Accounting / 08.01.2022

Technology in terms of economics. "modern technologies of teaching economics". Technological advances in one sector can contribute to

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education

"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)

Department of Microeconomics

Course work

"New technologies and their role in the modern economy"

Completed:

student of group F1-4a Kuular A.K.

Moscow 2013

Introduction

1. Characteristics of modern innovative structures

2. The role of technology in the economy of the Russian Federation

2.2 Integrated business discoveries

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. Currently, the economic development of countries is directly related to the ability to produce competitive products. The most rational is to increase competitiveness based on the improvement of economic, technical and other indicators of manufactured products, that is, the transition to an innovative development path. An important component of the innovative development model is the creation of innovative structures whose activities are aimed at ensuring the process of introducing new technologies into production and commercial implementation of research and development results. The innovative image of the domestic economy, which means that the level of its competitiveness does not meet world achievements. It is technologically weakly protected from the economic expansion of advanced foreign manufacturers that are able to "trample" it not only in the external, but also in the domestic market. Consequently, the accelerated innovative development of the economy is becoming the first national task that needs to be addressed urgently. Nanotechnology and, in particular, molecular technology are new areas that have been very little explored. The development of modern electronics is on the way to reduce the size of devices. On the other hand, classical production methods approach their natural economic and technological barrier, where the size of the device does not decrease much, but the economic costs increase exponentially. Nanotechnology is the next logical step in the development of electronics and other science-intensive industries. The object of research is innovative technologies. The subject of the research is the role of new technologies in the economy. In preparing the work, various information sources were used to collect the necessary material, but mainly these are economic and scientific and technical journals, newspapers, as well as Internet resources. We need to solve the following tasks:

1. Define the concept, properties and functions of innovative technologies;

2. Classify innovative technologies;

3. Consider the role of innovation in the economy of Russia and foreign countries.

innovative business economy

Chapter 1. Characteristics of modern innovative structures

1.1 The concept of innovative technologies. Properties and functions of innovation

The concept of "innovation" as an economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian economist I. Schumpeter. He first considered the issues of new combinations of production factors and identified five changes in development, i.e. innovation issues:

Use of new equipment, technological processes or new market support for production;

Introduction of products with new properties;

Use of new raw materials;

Changes in the organization of production and its logistics;

Emergence of new markets.

In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Innovative technologies are understood as sets of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from capital investment in new equipment or technology, but also in new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

Innovation is a result realized on the market, obtained from capital investment in a new product or operation (technology, process). Based on this, we can say that innovation performs the following three functions:

1.reproductive

2.investment

3.stimulating

Reproductive function means that innovation is an important source of financing for expanded reproduction. The cash proceeds received from the sale of innovation on the market creates entrepreneurial profit, which acts as a source of financial resources and at the same time a measure of the effectiveness of the innovation process and can be used to expand the volume of production, trade, investment, innovation and financial activities, which is the content of the reproductive function of innovation.

The profit received through the implementation of innovation can be used in various ways, including as capital. This capital can be used to finance both all investments and specifically new types of innovations, which is the content of the investment function of innovation.

Receiving profit by an entrepreneur through the implementation of innovation directly corresponds to the objective function of any commercial economic entity. This coincidence serves as an incentive for the entrepreneur to new innovations; encourages him to constantly study demand, improve the organization of marketing activities, apply more modern methods of financial management (reengineering, brand strategy, benchmarking, etc.), which is the content of the stimulating function of innovation.

1.2 Classification of innovative technologies

There are types of innovative technologies:

implementation;

Training (training and incubation of small enterprises);

Consulting;

Transfer;

Engineering.

In turn, an innovative project is understood as the end result of innovative activity, which has been realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.

Depending on the technological parameters, innovative projects are divided into product and process ones. Product innovations include the use of new materials, new semi-finished products and components; obtaining fundamentally new products. Process innovation means new ways of organizing production.

The incentive mechanism for the development of innovative projects, first of all, is market competition. In market conditions, producers of products or services are constantly forced to look for ways to reduce production costs and enter new markets. Therefore, firms that are the first to master effective innovations get a significant advantage over competitors. An important condition for their practical implementation in business is the attraction of innovative investments.

Due to their specific nature, small businesses have to be more active in the market, using their flexibility and ability to quickly reorient. Therefore, it is often small businesses that become the pioneers of new products and new technologies in various industries.

The main motivations for creating and selling innovations for entrepreneurs are usually:

* increasing the competitiveness of their new products;

* Improving your image in the market;

* capturing new markets;

* increase in the amount of cash flow;

* Reducing the resource intensity of the product.

The competitiveness of a new product (or technology) means its ability to meet the demands and requirements of the market in a certain period of time and be sold profitably if there are other similar products (or technologies) on the market.

The motives for creating and selling innovations are due to a number of factors, here are the main ones:

* increased competition;

* changes in the production and trade process;

* improvement of technologies of operations;

* changes in the taxation system;

* achievements in the international financial market.

The main motives for buying innovations are:

* increasing the competitiveness and image of the economic entity;

* receiving in the long term return on capital invested today.

1.3 Innovation process. The role of innovation in the economy

The innovation process is a process of successive transformation of an idea into a product, passing through the stages of fundamental and applied research, design development, marketing, production and sales.

On a larger scale, the innovation process can be divided into two main stages: the first stage (it is the longest) includes scientific research and design development, the second stage is the product life cycle.

Scientific research:

Depending on the complexity of the innovation project, the tasks to be solved at the first stage of the innovation process can be quite diverse. In particular, when developing and mastering large innovative projects, the system integration of the results of scientific and technical activities obtained at different times by other teams, debugging and refinement of both individual subsystems and technologies as a whole is carried out. The performers of work at this stage are creative teams of scientists and engineering and technical workers of universities, universities, institutes, scientific and technical centers.

The life cycle of a product is the period of time during which a product circulates on the market, starting from the moment it enters the market and ending with its withdrawal from the market. One of the fundamental concepts of the concept of modern marketing.

Various options for the product life cycle curve: 2 - repeated cycle; 3 - "comb" curve

According to the marketing concept, any product goes through a life cycle, that is, there is a certain period of time when it is present on the market. In a typical product life cycle, there are four phases, four stages:

1. Bringing the product to market. First appearance of the product on the market. Characteristic is a small increase in sales volumes and, accordingly, profit is minimal or non-existent.

2. Growth. A period of rapid growth in sales volume if the product is accepted by the market and the demand for it grows. Profits also increase as sales increase.

3. Maturity. Sales volumes are significant, but further sales growth is not observed. Profit at this stage has stabilized, since additional costs are not required to bring the product to the market.

4. Decline, withdrawal from the market. This phase of the product life cycle is characterized by a significant decrease in sales volumes up to a complete drop in demand for this product. Profits plummet to zero.

Currently, innovations are an active link in all spheres of society. It is impossible to imagine the modern world without innovations that have already taken place and become familiar, and without future ones that contribute to further evolution. Most scientists agree that innovation has become the main driving force of economic and social development. Innovative activity has led the world community to a new, higher level of development.

The role of innovation in the modern world cannot be overestimated. Innovations perform both economic and social functions, cover all aspects of society, affect personal issues. In the long term, without innovation, further economic and cultural growth along an intensive path of development is impossible.

Chapter 2. The role of technology in the economy of the Russian Federation

2.1 Technological form of Russia

At present, the fifth, informational, technological mode has entered the growth phase in the world technological development. It is defined as a way of information and telecommunication technologies. Its driving sectors are the electronic industry, the production of computers, fiber optics, software, the carriers are the industries for the production of automation equipment, robotics, flexible automated production, telecommunications equipment, information services, gas processing. The main vector of Russia's movement towards new technological paradigms - the growth of the 5th and the transition to the 6th technological paradigm - can actually be implemented if the forms of this movement correspond to the specifics of the country's technological and economic development. The technological development of Russia is influenced by two system-wide factors: its geo-economic position and the continuation of the monetarist (monetary) reform course. The geo-economic position (territory, skilled workforce, relatively cheap labor, availability of minerals) explains the existence of technological diversity in Russia. Basic innovations, which play the role of a key factor in the structure of the technological order, arise, as a rule, in the course of fundamental research in academic and university science. Many discoveries and new technical principles originated in Russia, which were subsequently brought to practical use abroad. We also have encouraging cases of breakthroughs in technology due to the search for new ideas in theoretical research. An example is the development of the concept of hypersound based on new principles of the energy interaction of an aircraft with the environment. The Russian government has established a list of priority areas for the development of domestic science and technology, which are recognized as the most promising in terms of the economic and scientific and technological development of Russia in the 21st century and which the state undertakes to supervise and finance. To implement them, special federal programs have been developed.

For example, the last such program for the development of Russia from 2007 to 2012 includes the following priority areas for the development of science, technology and engineering:

1. Information and telecommunication systems

2. Industry of nanosystems and materials

3. Living systems

4. Rational nature management

5. Energy and energy saving

6. Security and counter-terrorism

7. Advanced weapons, military and special equipment

2.2 Integrated business openings

The highest achievement of scientific activity, the criterion for evaluating its effectiveness, the pride of the creator, the international recognition of the authority of the country is integrated business discoveries.

1. General Provisions. The discovery is the establishment of a certain kind of scientific facts, i.e. solving problems of knowledge. The sign "solution of the problem of knowledge" allows you to distinguish discoveries from other objects of intellectual property, and first of all inventions. Unlike an invention, which is a specific way to achieve a practical goal (a technical solution to a problem), a discovery as a result of knowledge has value in itself, regardless of the possibilities of its direct use. Discoveries only prepare the base, the basis for the creation of specific means of influencing nature, expand and deepen the knowledge of the material world, and lead to new knowledge about objective reality. As a solution to the problem of cognition, it consists in discovering essential, necessary, recurring connections in the material world, and not in establishing any previously unknown material objects.

The object of discovery is most fully revealed when establishing its causality and conditionality, and the latter, as a rule, in a theoretical study of the process. Any established scientific fact cannot be recognized as a discovery. It is necessary to prove what the object of discovery is due to, what entails and under what conditions it manifests itself. These provisions must be appropriately reflected in the application for discovery, as well as in its formula.

In the field of the humanities, a discovery is the establishment of intellectual connections between concepts and / or concepts that were previously perceived as unrelated. Differences in the classification of fields of science cause a specific focus of research to create a scientific discovery. So, if in the field of natural sciences the properties, laws, objects of the material world are studied, then the humanities explore the processes associated with the life of society. Therefore, the classification of areas of scientific activity, the results of which can be the subject of discovery, should be expanded by a more detailed division, as a result of which we get: exact, natural, humanitarian, institutional areas of science.

The uniqueness of economic research lies in the fact that they are complex, that is, they occupy all of the listed areas, and sometimes it is difficult to determine a clearly defined area of economic knowledge to which the claimed object of discovery belongs. So, for example, econometrics and modeling are mainly related to the exact sciences, economic balances and the study of economic resources - to the natural, industrial relations - to the humanitarian, regulatory processes in the economy - to the institutional sphere. However, often the object of discovery is interdisciplinary, occupying several of these areas.

The next distinguishing feature of economic research is its mediation. If natural science research is defined in the objects of the material world, then economic research refers to the activities of man and society aimed at changing the objects of the material world. Hence, the basis of economic research is the productive forces of society and social-production relations in the system of objects of the material world.

It should be noted that the development of economic sciences is extremely uneven. If at first the humanitarian and institutional directions of research prevailed, then at present, predominantly natural and exact directions are being developed. It can be assumed that in the near future the situation will change and economic research in the humanitarian and institutional spheres will again be developed.

