Systematic traffic analytics Money, from the point of view of practical management, is a useful tool for the operational management of the organization in terms of managerial and financial accounting as well as in budgeting. Cash flow analytics provide a clear understanding of working capital, liquidity and assets commercial organization. Also, the forecasting of potential financial flows and the distribution of existing ones are based on the data of the report. And this is only if we talk about the "internal" functions of the DS movement report.

On the other hand, if we talk about the regulatory role of this instrument, state regulation also requires the business to complete a report to explain financial and investment performance during a given period.

Based on the possibilities of using this report, let's look at the procedure for filling out a cash flow statement using a unified form as an example, without specific numbers.

Application and meaning of ODDS

The report on the movement of money within the organization is one of the key management reports that can be easily obtained with almost any form of accounting. It contains information about the sources of the company's money as such and their use over time.

The report reflects by direct or indirect method all, or, in any case, known cash receipts to the company, classifying them according to their sources of occurrence, and cash costs-expenses (in simpler terms, write-offs) indicating the directions of use within an identical period.

How financial instrument organization manager reporting on the movement of money provides an opportunity from different angles, based on specific values, analyze the production picture, liquidity, creditworthiness, in a word, conduct a deep the financial analysis companies based on facts.

It is not only internal users of an organization who access the factorial cash flow report data. Its scope is much broader: it is indispensable for external auditors or other interested parties, such as investors, who can use it to obtain reliable information about the real volumes of expenses and income that the business of this enterprise generates.

Arguing on the scale of a business as a multidisciplinary action, we can conclude that the data of the report, reflecting the movement of the company's money, contain the following information:

• Sources of income of the company by directions;
• Items and classification of expenses, as well as the volume of outgoing expenses;
• The company's performance in financial plan as the ratio of incoming money (income) and outgoing money (expenses), where the former exceed the latter;
• The stability of the company and its ability to fulfill its obligations;
• Accounting data indicating the sufficiency or insufficiency of the financial resources necessary for doing business;
• Investment data in the context of the ability to invest from own sources.

Figure 1. Sources of ODDS.

Requirements for the preparation and maintenance of a cash flow statement by the state

In our country, there is legislation - No. 402-FZ, which establishes certain accounting requirements for businesses, which include standards for the form and composition financial reporting. For most organizations registered in our country, regulated reporting forms are applicable by order of the Ministry of Finance No. 66n and No. 43n.

In parallel, state bodies are preparing and agreeing on new federal and industry standards for maintaining accounting. But before they enter into force, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the relevant instructions of the Ministry of Finance.

The rules for filling out the cash flow statement comply with the general logic and requirements for the preparation of accounting statements prescribed in PBU 4/99. If the report is prepared for internal corporate needs, then this is a comprehensive and satisfactory option.

If the report is an integral part of the government bodies reporting, then it is recommended to prepare data in accordance with the rules of BU 23/2011.

How to fill out a cash flow statement

The itemized cash flow report includes incoming and outgoing transactions, as well as balances on the first and last date of the period. In other words, the cash flow statement shows how much cash entered the organization and how much the organization spent, as well as the ratio of these values ​​​​as a result of this process (paragraphs 12 and 13 of PBU). The balances are fixed for the company as a whole at the beginning and end of the period, taking into account the distributed structure of branches and representative offices within one legal entity.

The form, as we noted earlier, is approved by the state, along with the composition of business entities that, in without fail must maintain and complete such a report. Virtually all leading accounting legal entities should submit it to the IFTS, excluding firms “on a simplified basis”.

In order to fill out a cash flow statement without causing difficulties and not leading to errors, you need to know and follow the procedure for filling out a cash flow statement.

The report contains three sections, each of which is designed to display operations with cash flows (CF) grouped by type and their indicators:

Figure 2. The content of the ODDS.

The structure of the report just reflects the “relationship” of this tool with regulated reporting: as one of the elements of the financial statements of the company, ODDS allows you to check the balance sheet for 3 fundamental sections of the activities of any organization listed above, which in turn also include a number of sections.

Completing the cash flow statement - instructions (line by line)

Cash flows (CF) from current operations

Showing the amount of income and expenses

• 4111 = (A-incl. VAT) + (B-incl. VAT)*

*Please note that the amount is reflected net of VAT, as it is displayed separately in the ODDS in accordance with the recommendations of the law.

