Basic budget parameters for analyzing macroeconomic statistics. Balance sheet of assets and liabilities. Production method of calculating GDP
“Statistical methods for analyzing macroeconomic indicators”
Option No. 7
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Theoretical part………………………………………………………...4
2.1. Macro economic indicators as an object of statistical study……………………………………………………………………..4
2.2. System of statistical indicators of macroeconomics………………..6
2.3. Main directions of analysis of macroeconomic indicators…………………………………………………………………………………15
3. Calculation part……………………………………………………………..18
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………41
5. List of references……………………………………..42
Introduction
Macroeconomic statistics allow us to provide comprehensive description state and development of the state's economy.
The discipline of macroeconomic statistics is of an applied nature. It solves the problems of applying the entire set of statistical methods to specific objects of study. Subject of study macroeconomic statistics are massive socio-economic phenomena and processes unfolding on the scale of the country’s economy as a whole.
The tasks of macroeconomic statistics include the development of a methodology for statistical research of economic processes and their development, namely a system of indicators and methods for their calculation, providing a quantitative description of the results of the functioning of the economy of the country and regions, its efficiency and the standard of living of the population. As a macrostatistical model market economy uses the system of national accounts generally accepted in international practice.
Macroeconomic statistics reveal statistical patterns of action economic laws, gives their quantitative characteristics.
Macroeconomic statistics is an applied statistical discipline that is based on the methodology of statistical research of mass socio-economic phenomena and processes in order to identify patterns of their development at the macro level.
The importance of statistical studies of macroeconomic processes is very great. For example, they provide justification for state comprehensive scientific, technical and socio-economic programs.
This work discusses the main macroeconomic indicators of the system of national accounts, their characteristics and methods of their statistical analysis.
The practical, or computational, part of the work consists of four tasks. Three of them are interconnected. It is necessary to study the structure of cash income and food expenditures of households and to investigate the relationship between these characteristics. Solving the fourth problem is required in order to learn how to work with macroeconomic indicators, which are discussed in the theoretical part of the work.
Theoretical part
1. Macroeconomic indicators as an object of statistical study
The economy of our country is going through a transition period. From planned it is transformed into market system management. Socio-economic transformations require improvement of statistical methodology, development of qualitatively new statistical indicators, techniques and methods for studying general patterns and specific features of the formation and development of the Russian market economy, comparative analysis its indicators with those of foreign countries. In addition, Russia's entry into international organizations(such as the International Monetary Fund and International Bank reconstruction and development) requires the use of the system of national accounts (SNA) in domestic statistics.
The System of National Accounts is a macro-statistical model of a market economy that precisely meets the requirements of economic-statistical analysis of the results of the functioning of the economy and evaluation of efficiency.
National accounts are a system of interrelated statistical indicators characterizing macroeconomic processes. The system consists of a certain set of accounts and tables.
The system of national accounts provides a description of financial flows that characterize the economic activities of all resident economic agents at all stages of production from the moment of production to the moment of final consumption.
Using the system of national accounts, it becomes possible to solve the following problems:
· calculation of general statistical indicators that characterize the results economic activity;
· study of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators;
· analysis of macroeconomic proportions.
Data from the system of national accounts and models built on their basis are used to justify management and financial decisions at all levels of the economy.
The rules for constructing a system of national accounts used in Russia are based on the principles of the international methodological standard SNA-1993, taking into account the characteristics of the domestic economy and the information base of macroeconomic indicators.
It is very important to clearly structure the concepts and categories of the system of national accounts in order to avoid errors in the indicators. The significance of the classification of expenses is determined by the fact that the amount of gross added value and, consequently, the amount of gross internal product.
Due to the possible difficulties of distributing some types of activities to one category or another, the developers and users of the SNA formulated general principles addressing complex methodological issues at the international level, allowing for comparable information on trends economic development various countries.
SNA is a national accounting adequate to a market economy, represented by a system of interrelated statistical macroeconomic indicators, which allows one to obtain summary information about the state and dynamics of development of the country’s economy as a whole and in the context of its sectors.