The objects of scientific discovery in the field of economics, derived from the main definition, are as follows:

scientific idea. A scientific idea is understood as a generalized theoretical principle that explains the essence of a previously unknown phenomenon, property, law or an unknown relationship between concepts and / or concepts;

scientific hypothesis. A scientific hypothesis is a scientifically based assumption about a previously unknown phenomenon, property, law or about an unknown relationship between concepts and / or concepts.

Scientific ideas and scientific hypotheses containing statements that contradict fundamental scientific laws and principles, as well as contradict morality and universal values, are not recognized as scientific discoveries.

2. Problems of scientific discoveries in economics. As the well-known Russian scientist E. Balatsky points out, two research paradigms have been formed in economics: "conceptual" and "theoremic". In accordance with the "conceptual" paradigm, economic discovery is a kind of verbal theory that includes the necessary concepts and categories, as well as the general scheme of the process, its source and driving forces. In accordance with the "theoremic" paradigm, economic discovery is a kind of theorem, which is understood as any unambiguous judgment. In practice, this can be a specific equation, formula, theorem, and even a number.

In the field of natural sciences, for example, in physics, discoveries are, as a rule, long-term (or timeless) in nature. The discovery of the law of universal gravitation by I. Newton is an established fact that cannot be refuted due to the immutability of the properties of the material world.

The conducted research is aimed at solving an important problem of scientific activity - determining the novelty of a development, in particular, a research program aimed at obtaining new knowledge. At the same time, the logic of scientific research provides for the formulation of established scientific facts, i.e. solving problems of knowledge. Scientific business discoveries consist in discovering essential, necessary, recurring connections in the material world. The very fact of such a discovery becomes the basis and prerequisite for the novelty of the claimed provisions and establishes the priority of the discovery.

3. Foreign discoveries in the modern economy

The economies of developed countries are dominated by bio-, nano-, information technologies, while the Russian economy is still at the industrial stage. Russia simply needs an innovative scenario, otherwise the gap in economic development existing between civilized countries and Russia will inevitably grow, which threatens it with a secondary role in the international division of labor.

Recent years have been characterized by a favorable situation for Russia in the world market of energy resources. The economic growth of the economy in previous years (an average of 6% per year) was due to the influx of petrodollars into Russia. This hinders the development of the domestic innovation economy: high oil prices (up to one hundred dollars per barrel) do not contribute to the development of innovation. This dangerous trend is pointed out by many well-known scientists, in particular S.Yu. Glazyev: "Against the background of the restructuring of the world economy, which is unfolding on the basis of new technologies, the technological structure of the Russian economy is regressing, the growth potential of the modern and new technological structures is narrowing, the economy is losing its ability to reproduce independently ....

Opportunities are being missed to use hundreds of billions of dollars of excess profits from oil and gas exports to modernize the Russian economy, the competitiveness of which continues to rapidly decline. "A serious problem is the lack (as a result of the collapse of production that occurred in the 1990s) of demand for scientific applied research (innovation). These applied research should be carried out by branch research institutes, and today they are asked from fundamental science.But to do what there is no demand for means to destroy domestic fundamental science.The scientific and technological complex of Russia is in a state of deep crisis.This is evidenced by the following figures cited by E .B. Lenchuk: no more than 10% of industrial enterprises in Russia are developing and mastering innovations today (for comparison: in developed economies, 60 - 80% is considered the norm).

In terms of the level of development of high technologies, the country "rolled back" by 10-25 years, and its share in the world production of high-tech products has become negligible and currently, according to various estimates, does not exceed 0.3-1% (USA-36%, Japan-30 %). Innovative demand is created only by individual industries, but only an innovative development model for the entire economy can be considered optimal.

The state today announced support for such strategic industries as nanotechnology, nuclear energy, space and information technology. The growth of the innovation sector, along with the above, is also provided by technologies for the deep processing of raw materials - oil, gas, timber, metals and other minerals.

One of the urgent problems is the introduction of innovations. To date, the state mechanism for managing the innovation economy has not been created. Domestic fundamental science offers many interesting developments, but they often remain only on paper and are not brought to industrial implementation. Academician L.I. Abalkin points out the need to take into account a number of factors that affect the creation and functioning of the innovation development mechanism:

· accumulation and preservation of scientific reserves, innovative projects and structures;

regular updating of innovative technologies, projects, approaches;

· Creation of a production base that allows to ensure market entry, taking into account marketing research, innovative projects;

· adequate state policy, as well as setting priorities in the field of relevant technologies and innovations, state regulation;

· A system of budgetary, currency, credit and tax instruments should be formed.

In this regard, one of the key problems is that there are no innovative technologies in the field of management, which, in turn, hinders the development of innovative technologies in the field of production. The absence of innovative managers is a serious issue that hinders the activation of the scientific and technical potential of the Russian economy. This problem - bringing products to the market - can be solved by using foreign experience.

In 1987, K. Freeman, to designate a network of technology parks, technology transfer centers, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, and similar implementation structures created within one country, introduced the concept of a national innovation system. Later, in the mid-1990s, a national innovation system was defined as "that collection of various institutions that collectively and individually contribute to the creation and dissemination of new technologies, forming a framework that serves governments to formulate and implement policies that affect innovation process As such, it is a system of interconnected institutions designed to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and artifacts that define new technologies."

3.2 Analysis of the development of the modern economy in the world

The dynamic development of economic science, its adaptation to the new challenges of economic globalization and market reform, the achievement of a balance equilibrium of socio-economic changes according to political priorities determines the adequate dynamics of the development of economic analysis.

Methodological support for the analysis of models, economic development of systems of various hierarchical levels, organizational and economic mechanisms of state regulation of the national economy and production and financial management of business entities, business partnerships and international integration come to the fore. Preference should be given to the scientific substantiation of the market model for the development of the national economy, despite the fact that for a long time of market reform in Ukraine, well-known scientists have proposed many different concepts on the economic theory of macroeconomics, state regulation, the course of economic reforms still remains uncertain and the reason is not poor level of these concepts. It was scientists from economic theory who used the entire arsenal of scientific tools for understanding the nature and patterns of development of complex economic systems.

However, the absence of world analogues of such starting conditions of the transition period, as in Ukraine, to market conditions of management, just such an economic, political and social structure of society, as well as the inertia of the socialist mentality, do not allow unambiguous use of world models of market reform, introduce a deep polarization of scientific approaches to the justification economic development strategies. The economic consequences of privatization, price liberalization, democratization of state regulation are not only different, but often opposite in different countries following the path of market reform. This is easy to detect on the basis of socio-economic monitoring of national progress in the countries that went through the stage of socialist construction in Poland and Belarus, the Baltic states and China, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, etc.

The experience of market reform in post-socialist countries significantly enriches modern economic theory, determines new trends and patterns of economic development in the multi-vector coordinates of the formation and development of economic systems in various countries of the world. Globalization processes and the formation of a single economic space make it possible to design effective models of market transformations to optimize the use of the potential of productive forces.

In analytical studies of the formation and development of economic systems, it should be taken into account that the market economy of the world is not ideal for a public program, however, more effective models that correspond to the philosophy of human existence have not been found in the world "framework" of a market economy, the same for any country. It is based on democratic principles, the priority use of economic methods of influence, the personification of property and the promotion of competition, the liberalization of prices and the free movement of resources and capital, etc. However, the content of market reforms is specific to each country, based on the characteristics of their economic potential, the level of intellectual development and the structure of society, the priorities of the national idea of economic progress, etc.

The progress of national economic thought is determined by success in the consolidation of society to achieve high standards of economic progress, constructive enrichment with experience, and the achievements of a civilized business partnership in the external and internal markets. The problem is the possibility of obtaining the necessary and sufficient, reliable and timely information about the state of the economic system of a particular level for analytical research. If at the level of business entities it is mostly confidential, then at the level of macroeconomic systems it is more often limited to exclusively official use and not published. This significantly limits the ability of analysts to develop creative proposals and explain the real state, trends, threats and challenges in the development of the national economy. These circumstances cannot be considered as objective prerequisites for scientific stagnation, since under such conditions the very essence of scientific progress is lost.

Scientific research aimed at revealing the essence, causes and consequences of changes and development of economic phenomena and processes, as well as substantiating effective management decisions, provides for deepening knowledge, achieving high levels of evidence and argumentation, excluding double standards of judgment and minimizing the risk of irreversible errors in making decisions. management decisions. This problem is especially aggravated in the conditions of instability of the economic and legal environment, rampant political conjuncture, uncertainty and risk of business partnerships, fierce competition and corporate lobbying, etc. Therefore, bringing scientific research to the requirements of the theory of scientific knowledge is the only way out of the current situation in analysis and economic science as a whole, not moving horizontally, but advancing scientific research to new horizons of truths and is a priority for high standards of economic analysis.

In achieving the objectivity of the results of economic analysis, it is important to know the genetics of economic phenomena and processes, their specific historical evolution and changes in the national mentality. This will make it possible to distinguish between the underlying causes and spontaneous factors of certain changes, while a deep analysis is a prerequisite for maximum evidence and effectiveness of the tools of economic and legal impact, parity and interests, transparency of the operation of organizational and economic mechanisms, etc., if such an analysis is based on well-known scientific principles. It is the advantage of solid evidence and argumentation that sometimes becomes the reason for the decrease in requests for analytical research on the part of economic entities and public administration, since corporate agreements and mercantile judgments, corruption on far from scientific grounds have become popular. Only as an exception to the rule in small and medium-sized businesses, most domestic joint-stock companies conduct a scientific analysis in the field of economics.

Among the interests and motivations, which is the main attribute of market relations, evidence and reasoning are determined by the criterion of parity of state, corporate and personal interests built on this basis, the organizational and economic mechanism can be quite self-regulating and even perfect. The less subjective interference in its action, the greater the confidence of all participants in the reasonable parameters of behavior. It is clear that once a debugged mechanism cannot be permanently self-sufficient.

Evidence and arguments in the studies of economic systems should be considered in three dimensions: economic and mathematical modeling of economic phenomena and processes, the correctness of constructing factor dependencies, target scenarios, etc.;

Analysis of trends and patterns of change and development on a fairly representative and reliable information base using scientific tools for understanding economic systems;

According to analogues arising from the study of domestic and foreign experience in the researched and related fields of knowledge, as well as according to the results of the experiments. The progress of economic and mathematical modeling of cause-and-effect relationships of change and development of economic systems, mechanisms of transformation and adaptation is decisive in the formation of a system of evidence and arguments, since it makes it possible to design virtual economic systems of different levels and orders, their local and systemic behavior under any elemental scenarios. changes. This makes it possible to carry out a rating assessment of the desired model of the economic system and obtain sufficient guarantees of the expected results. Modern achievements in econometrics and metrology contribute to a significant expansion of the segments of economic and mathematical modeling in the diagnosis of economic phenomena and processes occurring or may occur in macro and microeconomic systems, their practical application is possible in our progressive development of the latest information technologies and systems. The second plane of scientific arguments and evidence is related to the determination of trends and patterns of change and development of economic phenomena and processes on a reliable and representative information base and is complex in all aspects of analysis.

Conclusion

In conclusion of this course work, we can conclude that it is information and knowledge that contain the principles of increasing productivity, the optimal use of other resources. They are becoming more and more significant resources in the modern economy, they represent the importance of intellectual efforts. Computer technology is a specific machine of a new stage of economic development - information, predetermining the possibilities and efficiency of information use. With the help of information systems, it became possible to significantly increase the level of management in all spheres of public activity. The widespread use of information technology has opened up opportunities for the active development of global computer networks and thus building a global information infrastructure designed to provide ample opportunities for users and at the same time increase the efficiency of managing all areas of human activity.

