployment: creating a system and programs for professional retraining and retraining Methods for regulating cyclical unemployment: creating conditions for growth in demand for goods (stimulating export growth, supporting investment in the reconstruction of enterprises, encouraging foreign investment into the economy), creating conditions for reducing labor supply (lowering the retirement age), creating conditions for the growth of self-employment, implementing programs to support young workers

Unemployment

The presentation was prepared by economics teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 3 Tatyana Petrovna Borzilova, Verkhnyaya Salda

The purpose of the lesson:

• Define: “Who are the unemployed?”
• How is the unemployment rate calculated?
• Types of unemployment
• State actions to reduce the level

unemployment

• Features of unemployment in Russia
• Solving problems on the topic

Who are the unemployed?

The entire population of the country

141 million people

Working population

(labor resources)

Disabled population

Voluntarily unoccupied

18.8 million people

95 million people

46 million people

(children,

(housewives

76.2 million people

Busy

pensioners, etc.)

and etc.)

3=71 million people

Unemployed

B= 5.2 million people.

Who are they?

Disabled population– persons under 16 years of age or who have reached retirement age, as well as

not working due to health reasons.

Working population:

Voluntarily unemployed– able-bodied people who voluntarily do not work for hire or for an individual. enterprises (pupils and full-time students over 16 years old, housewives)

Economically active population (labor force) – employed + unemployed

Busy – people working full time as employees or in individual enterprises.

In this case, the person is considered busy,

if it doesn't work for the following reasons:

• is sick, on vacation, on strike, due to natural disasters.
• is sick, on vacation, on strike, due to natural disasters.
• is sick, on vacation, on strike, due to natural disasters.
• sick,
• is on vacation
• is on strike
• due to natural disasters.

Unemployed – people who do not have a job, want to get it and are actively looking for it.

Unemployment

Unemployment- a socio-economic phenomenon that involves the lack of work among people who make up the economically active population.

Unemployment rate =

Unemployed

____________________ * 100 %

Employed + Unemployed

(5.2 million people/76.2 million people)*100%= 6,8%

The unemployment rate is the most important indicator of the state of the economy.

Task

Calculate the unemployment rate in a country with a population of 100 million people. Of these, 24 million are children under 16 years of age,

30 million people have dropped out of the labor force due to age, 4.6 million people are unemployed, 1 million people are underemployed and looking for work.

Answer: 10 %

Unemployment in Russia

Unemployment in Russia throughout recent years has a downward trend. At the beginning of 2011 it was 7.8%, currently it is about 5.4%.

From the beginning of autumn 2014 to the beginning of 2015, there was an increase in unemployment due to staff reductions. At the beginning of 2014, unemployment remained at the same level as in recent months 2013. In the first half of 2014, there was a gradual decline in the unemployment rate and a noticeable increase in the level from mid-summer to the end of 2014. Unemployment rate at the end of 2014 according to Federal service state statistics was 5.3%.

The lowest unemployment at the moment is in Moscow - less than 1%, the highest in Ingushetia - more than 40%.

According to data as of June 1, 2015, in the Sverdlovsk region the number of officially registered unemployed citizens is more than 33 thousand people. The number of unemployed according to the ILO methodology (the total number of citizens who do not have a job but are actively looking for it) is about 151 thousand people.

More than 10 thousand people in the Sverdlovsk region work part-time. The overall unemployment rate in the Sverdlovsk region increased to 6.6% (as of June 1, 2014 - 5%).

As practice shows, this figure is much higher, since so-called hidden unemployment is growing in the region.

Types of unemployment:

Frictional unemployment –

• employees who are in the process of changing jobs (moving to another city),
• when moving to a new place of work,
• job seekers for the first time (university and college graduates),
• re-entering the labor force after voluntarily refusing to work (mothers who raised children).

Government measures:

• Information about job availability,
• Employment services,
• Increasing labor mobility (creating developed market housing, cancellation of registration).

Structural unemployment -

• Workers who are unable to occupy existing jobs due to the lack of necessary skills and abilities to produce a new type of product that is in demand in the market.
• Seasonal unemployment (tourism, agriculture and forestry, etc.) – loss of work in the off-season.

Government measures:

• Subsidies for education,
• Training and retraining of workers,
• Creation of temporary jobs,
• Increasing labor mobility.

Cyclical unemployment -

• workers laid off during a general economic downturn.

Government measures:

• stimulating export growth as a boost to production and employment growth,
• investing in the reconstruction and modernization of enterprises,
• encouraging foreign investment in the economy,
• creating conditions for the growth of self-employment, supporting small businesses.

