"Department of" Survey and Design of Roads "| Methodical instructions to the diploma

Department of "Survey and Design of Roads" | Diploma guidelines

Recommendations for the implementation of the diploma project at the Department of "Survey and Design of Roads"

The implementation of the diploma project consists in designing road or its section, as well as in the detailed development of one of the complex elements of a road or an artificial structure.

Directions of diploma design

1. Automotive design roads I-V categories;
2. Designing the reconstruction of the highway I I-V categories
3. Design of an access road of I-V categories to a settlement, station, production facility, etc.
4. Design of an on-farm (industrial) highway;
5. Design of a career road;
6. Urban highway design
7. Designing the reconstruction of a city highway
8. Design of autodromes, test ranges, etc .;
9. Design of a bridge crossing with approaches.

Explanatory note to the diploma project

Explanatory note drawn up on A4 sheets and presented in a stitched form. It must contain a justification for all adopted technical solutions, calculations and technical economic indicators object. The explanatory note is accompanied by a list of used literature, compiled in accordance with the requirements for a bibliographic description.

The length of the explanatory note must be at least 60 sheets of typewritten text. It is allowed to submit in the form of a legibly written manuscript with a volume of at least 80 sheets. Information is placed only on one (right) side of the sheet. The text can be applied in black, blue or purple colors.

When stitching an explanatory note, the first page is the title page, followed by the assignment for the graduation project, then the table of contents. The title page and table of contents are not included in the page numbering.

The title page must contain signatures:

• graduate student;
• all consultants;
• chief consultant;
• decision on admission to the defense of the head of the department or his deputy.

All drawings and statements attached to the explanatory note must be circled in ink (gel pen) and folded to fit A4 format.

Graphic material

The graphic material represents posters made on Whatman paper in A1 and A0 format. Posters can be made using a computer or manually. When making posters by hand, they should be decorated with ink (gel pen). The design of longitudinal profiles is allowed on graph paper, followed by a stroke with the appropriate colors.

The volume of graphic material must be at least 10 sheets of A1 format.

The presented posters contain all the necessary drawings, inscriptions and numbers.

Demonstration posters should have a caption that reflects their content. A stamp of the established sample is placed in the lower right corner. The design of drawings within the framework of the implementation of one diploma project should be of the same type.

Posters should be designed in such a way that they are clearly visible from a distance of 3-4 m to members of the commission.

Route plan.

The design of the route plan is carried out on a map with a scale of 1: 10000 or 1: 25000. In the first case, the length of the route should be 6-7 km, in the second - 12-14 km. A map scale of 1: 10000 allows you to design the route in more detail and clearly, at a scale of 1: 25000 it is possible to use the routing capabilities to a greater extent

When designing a new highway, the number of route options must be at least 2. When designing a reconstruction, 1 option with sub-options is allowed. Also, as part of the reconstruction, it is recommended to consider for some length a new construction site (bypassing a small settlement, significant straightening, etc.).

The designed route must have a logical beginning and end. This can be an abutment to existing roads, an approach to a settlement, or industrial enterprise etc. It is recommended to consider a section of a new or reconstructed highway within the development of a given direction.

The drawing of the plan of the route must be correctly drawn up. It indicates:

• start and end of the track;
• the length of each option;
• tops of the angles of rotation;
• station value start and end of each curve;
• pickets;
• kilometer markers;
• artificial structures (culverts, bridges, overpasses, traffic intersections, installation sites for retaining walls, noise barriers, etc.).

The design of an urban road is carried out on a map of scale 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000 and 1: 5000. The length of the route can be 2-6 km.

The length of the kilometer is taken to be about 3 cm. The diameter of the circle is 1 cm. The height of the text must be at least 7 mm.

The accepted (best) version of the track is drawn in red.

Culverts

For each route option, one culvert and one small bridge are calculated. It is recommended to select structures with minimum and maximum costs. Structural drawings are attached to the calculation of structures in an explanatory note or on posters, linking this structure to specific conditions. The dimensions of the rest of the artificial structures are taken constructively.

Travel clothing

In the diploma project, at least 3 options for the design of non-rigid pavement must be calculated. When carrying out a reconstruction project, the reinforcement of the existing pavement is calculated. Also, within the framework of the reconstruction, it is necessary to calculate structures in the areas of broadening of the pavement and changes in the route plan (straightening, detours, etc.). Each variant is calculated manually for all indicators and criteria. On a category I highway, in addition to non-rigid structures, it is necessary to calculate rigid road clothes.

On posters with pavement, all considered structures are shown with the display of structural and technological layers and thicknesses. It is necessary to indicate the cost of 1 m 2 of each option. In the explanatory note and on the drawings, it is necessary to draw the structure of the road pavement on the side of the road (shoulder strengthening). Also on the posters are given design characteristics used by road building materials... The section "Road clothes" is coordinated with the consultant in the department "Road - building materials".