The rapid spread of network information technologies, global and local networks, has also brought a serious problem, which is the need to protect access and security of strategic information both at the level of a state or organization, and at the level of an individual user. The successful solution of this problem, along with the active introduction of new information technologies, communications, software and hardware, allows the state and any organization to be as competitive as possible in the global world. Today, information technology can make a decisive contribution to strengthening the relationship between the growth of labor productivity, output, investment and employment.

New types of services distributed through networks are able to create many jobs, which is confirmed by the practice of recent years. Modern IT, with its rapidly growing potential and rapidly decreasing costs, opens up great opportunities for new forms of work organization and employment within both individual corporations and society as a whole.

Thus, the development of the information technology market will be facilitated by:

* introduction of information technologies in the socio-economic sphere and public administration;

* development of domestic production in the field of information and communication technologies, including the implementation of a set of software solutions for the development of microelectronics;

* revitalization of the situation in the information technology market through the implementation of priority national projects, as well as sectoral and regional development strategies;

* stimulating the development of the information technology market, including the creation of technology parks in the field of high technologies.

* promotion of Russian enterprises in the field of information and communication technologies to the world market, strengthening of Russia's position in international industry organizations;

* implementation of tax and customs policy measures aimed at stimulating organizations operating in the field of information technology.

In Russia, the information technology sector is currently much less developed than in many developed countries of the world. This hinders the further development of the Russian economy. Because of this, studies of many economic aspects of the development of this sector are especially relevant for our country. Trends in the development of innovative processes in Russia, including information technology, will determine in the future the place of the country in the world economic system. For the development of the Russian economy, it is necessary to provide favorable conditions for the development of the IT sector. This can be achieved both with the active support of the sector by the state, and by attracting significant investment into the sector from various sources.

List of used literature.

1. Bulatova A.S. Economy. -- M.: Economist. 2010.

2. Kalugina Z. Big problems of small business in Siberia // EKO. Economics and organization of industrial production. -- No. 2. -- 2006.

3. Crisis phenomena in the Russian economy and small business / Review prepared by the National Institute for the Study of Entrepreneurship Problems // Business and Banks. -- 2009 . -- No. 3.

4. Economic discoveries. Yuriev 2012.

5. Maklyarsky B.M. Economy of Russia. Tutorial. -- M.: International relations, 2007.

6. Serebryansky A. Romanenko R. Innovative technologies for financing the investment activities of small businesses // Russian Entrepreneurship. -- 2008. -- No. 8.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education

"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY

UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION»

(Financial University)

Department of Microeconomics

Course work

"New technologies and their role in the modern economy"

Completed:

student of group U1-2

Bakhshiyan P.K.

Scientific adviser:

Doctor of Economics, Professor

Nikolaeva I.P.

Moscow 2013

Introduction
1. Place and role of new technologies in the modern economy

1.2 Periodization of technological development

2. New technologies as an engine of industrial progress

2.2 Third Industrial Revolution
2.3 Innovative enterprises of the future

3. Development of new technologies in the Russian Federation

3.1 Problems of development of new technologies in Russia

Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
The entire history of the development of mankind is the history of the development and improvement of technologies and tools (technology) used by man. A few thousand years ago, man started with an ordinary stick, and today he has reached incredible heights of technical and technological development. Technical and economic systems and structures have been continuously improved by man throughout the entire period of its existence. However, in previous millennia, this process did not have such an "explosive" character. The transition from one technical and economic mode to another could take centuries or even millennia, but the 20th and 21st centuries have shown us an unprecedented speed of change and improvement of technologies and technical means used by man. Such a success in introducing innovations and their impact on all spheres of public life could not but arouse the interest of economists. The economic science of the beginning of the 20th century began to study the processes of innovative development as such and to study their main features and patterns. Many well-known economists such as J. Schumpeter, J. Hicks, R. Solow have achieved significant success in this. However, the world is rapidly changing, and the exclusively scientific interest in technological development in the early to mid-20th century was replaced by interest from the state and, most importantly, from entrepreneurs. This happened as a result of the realization that innovative technologies and their implementation have become practically the only key to successful economic activity in the conditions of the modern economy, or, as it is commonly called, the “new economy”.
From the point of view of microeconomics, new technologies are a tool by which firms maintain their competitive position in the market by saving on costs and (or) differentiating their products. The development and implementation of innovative technologies and techniques is, in fact, the only effective way to retain or capture market positions.
This work is devoted to the analysis of the role of new technologies in the modern economy and their impact on it.

1. Place and role of new technologies in the modern economy

1.1 New technologies in modern economic systems

The driving force of socio-economic development has always been scientific and technological progress, the fundamental goal of which is to find new means of satisfying the public at the lowest cost in terms of costs and resources while preserving ecosystems. In order for economic growth to take place on the basis of technical or technological achievements, it is necessary to have a structure of a certain level of complexity, which is determined by the number of reproducible technologies, their energy potential, factors of scientific and technological progress, the properties of the self-development core that stimulates interconnections with economic sectors, economic development.

Technique is understood as the use of various physical, chemical, biological, as well as social patterns within the framework of any device, device, device to obtain or deploy a certain process in which there is a need (need), or to create products, technologies, services that have sufficient utility for humans.

Technical systems consist of objects of engineering and technology that are controlled and managed by a person. All spheres of public life today can be represented as the interaction of complex economic systems. Since the objects of technology, technical systems are created by man, the main goal is to get as many useful results as possible at minimal cost.

The development of technology today is impossible without the interaction of concentrated resources, including intellectual, and economic incentives that make inventive, scientific, and engineering activities. Creating economic incentives is a task of institutional planning and design.

Also, when studying new technologies, it is necessary to take into account such a parameter of innovative (and not only) technical systems as manufacturability. The manufacturability of the system is understood as a set of properties of the elements of this system that determine its ability to carry out the optimal costs of production, operation and repair with the necessary quality parameters, output volumes, consumption and development conditions. The manufacturability of a technical system has both quantitative and qualitative aspects of change. The indicator of manufacturability of the economic system is a quantitative characteristic of the functioning of the system.

A very important concept is the concept of "ensuring the manufacturability" of the economic system, which, in the author's opinion, should be understood as a set of tools aimed at ensuring the necessary functions of the system, overcoming or reducing the degree of its inefficiency. In other words, we are talking about a set of measures to manage the system, one might even say, measures that increase the manageability of the system.

Summing up, we can say that the manufacturability of a technical (economic) system is one of the goals of introducing new technologies in an enterprise, since this indicator most reliably allows one to judge the effectiveness of this system. As mentioned earlier, the main goal of developing and implementing innovative technologies is to increase production volumes while increasing resource savings, i.e. while reducing production costs. In my opinion, enterprises that have achieved a high rate of manufacturability of the technical system of their production have the opportunity to use the following purpose of new technologies, namely: differentiation of their products.

1.2 Periodization of technological development

The study of new technologies in general would be incomplete without studying the history of the stages of technological development. Each stage of innovative development was accompanied by a radical change in technical and economic structures, which entailed irreversible consequences in all spheres of society. An analysis of the periodization of technological development is interesting in that it allows us to identify some general patterns in the change of technical and economic structures and the introduction of new, innovative technologies at that time. Of course, the 21st century is very different from all previous ones (much more than, say, the 19th century differs from the 18th), and many features and patterns of innovative development of the past are completely wrong in the present conditions, but a few of the most important ones are still of interest.

An economy based on a new technological order cannot function successfully if it does not directly or indirectly serve its natural purpose - the satisfaction of human needs, the growth of incomes and national welfare. Orientation to meet the needs becomes absolutely necessary when making strategic decisions in innovation, structural investment and other areas of production activity. An economy operating simultaneously on three technological modes also cannot function successfully, since it cannot reproduce three technological modes at once due to the resulting disproportions in the distribution of resources between them. The problem of reproduction of technological modes is not only a problem of developing the technological structure of the economy, but also of adapting economic entities, their behavior models, existing institutions and institutional agreements. Types of energy carriers evolve, new ones appear, which makes it possible to associate technological development with their types, and GNP - with the total consumption of these energy carriers. The first stage of technological development is associated with the use of firewood as a primary energy carrier, the second - with the use of coal, the third - with oil, the fourth - with gas, the fifth - with nuclear fuel. It seems that the next stage will be characterized by the depletion of oil, the expansion of the use of gas (especially shale) and environmentally friendly natural energy sources, including wind, tidal, osmotic and solar energy. For human society, three potentially possible stages of economic evolution can be distinguished: pre-energy, energy and post-energy. At the first stage, energy does not act as a limiting factor due to the primitive state of the productive forces of societies; at the second stage, there are serious problems with energy supply for economic growth. At the post-energy stage, energy opportunities will be considered abundant and not limiting the standard of living and social satisfaction of the population, or this stage will be characterized by a general energy deficit due to an excessively increased consumption of both industries and the population, which cannot be satisfied with existing energy capacities. In any case, human society has so far evolved in terms of the energy available to it. However, circumstances are possible when there will not be enough energy for the further development of the economy, and such episodes in local economic systems, at the level of individual regions, are already occurring. Of course, taking into account the relative nature of economic knowledge, one cannot demand that the theory of technological development be valid at every stage of the evolution of the economy. The modern theory of development, most likely, corresponds to the energy phase and should proceed from resource limitations and the need to move to the post-energy stage of development of the world economy, when the acuteness of the energy problem will be removed. In addition, an important function of the theory of development is to answer the question about the potential possibility of a post-energy civilization in the given understanding and about the tasks facing the economy at the "energy" stage.

A detailed study of the development and implementation of the most important technical innovations and technologies is not the purpose of this work. Such an analysis would be very complex and would take a lot of time even from recognized experts in this field. However, within the framework of the study of the periodization of technical and technological progress, an important conclusion can be drawn that a change in technological patterns through the use of new means of production occurs within a certain energy stage. It is the conditions and possibilities of the energy stage that determine the basis for the further development of engineering and technology. Of course, science plays a leading role in technical and technological progress. However, the possibilities of science in a particular period of time are always limited, and I believe that the scope of these limitations is determined by the conditions of the energy stage. As can be seen from Table 1, revolutionary changes in production have always been preceded by the discovery and use of new energy sources. This means that any change in the technical and economic structure occurs within the energy capabilities of a particular stage of economic development.

2. New technologies as an engine of industrial progress

2.1 Technological progress at the center of human progress and development

Central to understanding the role of technology is the recognition that technology and technological progress are relevant to a wide range of

range of economic activity, not just manufacturing and computers. For example, by some estimates, technological progress has increased the productivity of agriculture four times as fast as that of manufacturing. how in some countries the production of supposedly high-tech products such as computers is the result of relatively low technology. Finally, in many cases, technology is embodied in the production and management of production systems, rather than in physical goods or software algorithms. The computer that is loaded

the latest version of software that sits unused on a desk most of the day is a different display of technology than the same computer that runs a manufacturing process or a payment system.

Technological advances can lead to lower costs,

improving quality, creating new products,

and help expand into new markets. Technological progress involves much more than doing the same thing, or doing it better with fewer resources. This concept is more dynamic, and it is associated both with the creation of new products and equipment for the market, and with the spread of these technologies between firms and throughout the economy as a whole. While many of the consequences of technological progress are in some ways obvious, the following deserve special mention:

* Technological progress can spur development by lowering the cost of production and operation due to increasing returns to scale in production.

* Technological advances in one sector can contribute to

creating new economic opportunities in other sectors. Reducing production costs can create completely new products, or even sectors of the economy. Technologies new to the market in one sector can lead to a flourishing of activity in other sectors, creating supply and demand for goods and services that did not exist.

* The benefits of new technologies go far beyond the economic sector or product in which the technology exists. This is the case if the initial product is an important intermediate in the production of other goods, such as telecommunications systems or the reliable maintenance of electrical networks.