Natural unemployment

Inability to avoid frictional and structural – This is natural unemployment.

If the unemployment rate = natural, this is full employment.

The economic potential of a country (GNP potential) is the volume of production at full employment.

If the unemployment rate is 1% higher than the natural rate, production falls by 2.5%.

• Part-time employment
• The work does not meet the qualifications,
• Frustrated employee.

Unemployment as a negative phenomenon

Economically – incomplete use of production resources, less production of goods and services, decreased demand, decreased level of well-being.

Socially – exacerbation of problems of poverty, crime, antisocial behavior.

Determine the type of unemployment: The following are the workers who are unemployed. Using the definitions of the three types of unemployment, indicate what type of unemployment - frictional, structural (including seasonal) or cyclical - each of the listed workers represents:

• Recent college graduate looking for his first job -

frictional

2. Former employee of a steel mill that closed due to obsolete equipment

– structural

3. An employee dismissed by an agricultural company at the end of the harvest -

structural, seasonal

4. Carpenter laid off due to recession housing construction due to rising rates bank interest –

cyclical

Determine the type of unemployment:

5. An employee who left his job to move to another city to be with his family

Frictional.

6. Closure of a number of coal mines and mass layoffs of miners due to the construction of power plants using oil as an energy source

Structural.

7. In May 2005, Andrey graduated from the university. Having rested well for 1.5 months, he began to look for work and after 2 weeks he was hired to harvest strawberries. When the cleaning period ended after 2 months, Andrei was fired. It will be taken into account when calculating

– frictional and seasonal unemployment.

Determine the type of unemployment:

8. A school graduate would like to get a job. Despite the fact that newspapers are full of offers, active searches do not yield results due to lack of experience and qualifications. This event will be counted as -

structural unemployment.

9. The housewife decided to go to work and began looking for a job.

– frictional.

10. The closure of military production led to the dismissal of workers

– structural.

Task

There were 10 million people in the country in August. unemployed and 90 million people. busy.

• Determine the size of the labor force, the unemployment rate and the employment rate.
• In September, out of 90 million people who had jobs, 0.5 million people were laid off. What is the number of employees now?
• During October, 1 million people. of the unemployed stopped looking for work due to constant refusals, citing the fact that they have brown eyes. Determine the size of the labor force, the number of unemployed people, and the unemployment rate in October. What have the desperate become?

Right answers:

1) 100 million people, 10%, 90%.

2) 89.5 million people.

3) Unemployed – 9.5 million people, slave. strength – 99 million people,

unemployment rate – 9.6%, hidden unemployment.

Conclusion

• Labor is a necessary condition of human life, and labor gives benefit to man

(L. Tolstoy)

• Motivation to work is part of motivation to live (E. Voutilainen)
• Hiring is the victory of hope over experience (E. Voutilainen)
• Without work, a person cannot maintain his human dignity (L. Tolstoy)
• An idle life is a premature death. (Goethe)

Homework

Write a syncwine on the topic: “Unemployment”

Rule for writing syncwine

Line 1 – theme of the poem

Line 2 – description of the topic in TWO words,

as a rule, adjectives;

Line 3 – description of the action within this topic in THREE words, usually verbs;

Line 4 is a phrase of FOUR words. expressing the author’s attitude to the topic;

Line 5 – ONE word synonymous with the first one, repeating the essence of the topic on an emotional-figurative or philosophical-generalized level

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Population structure of the country (from a macroeconomic point of view)

Included in the labor force (labor force - L) POP = L + NL Not included in the labor force (non-labor force - NL) The “non-labor force” category includes people who are not engaged in social production and do not seek to obtain work: - children under 16 years of age - persons serving sentences in prisons - people in psychiatric hospitals and the disabled - people who do not want or cannot work and are not looking for work: full-time students, retired housewives, tramps, people who have stopped job search 2

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The total workforce is divided into two parts: employed (E) - i.e. having a job (full or part-time, full or part-time work week) A person is also considered employed if he does not work for the following reasons: a) is on vacation b) is sick c) is on strike d) due to bad weather unemployed (unemployed - U) - i.e. those who do not have a job, but are actively looking for it Thus, the total number of labor force is equal to: LF = E + U 3

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Interrelation of different categories of the population

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Unemployed people are people who do not have a job, who are ready to start work and have been looking for work within the last four weeks, or who have already been employed but have not yet started work.