Longitudinal profile

The longitudinal profile is drawn in the following scales: horizontal 1: 5000, vertical 1: 500, geological (vertical) 1: 100. When designing a route plan at a scale of 1: 10000, longitudinal profiles are drawn in full for each option. If the scale of the plan is 1: 25000, then longitudinal profiles are drawn for characteristic sections with a length of at least 6-7 km each. When performing a longitudinal profile, the requirements for the construction of the project line and the design of the drawing must be taken into account.

It is necessary to fill in all columns of the longitudinal profile drawing (including design of cuvettes, types of cross-sections, etc.).

Cross profiles

Transverse profiles are drawn with reference to a specific station with an indication of the working elevation. The scale of the transverse profile should be taken at least 1: 100. The drawings must indicate the dimensions and parameters of all elements:

• lane width;
• width of the reinforced shoulder strip;
• width of shoulder reinforcement;
• total shoulder width;
• width of the carriageway;
• width subgrade;
• transverse slopes;
• laying of slopes of the roadbed;
• laying of external slopes;
• the thickness of the vegetation layer on the slopes;
• dimensions of ditches and upland ditches.

On a category I highway, the width and construction of the dividing strip, the width of the reinforced strip are also indicated.

When installing a metal barrier road fence, you must indicate its brand.

Detail of the project

The topic and object of detailed design are assigned by the supervisor. The detail of the project must be presented on at least three sheets of A1 format. The scale of the drawings is set by the graduate student in agreement with the supervisor. It is recommended to display the design scheme, the calculation methodology, the accepted design and its elements on the posters.

Construction technology and organization

On a separate poster, it is necessary to provide a technological diagram of the device of any element of the road (for example, the construction of the foundation or pavement of the pavement, the construction of the subgrade, the installation of a road fence, etc.). For the given technological scheme, it is necessary to calculate the need for machines, mechanisms, the length of the grip, etc.

Separate posters should show the organization of construction and a calendar schedule reflecting all operations for the construction (reconstruction) of the highway.

The economic part

The economic part should be presented on the final poster, on which the graduate student gives a summary estimate calculation and capital investment efficiency.

Admission to the defense of the diploma project

To be admitted to the defense of the diploma project, the student must successfully pass all the checks organized at the department. After completing the graduation project, the student signs it. Consultants should review and sign the relevant parts of the project. Further, the drawings prepared and executed for protection and the explanatory note are signed by the head. After the final approval and signing of the diploma project by the head, the project is presented to the head of the department or his deputy for preliminary defense. During its holding, the examiner has the right to indicate the need for amendments and adjustments to the diploma project. In addition to this, the student must correctly answer all questions asked by the assessors. If all the requirements of the head of the department or his deputy are fulfilled, he signs the diploma project. If the requirements of the examiner are not met, the student is not allowed to defend the diploma project.

Defense of the diploma project

During the defense, the diploma student tells and clearly demonstrates the purpose and sequence of the project, the main technical solutions and features of the project, the detail of the project, the technology and organization of construction, economic part. Special attention should be given to the most original, interesting, requiring creative and engineering work moments.

The duration of the report should not exceed 15 minutes.

After his report, the student must correctly answer all the questions asked by the members of the commission.

The assessment of the diploma project consists of the following main, most significant points:

1. Compliance of the diploma project with the issued assignment;
2. Correctness and depth of development of design solutions;
3. Design of explanatory notes and posters;
4. The content of the report and its story;
5. Correctness, accuracy and depth of answers to the questions posed.

Questions for the entrance exam for the master's degree in the discipline "Survey and design of roads" in 2016

Regulations on the procedure for checking final qualifying works for the amount of borrowing and their placement in the electronic library of the department « Survey and design of roads »

In the diploma project, the detail adopted a temporary traffic organization for the period of overhaul on the road P-88 Zhitkovichi - David Gorodok - the border of Ukraine (Verkhniy Terebezhov) km 5.3 - km 9.0.

Design solutions ensure safe traffic conditions throughout the road section being repaired, the main ones are as follows:

Elements of the plan and longitudinal profile provide the calculated visibility of the road, the optimal mode of movement and the reduction of driver fatigue;

For the information of drivers, the installation of road signs, signal posts and a road marking device is provided;

In the upper layer of the pavement, asphalt concrete is used, prepared on crushed stone of solid rocks and stone screenings, which ensures the required roughness of the pavement;

For the period of execution, the work sites are fenced in in accordance with TKP 172-2009, according to the attached schemes (sheet No. 10), which include:

a) speed limit and warn of ongoing road works with the installation of signs 1.18.5, 1.18.6, 1.23, 3.20.2, 3.24.2;

b) regulation of preemptive right of way by signs 2.6.2, 2.7;

c) the organization of traffic free of renovation works a strip with a width of at least 4.5 m with the installation of guide cones, panel-post fences on the approaches with signs 4.2.2, 4.2.1.