The system of statistical macroeconomic indicators, the state and dynamics of the main indicators characterizing the level of the economy in the country will be presented in the next part of the work.
2. System of statistical indicators of macroeconomics
The purpose of the system of national accounts is to provide an interrelated description of the various aspects economic process at the macro level, systematize and streamline the most important indicators in such a way as to enable decisions to be made on issues of economic policy formation.
SNA allows entrepreneurs to evaluate economic environment where they operate, and make decisions on investment, expansion of exports and imports. SNA is also used to build econometric models that describe the patterns of economic processes, which can be used to forecast them.
Let's consider the main indicators characterizing economic processes at the macro level.
Output of goods and services is the total value of all goods and specified services produced by a resident over a certain period of time.
The output of goods and services (B) serves as the most general indicator of production results. It serves as a basis for obtaining other indicators of economic activity, therefore Special attention attention should be paid to the accuracy of its calculation. But still, the release of goods and services is not assessment indicator results of economic activity, because its value is influenced by the cost of goods and services consumed in the production process. This value, the cost of goods consumed, with the exception of consumption of fixed capital, and market services consumed in the production process, forms intermediate consumption (IC).
Thus, an indicator has been derived to measure the value created in the production process over a given period of time.
Gross value added (GVA) is the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption. This indicator takes into account the cost of fixed capital consumed in the production process and does not include the cost of goods and services consumed in the production process.
GVA at basic prices = B - PP (including indirectly measured financial intermediation services)
The same figure, expressed in market prices, is the sum of gross value added at basic prices and net taxes on products.
GVA at market prices = GVA at basic prices + NNP at current prices
The difference between gross value added and the value of consumed fixed capital is net added value (NPV).
All taxes in the system of national accounts are divided into two groups:
Current (paid regularly);
Capital (one-time).
Current taxes are also divided into two groups:
Taxes on production and imports;
Taxes on income and property.
Production and import taxes (PITs) consist of taxes on products and other taxes on production (OPTs).
Product taxes (PT) are taxes that depend on the cost of products produced and services provided (value added tax, taxes on imported goods and services, sales tax, etc.). Product taxes are levied in proportion to the quantity or value of goods and services produced or sold by the resident producing unit.
Other production taxes (OPT) are taxes related to the use of production factors - labor, land, capital, and payments for licenses and permission to engage in any activity.
Introduction
1. Theoretical part: Statistical study level and dynamics of macroeconomic indicators
1.1 System of national accounts as a macrostatistical model of the economy
1.2 Main macroeconomic indicators of the SNA and methods for their calculation
1.3 Methods for calculating the level and dynamics of gross domestic product
1.4 Study of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators
2. Calculation part
3. Analytical part
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Macroeconomic statistics is one of the statistical disciplines of an applied nature. It addresses the issues of applying the entire set of statistical methods to a specific object of study.
The object of macroeconomic statistics can be clearly defined based on the definition of the subject of statistics.
Statistics is a complex of educational disciplines that ensure mastery of the methodology of statistical research of mass socio-economic phenomena and processes in order to identify patterns of their development in specific conditions of place and time.
When specifying this definition in relation to macroeconomic statistics, one should proceed from the fact that its object of study is massive socio-economic phenomena and processes occurring at the level of the country’s economy as a whole.
Macroeconomic statistics develops a methodology for the statistical study of economic processes and their development: a system of indicators and methods for their calculation, which together provide a quantitative description of the results of the functioning of the economy of the country and regions in the context of industries, sectors and forms of ownership, its efficiency and the standard of living of the population; uses the system of national accounts accepted in international practice as a macrostatistical model of a market economy.
Being an independent scientific discipline, macroeconomic statistics in the quantitative measurement of economic processes and phenomena is based on the provisions of economic theory, the results of studying the qualitative aspects of economic processes obtained within the framework of the general economic theory and various applied sections.
The cognitive power of macroeconomic statistics lies in the knowledge of statistical patterns and quantitative characteristics of the manifestation and action of economic laws in specific conditions of place and time.
Taking into account the above, the following definition of the subject of macroeconomic statistics is proposed.