In the United States, the law defines the unemployed as individuals who: were unemployed during the week of the survey, made efforts to find work during the previous four weeks (or applied directly to an employer or services civil service employment, or to friends) who could work during the week of the survey; persons temporarily laid off, or persons hired for a new job who must begin work within 30 days; the Russian Law “On Employment” recognizes able-bodied citizens who do not have a job as unemployed and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start it 5

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Causes of unemployment

relatively surplus population, “superfluous” compared to achieved level national production is the result of changes in the structure of the economy, including in technology, the natural desires of people to find a job “to their liking” and with better conditions labor and wages are the result of a cyclical downturn in the economy; active intervention of the state and trade unions in relations between employee and employer 6

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Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the economically active population is not employed in the process of reproduction of goods and services

Natural unemployment - objectively developing, relatively stable, not related to dynamics economic growth, the level of unemployment due to natural causes: staff turnover, migration, demographic factors Forms of natural unemployment: - frictional unemployment - structural unemployment - voluntary unemployment Involuntary unemployment - unemployment caused by the lack of jobs corresponding to the qualifications of unemployed specialists Forms of involuntary unemployment: - cyclical unemployment - institutional unemployment - regional unemployment - seasonal unemployment - technological unemployment - marginal unemployment - hidden unemployment 7

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Unemployment figures

unemployment rate - the ratio of registered completely unemployed to the working-age population UR = [(LF – E) : LF] x100% where: UR(UnemploymentRate) - average monthly level unemployment LF- labor resources (labor force) E- employed labor force 8

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Duration of unemployment - the average time of a break in work from the moment of registration with the employment authorities as unemployed until the moment of hiring Another important indicator labor statistics is the labor force participation rate, which is the ratio of the labor force to the total adult population, expressed as a percentage LFPR = (LF | POP16) x 100% where: LFPR – labor force participation rate LF – labor force POP16 – total adult population of the country 9

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Negative social consequences of unemployment

1) increased social tension 2) aggravated crime situation 3) increased social differentiation 4) decreased labor activity 5) increased number of physical and mental illnesses 10

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Negative economic consequences of unemployment

1) underproduction of national income 2) reduction in production 3) decrease in the level of qualifications of the unemployed population 4) decrease in living standards 5) depreciation of the consequences of training 6) increase in expenses (benefits for the unemployed) 7) decrease in tax revenues 11

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Okun's Law

The relationship between the output lag (GNP) and the level of cyclical unemployment was empirically derived by Presidential Economic Adviser J. Kennedy, American economist Arthur Okun (A.Okun) where:u is the actual unemployment rate u* - natural level unemployment Y * - production volume at full employment Y - actual production volume β - Okun's coefficient (β> 0) Okun's Law states: for every 2.5% reduction in actual GDP compared to potential GDP, there is an increase in the unemployment rate by 1% 12

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The lag of actual GDP of any year can be calculated not only in relation to potential output, but also in relation to the actual GDP of the previous year

where: Yt is the actual GDP of a given year Yt-1 is the actual GDP of the previous year ut is the actual unemployment rate of a given year ut–1 is the actual unemployment rate of the previous year 3% is the growth rate of potential GNP 2 is a coefficient showing by what percentage the actual one is reduced GDP with a 1% increase in unemployment 13

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Social losses caused by unemployment

1. Decrease in the standard of living of the unemployed family 2. Deterioration in the psychological state of the unemployed, constant stress, worries 3. Undermining not only the financial situation, but also well-being social society: - increase in crime - increase in the number of strikes - decrease in the number of marriages - negative natural increase population - an increase in divorces - an increase in the number of suicides - an increase in the population whose income is below the subsistence level Unemployment leads to numerous problems: - stagnation in the economy - the growth of the “gray” and “black” economy - low labor efficiency - pushing Russia back to third world countries - increase in deviant behavior - loss scientific potential countries - growth of legal nihilism - possibility of manipulation of the population - growth of social tension 14

Directions of state regulation of the employment sector

approval of programs to stimulate employment growth and increase the number of jobs in the public sector development of programs for training and retraining of personnel implementation of a program to promote the hiring of labor 17

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Measures to implement areas of employment regulation

Stimulating the development of new high-tech industries and technologies that can provide additional jobs - the adoption of programs for social insurance unemployment - development of small business - creation of a clear information system about vacancies - improving the work of labor exchanges, etc. 18

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF Federal state budgetary educational institution higher vocational education MOSCOW STATE FOREST UNIVERSITY International School of Management and Business Department of Management and information technologies PRESENTATION on the discipline " Economic theory"on the topic "Unemployment" Completed by student gr. MB-32 Yudakov Ilya Sergeevich Checked Pokazaniev Vladislav Yurievich 2012, Moscow

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Goals and objectives of the work: To define the concept and essence of unemployment; To consider the types of unemployment and their characteristics; To define the concept and essence of unemployment; To identify the causes of unemployment; To analyze the socio-economic consequences of unemployment; To consider the problem of unemployment in Russia; To determine methods of overcoming unemployment; course work is to reveal the essence of unemployment, consider its various types, and also identify characteristic features unemployment in Russia and methods to overcome it.