* Technology can improve quality. Such improvements can enable a developing country to win over more demanding consumers and new markets. It can be as simple as using machinery and equipment to produce goods and services that meet the more demanding expectations and standards of consumers and business customers in high-income countries, in other words, premium market products.

2.2 Third Industrial Revolution

The first industrial revolution began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, with the mechanization of the textile industry. Tasks that were previously time-consuming and carried out by hand by hundreds of weavers were combined in one cotton mill - this is how the factory appeared. The second industrial revolution took place at the beginning of the 20th century, when Henry Ford built the first moving assembly line and the era of mass production of goods began. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and the world more urbanized. Now the third revolution is in full swing. Manufacturing is going digital. A number of great technologies fall into the same realm: smart software, new materials, smarter robots, new manufacturing processes (3D printing in particular) and a range of web services. The factory of the past was based on making a huge number of identical products: Henry Ford's famous phrase was that Ford buyers could buy a car in any color, as long as that color was black. However, in the 21st century, the costs of producing fewer batches with a wide variety of products, tailored to the whim of each customer, are falling. The manufacturing of the future will focus on the mass production of customized goods and may look more like those weavers than the Ford assembly line.

The old method of production involves the use of a large number of parts for their subsequent connection or welding. The product can now be designed on a computer and "printed" on a 3D printer that creates a solid object by building up layers of material. The digital design can be changed with a few clicks of a computer mouse. A 3D printer can run unattended and can do many things that are too complex for traditional factories. Over time, these amazing machines will be able to do anything, anywhere, in a garage in an African village.

The applications of 3D printing are especially staggering. Already, hearing aids and high-tech parts of military aircraft are being printed in custom moulds. Serious changes will also affect the geography of deliveries. A hard-to-reach engineer who doesn't have a particular tool no longer needs to buy it from the nearest major community. He can simply download the design of this tool and "print" it. The days when projects stalled due to missing pieces of equipment, or when customers complained that they couldn't find parts for the things they bought, will one day be in the past.

Other changes associated with the use of 3D printers are almost as important. The new materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. Carbon fiber is replacing steel and aluminum in products ranging from aircraft to mountain bikes. New material processing techniques allow engineers to shape objects into tiny shapes. Nanotechnology gives products enhanced features, such as bandages that help heal cuts, motors that run more efficiently, and dishes that clean more easily. And with the Internet enabling large numbers of designers and engineers to work collaboratively on new products, the barriers to entry by a new company are falling. Ford needed a huge amount of capital to set up his massive River Rouge factory, his modern day counterpart can start with a laptop and a desire to invent.

Like all revolutions, this one will be just as destructive. Digital technologies have already revolutionized the media and retail market by automating sales processes. Plants will also change forever. They won't be full of dirty cars driven by people. Many of them will be spotlessly clean and almost deserted. Some automakers are already producing twice as many cars per worker as they did just a decade ago. Most of the jobs will not be on the factory floor, but in the nearby offices, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT specialists, logistics specialists, marketing specialists, etc. The manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills.

The revolution will affect not only how things are made, but also where. Factories were usually located in developing countries to reduce labor costs. But labor costs are less and less of an impact on product costs: out of $499 for the first generation iPad, labor costs were only $33, of which assembly costs in China were only $8. because Chinese wages are rising, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so complex that it's more efficient to have the people who design them and the people who make them in the same place. The Boston Consulting Group estimates that in areas such as transportation, computers, metal structures, and manufacturing equipment, 10-30% of the goods America currently imports from China can be produced in America by 2020, which will boost GDP and by $20-55 billion a year.

Consumers will find little difficulty in adapting to the new era of manufacturing development. The authorities, however, may have a harder time. They are used to defending industries and companies that already exist, not upstarts that might force them out of the market. They are pumping up old factories with subsidies and putting people in charge who want to move production abroad to reduce labor costs. They spend billions to stop technical and technological progress. And they cling to the romantic belief that manufacturing is more important than services, not to mention finance.

All this makes no sense. The boundaries between production and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines, it sells watches that fly planes on their engines. The authorities have always been wrong in choosing who should be supported, and they probably do not understand who the future belongs to. Thousands of entrepreneurs design new products online, produce them at home (using 3D printers) and sell them on the market. While the revolution is in full swing, the authorities must stick to the basics: create good schools for a skilled workforce, set clear rules for entrepreneurs in all fields. The "revolutionaries" will do the rest.

2.3 Innovative enterprises of the future

I believe that in the coming decades, the structure of innovative enterprises and the investment in new technologies themselves will undergo major changes. Today, the fact is more and more obvious that an enterprise that does not improve cannot adapt to a constantly changing market, as consumer demands increase more and more often, as innovative development flagship enterprises offer the consumer more and more new products in terms of technology. However, investments in R&D require significant financial investments from the enterprise, which only the largest market players can afford. At the same time, ever-increasing consumer demand for new products with better features and properties will require large investments in R&D, which even large corporations spending billions of dollars annually on R&D will not be able to afford over time. It is at this point that corporations and simply innovative enterprises will be forced to pool investment in R&D. However, difficulties inevitably arise here on the basis of which of the enterprises to conduct research and this will cause a conflict of interest. It is this situation that will force enterprises to turn to another enterprise that is constantly engaged in innovative developments on a professional basis.

The proposed model of an innovative enterprise is a kind of boutique, which has a rather narrow specialization and a circle of clients. The advantages of such an enterprise model are obvious: a high concentration of capital and scientific personnel will make it possible to achieve a high rate of efficiency of investments in R&D. In this case, economies of scale play a role, since with a large number of visible studies, the failures of several projects will pay off at the expense of the success of the rest.

However, there is one serious flaw in the activities of such enterprises: since R&D is carried out with the money of several companies, the results of the research belong to everyone who invested in the activities of the “innovation boutique”. The question arises of how to share the results of research among themselves, and this is a very difficult problem due to the complexity of assessing the results of R&D. I offer several options for distributing the results of an innovative enterprise and their use by investors:

1. Distribution of research results among investors depending on the amount of investment. The R&D results themselves will be valued at a discounted cost, i.e. by the amount of potential profit that their use will bring. The company with the most investment will be entitled to the most expensive technology, and so on.

2. Investor companies may initially formalize agreements in writing regarding the division of rights to the results of the research enterprise. However, the vulnerability of this option lies in the fact that investment in R&D is a kind of “black box”, and no one knows what will come out of it. Therefore, written agreements regarding the division of rights to researched technologies represent a serious conflict of interest, since the results, their potential usefulness, cannot be known in advance.

3. Sharing rights to R&D results by several investors and pre-agreed rules for their use. For example, a certain technology can be used in completely different industries and investors representing several companies occupying completely different markets can agree on the use of this technology without prejudice to the interests of any of the investors. I believe that this strategy of separating the rights to the results of investing in an innovative technology company is optimal.

Thus, the main difficulty in the operation of an enterprise of this kind can be overcome through agreements between investors.

In conclusion of the story about this idea, I would like to say that the existence and activity of such a firm is possible only if the technical or technological demands of consumers increase so much that the costs of financing R&D increase so much that even large corporations alone cannot cover them. I believe that in practice, such innovative research enterprises can be formed in the leading universities of developed countries or simply in a large research center that can attract a sufficient number of highly.

3. Development of new technologies In Russian federation

3.1 Problems development of new technologies in Russia

Russia has entered the 21st century, the century of innovative development of the economy, in a very distressed situation, which was caused by a number of reasons:

1. The collapse of the USSR seriously undermined economic ties between the states of the post-Soviet space

2. The absence of innovative enterprises in industry (except for defense ones) seriously complicated Russia's position in the world market.

3. The massive outflow of highly qualified scientific personnel in the 90s of the XX century led to the deplorable state of Russian science as a whole, and also seriously hit the reproduction of the country's scientific potential.

4. The final formation of Russia as an exclusively resource power has led to the fact that all internal and external investments went only to the resource sector of the economy. Such a “habit” has an extremely detrimental effect on the state of the Russian economy, since the state is directly interested in increasing the raw material sector of the economy, which is the main source of budget revenue, and, in fact, the state itself creates such conditions under which investments fall only into the raw material sector, bypassing all the others.

5. The lack of a detailed legal framework contributes to the deterioration of the business climate in the country, and the consequence of this is the low business activity of domestic entrepreneurs (compared to the countries of Western Europe and the USA).

Obviously, the problems of development of Russian enterprises along the path of introducing new technologies directly depend on the policy pursued by the state. Without a doubt, modern state policy can be aimed exclusively at the accelerated development of science-intensive, high-tech sectors of the economy, educational systems, information and transport infrastructure, which simplifies exchanges, reduces transaction costs, providing long-term national competitive advantages. The world experience of the state economic policy of the 20th century identified three vectors of its orientation: export, national (development of the domestic market) and strategic, associated with the targeted limitation of the use of its own non-renewable resources (oil, gas, forests, etc.). An example of the first vector is given by South Korea and modern China, which already today combines two directions, the second - by France and Japan of the last quarter of the 20th century, the third - by the USA and OPEC countries. At the same time, the differentiation of economic growth rates of individual states is increasing and, as a result, the gap between the levels of scientific and technological development of national economies. Thus, the top five countries - the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Great Britain - currently spend more on R&D than all other countries of the world combined, and the US share in this group exceeds 50%. By industrial policy we mean a set of legal, organizational, economic and managerial measures aimed at creating conditions for the effective functioning of production structures and ensuring productivity growth, output and employment, developed by federal and regional governments.

The description of the specific steps of the state in the implementation of its policy regarding the development of incentives for the creation of innovative industries was too complicated for this work. I can only describe the main directions in which steps should have been taken to develop new technologies in Russia. I believe that real support for science at all government levels should be the beginning of innovation support. The development of science should become the main priority of the state for the next decade, otherwise Russia will not regain its competitiveness in the markets of science-intensive products. It is also necessary to gain the confidence of foreign investors in Russian scientific centers. This can be achieved through state funding of important scientific projects with wide practical application. If such studies are successful, investors will understand the prospects of investing in R&D in Russia, as it has a huge, but completely unused scientific potential. At the first steps of the formation of an innovative economy in Russia, it would be advisable to pursue a policy of protectionism, since at the early stages of formation it will be extremely difficult for Russian innovative enterprises to compete with foreign firms even in the domestic market due to the lack of sufficient experience in working with innovative developments.

I believe that state assistance is simply necessary in the early stages of the formation of an innovative economy, but later, when the results of the policy being pursued are evident, it will be necessary to curtail state assistance, returning to the market the right to decide who will stay and who will not.

Conclusion

The 21st century can be safely called the century of innovative development. New technologies from the beginning of human economic activity have had an impact on the development of the economy. But it was this century that presented enterprises with a choice: to modernize or disappear under the pressure of more technically and technologically equipped competitors. From now on, new technologies have become the dominant factor in the development of the economy. The problem of innovative development of the economy is especially acute in Russia, whose economic system does not at all meet the standards of an innovative economy. Russia continues to live by selling its own non-renewable resources, every day losing more and more opportunities to regain its leading position in the world market. The funds that the country receives from the sale of resources must be invested in the development of science, promising innovative enterprises. Even in the short term, these investments will pay off, because I believe that the unrealized Russian potential will be able to make breakthrough achievements in all areas of science. This will certainly give a powerful impetus to the development of the economy as a whole. However, this requires political will and a detailed policy of the state, which so far can only be dreamed of. In the meantime, Russia continues to lag behind the developing countries, losing positions every year, which, perhaps, will never be able to return. The leadership of the Russian Federation must understand the obvious truth, which is applicable both to economic entities and to entire states: whoever does not modernize disappears.