Macroeconomic statistics is an applied statistical discipline that ensures mastery of the methodology of statistical research of mass socio-economic phenomena and processes in order to identify patterns of their development at the macro level.
Thus, the theoretical part of this course work contains the basics of statistical analysis of macroeconomic indicators, their level and dynamics.
In the practical part, using a specific example, the study of macroeconomic indicators in the region is considered.
The analytical part examines the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of Kaluga and analyzes a number of dynamics of the population employed in the economy.
1. Theoretical part: Statistical study of the level and dynamics of macroeconomic indicators
1.1 System of national accounts as a macrostatistical model of the economy
System of National Accounts (SNA), implemented in Russian Federation, is based on methodological provisions developed jointly with the UN, IMF, World Bank, OECD and Eurostat and adopted in 1993 (SNA-93). It was built taking into account the specifics and functioning of a country that is in a transition stage to market relations.
The System of National Accounts is used to describe and analyze market economic processes at the macro level in more than 150 countries around the world. The SNA is a detailed macrostatistical model of a market economy that meets the needs of economic and statistical analysis of the results of its functioning and evaluation of its effectiveness.
SNA is the basis of national accounting. The essence of the system of national accounts comes down to the formation of general indicators of economic development at various stages of the reproduction process and the mutual linking of these indicators with each other. Each stage of reproduction corresponds to a special account or group of accounts. Thus, it is possible to trace the movement of the cost of goods and services produced, as well as added value: from production to use.
Accounts are used to record economic transactions carried out by institutional units, namely enterprises, institutions, organizations, households, etc., that are residents of a given country. Transactions between residents of a given country and non-residents are also reflected.
Entries in the accounts do not relate to each individual economic transaction, but to the generalizing numerical characteristics of the corresponding groups of economic transactions, for example, consumption, accumulation, exports. Thus, entries in accounts are analytical summary indicators of various aspects of the economic process, for example, value added, primary income, savings, etc.
The most important of them, related to the economy as a whole, are called aggregate (for example, gross domestic product, gross national income, national wealth, etc.).
National accounts are a set of interrelated tables that look like balance sheets. According to the method of construction, national accounts are similar to accounting accounts. Each account represents a balance in the form of a two-way table, in which each transaction is reflected twice: once in resources, once in use. The results of transactions on each side of the account are balanced either by definition or with the help of a balancing item, which is a resource item of the next account.
The balancing item of the account, which ensures balance (equality) of its right and left sides, is calculated as the difference between the volume of resources and their use. In other words, the balancing item of the previous account, reflected in the “Use” section, is the initial indicator of the “Resources” section of the subsequent account (Table 1). This achieves the linking of accounts with each other and the formation of a system of national accounts.
Table. 1
Balancing items of national accounts
Account name Balancing item 1. Production Gross domestic product 2. Generation of income Gross profit economy and gross mixed income 3. Distribution of primary income Gross national income (balance of primary income) 4. Secondary distribution of income Gross disposable income 5. Use of disposable income Gross saving
The system of national accounts implemented in the Russian Federation includes the following accounts:
1. Accounts domestic economy generally:
goods and services account;
production account;
income generation account;
income distribution account:
a) account for the distribution of primary income;
b) account for secondary distribution of income;
national disposable income account;
capital account.
Accounts of economic sectors:
production account by industry;
income generation account by industry.
3. Accounts foreign economic relations(“rest of the world”):
current account;
capital expenditure account;
financial account.
The construction of the financial account, the account of other changes in assets, the accounts of other sectors, as well as balance sheet tables of national wealth and other elements of the SNA is carried out in stages. All accounts (except for the economic accounts) are consolidated, i.e. built for the economy as a whole, and reflect, on one hand parties, the relationship between the national economy and foreign countries, and on the other hand, the relationship between various indicators of the system of accounts.
Indicators of the system of national accounts make it possible to study the rate of economic growth and fluctuations in economic conditions, which are used for analysis general trends economic development of the country for a given period, assessment of the effectiveness of the ongoing economic policy, international comparisons of macroeconomic indicators.