• 4121-4129

*Amount D excluding VAT, because the rule is the same.
**VAT, separately summarized for the indicated sections, enter in the value of line 4119.

We reflect the results from investments

• inbox

• Consumables

Reflect the results of the financial operations of the period

In conclusion, we perform the following action: 4100 + 4200 + 4300, which will reflect the total amount by which the company's cash has increased.

The balance of cash and cash equivalents that the company has at the end of the period is reflected in line 4500. The specified procedure for filling out the cash flow statement will allow you to avoid mistakes and correctly reflect all the necessary indicators.

An example of a completed cash flow statement

It is easy enough to illustrate filling out a cash flow statement with "unrealistic" data, but in my opinion, this is not worth doing, as it can lead to confusion. Therefore, as an example of filling out the cash flow statement matrix, let's take unified form without data, but with indication of filling articles. As a basis, we will take the procedure for filling out the cash flow statement table indicated in the previous section.

An example of the implementation of ODDS in WA: Financier

Opportunities WA: Financier in the formation of any arbitrary financial statements on the example of the "Cash Flow Statement"

"WA: Financier" allows you to set up various reporting using the "Custom Reporting" constructor by downloading excel format templates and filling in these layouts according to planned or actual data - internal data of the Financier itself or data from external accounting systems.

In our article “Filling out the ODDS”, an example of filling out a regulated “Cash Flow Statement” is given. Let's see how its filling is configured in "WA: Financier".

The first step is to load the report layout from an excel file:

The layout is loaded in exactly the same form as configured in excel:

Each cell must be given a name of type [NAME] and indicate the source from which the data for the report should be taken.

Source options are as follows:

• Filling in according to any formula based on the cells of the current report or other reports;
• filling in according to data stored inside the WA: Financier system or in external accounting systems on the 1C platform.

The report settings store a list of all configured/available sources for it:

For each source, the actual "place" in accounting system, where the report should "take" data when generating:

After defining the list of sources, they must be specified in each cell of the report:

After performing the above actions for all cells of the report, it is generated automatically according to the data specified in the report selections and source selections:

The method of filling out the cash flow statement shown in the example is called “direct”. The foundation direct method formation of ODDS - collection of information on various accounts of the company and its corresponding reflection in the context of articles. But in practice financial management there is also another method of filling out such a report - "indirect".

In the future, the indirect method determines the company's profit centers with greater accuracy and allows you to quickly make investment decisions. But, if we recall the very beginning of our article, where it was said about the regulatory role of the report, we can also find a significant “defect” this method: the method is not used in accounting according to Russian standards, which means that in any case it will be considered as an additional one.

But here in no case should there be an opinion that using different methods of filling out a cash flow statement, we can influence its structure. It remains unchanged, as it is determined by the areas of its application.

conclusions

The cash flow statement is a convenient tool that is used in the operational and analytical management of the company. "Beginning" with fixing cash at the beginning of the period, and "ending" with the calculation of the balance at the end of it, the statement of cash flows, filled out correctly and completely, contains comprehensive information on such areas of the company's activities as operations, investments and finance.

Ultimately, a cash flow statement is both a measure of a company's current performance and a document that acts as an indicator of the success of a business's long-term prospects. It allows you to evaluate the operating liquidity of the company, its solvency and even financial elasticity.

Include all payments and all cash receipts for the year. Even those that are not income or expenses, such as obtaining or repaying a loan. Do not show only the movement of money within the company - transfer from account to account, deposit to account cash receipts. As well as the acquisition or exchange for money of cash equivalents clause 6 PBU 23/2011.

Cash equivalents are short-term, which can be quickly turned into money. For example, demand deposits or bills of exchange with a maturity of up to three months. In ODDS, their movement is equated to the movement of money clause 5 PBU 23/2011, Letter of the Ministry of Finance of December 21, 2009 N PZ-4/2009.

So, if a promissory note from one of the leading banks is received from the buyer as payment for goods, its value is included in the ODDS in the proceeds from the sale of goods. But the purchase of the same bill for money is not reflected at all.