Fencing of work sites and placement of road signs must be carried out in accordance with TCP 172-2009 "Arrangement of work sites during the construction, reconstruction and repair of highways, streets and roads populated areas". Schemes for the arrangement of road works are developed before the start of road works, which must be agreed with the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus and interested organizations and approved by the head of the road construction organization. The schemes, agreed and approved by the head of the road construction organization, serve as a permit for the production of the planned work. Schemes for the arrangement of road work sites are drawn up in four copies: for the owner of the road, the territorial subdivision of the State Traffic Police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, the contractor and for the permanent presence of the official responsible for the performance of road works. It is forbidden for employees to stay in places where there is traffic, without special signal vests. When assigning the size of a temporary construction camp, a safe width of driveways and working aisles, a rational arrangement of transport routes, power supply networks, storage areas and auxiliary premises are provided. Among the priority measures is the fencing of the territory of the town with a fence and the device for drainage of surface water. At the entrance to the site, warning and speed-limiting signs are installed.

The entire section of the road on which a complex of road works is being carried out is fenced off with road signs 1.23, 3.20.2, 3.24.2 on wooden posts, which are not disassembled until the full complex of repair work is completed and are also valid at night and on weekends. The complex of works includes:

Milling of the existing coating, device of the leveling layer;

Construction of asphalt concrete pavement;

Strengthening the shoulders;

Marking.

To perform a certain type of work, according to the production project, the length of the grip is set, which is approximately taken 150m - when installing asphalt concrete pavement and 500m - when performing work on the side of the road and slope. Temporary road signs are hung on inventory structures, which are removed after the end of the shift.

The movement of transit transport is carried out alternately along the lanes that are free from repair.

First of all, sign 1.23 "Road works" is used with sign 7.2.1, indicating the length of the dangerous section. Also, a temporary traffic pattern for the hazardous area is being established. Signs (3 standard sizes) are installed before the production of work and are not removed until the complex of repair work is completed.

When arranging roadsides and slopes, work is carried out only during daylight hours. At the end of the work, the road construction equipment is removed from the subgrade. In the dark, it is not allowed to store materials within the subgrade. For the entire period of elimination of shoulder defects (understated or not compacted), guide poles are installed along the edge every 50 m.

When repairing an asphalt concrete pavement, work should also be carried out during daylight hours. Remove temporary signs at night and on weekends. At the end of the work, the transverse joints of the laid coating are flattened; road construction equipment is removed from the subgrade. Before the production of work on the second lane, the signs are transferred to the opposite side by analogy. In addition to the standard 1.23 "Road works", temporary road signs are installed: 3.20.2 "Overtaking prohibited", 3.24.2 "Maximum speed limit", 1.18.5-1.18.6 "Narrowing of the road", 2.6.2 "Advantage of oncoming traffic" and 2.7 "Advantage over oncoming traffic", 4.2.2 "Avoiding an obstacle on the left" and 4.2.1 "Avoiding an obstacle on the right", etc. Along the edge of the site, guide poles are installed every 50 m.

Similar temporary road signs are used when marking the carriageway. Work is carried out only during daylight hours. To highlight the production site, cone guides with a reflective film every 10 m are used. A cover machine is also used, moving behind a marking machine.

The fencing schemes given in the project are specified by the contractor construction organization after drawing up a project for the production of work, they are coordinated with the GAI of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Gomel Regional Executive Committee and approved by the head of the road construction organization. The agreed and approved schemes serve as a work permit.

At the end of the repair work, the temporary technical means of traffic control is disassembled.

Temporary traffic organization schemes are presented on sheet 10.

The main elements of the road

The main elements of the road are a set of straight lines, curves and slopes that characterize the road in three dimensions: in plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles.

A highway alignment is an imaginary line in space that corresponds to the design position of the road axis in relation to the earth's surface. Since the track changes direction in plan and profile when avoiding obstacles, ascents and descents, it is a spatial line.

The graphic representation of the projection of the track on the horizontal plane, made on a reduced scale, is called the track plan (Fig. 2). On the plan of the route, pickets (PC) are marked every 100 m, the numbers of the turning angles, information about the orientation of straight sections of the route relative to the cardinal points is given.

The most economical road alignment is the straight line connecting the points of interest. However, the construction of roads in the shortest direction is impeded by mountains, ravines, swamps, lakes, rivers, as well as the need to build a road through specified intermediate points. For example, when designing a section of the road route shown in Fig. 2, the deviation from the shortest direct direction was caused by the need to cross the river in its straight section with a convenient approach to the crossing along the gentle slopes of one ravine, bypassing the settlement and the intersection of another ravine.

Each change in horizontal alignment direction is determined by the angle of rotation, which is measured between the continuation of the alignment direction and its new direction. For the convenience and safety of vehicles, road breaks are softened by inscribing circular arcs or curves with a gradually changing radius of curvature - transition curves - into their angles of rotation.