Bibliography

economics technological industrial

II. Monographs, collective works, collections of scientific papers:

Sukharev O.S. Economics of technological development - M.: Finance and statistics, 2008 - 480 p.; ill.

Makarov V.L. Knowledge Economy: Lessons for Russia // Russia and the Modern World. - 2004.

Schumpeter J. Theory of economic development.

Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. - M.: VlaDar, 1993

III. Articles from periodicals:

Third industrial revolution// Economist. - 2012 - 21 April№ 4

Application No. 1

Table 1

Technological development stage number	Term covered by the stage of technological development	Industries providing basic technologies of the stage and energy supply of the stage of technological development	The state of the infrastructure of the stage of technological development
		Textile industry, water, steam, coal energy	Dirt roads, horseback riding by land and sailing ships by sea, postal couriers
		Railway transport, mechanization of production processes, the use of a steam engine. The emergence of the first joint-stock companies as new organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship	Railways, worldwide shipping
		Development of heavy engineering, electrical and chemical industries. It is based on electricity, internal combustion engines and the development of oil fields. Competition is monopolistic: trusts, cartels, etc.	Telephone, telegraph, radio, electrical networks.
Fourth		The development of mass production, gas and oil energy, nuclear power plants, communications, new materials, electronics, software, computers are developing. TNCs are created, competition is oligopolistic	High-speed highways, aviation communication, gas pipelines, development of television
	Mid 1980s - Until now	Microelectronics, computer science, high electronic technologies, biotechnology, genetic engineering, synthetic materials, commercial space exploration. Association of large and small firms into single chains, technopolises, cities of science, technology parks, new quality management systems, investments, supplies, repairs and operation of technical facilities	Computer networks, telecommunications, satellite communications, electronic media, new types of nuclear power plants, a large number of power plants that produce "green energy".

FGOBU HPE "FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"

REVIEW

for a student's coursework

Faculty ________________ Group

FULL NAME. student ______________________________________________

Topic ________________________________________________________

Qualitative characteristics of work	Max. score	Fact. score
Evaluation of work according to formal criteria:
Compliance with the deadlines for the delivery of work by stages of writing
The appearance of the work and the correctness of the design of the work
Having the right plan

Indication of pages in the work plan and their numbering in the text
The presence of footnotes and references in the text
Proper citation and formatting of citations
Clarity and quality of illustrative material
Availability and quality of additional applications
The correctness of the list of materials used
Use of foreign literature in the text of the work and in the list of references
Evaluation of work by content:
Relevance of the issue
The logical structure of the work and its reflection in the plan

Introduction quality
Specifying research objectives
Indication of research methods
Correspondence of the content of the work with the stated topic
Correspondence of the contents of the sections with their title
Logical connection between sections
Degree of independence in presentation
The presence of elements of scientific novelty
Connection of work with Russian problems
Ability to draw conclusions
The quality of the conclusion
Knowledge of the latest literature
Presence of fundamental errors

Hosted on Allbest.ru

1.2 The role of new technologies in the economy

At the present stage of the country's development, economic growth is impossible without the introduction of new equipment and technology, which leads to the transformation of science into a direct productive force, to fundamental changes in technology, a harmonious combination of mental, physical, mental efforts of a person, in its spiritual enrichment.

The set of principles and methods aimed at the formation and development of the scientific and technical potential of the country to achieve the strategic goals of society is called scientific and technical policy.

The objectives of science and technology policy are:

1. state support for national science;

2. stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance;

3. formation of conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the industrial sphere Poltavsky, P.A. State regulation of innovation activity//Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2010. No. 27 (208). Issue 29. Economics. - S.52-56.

The implementation of the state scientific and technical policy is carried out by financing R&D, financing and improving the system of secondary and higher education, and implementing a number of organizational and institutional measures.

Russia has a powerful scientific and technical potential capable of solving the most urgent problems of economic restructuring, demilitarization of technologies, strengthening their social orientation, accelerating scientific and technological progress, strengthening intensification, and the like. At the present stage in Russia, there are objective conditions for the implementation of an active state scientific and technical policy. Our country has a powerful potential of academic, university and industrial science, scientific and technical potential of many enterprises, in particular high-tech industries in the industrial complex Mindeli L., Chernykh S. Problems and prospects of financing science and innovation in Russia // Federalism. 2011. - No. 1. - S. 113-126.

GDP growth in Russia, which was recorded by domestic statistics during 2009-2013, has become an indispensable element of the victorious reports of government officials who perceive this growth as evidence of the correct economic policy they are implementing. However, the winning figures, judging by the comments of experts, do not cause much enthusiasm. After all, it is impossible to talk about economic growth in general without touching on the problems of its quality, ensuring progressive innovative changes.

According to the current state of the socio-economic development of Russia, it is possible to determine the following main strategic priorities that our state faces: increasing the competitiveness of the national economy; ensuring decent work and people's well-being; National security; regional policy; deep restructuring of the social sphere; energy security of the national economy and energy saving Economic potential of Russia: its development and effective use: Collection of scientific articles / General. ed. A.N. Folomiev. - M.: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2009.- P.13.

The path to economic prosperity that Europe has traveled for hundreds of years, Russia must go through in five to seven years, ten at most, and only if it makes an economic leap. It must accept this challenge and become a place for the formation of new models of economic development, only then Russia will take place as a full-fledged state.

To increase the competitiveness of the domestic industry, it is necessary to identify mechanisms to support economic growth. At the present stage of economic development, when the search for ways to improve production efficiency is one of the key tasks, the role of innovation is not only of particular importance, but also of an exclusive role in concretizing the strategy for consuming resources, increasing the efficiency of their use.

This is due to two aspects: the peculiarities of the nature of scientific and technological progress at the present stage and the need to significantly increase the efficiency of use and save resources as one of the most important ways to intensify production.

High-tech industries and the latest types of production, which are based on knowledge as the main production resource, acquire special weight. Therefore, the state should stimulate the widespread introduction of new information technologies in the country. The result of the scientific and technical policy of the state should be the modernization of the industry in the direction of ensuring the country's competitiveness in the near future, as well as the creation and development of industries of the "new economy" that will ensure constant economic growth.

Any educational work to order

New technologies and their role in the modern economy

courseworkHelp writingFind out the cost my work

New technologies and their role in the modern economy ( abstract , term paper , diploma , control )

Federal State Educational Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education

"FINANCIAL UNIVERSITY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"

Department of Microeconomics

Coursework on the topic: "New technologies and their role in the modern economy"

Moscow, 2014

1.2 The role of new technologies in the economy Chapter 2. Analysis of innovative development in Russia

2.1 The policy of innovation and technological development of Russia

2.2 Analysis of the main indicators of innovation activity in Russia

2.3 Problems of implementation of innovation policy in Russia Chapter 3. Prospects for the development of new technologies in Russia

3.1 Study of foreign experience in the development of the scientific and technical sphere

3.3 Financial support for the development of new technologies in Russia Conclusion List of sources used

Introduction

In modern economic conditions, in order to ensure the pace and quality of economic growth, the competitiveness of products in domestic and foreign markets, the development of all sectors of the national economy must be of a high-tech, innovative nature.

Back in the second half of the last century, the famous American economist, Nobel Prize winner in economics Robert Solow proved that technological innovation is a decisive factor in economic growth, although capital and labor are also important.

Meanwhile, in Russia, the indicators of innovative development are very low. The share of enterprises with technological innovations is much lower than in developed and rapidly developing countries.

Domestic spending on research and development (this is the main indicator in the complex financial indicator "costs for innovation in investments", which reflects the country's ability to innovate) is 2-3 times lower than in developed countries.

Therefore, in the conditions of modern world economic realities, it is necessary to revise the theoretical foundations and practice of the functioning of the Russian economy in this area, and on this basis, look for ways for our state to enter the world community not as a raw materials appendage, but as a full participant, which must be taken into account both in political, and in the economic spheres of the world community.

The object of research is innovative technologies.

The subject of the research is the role of new technologies in the economy.

The purpose of the course work is to study the development of new technologies in the Russian economy.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks of the course work are defined:

1. reveal the essence of high technologies as a factor in the economic policy of the state;

2. to assess the scientific and technical potential of Russia;

3. to outline the problems of scientific and technological development of Russia;

4. determine the priorities and directions of the scientific and technological development of Russia.

In my work, I would like to consider new technologies, identify their significance in the economy, and consider the main problems. Consider in detail the goals of the study on the example of Russia with its problems and prospects.

The methodological basis of the study consists in the use of general scientific methods of cognition: dialectical, systemic, structural-functional, graphic, comparative, scientific abstraction, the unity of historical and logical, and others, which makes it possible to identify and generalize the features of the role of new technologies in the economy of modern Russia. technology economy modernization innovative Theoretical basis of the course work was scientific works and methodological developments of leading foreign and domestic scientists-economists on the problem of the development of innovative development in Russia and foreign countries.

The structure of the work includes an introduction, three chapters divided into paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Chapter 1. New technologies and their role in the modern economy

1.1 The concept of "high technology"

High technology is a term found not only in technical literature, but also in the media. However, it is not always correctly interpreted.

In our literature, the concepts are more often used: high technologies, advanced, progressive, critical, breakthrough technologies.

Here are some examples:

1) high technology - a set of information, knowledge, experience, material resources in the development, creation and production of new products and processes in any sector of the economy that have the characteristics of the highest world level;

2) high technology is understood as any device that is complex in execution, but at the same time easy to use, the use of which allows you to achieve results that you could not even dream of before;

3) high technologies include technologies based on highly abstract scientific theories and using scientific knowledge about the deep properties of matter, energy and information, and technology is called modern not by the date of release, but by the degree of its knowledge intensity and belonging to the world of high technologies;

4) high technology - engineering activity to create new products and technologies, if it is based on strong know-how, on the rules of strong thinking;

5) the term "high technology" is extremely relative and is now often used for fundamentally new technologies, especially in the field of electronics, rocket and space research, nuclear industries, aircraft construction, etc.;

6) high technologies - a set of information, knowledge, experience, material means used in the development, creation and production of both new (previously unknown) products and processes, and to improve the quality and reduce the cost of production of known products;

7) high technologies - a term that refers to advanced technologies that have an innovative, revolutionary character.

Such definitions offer criteria by which it is impossible to clearly and unambiguously distinguish high technologies from other technologies, and it is even more unclear why these technologies required a special designation.

High technology concept is more capacious. It contains ideological and technological components.

In world practice, as a rule, high technologies include those production technologies that directly use the latest achievements of fundamental and applied sciences, for example, physics, chemistry, genetics and computer science. These are such technologies as nanotechnologies, microelectronics, information and telecommunication technologies, biotechnologies, creation of new materials, etc.

One of the main characteristics of high technologies is high knowledge intensity, that is, a significant increase in the share of scientific knowledge in the entire body of knowledge used in technology. High technologies are characterized by rapid obsolescence, which sometimes occurs already by the time they are introduced into production.

The next important aspect related to Hi-Tech is that they require complex, interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge for their creation. High technologies are interconnected and mutually condition each other. The emergence of Hi-Tech is associated with a revolution in computing, which led to the creation of a new generation of computers and high information technology. Without modern computers, the emergence of nano- and biotechnologies would be simply impossible, since their creation requires complex and numerous calculations and the creation of multifactorial models. Thanks to advances in nanotechnology and computer technology, genetic research has become a reality, leading to the decoding of the genome of living beings, and on their basis the creation of biotechnologies. And the new materials created on the basis of nanotechnology, in turn, have significantly increased the capabilities of computer technology. And these are just a few examples.

With regard to the creation of Hi-Tech, we are talking not only about interdisciplinary research in the field of natural and technical sciences, but also about the involvement of socio-humanitarian knowledge in these studies.