All articles of the report are divided into three types: cash flows from current, investment and financial transactions. Investment transactions are, for example, the purchase and sale of fixed assets, the purchase of other companies, the issuance of loans, the receipt of dividends. Financial - attraction and repayment of loans, payment of dividends. Current - all operations, except investment or financial. The current ones include all the usual calculations - receipts from buyers, payments to suppliers, salaries, taxes, interest on loans.

Select the data for each line of the report from the turnovers on accounts , , , and on sub-accounts to the account, on which equivalents are taken into account.

For example, with buyers and suppliers, you pay cashless. To fill in the line, add the debit turnovers on account 51 in correspondence with the account in terms of receipts from the sale of goods, works, services. Reduce the result by the VAT received from buyers. Similarly, to fill in the line, add the credit turnover on account 51 in correspondence with invoices and in terms of payments to suppliers for goods, works and services. Reduce the result by the VAT listed to suppliers.

Show VAT in the report collapsed. Calculate the total amount of tax clause 16 PBU 23/2011.

A positive result will be on the line, a negative result will be on the line in parentheses.

Balance cash flows for each section lines , , is the difference between total receipts and payments. So, in line 4100, you need to specify the difference between the lines and . Show negative balances in brackets. In the line, calculate the total balance of lines 4100, 4200 and 4300.

The balance of money and cash equivalents in the line is the total balance of accounts 50, 51, 52, 55 and sub-account 58, which takes into account cash equivalents, at the beginning of the year.

Line calculation: adjust the balances of cash and cash equivalents from line 4450 to the value of line 4400.

Example. Completing the cash flow statement

During the year, 51 accounts underwent such operations.

Cash Flow Statement 2018 - Free Download Sample Excel Sample

What is a cash flow statement?

Cash flow statement (OKUD form 0710004) is a form of annual financial statements, which is an annex to balance sheet and report on financial results organizations. The document contains generalized information on the company's cash flows, cash balances/equivalents at the beginning and end of the reporting period (year). In this case, cash flows are the payments of the enterprise and the receipt of cash / equivalents, except for those that change the composition of cash / equivalents without changing their total amount.

The responsibility for filling out the report lies with the accounting staff or specialists who keep the company's accounting on an outsourced basis. The document is filled out by cash method. It is not necessary to prepare a cash flow statement, but it is recommended, as it contains information that allows you to objectively evaluate financial position enterprises.

How to fill out a cash flow statement in 2018?

It is necessary to fill out the report form from the header of the form. The lines on the left side say:

Business name;

view economic activity organizations;

organizational and legal form of the enterprise;

form of ownership of the organization.

date of the report;

enterprise code according to OKPO;

TIN of the organization;

enterprise activity code according to OKVED;

OKFS codes;

code of units of measure according to EKEI (rubles or millions).

When filling out the main part of the report, all cash flows are distributed in three directions:

Current activity (fields 4110-4129 and 4100). These are cash flows that arise during ordinary activities business, for example, receiving payment for goods/services, paying rent for premises and equipment, purchasing materials, ordering work, paying wages etc.

Investment activity (fields 4210-4219 and 4200). This area includes cash flows that arise during the creation, purchase, disposal of non-current assets of the organization. These are, for example, profit from the sale of non-current assets, interest on loans, dividends from participation in other enterprises, etc.

Financial activities(fields 4310-4319 and 4300). These are cash flows that change the structure and size of the capital of the organization and its borrowed money. This area includes, for example, receiving interest on cash deposits, proceeds from the issue of shares and debt securities, obtaining loans and their return, etc.

In field 4400, the balance of cash flows based on the results of the reporting year is entered. 4450 and 4500 indicate cash/equivalent balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period, respectively. If necessary, field 4490 is also filled in, showing what effect the exchange rate changes had on the organization's cash flows foreign exchange to the ruble

For each cash flow, the report includes data for the reporting year and for the previous year. If there were no flows for any item, a dash is put in the corresponding column. Indicators expense transactions indicated in the report form in parentheses. All data are given in the form in rubles. If the transaction was carried out in foreign currency, the equivalent of the amount in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time of receipt/withdrawal of funds is given.

Cash flows associated with receipts in favor of the organization from customers of services, buyers of goods, as well as payments to contractors and suppliers are indicated without excise taxes and VAT.