1.2 Main macroeconomic indicators of the SNA and methods of their calculation
Socio-economic transformations in our country associated with the development of new forms of management, the process of creating a multi-structure economy require the improvement of statistical methodology, the development of qualitatively new statistical indicators, techniques and methods for studying general patterns and specific features of the formation and development of the Russian market economy, as well as a comparative analysis of its indicators with foreign indicators countries
Our statistics, like our entire society and the country's economy, are going through a period of transformation. We have to understand the difficult legacy, appeal to international standards, rebuild and rebuild many economic indicators, abandoning unjustified methodology and sometimes primary data.
The transition from a directive economy to a market economy requires the creation of fundamentally new statistics - market statistics, which provides the opportunity to regularly build a system of national accounts (SNA).
SNA is a national accounting adequate to a market economy, completed at the macro level by a system of interrelated statistical indicators (which are usually called macroeconomic indicators), which make it possible to obtain general information on the state and dynamics of development of the country's economy as a whole and in the context of its sectors and industries, which are the basis for developing models and forecasting the transition economy.
The boundaries of production are defined in the SNA as the activities of resident units of the national economy in the production of goods and services.
The SNA uses sectoral grouping of economic units.
The sector of the national economy is a collection of institutional units (i.e., economic entities) that have similar goals, homogeneous in terms of functions performed and sources of financing, which determines their similar economic behavior.
The following sectors of the national economy are distinguished:
national enterprises;
financial institutions;
non-profit organizations serving households;
households.
An institutional unit is considered a resident of a country's economy if it has a center of economic interest on its territory, i.e. if it is engaged or intends to engage in any type of economic activity or operation for a long period of time, usually equivalent to one year.
Economic processes measured at the macro level are characterized by the following indicators.
Output of goods and services (B) represents the total value of goods and services resulting from the production activities of resident units of the economy in reporting period having a market and non-market nature.
The output of goods and services by industry is calculated in basic prices.
Intermediate consumption (IC) consists of the cost of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed in the reporting period in the process of producing other goods and services. Consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) is not included in intermediate consumption.
The composition of intermediate consumption includes as a separate item the consumption of indirectly measured financial intermediation services (banks).
Theoretically, banking services should be included in the intermediate consumption of those industries that actually consume these services. However, the information necessary for such a calculation is missing. Therefore, to reflect the use of financial intermediation services, a conditional industry has been introduced, the output of which is assumed to be equal to zero. This industry is considered as a conditional consumer of financial intermediation services. This approach means that the amount of gross value added for the economy as a whole is reduced by the amount of output of financial intermediation services.
Production and import taxes (PIT) include taxes on products (PT) and other taxes on production (DrNP):
NPI = NP + DrNP. (1)
Product taxes (PT) are taxes that directly depend on the cost of products produced and services provided. These include: value added taxes, excise taxes, taxes on imported goods and services.
Other taxes on production (DrNP) are taxes associated with the use of factors of production (labor, land, capital), as well as payments for a license and permission to engage in any activity or other mandatory payments. They do not include any taxes on profits or other income received by the enterprise. Other taxes on production include: property tax of enterprises, contributions to road funds (except for the tax on fuels and lubricants), fees for the use of natural resources, taxes levied depending on the wage fund, land tax, license and stamp duties and some others .
Net taxes on products and imports (NPI):
ChNPI=NPI - Sp. (12.2)
The term “net” means that taxes are shown minus related subsidies.
Subsidies for products (SP) - these are current uncompensated payments from State budget enterprises under the condition that they produce a certain type of goods or services.
Gross value added (GVA) is the newly created value in the process of producing products and services. The cost added to the cost of products and services consumed in this process. It is determined by economic sector as the difference between the cost of production of goods and services (production account indicator in the SNA) and intermediate consumption.
In the economy as a whole, the sum of the GVA of sectors is the gross domestic product.
The term “gross” indicates that the indicator includes the cost of fixed capital consumed in the production process.