So, there are two approaches to the definition of high technologies. The first approach involves the use of the indicator of knowledge intensity. High technology is equated to high technology and is considered as such if the share of expenditures on research and development (R&D) is above a certain value. In this case, a comparison can be used with the average level of knowledge intensity, which is determined using the ratio of R&D costs to the total level of production costs, or an established standard (for example, the US Department of Commerce considers industries to be knowledge-intensive if the ratio of R&D costs to sales is above 4.5 %).

1.2 The role of new technologies in the economy At the present stage of the country's development, economic growth is impossible without the introduction of new equipment and technology, which leads to the transformation of science into a direct productive force, to fundamental changes in technology, a harmonious combination of mental, physical, mental efforts of a person, in its spiritual enrichment.

The objectives of science and technology policy are:

1. state support for national science;

2. stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance;

3. Formation of conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the manufacturing sector Poltavsky, P. A. State regulation of innovation activity//Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2010. No. 27 (208). Issue 29. Economics. — P.52−56.

The growth of GDP in Russia, which was recorded by domestic statistics throughout 2009; 2013, has become an indispensable element of the victorious reports of government officials who perceive this growth as evidence of the correct economic policy they are implementing. However, the winning figures, judging by the comments of experts, do not cause much enthusiasm. After all, it is impossible to talk about economic growth in general without touching on the problems of its quality, ensuring progressive innovative changes.

According to the current state of the socio-economic development of Russia, it is possible to determine the following main strategic priorities that our state faces: increasing the competitiveness of the national economy; ensuring decent work and people's well-being; National security; regional policy; deep restructuring of the social sphere; energy security of the national economy and energy saving Economic potential of Russia: its development and effective use: Collection of scientific articles / General. ed. A. N. FOLOM'EV - M .: Publishing House of the RAGS, 2009. S. 13.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the innovative development of Russia

2.1 Russia's Innovation and Technological Development Policy Economy Modernization Innovation In recent years, Russia has seen clear progress in the development of science and technology policy. This manifests itself in several ways.

First, at the state level there have been significant positive changes in the general understanding of the subject of innovation policy, its comprehensive nature. At the post-crisis stage, new strategic documents in the field of innovative development were adopted, which quite holistically and fully reflect the totality of the necessary changes.

Secondly, the tools of innovation policy have been radically expanded, new instruments have appeared to stimulate the demand for innovation, while in recent years the quality of the use of certain incentive mechanisms, in particular tax ones, has improved. Dynamic development is demonstrated by the system of state development institutions. Thus, the Russian innovation policy now includes dozens of different mechanisms, and almost all the tools known from the experience of other countries are involved.

Thirdly, the susceptibility of state bodies to ideas for improving policy innovations has significantly increased, while the period of “digesting” new ideas before their practical implementation has been significantly reduced - to only about six months or a year. A collection of search networking initiatives has been launched, with support for new partnerships that can help consolidate new constituencies.

Fourthly, access for various interest groups to the formation and evaluation of innovation policy has expanded, while it has acquired some institutionalization in the form of relevant commissions and working groups. There is an expansion of interaction between the state and medium-sized businesses, with new industry associations, active attempts are being made to improve the quality of regulation and involve the business community in this process.

2.2 Analysis of the main indicators of innovation activity in Russia Despite the significant positive development of the Russian innovation policy in general and especially its tools, there are still no noticeable and sustainable positive shifts in the innovation sphere at the macro level (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1. Indicators of innovation activity in Russia at the macro level


Indicators
Domestic spending on research and development, % of GDP
Appropriations for civilian science from the federal budget, % of GDP
The share of government funds in domestic spending on research and development, %
Share of funds from the business sector in domestic spending on research and development, %
Share of organizations implementing technological innovations, % of the total number of organizations
Share of innovative goods, works, services, % of the total volume of shipped goods, works, services
The share of costs for technological innovations, % of the total volume of shipped goods, work performed, services

The role of the non-state sector in research funding remains extremely limited; moreover, from 2008 to 2011, the share of the business sector in domestic spending on research and development decreased from 29.4 to 25.5% and only in 2012 slightly increased to 27, 7%;

the share of innovative goods varies in different directions (by years) within the range of 5.5-6.1% of the total output.

To some extent, this can be associated with the insufficiency of the composition of indicators used in official innovation statistics, with the inertia of such statistics, with an inevitably limited reflection of qualitative changes.

Today's Russia lags far behind the leaders in terms of R&D spending per capita (Figure 2.1).

In a few years, we will be surpassed in this indicator by one and a half billion China, which until recently hopelessly lagged behind our country.

Rice. 2.1. Expenditure on R&D per capita in 2011, USD Science. Innovation. Information society: 2012: short stat. Sat. M.: NRU HSE, 2012. - P.16

As for the number of personnel engaged in research and development (Table 2.2), the following can be noted: in Russia, every year there is a reduction in personnel in science.

Table 2.2. Number of personnel engaged in research and development in Russia, thousand people Lisin BK Personnel policy as a factor of modernization // Innovations. - 2013. - No. 12. - S. 21−23

Those. there is a reduction in the personnel potential of Russian science with a simultaneous deterioration in its structural indicators. At the beginning of 2013, the number of personnel engaged in research and development was 48.4% of the 1992 level.

Today, many researchers are deprived of the expected prospects for a professional career and do not see a clear trajectory for their professional and career growth. This causes an outflow of scientists abroad, where the system of "vertical mobility" of scientific personnel has been built and is effectively working. M., 2013. - S. 7.

Research by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Viktor Polterovich confirms that most of the technologies and innovations created in Russia are imitation, that is, they are the result of copying foreign technologies.

The share of fundamentally new production technologies among those created fluctuates in 1997; 2012. at just 10%. Russia is forced to pay technological rent every year for the import of developments. In 2012, technology export proceeds amounted to $688.5 million, while payments for imports amounted to $2.043 billion. The negative balance of technology turnover, therefore, amounted to -$1.354 billion.

Quite recently, at the Gaidar Forum at the RANEPA, American economist Jeffrey Sachs said: “Russia must firmly stand on both legs: one of them is oil, gas and the raw materials sector, and the second is industry, which must finally integrate into the global system, become competitive on world markets.

Nuclear energy, aircraft and space technologies, heavy engineering, high-speed rail transportation - this is where Russia can excel. It has a lot of technology, but it is not integrated with the world's needs, and there is no competition in these industries. An industrial breakthrough is needed, especially in high technologies, which are now almost never used in real production. We need to cooperate with international companies with a good reputation, to develop exports.

If world oil prices fall sharply, this will cause very serious problems, as has already happened with Russia. After all, you don’t have a second leg yet. You are completely dependent on the prices of raw materials - in a country with a population of 140 million, this is simply not possible. We all saw how badly the Russians suffered from the oil crises in the 90s. I don't think it's really going to happen again, but I don't think this addiction is normal in your country either. I believe that an industrial breakthrough in Russia is possible - but this should become a real strategy for the next ten years. Invest in research and development, attract international partners. Look at China - it has a lot to learn, it adopted high technologies from developed countries very successfully. You have knowledge gaps. When we fly around the world, we don't fly Russian planes. But you have potential here - develop it."

Microeconomic studies also do not yet allow us to speak about the presence of a stable trend towards an increase in innovative activity in the economy, if we compare the pre-crisis, pre-crisis and post-crisis periods. In principle, the share of companies investing in new equipment has increased markedly, but there are no significant positive changes in the demand of companies for the results of research and development (Table 2.3).

The share of companies that are strategic innovators has not changed significantly over the past 7 years, while the "depth" of companies' innovative activity (estimated by the level of spending on technological innovation, research and development) remains very low.

Table 2.3. Separate indicators of innovation activity at the micro level Results of research projects of the Interdepartmental Analytical Center to study the features of innovative behavior of Russian companies. The information base of these studies was the results of questionnaire surveys of approximately 500 heads of manufacturing enterprises conducted in 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012.


Selected Parameters of Innovative Activities of Enterprises (Based on Microeconomic Research)
The share of enterprises that carry out innovative activities constantly, as part of a strategy to increase competitiveness, % of the number of enterprises in the sample
Share of enterprises investing in new equipment, % of the number of enterprises in the sample
Level of investment in new equipment, % of revenue (median for the group of sample enterprises investing in new equipment)
Share of enterprises that finance R&D, % of the number of enterprises in the sample
Share of enterprises financing R&D at the level of more than 5% of revenue, % of the number of enterprises in the sample
The share of enterprises with new, improved products in their output, % of the number of enterprises in the sample
Share of new, improved products, % of revenue (median for the group of sample enterprises producing such products)

Of course, there are positive changes, and some qualitative shifts caught in the course of formalized surveys and in-depth interviews at the level of individual companies, market segments and sub-sectors.

The most important changes in the innovative behavior of Russian enterprises at the post-crisis stage include:

— strengthening the “polarization” of companies in terms of innovative activity and technological level, the emergence of noticeable groups of globally competitive companies (strong heterogeneity of companies, including within industries); significant divergence of companies in terms of innovative activity, increased diversity in a number of sectors;

— the presence of a noticeable layer in certain sectors (in particular, in mechanical engineering) of technologically advanced companies, while these companies more often: (1) with the participation of foreign investors in the capital; (2) created not too long ago (age - less than 10 years);

— innovation-active companies are characterized by positive dynamics of expenses for technological innovations;

- expansion of demand in the economy for new products, while the population is the main driver of such demand, while the state, through public procurement, does not yet form significant incentives for the production of innovative goods (services);

— Expansion of companies' demand for research and development, including demand for the development of new products, and in combination with the globalization of such demand.

Moreover, there are some prerequisites for increasing the interest of companies in research and development, which are as follows:

- the potential for improving traditional products is reduced, the importance of mastering the production of new products is increasing;

- there is an increase in demand for products with new qualities in the consumer market;

— to a large extent, enterprises have already solved the urgent problems of renewing worn-out fixed assets;

— there are some signs of reduced access to advanced technologies (limiting the range of traded technologies) for successful large Russian companies;

- a proposal is being formed from a number of universities, including engineering services using their qualitatively new instrumentation and testing base;

— expanding the ideas of company leaders about the thematic focus of the necessary research and development aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the business.

However, despite some positive changes observed at the micro level, there are no significant shifts at the macro level. This is probably due to the insufficient attractiveness of positive examples of innovative business, unfavorable institutional conditions for rapid growth, and an increase in the scale of innovative companies in the Russian economy.

On the one hand, there is clearly insufficient motivation for innovation at the level of the companies themselves: since 2006, there has been a multiple expansion of the circle of companies that have no barriers to innovation at all - 6, 15 and 21% in 2006, 2009 and 2012. respectively, but about half of the companies that had no barriers in 2012 did not innovate.

On the other hand, the state, while improving its innovation policy, simultaneously carries out actions within the framework of other policies (also related to rational tasks), which sometimes significantly limit the spread of innovation in the economy. In the OECD Review of Innovation Policy in Russia OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Russian Federation 2012. OECD Publishing. in particular, it is noted that low competition leads to technological backwardness in many sectors and widens the gap between profitability and productivity, while public spending on science and technology continues to have little impact on business investment in innovation. In general, one can see the negative impact of various benefits and preferences, protectionist measures on the state of the business environment.

2.3 Problems of implementation of innovation policy in Russia On the basis of microeconomic and institutional studies, it is possible to present the ratio of achievements and limitations for innovation over the past 5 years (Table 2.4) as follows (very conditionally).

A distinctive feature of the Russian innovation policy in the post-crisis period was the initiation of a set of mechanisms to support cooperation between various participants in innovation processes, the formation of networks and partnerships in the innovation sphere, and the development of research activities at universities. However, the activation of innovation policy in the post-crisis period is too multiple and multidirectional; big business, accustomed to relying on government signals, is in a rather difficult position in terms of choosing the right strategic actions.