The completed report is submitted for signature to the head of the enterprise. If the organization uses a seal, it is affixed to the form. The cash flow statement is prepared in two copies - one is submitted to tax office, and the second is stored at the enterprise.

How long does it take to file a cash flow statement with the tax authorities?

The report is submitted to the territorial tax authorities with other documentation included in financial statements enterprises. It must be submitted within 3 months from the end of the reporting period, that is, until the end of March of the next year.

Conclusion 32

References 34

Introduction

Accounting reports provide information for making managerial decisions. The formation of financial statements is one of the main tasks of accounting, and the cash flow statement is one of the components of the accounting financial statements.

In Russia, this report is not mandatory, but is considered only as part of the explanations to the annual statements and may not be presented as part of interim reporting, but according to IFRS, this form is the main one and must be submitted for each period for which financial statements are prepared.

This report is necessary both for managers to control cash flows, and for third-party investors and shareholders, who, on the basis of this report, can draw conclusions about the company's liquidity management, about its income and the ability of the company to attract significant sums Money.

The cash flow statement divides cash receipts and payments into three main categories: operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. Grouping cash flows into these three categories reflects the impact of each of the firm's three main activities on cash.

This term paper is to consider the structure and content of the cash flow statement, and the main tasks are to study the purpose, the general structure of the report, the rules for filling out each section of the report and comparing the features of form No. 4 in IFRS and in Russian standards.

1 How to fill out Form No. 4 “Cash Flow Statement”

The rules for compiling a cash flow statement are set out in RAS 23/2011 "Cash Flow Statement" (hereinafter RAS 23/2011).

According to paragraph 7 of PBU 23/2011, the organization's cash flows are divided into cash flows from current, investment and financial transactions.

The entity's cash flows from transactions related to the ordinary activities of the revenue-generating entity are classified as cash flows from current operations. Cash flows from current operations, as a rule, are associated with the formation of profit (loss) of the organization from sales (clause 9 PBU 23/2011). The organization's cash flows from operations related to the acquisition, creation or disposal of the organization's non-current assets are classified as cash flows from investment operations (clause 10 PBU 23/2011).

In turn, the organization's cash flows from operations related to the organization's attraction of financing on a debt or equity basis, leading to a change in the size and structure of the organization's capital and borrowed funds, are classified as cash flows from financial operations (clause 11 PBU 23/2011).

The form of the statement of cash flows (hereinafter - the Report), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 N 66n, corresponds to the specified classification.

Thus, the Report contains sections "Cash flows from current operations", "Cash flows from investment operations" and "Cash flows from financial operations".

When filling out the Report, it should be taken into account that, by virtue of paragraphs. "b" clause 16 PBU 23/2011 cash flows are reflected in the cash flow statement in cases where they characterize not so much the activities of the organization as the activities of its counterparties, and (or) when receipts from some persons determine the corresponding payments to other persons . Examples of such cash flows are, in particular, settlements under intermediary contracts, VAT included in receipts from buyers and customers, payments to suppliers and contractors, and payments in budget system Russian Federation or reimbursement from it. Then the amount of VAT received as part of payments from buyers and customers should be accounted for separately and reduced by the amount of VAT actually paid to the budget in the reporting period. Also, as part of these cash flows, take into account the amount of VAT paid to suppliers and contractors, minus the tax actually reimbursed (received) from the budget in the reporting period. In other words, the amount of proceeds from sales to customers and the amount of payments to suppliers are reflected in the cash flow statement minus VAT.

In terms of cash flows from current operations, we report. Line 4111 of the Report reflects the proceeds received from the sale of products (goods, works, services), as well as the amount of advances from buyers, net of VAT. To fill in the specified line, in the general case, the debit turnovers of accounts 50 and 51 (52) are added in correspondence with accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" and / or 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors".

Line 4112 reflects the amounts of fees, lease, license, commission and other similar payments, also excluding VAT. For this, the turnovers on the debit of accounts 50 (51, 52) are added up in correspondence with the corresponding sub-account of account 76.

The payment received from tenants for the use of your property can be reflected in the Report in different ways. It depends on whether the rental of property is a normal activity of the firm. If it is, then the rent received is reflected in line 4111, if not, then in line 4112.