When the car moves along a curve, a centrifugal force arises that is perpendicular to the direction of its movement. It has a rollover and shear effect on the vehicle, deforms tires in the lateral direction, increases tire wear and increases fuel consumption. Therefore, the safety, convenience and efficiency of car traffic on roads with high speed are possible only with sufficiently large curve radii (3000-5000 m). If, according to the terrain, it is impossible to provide such a radius, the norms for the design of highways set, depending on the road category, the following smallest permissible curve radii: for category I - 1000 m, II -600 m, III -400 m, IV -250 m and V - 125 m.

Rice. 2. Plan of the section of the highway

To increase the stability of the car on curves and improve its control, a single-pitch cross profile is arranged - a bend with a slope of the roadway and shoulders to the center of the curve. The transverse or longitudinal slope i of the road is measured in thousandths, called ppm, and denoted by the sign% 0. The slope shows how much the road surface rises or falls in the lateral or longitudinal direction.

In the USSR, bends are arranged on all curves with radii less than 3000 m on roads of the G category, and 2000 m on roads of other categories. On a bend, they pass from a gable to a single-slope profile within the limits of sections A (Fig. 3), called bend spurts. The slope of the bend, depending on the radius of the curve, varies from 20 to 60%. Larger values ​​for superelevation cross slopes correspond to smaller curve radii.

When driving on a straight horizontal section, the driver sees the road ahead of him at a great distance, but when crossing curves, the visibility of the road is significantly reduced. Estimated visibility means the length of the path on which the driver must see the road in front of him in order to notice the obstacle, realize its danger and have time to go around or brake. Estimated visibility on roads of category I should be 300-400 m.

In addition to the image of the road in a horizontal projection, they use vertical sections along the axis of the road - longitudinal profiles - and vertical sections perpendicular to the axis of the road - transverse profiles.

Rice. 3. The scheme of the bend on the road

Rice. 4. Longitudinal profile of the road: I - at zero marks, II - in the embankment, III - in the cut

If the natural slope of the terrain along which the road passes exceeds the permissible ones, then it is made more gentle. For this, part of the soil is cut or poured. Areas where the road surface after cutting the soil is below the earth's surface are called recesses, and areas located on artificially filled soil are called embankments. To set the height earthen structure relative to the zero mark, they use a conditional system in which the sea level at rest is taken as the zero mark. The countdown is carried out from the zero mark.

A graphic representation of a longitudinal profile is one of the main documents on the basis of which a road is built. On the longitudinal profile, a line of the earth's surface and a line corresponding to the elevations of the curb of the road (project line) are depicted. The difference between the elevations of these lines, which determines the height of the embankment or the depth of the cut, is called the working elevation. The longitudinal profile also shows which sections of the road are located on the embankment, which ones are in the recesses, pickets are marked, information about the magnitude of the slopes is given.

On the transverse profile of the road (Fig. 5), the structural elements of the roadway, shoulders, slopes of the roadbed, ditches and a road strip are depicted.

For the placement of the road, the development of the soil from which the embankments are poured, the construction of auxiliary structures and the planting of green spaces, a strip of terrain called a road strip or right-of-way is allocated. Its width is set for a road of I category 39 m, II - 33 m, III - 22 m, IV - 19 m and V - 18 m.

A carriageway is a strip of road surface within which cars move. Usually it is strengthened with stone materials, arranging travel clothes. The road surface is made with a lateral slope for water drainage. On the roads of the 1st category, independent carriageways are arranged for movement in each direction. For safety, a dividing strip with a width of at least 2.5 m is left between them.

Rice. 5. Cross-section of the road:
a - with one carriageway, b - with two carriageways and a dividing strip (road of I category); 1 - the outer slope of the ditch, 2 - the edge strip, 3 - the axis of the road, 4 - the edge of the carriageway, 5 - the edge of the roadbed, b - the inner slope of the ditch, 7 - subgrade, 8 - carriageway, 9-shoulders, 10- axis of the roadway, U - embankment slope, 12 - dividing strip

For temporary parking of cars on the side of the carriageway, shoulders are placed. Strengthening (edge) strips are laid along the carriageway on the shoulders and dividing strips to prevent destruction of the edge of the carriageway and ensure traffic safety in case of accidental exit of the vehicle wheels from the pavement.

The line marked on the ground and which is the axis of the road is called an alignment (Fig. 1). The track consists of straight and curved sections. For better orientation, the route is divided into kilometers and hundred-meter sections, called pickets.

For convenience, the track is considered in two projections: in plan and in longitudinal section. A graphical representation of a projection of a road on a horizontal plane, made at a certain scale, is called a road plan. The change in direction of the track is determined by the angle of rotation formed by the continuation of the track direction and its new direction.