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The concept of unemployment The unemployed, according to the standards of the International Labor Organization (ILO), include persons at the age established for measuring the economic activity of the population, who during the period under review simultaneously satisfied the following criteria: Did not have a job (gainful occupation); We were looking for a job, i.e. contacted the state or commercial employment service, used or placed advertisements in the press, directly contacted the administration of the organization (employer), used personal connections etc. or took steps to organize their own business; Were ready to start work during the survey week. Students, pensioners and disabled people are counted as unemployed if they were looking for work and were ready to start work. Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon when part of the active population does not have a job or is waiting to start working. Unemployment means the inability of the state to effectively use one of the the most important factors production - labor.

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Causes of unemployment and its indicators Fall in economic growth rates Technical progress; Structural restructuring of the economy; Inflation; Demographic and socio-economic policy of the state; Intervention of trade unions in the functioning of the labor market; To quantitatively measure the size of unemployment, two indicators are used: a) the unemployment rate, which is defined as the ratio of the number of officially registered unemployed and the size of the labor force or as the ratio of the share of employed people who lose their jobs every month, and the sum of this share with the share of the unemployed who find work every month. where u% is the unemployment rate; U – number of unemployed; L – labor force (employed and unemployed) b) duration of unemployment – ​​this is the time spent as unemployed.

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Social consequences of unemployment Negative consequences Exacerbation of the crime situation. Increased social tension. Increase in the number of physical and mental illnesses. Increasing social differentiation. Decrease in labor activity. Positive Positive consequences Increased social value of the workplace. Increased personal free time. Increased freedom to choose where to work. Increasing social significance and value of work

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Economic consequences of unemployment Negative consequences Devaluation of the consequences of training. Reduction in production. Costs of assistance to the unemployed. Loss of qualifications. Declining standard of living. Underproduction of national income. Decrease in tax revenues. Positive consequences Creation of a labor reserve for structural restructuring of the economy. Competition between workers as a stimulus for the development of work abilities. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Stimulating the growth of labor intensity and productivity.

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Unemployment in Russia Unemployment level (the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population) in November 2012. amounted to 5.4% (without excluding the seasonal factor). Among the economically active population, 71.5 million people were classified as employed economic activity and 4.1 million people as unemployed using ILO criteria (i.e., did not have a job or gainful occupation, were looking for work and were ready to start work in the survey week). Age composition unemployed. Average age of unemployed in November 2012 was 34.4 years. Young people under 25 years old make up 28.2% of the unemployed, including those aged 15-19 years - 5.9%, 20-24 years old - 22.3%. High unemployment rates were observed in the age group 15-19 years (32.5%) and 20-24 years (12.3%). Compared to November 2011 The unemployment rate for those aged 15-19 decreased by 1.6 percentage points, and for those aged 20-24 it increased by 0.1 percentage points.

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Unemployment by gender and type of settlement. Among the unemployed, according to ILO methodology, the share of women in November 2012 was . amounted to 46.5%, the share of urban residents - 61.3%. Unemployment of urban and rural population characterized by an excess of the unemployment rate among rural residents compared to the unemployment rate among urban residents. In November 2012 this excess was 1.9 times. Most low level unemployment meeting ILO criteria is noted in the Central federal district, the highest is in the North Caucasus Federal District.

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Ways to overcome unemployment 1. Payment of unemployment benefits; 2. Creation of employment services (employment bureaus); 3. Improvement of information support of the labor market. 4. Elimination of factors that reduce labor mobility. 5. Professional retraining and retraining programs; 6. stimulating export growth. This could lead to an increase in production volumes by domestic enterprises and, accordingly, employment on them; 7. Support and encouragement of investments in the reconstruction of enterprises in order to increase the competitiveness of products. 8. Encouraging foreign investment in the Russian economy. 9. Creating conditions for the growth of self-employment. 10. Implementation of programs to support young workers.

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Conclusion Problems related to unemployment is a key issue in market economy and entail great economic and social consequences, and without solving the problems associated with unemployment, it is impossible to establish effective economic activity. Unemployment levels fluctuate according to the state of the country's economy; the geography of unemployment depends, firstly, on demographic situation and, secondly, on the structure of the economy; Three main causes of unemployment should be highlighted: loss of job (dismissal), voluntary resignation from work; first appearance on the labor market.

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