Line 4113 indicates proceeds from resale financial investments. In turn, other receipts that were not included in the previous lines (for example, the "folded" amount of VAT) should be shown in line 4119. We will explain the calculation of the VAT amount with an example.

Suppose an organization, in the course of carrying out current activities, received from buyers and customers as part of cash the amount of VAT in the amount of 500,000 rubles, paid VAT to suppliers and contractors in the amount of 400,000 rubles, transferred taxes to the budget of 150,000 rubles, received a refund from the budget in the amount of 100,000 rubles. In this case, line 4119: of the Report indicates the amount of 50,000 rubles. (500,000 rubles - 400,000 rubles - 150,000 rubles + 100,000 rubles). If the amount of VAT paid is greater (for example, a refund from the budget in the amount of 100,000 rubles was not received), then the amount of tax in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (500,000 rubles - 400,000 rubles - 150,000 rubles) is reflected in line 4129 of the Report. The expenditure of funds is indicated in the Report in parentheses. Line 4121 of the Report reflects the goods (works, services) paid for by the organization. To do this, it is necessary to take the turnover on the credit of the cash accounts (50, 51, 52) in correspondence with accounts 60 and (or) 76 (on debit).

Line 4122 of the Statement of Cash Flows includes wages paid to employees of the firm. For this, data are taken from the debit of account 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages" in correspondence with the credit of accounts 50 and (or) 51.

If in the reporting (last) year the organization paid interest on debt obligations, then their amount is reflected in line 4123 of the Report. For this, turnovers are taken from the debit of accounts 66 "Calculations for short-term loans and loans" (67 "Calculations on long-term credits and loans") and credit of cash accounts.

Income tax payment (Debit 68 Credit 51) is reflected in line 4124. All other taxes paid are reflected in line 4129. In terms of cash flows from investment operations, we report. Line 4211 of the Report shows the amounts that the company received from the sale of fixed assets, intangible assets, capital construction in progress and equipment for installation (excluding VAT). For this, data are usually taken from the debit of accounts 50, 51 in correspondence with accounts 62 and ( or) 76.

In line 4212 of the Report, indicate the company's income from the sale of shares (stakes) in other organizations.

Line 4214 reflects receipts in the form of dividends, interest on debt financial investments. The specified data are taken from the debit turnover on the cash accounts in correspondence with account 76, sub-account "Calculations on dividends".

Interest amounts actually received in reporting year from financial investments (for example, bonds, bills of exchange, issued loans, etc.) are defined as debit turnover on accounts 50 (51, 52) in correspondence with sub-accounts "Interest on bills", "Interest on bonds", etc. , open to account 76.

The repayment of loans issued by your organization is shown in line 4213 of the Report. For this, the turnover on account 50 (51, 52) and the credit of account 58, subaccount "Loans issued" are taken.

All other income from investment activities is reflected in line 4219.

Line 4221 of the Report reflects the amounts transferred in the reporting year upon the acquisition of fixed assets (real estate, production equipment, etc.), intangible assets (rights to patents, inventions, etc.), capital construction in progress. The data for this line is taken from the credit turnover on accounts 50 (51, 52) minus the VAT paid in the correspondence of accounts 60 and (or) 76 regarding the acquisition of fixed assets, intangible assets etc. It is also possible that, for example, a fixed asset was acquired by an accountable person.

The amount of funds allocated for the implementation of long-term financial investments is indicated in lines 4222 and 4223. To fill in this line, data from the turnover on the debit of account 58 is required. Interest payment is shown in line 4123. Accordingly, the data not included in the above lines (for example " folded "VAT") is given in line 4224.

In terms of cash flows from financial transactions, we report. The amounts received by the company in the form of loans and (or) loans are indicated in line 4311. To fill in this line, turnovers on the credit of accounts 66 and 67 are taken in the correspondence of the debit of cash accounts (50, 51, 52 ...).

In lines 4312 and 4313, reflect the contributions of the company's participants made in the reporting year. For this, the turnover is taken on the debit of cash accounts and on the credit of account 75 "Settlements with the founders". Enter other income in line 4314. These include, for example, government assistance. In this case, the turnover is taken from the debit of account 51 and the credit of the corresponding sub-account opened to account 76. Line 4321 reflects the amounts paid to the owners (participants) in connection with the redemption of shares (participatory interests) of the organization from them or their withdrawal from the participants. To do this, take the credit turnover on accounts 50 (51, 52 ...) and the debit turnover on account 75.