Rice. 1. Route of the road

The longitudinal profile of a road (Fig. 2) is an image on a drawing of a section of the earth's surface along the axis of an existing or projected road. The longitudinal profile characterizes the value of the longitudinal slopes of individual sections of the road and the location of the carriageway relative to the earth's surface.

Natural slopes of the terrain often exceed the allowable for efficient use of vehicles. In such cases, the slope of the road is made more gentle than the slope of the earth's surface, cutting off part of the soil or, conversely, adding it.

Places where the surface of the road, after cutting the soil, is below the surface of the earth, are called notches. The places where the road is laid above the surface of the earth, on artificially filled soil, are called embankments.

Rice. 2. Longitudinal profile of the road (the frames show the cross-section of the road)

The strip of terrain allocated for the location of the road, soil development, for filling embankments, building auxiliary structures and planting green spaces is called a right-of-way. Depending on the purpose of the road, the width of this lane ranges from 18 to 39 m.

A transverse profile (Fig. 3) is an image on a drawing of a section of a road by a vertical plane perpendicular to the axis of the road.

Rice. 3. Cross-section of the road

The lane along which vehicles move is called the carriageway (width 6-14 m), and the adjacent lanes are called shoulders. The lane of the carriageway, which falls on one moving vehicle, taking into account its size and the gap on both sides for traffic safety, is called a lane. The width of one traffic lane on roads of I, II and III categories is 3.5 m, on roads of IV and V categories - 3.0 m. The shoulders create a side stop for pavement made of durable materials within the carriageway. The roadsides are also used for temporary parking and ROAD MACHINES when repairing a road. Separating the roadway from the side, ditches, the shoulder ensures traffic safety. The earth mass (strip of land), on which the roadway and shoulders are located, is called the roadbed. It is separated from the adjacent terrain by inclined planes - slopes and sometimes side ditches, which serve to drain the subgrade and drain water. When embankments are high, ditches are not made. In the presence of side ditches, two slopes are obtained - external and internal. The line of their intersection is called the edge of the roadway or simply the edge of the road.

There are cutoffs on the sides of the subgrade. Green spaces are located on them.

The main parts of the road are:
1) subgrade; it is arranged in embankments or in recesses;
2) road clothes;
3) road structures - bridges, pipes, overpasses, tunnels and retaining walls that completely or partially replace the roadbed when the road crosses rivers, ravines, mountain ranges and when the road passes along slopes.

Auxiliary facilities on the road include: buildings serving operational enterprises on the road (telegraph and telephone lines, premises of the road repair and maintenance service); structures and buildings for servicing passenger and freight transport (stations, hotels, warehouses, repair shops, points for refueling and oil, etc.).

Rice. 4. Subgrade:
a - with ditches; 6 - with lateral reserves; c - with widened reserve ditches; d - high embankment; d - transverse profile of the recess

The subgrade is one of the most important road structures, since it contains pavement. The transverse profile of the subgrade can have a different shape depending on the terrain and on its transverse slope. For each road category, a corresponding subgrade width has been established.

In fig. 4 shows the most common cross-sections of the subgrade.

When constructing the subgrade in the embankment or in the excavation, various excavation works are performed.

For the construction of a small embankment (below 0.6 m), soil from several widened side ditches is sufficient. At a greater height of the embankment, the soil is brought up from the excavations or taken from the shallow workings-reserves laid near the road.

Reserves are laid closer to the road, since with decreasing distance when soil is moved from the reserve to the embankment, the cost of earthworks decreases.

When building embankments with a height of 0.6-1 m, the reserve is often combined with a side ditch. In the case of road construction on high embankments, when required a large number of soil, reserves are laid aside from the embankment. The strip of land between the adjacent reserve slopes and the embankment is called a berm (berm width is at least 2 m).

TO Category: - Machines for the construction of cement concrete road surfaces

9 PROJECT DETAIL: BUS STOP

9.1 Rationale for details

The motor road and the adjacent right-of-way must be improved, i.e. have a look that meets the requirements of aesthetics and landscape architecture. This is necessary to make driving on the road comfortable and aesthetic satisfaction.

It is advisable to build car pavilions according to individual or typical projects, developed taking into account local conditions, traditions of folk architecture and stylistic unity of a certain section of the road.

Small architectural forms include a large number of elements of landscaping and equipment of streets, roads, squares, boulevards, courtyards - that is, the entire intermediate zone that is located between the objects of "volumetric" architecture. As a rule, the interpretation of these elements as small architecture is rather broad: their nomenclature includes objects ranging from drinking fountains and benches to arches of entrances or pavilions with enclosed spaces.