Decisions have only recently begun to be made on a number of fundamental areas of state policy or have not yet been finally adopted (tax policy, pension reform).

In general, in recent years in Russia there has been a rather intensive convergence of innovation and industrial policy, while counter trends are observed: innovation policy is becoming less neutral and more focused on taking into account the specifics of various sectors and markets, while industrial policy is becoming more horizontal and shifting to issues of technological development .

Table 2.4. Main achievements and problems in the implementation of Russia's innovation policy in 2007;2012 The concept of the federal target program "Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2007 - 2012"


Opportunities and features of the innovation policy of the state	Conditions, restrictions and motivations for innovation at the company level
1. Pre-crisis period - 2007; 2008
Wide budget opportunities; innovation is an important direction of state policy; increasing the investment activity of the state; adoption of long-term strategies, targeted programs of scientific and technological profile; expansion of budget spending on innovation; tax incentives for innovation; creation of large development institutions, venture funds	Stability of economic conditions, reduction of the tax burden on business; limited level of competition with foreign companies; risks of property seizure and demotivation to increase the scale of business; predominantly adaptive model of innovation, without significant expenditures on R&D; a narrow circle of really innovative and active companies
The main limitation: large-scale use by the state of rough, direct mechanisms to support innovation, the introduction of strong distortions in the market environment
2. Crisis stage - 2009;2010
Sharp limitation of budgetary possibilities; compensatory orientation of anti-crisis measures; temporary protective measures, stimulation of domestic demand; selective support for large and super-large companies; innovations are in the foreground in the declared policy; creation of commissions for modernization, technological development; determination of modernization priorities; launch of large innovative projects in manual mode	Severe financial restrictions for companies; a sharp decrease in the predictability of economic conditions; concentration of innovative activity in big business; business orientation of innovation to reduce costs
The main limitation: potential advantages “taken away” from innovation-active companies (expansion of market share due to the departure of inefficient competitors, the possibility of attracting additional skilled labor) due to the emphasis of state policy on social stability at the expense of economic efficiency
3. Post-crisis	stage - 2011; 2012
Significant budget constraints, socially oriented budget; innovation is one of the priorities of state policy; significant changes in regulation; new tools to stimulate innovation, but weak institutional development of the business environment; a plurality of "experiments without consequences" and learning	Uncertainty, low predictability of public policy; the plurality of "innovative signals" from the state; business waiting, focusing on completed projects; imitation by some enterprises of innovative activity; orientation of some companies to receive rent in the innovation sphere; strengthening for business the relevance of the task of developing new products (services)
The main limitation: the uncertainty of the conditions of economic activity; postponement of a number of key state economic decisions; strong inhibition in the institutional development of the business environment

The following can be noted as positive changes in the processes of formation and refinement of the Russian innovation policy:

— expanding the access of various interest groups to the formation of innovation policy, to the provision of proposals, the development of a system of consultative and coordinating state bodies on innovation and industrial policy under the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation;

- a significant expansion of representation and a general increase in the influence of interest groups associated with development institutions, educational and scientific organizations;

— formation and development of tools designed to promote the search for new “players” in the innovation sphere, the formation of partnerships (technological platforms, innovation clusters, related grants) Gokhberg L. M., Kuznetsova T. E. Innovation as a basis for economic growth and strengthening Russia’s global economy // Bulletin of international organizations. - 2012. - No. 2 (37). — P.101−117.

However, the following features of classical vertical policy still remain (with their inherent especially significant costs and risks in the context of underdeveloped institutions):

- focus on the interests of the largest players, albeit with the expansion of their composition, at the expense of the scientific, educational and technological spheres;

- weak competition between state institutions, in some cases - signs of monopolization of views on possible approaches and assessments;

— limited attention to demonstration effects and transfer of best practices, emphasis on the use of state (quasi-state) resources;

— relative openness to proposals, but closeness (non-transparency) of decision-making and evaluation processes.

Chapter 3. Prospects for the development of new technologies in Russia

3.1 Study of foreign experience in the development of the scientific and technical sphere Ensuring the development of the domestic scientific and technical system requires the study and use of world experience.

The use of effective mechanisms for regulating innovation activity, leaving foreign practice, the integration of Russia into the system of international innovation law, the conclusion of international treaties and the improvement of domestic legislation will provide an opportunity to include our country in the international system of innovation activity.

The study of the formation and implementation of the state innovation policy in post-industrial countries confirms that the socio-economic progress of these countries is associated with an innovative type of development. The world experience of state stimulation of innovation activity includes direct and indirect methods.

Direct methods include:

— provision of preferential loans to enterprises and organizations that carry out scientific developments;

- free transfer (or preferential terms) of state property and land plots for the organization of innovative enterprises; development of innovative infrastructure in the regions;

— functioning of various programs aimed at increasing the innovative activity of business;

- government orders, mainly in the form of contracts for R & D, and ensuring the initial demand for innovation;

— creation of scientific and technical zones with a special regime of innovation and investment activities.

Indirect methods include:

- tax incentives for investments that are made in the innovation sector;

— development of science and the system of higher education;

— Legislative norms that stimulate the development of research activities.

The US government back in 40-50 years. technological trajectories of innovative development were determined, and the technological policy was carried out in two directions: support for fundamental research and implementation of applied scientific and technological programs within the framework of the activities of individual federal departments Yurin S. V. The main ways of forming innovative systems in countries with developed market economies. Creative economy. - M.: 2010. - No. 6. - P.10−13.

In Japan, the state is pursuing a course of overcoming the technological gap through: importing foreign technologies, consistent transformation of the structure of the economy, combining innovative factors with the economic mechanism, supporting the concept of forecasting, which makes it possible to select and stimulate those technologies that will be priority in 10-15 years.

Western European countries use such tax incentives as extra-concessions (at their expense, firms can finance over 100% of innovation spending from their tax base) and a tax credit, which allows financing only a certain percentage of innovations.

Financing of scientific and technical work by the state in Japan is: 0.58% of GDP, in the USA - 0.76%; Germany - 0.79%; France - 0.80%; Great Britain - 0.55%. In France, direct financing of expenditures on innovation in leading firms is 50%, the same amount is free loans in Germany Yurin SV The main ways of forming innovation systems in countries with developed market economies. Creative economy. - M.: 2010. - No. 6. - P.10−13.

In the EU, such forms of incentives are also used, such as subsidies for the creation of funds for the introduction of innovations, taking into account the possible risk, reduction of the state fee for individual inventors (Germany, Austria). According to experts, in the late 90s. Germany, France and the UK combined spent as much on innovation as Japan.

It is worth noting the practice of issuing free licenses in the United States for the commercial use of inventions, the formation of a state innovation infrastructure, the implementation by state bodies of monitoring, forecasting, examination of innovative projects and support by presenting state awards to scientists and innovators, conferring honorary titles.

A systems approach has been the key to the success of innovation policy in Finland: it is the creation of cross-links between science, universities, enterprises, industry associations and government agencies by stimulating a variety of partnerships between them.

This made it possible to achieve priority investment in R&D, an effective system of coordination and cooperation between research institutes and funding organizations.

Unlike developed countries, Russia has not yet created a national innovation system, and the innovation activity itself is characterized by structural deformity, institutional incompleteness, inconsistency and imbalance of technological, economic and social value aspects. Innovative processes in Russia have not acquired sufficient scale and have not become a significant factor in GDP growth.

Among the developed countries today there is no such state that would not seek to promote the innovation process by one way or another. Analyzing the state policy of developed countries regarding the support of innovations in terms of the degree of state regulation, two poles can be distinguished.

On one side are the United States and Great Britain, where the state interferes least of all in the economy, in particular in innovation, on the other - France and Japan, where the state most actively supports the innovation process by all possible methods.

The first pole is characterized by the most complete autonomy of entrepreneurship in the innovation sphere. The second pole of innovation policy is characterized by a fairly significant influence of the state on innovation processes, in particular by non-market methods, through direct subsidies and subsidies to enterprises and organizations that carry out innovative activities. With this model, governments determine the priority areas of innovation and technological development Cherednichenko LG World experience in stimulating the innovation activity of industrial enterprises, Bulletin of SRSTU (NPI). - 2012. - No. 2. - S. 94 - 98.

A review of the national innovation systems of the leading countries of the world indicates the implementation of active state support for innovation in developed countries, the orientation of the national economy towards scientific and innovative development, state financial support for innovation processes, stimulating innovation by establishing preferential taxation, providing loans, developing research and innovation infrastructure, creating a favorable investment and innovation climate. A similar approach to the development of innovations is typical for a number of countries that are developing, such as China and India. Particular attention is paid to promoting the opening and development of a network of technology parks and business incubators.

Among the priority areas for the development of innovative activity for the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Finland and a number of other developed countries, space research, the development of the energy industry, healthcare, biotechnology, information and computer technologies are observed. The Indian National Innovation System has concentrated priority positions in the fields of information technology and software, the development of biotechnology and the space sector. For China, the leading industry is the chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering, instrumentation and automation, biotechnology and microbiology, etc. Cherednichenko LG World experience in stimulating the innovative activity of industrial enterprises, Bulletin of SRSTU (NPI). - 2012. - No. 2. - S. 94 - 98

The development of investment and innovation processes over the past decade is characterized by activation both in the developed countries of the world and those that are developing.

Back in the 90s of the last century, new participants began to appear on the world horizon of innovative transformations - the countries of Asia. This was the result of the spread of scientific research, innovative technologies and patents in the world.

Let's consider the priorities and directions of the scientific and technological development of Russia.

3.2 Directions for modernization of innovation policy The process of formation and implementation of the Russian innovation policy needs significant modernization, and the following aspects can be distinguished:

the search for new tools, measures, initiatives must necessarily be combined with the clearing of old, obsolete measures and mechanisms, with the elimination of inefficient directions and support mechanisms. Such work would be useful in relation to the assessment of targeted budget programs of a scientific and technological profile, the activities of development institutions, the use of various tax incentives for innovation;

for the implementation of modern innovation policy, it is necessary to develop "smart" tools, while it is necessary to search for people, organizations with high reputational capital for the implementation of such tools. To assess the results of the implementation of such tools, one cannot use only direct numerical indicators; the assessment of indirect, qualitative effects is also very important. It is necessary to conduct several “queues”, pilots on the use of new tools to refine their “design”, and later, based on the assessment, to learn lessons, determine the necessary actions to configure these tools;

it is necessary to develop communications with business before the formation and application of new tools. The classic problem is that new tools are formed, and the same ones come (and receive it) for support. It is important to work with business, with its various segments, so that it believes in the possibility of partnership with the state. Quite often, it is in those businesses that have not had experience in using any support tools that a more negative perception of the risks and problems of their application is formed. It is necessary to identify and disseminate positive examples - this will contribute to more significant and broad positive behavioral effects;

in order to ensure progress and form motivations for the dissemination of best practices, it is advisable to expand the variety of institutions and mechanisms to promote innovation, create competition between institutions, conduct regular assessment of the results achieved, necessarily on the basis of an independent, external assessment. The latter seems to be especially important for two reasons: first, when trying to redistribute funds, change the emphasis in innovation policy, the resistance of traditional interest groups is likely to increase; the second is essentially social distrust of new government initiatives to promote innovation; as a result, there are limitations in the "flexibility" of innovation stimulation tools due to the desire to ensure their better public perception with the inevitable "coarseness" of approaches Simonova L. M., Pogodaeva T. V. Opportunities and prospects for the development of Russia's innovative potential // Bulletin of the Tyumen State University . - 2011. - No. 11. - P. 75−84.