Line 4322 is filled in in a similar manner. Line 4323 indicates the amount of loans repaid by the organization provided by other organizations, as well as the repayment (redemption) of bills of exchange and other debt securities. To fill in this line, data on the debit of accounts 66 and 67 are used in correspondence with the credit of accounts for accounting for funds.

Row 4329 shows data not included in rows 4321-4323.

The cash flow statement (DDS) is one of the main elements of financial reporting. In the article we will tell you how to draw up DDS, what rules should be followed when compiling a report.

Who is required to prepare a cash flow statement (CFD)

According to current legislation, a DDS report is required to be compiled by all organizations that maintain accounting in the prescribed manner. At the same time, the following are exempted from the obligation to complete the report:

• small enterprises (according to Federal Law-402 dated 06.12.11);
• organizations on special regimes using simplified forms of accounting and reporting.

Regulatory base for filling

When filling out a LTA report, you should be guided by the following regulatory documents:

• PBU 23/2011;
• Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 11n dated 02.02.11.

Structure of the DDS report

The report is divided into three main parts:

• sec. I - Cash flows from current operations;
• sec. ІІ - Cash flows from investment operations;
• sec. ІІІ - Cash flows from financial transactions.

In this case, cash flows mean payments that the company makes in favor of other organizations, as well as cash receipts (both in cash and in non-cash form).

The procedure for entering information into the report is as follows:

• divide all payments and receipts into categories according to sections of the report. If it is impossible to classify the flow unambiguously, refer the amount to section I;
• in the context of each of the categories, determine the amount of expenditure, receipts and balance for the reporting period;
• compare the reporting indicators (balances) at the end of the year with those at the beginning of the current year, and then reflect the information in the report.

It should be noted that the DDS report does not include information on flows related to:

• investing in cash equivalents;
• currency exchange operations;
• exchange of cash equivalents.

Also, when reflecting information in the report, the amount of operations on internal movement is not taken into account. non-cash funds on the organization's accounts, cash withdrawal from a bank account, cash deposit at the bank's cash desk, etc.

Do lines need to be numbered?

The answer to this question depends on where the reporting is submitted. If the report is prepared for internal use (for the director, founder, etc.), then it is not necessary to number the lines. If the report is prepared for submission to the regulatory authorities, then the document should be numbered in accordance with the established procedure (Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 66n dated 06/02/10).

The procedure for the formation of indicators

Use the following accounts to define the key figures to be included in the report:

• 50 Checkout;
• 51 Settlement account;
• 52 Currency account;
• 55 Special bank account;
• 57 Transfers on the way. Read also the article: → "".

The calculation of indicators to be reflected in Section I of the DCS report is determined in the following order:

An example of filling out sections of the cash flow statement

For clarity, let's consider an example of calculating the result of cash flows and reflecting the corresponding indicators in the report.

Section I Current activities

Based on the results of 2017, Kantseliyaria JSC has the following cash flow indicators:

The indicators for inclusion in the report are calculated as follows:

• the amount in the line "Other receipts" is defined as the difference between the received and transferred VAT:

1.676.486 rub. - 813.131 rubles. - 702.600 rubles. = 160.755 rubles;

• the indicator in the line "Other payments" is calculated as the sum of other expenses and insurance premiums:

101.700 rub. + 703.900 rub. = 805.600 rub.

Based on the results of the calculation, the accountant of JSC "Chancery" filled out section I of the VAT report in the following way:

Section II Investment activity

In October 2017 JSC "Crane Standard" purchased a building worth 5.740.900 rubles. In November, Kran Standard provided a loan to Kurs LLC in the amount of 412,900 rubles. Any income from investment activity JSC "Crane Standard" at the end of 2017 does not have.

The accountant of Cran Standard JSC filled out section II of the VAT report in the following way:

Section III Financial activities

In 2016, JSC “Magnit” received a cash loan (interest-free) from Rubin LLC in the amount of RUB 814,101. In September 2017, the loan was fully repaid. In the VAT report (section III), the accountant of JSC “Magnit” made the following notes.