All these elements, being part of the "intermediate zone", serve strictly utilitarian purposes and at the same time are the compositional details of the environment, constituting the "connecting element" in the large-scale juxtaposition of man and buildings. In the road environment, objects of small architectural forms are: equipment of recreation areas; equipment for bus stops; freestanding small architectural forms. Bus stops can be equipped with: benches, awnings, pavilions for waiting for vehicles of various types and capacities, waste bins, toilets. Small forms can also be arranged on road sections in the form of free-standing objects that play a compositional role. Unlike urban ones, small architectural forms in the road environment are not an intermediate link between people and buildings. Here, as a rule, they are located in a natural landscape situation. The problem is to ensure that the functional requirements are met in the best possible way, to link these objects with the landscape, to give them a "landscape" character. This can be achieved by design and planning solutions, using natural building materials. In general, considering small architectural forms near roads as a kind of architectural genre, two stylistic directions can be distinguished. One direction is the use of rich folklore national traditions in their architecture. As a rule, constructive and artistic techniques of rural architecture are used. These elements easily blend in with the surrounding landscape, are made from local materials and are warmly received by those passing along the road. The disadvantage of "folklore objects" is the need for their individual production using traditional building techniques. The use of modern building materials (reinforced concrete, steel, aluminum, plastic) and the design principles of assembly require an appropriate artistic interpretation. A completely special stylistic design solution appears, which lays its imprint on the road environment. Interestingly, such facilities fit better into urbanized or semi-urbanized environments. Bus pavilion architecture presents a particular challenge. This small structure is very important in the architectural appearance of the road. First, this structure is usually not visually isolated from the road. On the contrary, arranged on the widening of the carriageway, by its very appearance, it informs about the presence of a bus stop. Secondly, there are dozens of pavilions even along a medium-length road. Here quantity turns into quality. The repeated visual accents of the bus pavilions create the aesthetic ambiance of the road. Thirdly, for a small village by the road, the bus pavilion itself is an important architectural object that affects the "internal" environment of the village. A small architectural object, built thousands of times on our roads, is, of course, an independent aesthetic problem. Bus pavilions are differentiated in terms of capacity and layout. There are types according to their capacity: 5-10 people. (small capacity); 10-20 people (medium capacity); over 20 people (large capacity).

According to the layout characteristics, the pavilions are subdivided into: open type (without barriers); semi-closed type (with walls, without a closed room); closed type with cash register and (closed room - class); closed type with a cash desk and a waiting room. A closed pavilion with a cash desk and a waiting room with a capacity of over 20 people. Can be seen as a bus station. The need for such differentiation is caused by the different need for pavilions, depending on the number of passengers served simultaneously. To establish this number, calculations are made of the daily number of passengers using a given bus stop, the average number of buses passing per day and the average number of passengers per trip. In practice, the capacity of the pavilions will largely determine the choice of options for their layout. For bus stops with a minimum number of passengers, the pavilion can generally be replaced by a light canopy with a bench. A large number of passengers require the construction of a semi-closed pavilion, and, if necessary, a checkout room. The general approach to the selection of places for the construction of bus pavilions should proceed from the requirements of the road transport service, as well as from the landscape design principles. The pavilion is an active visual accent in the road environment, therefore, it is necessary to consciously reveal its architecture while driving on the road. The standards recommend a minimum distance from the edge of the stopping site to the nearest edge of the pavilion of 3 m. A greater distance (5-10 m) is preferable, which creates an additional depth of perspective, facilitates the perception of the spatial form. In practice, various construction materials are used in the construction of bus pavilions.

The use of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures is an industrial trend that allows a large number of small architectural forms to be erected in a limited time. The most important task in the construction of bus pavilions from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with a limited nomenclature of constituent elements is to create objects that are different in their planning solutions. The importance of have such qualities of prefabricated elements as geometric accuracy, cleanliness of decoration, uniformity of texture, which are especially acutely perceived in small architectural forms. Monolithic reinforced concrete is very labor-intensive, it is used when it is necessary to build individual objects. The most expedient construction of bus pavilions from thin-walled structures of the "shell" type, allowing great compositional possibilities. However, this type of construction is most acceptable in the southern, dry regions of our country.

Structural bus pavilions can be relatively inexpensive. They are a steel frame with corrugated aluminum enclosing structures and corrugated fiberglass coating. The lightness and simplicity of these structures, modern architectural forms have proven to be very acceptable, especially for the urbanized road environment.

Timber structures are especially recommended for local roads in areas with available timber. At a low cost (1.5 - 2.5 thousand rubles), bus pavilions made of wood fit well into the natural landscape. The disadvantage is the relative fragility without careful processing of wood: impregnation with antiseptics, coating with a protective layer, etc. In practice, in different regions of our country, pavilions are erected from various materials: brick, wood, metal, reinforced concrete, rubble stone, shell rock, etc. both by standard and by individual projects(fig. 4.28). It is possible to give some general practical recommendations for the layout of this structure, which, however, may vary depending on the specific architectural solution. The elevation of the bottom of the slab (roof), as a rule, is set at a height of 2.5 to 3 m, which provides internal comfort and preserves the scale of the entire structure. Windproof walls in semi-closed pavilions are made with a minimum height of 2.2 m. It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of the structure's airflow.