Thus, in order for Russia to withstand new technological competition with developed countries and become an innovative space in the global economy, it is necessary to saturate the domestic industrial complex with new technologies and ensure the rapid replacement of outdated technology with progressive ones. At the same time, the role of the state responsible for R&D and the innovation sector as a whole should be a priority. Consequently, the implementation of an active state innovation policy is becoming an urgent objective necessity - “an innovative economy is the basis of technological growth in Russia.

3.3 Financial support for the development of new technologies in Russia Today, the state, represented by various institutions, representatives of the private sector (pension funds, insurance companies, credit organizations) have powerful financial capabilities that are practically unused in the innovation process, but are able to significantly influence strengthening innovation emphasis in the conduct of investment policy, and contribute to the transformation of innovation into one of the most important factors of economic growth.

It is large-scale investments associated with the implementation of innovative projects that will ensure the transformation of the country into a highly developed state with an innovative economy. Considering that the main source of innovative activity is still the own funds of enterprises, and innovative projects, as a rule, require the concentration of a large amount of funds, it is necessary to develop new approaches to solving the problem of consolidating the financial resources of various economic entities with their subsequent direction into the innovation sphere, overcoming disunity of participants in the innovation process. The current situation with the financial support of innovation activities largely determines the low investment activity of enterprises in this area Tretyakova E. V., Sharkova A. V. Financial infrastructure for supporting innovative entrepreneurship // Financial magazine. - 2011. - No. 3. - P. 113−126.

The state is currently taking certain steps to financially support innovation in the country, but these measures do not contribute to a fundamental change in the situation. For example, the existing state funds that finance innovation in the Russian Federation concentrate their activities mainly on small and medium-sized businesses. The activity of such funds is associated with a number of restrictions, the volume of their funds is insufficient throughout the country. In addition, there are some legal and regulatory restrictions that make it difficult to invest funds at the risky stages of development of innovative projects, as well as complicate the procedures for the return of funds allocated as interest-free or soft loans. ), Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, Moscow, 2010. — P.67.

At the same time, the state itself, as a key participant in the innovation and investment process, as well as some representatives of the private sector, today have a powerful financial potential that can be involved in the innovation process.

In this regard, the search for new ways of financial support for the innovative activity of enterprises, which would allow attracting additional investments from other areas of activity, becomes essential. At the same time, it should be noted that an effective mechanism for converting portfolio investments into real investments that can contribute to the emergence of effective innovations has not yet been created in domestic practice.

The colossal state funds received as natural rent should be spent on the renewal of the economy and industry, which will stimulate the growth of demand for innovation.

Thus, the presence of a large stabilization fund creates a bifurcation point for the Russian economy, which can transform into an innovative one.

It is advisable to spend the funds of the stabilization fund on the development of an innovative economy, and not invest them in low-margin securities of foreign states, as is currently the case, especially given that the external debt of quasi-state (Gazprom, etc.) borrowers exceeded the amount of stabilization fund.

For the development of the scientific and innovative sphere and the formation of a national innovation system that ensures the implementation of the innovation chain, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for coordinating and monitoring the results of scientific research carried out in the academic, university and industrial sectors of science.

In order to intensify innovation activity, it is necessary to provide funds in the federal budget for insuring innovation risks, as well as funds for providing long-term budget loans at preferential rates in order to implement innovative projects of national importance.

In terms of reforming monetary regulation, we can talk about the development and consolidation on a permanent basis of the program for issuing state guarantees for loans to innovative enterprises, and about expanding the list of benefits and tools to support small innovative businesses.

In addition, when planning capital expenditures within the framework of federal targeted programs and the Federal Targeted Investment Program, it is necessary to change the existing structure of investments. In particular, by types of economic activity, it is necessary to increase the share of capital investments of an innovative nature in investment engineering for the production of equipment and devices of a new generation for science-intensive sectors of the economy; in terms of the structure of investments in fixed capital, to increase the share of investments in machinery and equipment of the new generation.

The cost of a unique work

Fill out the form with current work

ContentsIntroduction1. Theoretical foundations for developing an enterprise strategy1. 1. Concept and classification of strategy1. 2. Stages of the process of strategic management of organizations2. Analysis of the enterprise on the example of JSC "Rostelecom-T"2. 1. The general nature of the environment of the enterprise on the example of JSC "Rostelecom-T"2. 2. Analysis of the external environment of OJSC Rostelecom-T2. 3. Analysis of the internal environment of OJSC Rostelecom-T3. Basic…

coursework

As a rule, unloaded goods are delivered to the warehouse receiving area, where they are checked. Acceptance of goods by quantity and completeness is a responsible procedure that reveals shortages, damage, low quality or incompleteness of goods. Therefore, the procedure for the acceptance of goods is regulated by regulations. The instructions apply in all cases where standards, technical…

The classification of costs according to economic elements does not allow calculating the cost of a unit of production and establishing the amount of costs of individual divisions of the enterprise. For these purposes, another classification of costs is used - according to costing items. The essence of this classification is to distinguish between costs for their intended purpose and the place of their occurrence. In other words, the costs of the enterprise ...

coursework

References Aganbegyan A. G. Alone in the field is not a warrior. Tips for managing companies, firms, enterprises // EKO. - 2010. - N 9. - S.102−112. Alekhina O. Industrial enterprise management: strategic and operational aspects / O. Alekhina, F. Udalov, D. Gubanov // Probl. theory and practice management. - 2012. - N 3. - S.82−88. Bazarov L.A. Technology

Thus, as a result of the implementation of measures to improve the bank's deposit policy, the funds of individuals in the structure of the bank's deposit portfolio will grow to the greatest extent (by 15%), since most of the proposed measures are aimed precisely at the development of deposit services for individuals. This is quite expedient for Sberbank of Russia OJSC, since the attracted…

Estimation at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used during the month and other period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e.

There are many definitions of the term "technology". According to the definition given by Dick [Dick, 2000], technology is “a system of interrelated ways of processing materials and methods of manufacturing products in a manufacturing process”. Along with the growing importance of innovations in economic development, a qualitative change in the concept of "technology" also took place. “From empirically learned skills for the implementation of production activities and, accordingly, interaction with the forces of nature in the process of such activities, technology has turned into a set of scientifically based production methods” [Shitov, 2001]. This definition emphasizes the role of technology as a leading element of the innovation process. However, the concept of technology is not always directly related to production. We can talk about technologies used in the service sector, about technologies of scientific research, about political technologies, etc. From the definition given by Webster's Dictionary, technology is "the practical application of knowledge in a certain area, providing new opportunities." Based on the foregoing, we give the following definition. Technology is an ordered body of knowledge that can be used to produce products, provide services, or have other commercial applications.

We have not included equipment in the concept of "technology", although most technologies can only be implemented on certain equipment, and quite often equipment is created specifically for the implementation of a specific technology. In some cases, technology is presented in the form of implicit (non-codified) knowledge, inseparable from specific people - their carriers. The transfer of such technologies is a complex process and necessarily includes training.

As a special kind of knowledge, technology must have a number of specific properties. This knowledge must be:

Reproducible (technology is created as a result of multiple scientific experiments, which makes it possible to replicate);

Partially embodied in machines and equipment (and knowledge about these machines and equipment is also technology);

transferred during the transfer process.

In the economies of industrialized countries, high technology plays a decisive role. These are technologies based on new scientific and technical knowledge (the results of fundamental and exploratory scientific research) and serve as the basis for the production of new high technology products or the provision of high technology services.

The concept of "high technologies" (high technologies) is usually synonymous with the concept of "high technologies". The main characteristics of high-tech industries are the knowledge-intensiveness of products and the science output.

It is customary to refer to the science-intensive category such products, in the production of which the share of costs for research and development in total costs or in sales is at least 3.5–4.5%.

Science output is the ratio of the volume of sales of science-intensive products to the costs of R&D for a certain period of time (usually a year). The criterion for the effectiveness of science output is the relative growth in sales of new (from the point of view of the next, qualitatively different from the previous generation of technical products) high-tech products with high consumer qualities compared to the growth of the entire science-intensive market (including obsolete products developed earlier, but still sold on the market) [ Bendikov, 2001; Dynkin, 2004].

Indicators of science intensity and science output of the economies of a number of countries are given in Table.

1.1, from which it can be concluded that Russia lags behind industrially developed countries in these indicators.

There is no standardized classification of industrial production on the basis of knowledge intensity, and different authors can find slightly different lists. Early 1990s. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) performed a detailed analysis of direct and indirect spending on research and development in 22 industries in ten countries: the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark and Australia. As a result of the study, four industries were classified as science-intensive:

1) aerospace; 2) production of computers and office equipment; 3) production of electronic means of communication; 4) pharmaceutical industry. Subsequently, the classification of industries according to the level of manufacturability was refined and expanded. The classification of industries according to the level of manufacturability used in Russian statistical surveys is given in Table. 1.2. This classification corresponds to that accepted in the world practice [Indicators, 2008, p. 56–57].

Source: [TsISN, 2005, Global Competitiveness Report, 2005].

Currently, the sectoral structure of the world economy is dominated by high-tech industries (Fig. 1.6).

Source: Data from Financial Times Global, 2007.

Although the data shown in Fig. 1.6 refer only to the 500 largest companies in the world, they give a fairly accurate picture of reality, since in today's global economy the role of the largest corporations can hardly be exaggerated.

The priorities of the country's innovative development for the future are determined by critical technologies. Critical technologies are based on new principles and can radically change any field of knowledge, one or another area of production [Lakhtin, 1997]. It is critical technologies that determine the priority on the scale of innovation [Ilyin, 1995]. The list of critical technologies in Russia, numbering 35 technologies (Russia has all the world's critical technologies), was approved by the Government Decree of August 25, 2008.

Based on the popular concept of technological modes [Glazyev, 1990], we can conclude which industries and sectors of the economy are priority in terms of its development. Although researchers distinguish six technological modes, in its pure form, the sixth mode, the core of which is nanoelectronics, genetic engineering, multimedia interactive information systems, high-temperature superconductivity, space technology, fine chemistry, etc., is obviously a promising task. These industries have not yet reached their full potential. This is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the volume of investments by private investors, including direct and venture capital, in the industry of the sixth order remains insignificant, and they are developed mainly with funds from state budgets [Ammosov, 2006]. The basis of the modern high-tech economy is the fifth mode, based on achievements in microelectronics and microprocessor technology, genetic engineering and biotechnology, as well as informatization based on computer technology.

The Russian economy is currently dominated by the third and fourth modes. The share of the fifth order has not only not increased in recent years, but, on the contrary, has decreased in favor of the third and fourth (according to some estimates, the share of the fifth order has decreased approximately three times in 1991–1998 [Kuzyk, 2004: 74]). Over the past 15 years, the technological base of Russian industry has become even more diverse, and in high-tech industries the gap from developed countries has not only not decreased, but has noticeably increased [Gokhberg, 2008; Livanov, 2009].

Domestic industry has lost the ability to develop many modern technologies. In particular, in the production of integrated circuits, it has lagged behind the leaders (USA and Japan) by three generations; such a delay may become irreversible. Separate achievements in the field of aircraft construction, space technologies, shipbuilding do not change the overall negative assessment of the current situation. At the same time, the amount of research and development that could previously support a high level of technology has been drastically reduced. The share of spending on R&D in GDP, which was 1.24% in 2004, has increased slightly in recent years, but, nevertheless, this figure corresponds to the level of the 1950s. [Belyaev, 2006].

Cash loan in an otp bank Download a certificate of income in the form of a bank otp

About otp bank in russia. About OTP Bank

Technology in terms of economics. "modern technologies of teaching economics". Technological advances in one sector can contribute to