Hence the need to place the walls on three sides of the pavilion. At the same time, it must be remembered that it is desirable to provide a visual overview from the inside of the pavilion towards the bus entrance. The compositional solution of the pavilion should be laconic and clear. General features compositional constructions of volumetric architecture near roads extends to the architecture of bus pavilions. An abundance of decorative and artistic elements is undesirable: mosaics, chasing, forged elements, etc. Such elements should not be independent monumental forms, but rather have the character of architectural details. Practice shows that the pretentious use of the walls of this structure for "monumental" forms reduces the aesthetic impact of both the pavilion and the artistic element. The pavilions will be equipped with benches and urns. In practice, for small structures without closed waiting rooms, there is no need to differentiate interior and exterior wall decoration. At the same time, individual elements can emphasize the interior character of a room (even a semi-closed one), creating the necessary coziness. Benches with backs and headrests, bus timetables mounted on the walls of the showcase, and architectural and decorative details can become a natural part of the interior. A unified style solution for the architecture of bus pavilions should cover the entire route of the highway. At the same time, layout options are desirable, which will change depending on the landscape situation and capacity. In many ways, the architecture of bus pavilions is influenced by national and local traditions of architecture of republics, territories, regions. Pavilions, as part of a natural landscape, a village or a suburb, should be akin to this land, its peculiar cultural and historical traditions, local building techniques and materials. An important role is also played by the general planning solution of bus stops, their improvement and landscaping. In fact, a kind of rest and waiting area is also formed at the bus stop, designed not for drivers, but for passengers. Above is the general nomenclature of the stop improvement facility. In addition to them, the improvement may include different kinds paving, retaining walls, flower beds. Landscaping is solved with small groups of trees and shrubs. Landscape compositions using a natural or artificial elevation difference, creating a microrelief can have a positive value.

Along the road on the reconstructed section of km 80-90, the project provides for the construction of one car pavilion, which will ensure normal road performance and improve the working conditions of drivers, road service units and traffic police.

Car pavilions are designed to shelter people from wind, rain and sun while waiting for public transport. The project adopted a reinforced concrete car pavilion.

On boarding areas for passengers, road clothes are provided from single-layer asphalt concrete 40 mm thick on a crushed stone base 150 mm thick.

Detail of the project. (Fencing of the work site)

Road signs

Temporary road signs used in the areas of road works, as well as on detours, are installed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23457-79

"Technical means of traffic management. Application rules".

The shape, color, symbols and dimensions of temporary road signs are taken in accordance with GOST 10807-78 "Road signs. General technical conditions".

Road signs located to the right in the direction of travel must be duplicated on the left side of the road, on the median strip or on the carriageway, if the traffic conditions are such that the sign may not be seen by the driver.

Road signs previously installed on the road in use at the places of road works must be removed if their information contradicts the information of temporary road signs.

Temporary road signs are usually installed on portable poles. Installation of signs on shields or barriers is possible. In this case, the bottom crane of the sign must be at least 10 cm above the ground or road surface. The plane of road signs installed on portable supports must make an angle of at least 70 ° with the surface of the pavement.

In the plan, road signs should be placed so that from the edge of the carriageway to the edge of the sign closest to it, it is not less than 0.5 m.

The dimensions of the portable supports must correspond to the dimensions of the traffic signs used. Support elements should not protrude more than 20 cm beyond the lateral edges of the sign.

The conditions for the use of road signs, most often used in the production of road works, are set out in paragraphs 4.8-4.24 of this Instruction.

Road signs or groups of signs must be placed at a distance of at least 50 m from each other. Sign 1.23 must be installed first in the direction of travel.

"Road works" must be repeated at least 50 m before the start of the work site. In populated areas and in confined conditions, the repeated sign 1.23 "Area of ​​action" can be installed directly at the beginning of the work site.

Sign 1 .1 5 "Slippery road" is used when increased slipperiness of the carriageway in comparison with the previous section is possible, caused by the work carried out (for example, as a result of priming the repaired pavement with liquid bitumen or tar, removal of clay and dirt from adjacent roads along which the route is bypassed).

Sign 1.17 "Ejection of gravel" is installed during the construction or repair of gravel and crushed stone surfaces, during surface treatment of the surface and in cases where the ejection of gravel, crushed stone from under the wheels of a car is possible.

Signs 1.18.1-1.18.3 "Narrowing of the road" serve to warn drivers about the narrowing of the carriageway or road bed, regardless of the reasons that caused this narrowing.

Sign 1.19 "Two-way traffic" warns drivers about a section on which, due to road works, a two-way traffic is temporarily organized.

Sign 1.30 "Other hazards" is used to warn drivers about the presence of a hazard not covered by other warning signs, such as air compressor hoses laid across the carriageway, welding cables, etc.

Signs 1.31.1-1.31.3 "Direction of turn" are installed in places where there is a sharp change in direction by the movement of vehicles. In this case, the signs can be placed on boards or barriers.

In cases where traffic occurs along the repaired section, the direction of bypassing various obstacles on the roadway is indicated using signs 4.2.1-4.2.3 "Obstacle Avoidance." It is allowed to use signs 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 to indicate deviations of the trajectory of vehicles from the obstacle, which must be formed by at least five signs, while the slope of the line formed by these signs to the axis of the road must be at least 1: 10, 1: 20 and 1: 50 at the permissible speed, respectively 40 , 60 and more 60 km / h.

When the movement of vehicles is organized along a specially arranged detour, signs 5.32.1-5.32.3 must be installed before starting the detour.

"Direction of the detour." If it is necessary to organize traffic on the adjacent road network, to indicate the route of movement before starting the detour, sign 5.31 "Detour scheme" should be installed, and at all intersections on the bypass route signs 5.32.1-5.32.3 "Direction of detour".

Limit the speed in front of the repaired section using sign 3.21 "Maximum speed limit" should be in the case when at the beginning of the section there is a rearrangement of vehicles or it is possible for road workers to enter the carriageway.

Prohibition of overtaking using sign 3.20 "Overtaking is prohibited" should be introduced on two and three-lane roads when work is carried out on the carriageway or shoulders.

On multi-lane roads, overtaking is prohibited for the direction in which, due to the work carried out, traffic is carried out in fewer lanes.

Sign 2.6 "Advantage of oncoming traffic" is usually installed on the side of the lane on which road works are being carried out. In this case, sign 2.7 "Advantage over oncoming traffic" should be installed on the opposite side.

If necessary, when, according to the conditions of road works, it is necessary to limit the passage of vehicles by weight or size, road signs should be installed 3.11 "Weight limitation", 3.13 "Height limitation", 3.14 "Width limitation".

Outside the road construction site, signs 3.21 “End of the no overtaking zone”, 3.25 “End of the maximum speed limit zone” or 3.31 “End of the zone of all restrictions” are installed in the alignment of the last guarding device.

Table 7.1.1 "Distance to the object" should be used with warning signs if the distance from the sign to the beginning of the hazardous area outside settlements is less than 50 m or more than 100 m.

Plates 7.1.3 and 7.1.4 "Distance to the object" should be used with sign 1.23 in places of turning towards dangerous sections of the road.

Table 7.2.1 "Coverage" must be used with a repeated warning sign 1.23 "Road works" to indicate the length of the hazardous area. Fencing and guiding devices, other technical means.

section motor road earthen

Fencing means (portable barriers, inventory boards, stands, milestones, cones, signal flags), auxiliary equipment (cords with colored flags, signal lights, portable traffic lights) are essential elements of traffic management on road works.

Portable guards must be strong, transportable and stable.

When device underground passages, laying communications and performing other road works related to the excavation of the roadbed, inventory shields can be used as guarding devices.

Fencing barriers of a portable type with crossbeams are installed mainly across the carriageway to close traffic along the entire width or on one side of the carriageway, 5-10 m before the border of the place of work on both sides. If it is necessary to pass intrabuilding transport, barriers are installed at the entry points of cars.

A picket fence consists of uprights, crosses and lathing. The upper and lower parts of the barrier are painted red, the middle white or yellow.

The guide pole consists of a shield and a metal support, the shield is painted on both sides with white and red stripes 200 mm wide at an angle of 45 °.

Wooden stacks consist of a tapered strip, painted with alternating stripes of red and white, and a cross.

The guide cones can be made of sheet steel, rubber or other materials, they must easily move when cars hit them, be resistant to overturning by the air flow created by the passing vehicles... The cones are painted with alternating horizontal stripes of red and white 150 mm wide.

The signal flag consists of a metal shield and a support. On both sides of the shield, a black strip is applied with a width of 150 mm at an angle of 45 °, on which a red reflective element of 40 × size is fixed. 100 mm.

Racks, milestones and guide cones are used to fencing places of work and as a means of ensuring a smooth change in direction of movement when bypassing places of work, as well as when transferring traffic from one lane to another.

To create a good visibility of the guideline, at least eight cones or five rods must be installed on the guideline. It is better to use cones and milestones to mark guide lines on the carriageway, to fence the place of work - along the road from the side of movement with a distance of 10-15 m between them. , was at a distance of no more than 0.5 m from him.

Signal cords used to fence off work sites are attached to installed picket barriers, milestones or cones. The height of the suspension of the cords above the road surface must be at least 80 cm.

At long terms When carrying out work, along with other means of organizing traffic, it is recommended to use temporary burly markings. At the same time, permanent marking, if it contradicts the goals of organizing traffic, and for the period of repair must be eliminated or painted over with gray paint, or must be. The detail of the project is presented on sheet No. 4