In the system of national accounts, the gross value added indicator is assessed both at current market prices, i.e. actually used in transactions (it includes trade and transport margins, taxes on production and imports and does not include subsidies on production and imports), and in basic prices, i.e. prices without taxes on products, but including subsidies on products. If the output is valued at basic prices, then VVA is also calculated at basic prices:
GVA at basic prices=B-PP (including indirectly measured financial intermediation services)(3)
Gross value added at market prices will be equal to the sum of gross value added at basic prices and net (less subsidies) taxes on products:
GVA at market prices = GVA at basic prices + NNP at current prices, (4)
where NNP = (NP - Sp) - net taxes on products; NP - taxes on products; SP - subsidies for products.
The GVA indicator is called gross value added, since the cost of consumption of fixed capital (FCC) is not excluded from it.
If expenses on consumption of fixed capital are excluded from the value of GVA, then it will be possible to calculate the indicator of added value (NPV).
1.3 Methods for calculating the level and dynamics of gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a general indicator of a country's economic activity, a central macroeconomic indicator of the system of national accounts, used throughout the world to determine the rate of production development, cyclical fluctuations in business activity, characterize the structure of the economy and many important macroeconomic proportions, calculate labor productivity and determine the standard of living of the population. It is widely used for international comparisons of the relative levels of economic development of various countries, groups of countries, and regions of the world.
Gross domestic product reflects the results of the economic activities of institutional units, i.e. producers only in the territory of a given country (including joint ventures), so in essence it is domestic.
To analyze changes in gross domestic product over a certain period (primarily a year), the rate of real GDP. In this case, the rate of real GDP in relation to the previous period (year) is calculated in comparable prices of the previous period (year).
GDP can be calculated using three methods: the production method, the method of using income and the method of forming GDP by source of income.
When calculated using the production method, GDP is obtained as the difference between the output of goods and services in the entire country, on the one hand, and intermediate consumption, on the other, or as the sum of added values created in sectors of the economy. At the same time, the volumes of added value by industry are calculated in basic prices, i.e. not including taxes on products, but including subsidies on products.
GDP in production prices = åGVA in basic prices (5)
To calculate GDP at market prices, you need to add net (less subsidies) product taxes (NPT)
GDP at market prices = åGVA at basic prices + NNP at current prices or (6)
GDP at market prices = åGVA at market prices
GDP, calculated using the income method, is the sum of final consumption expenditures (FCS) of all economic sectors (non-financial enterprises, financial institutions, government agencies, non-profit organizations serving households, households), gross capital formation (GSC) and net exports of goods and services. which represents the difference between exports and imports (E - I), plus the statistical difference between gross domestic product produced and used (GDP):
GDP at market prices = RCP + VN + (E - I) + SR. (7)
The method of generating GDP by source of income is one of three methods for calculating GDP used by the State Statistics Committee of Russia as part of calculations according to the SNA. However, it is not independent, since not all income indicators are obtained by direct counting; some of them are calculated using the balance sheet method.
The formation of gross domestic product by sources of income reflects the primary income received by units directly involved in production, as well as government bodies (organizations) budgetary sphere) and non-profit organizations serving households.
GPP at the stage of income generation is calculated as the sum of:
GDP = FROM + NPI + VPE = FROM + (NPI - Sp.i) + VPE. (8)
The GDP indicator that reflects current prices is called nominal GDP(not adjusted for price levels). Nominal GDP reflects the volume of production expressed in prices existing at the point in time when this volume was produced.
The GDP indicator taking into account price changes (adjusted for inflation and deflation) is called real GDP. The process of adjusting nominal GDP for inflation or deflation is simple. For this purpose, the GDP price index is used, which is a GDP deflator.
The deflator index (DIDP) is the ratio of GDP calculated in current yen to the volume of GDP calculated at comparable prices of the previous period. Unlike the price index for goods and services, the GDP deflator characterizes changes in wages, profits (including mixed income) and consumption of fixed capital as a result of price changes and also the nominal mass of net taxes.
The GDP deflator index can be used to inflate (increase the monetary value of GDP taking into account price movements) or deflate (lower the monetary expression of GDP taking into account price movements) the nominal GDP indicator. The result of such an adjustment is that we get real GDP for each year.
The simplest and most direct method of deflating or inflating nominal GDP in a given year is to divide nominal GDP by the GDP deflator. In equation form this can be written as follows:
Real GDP measures the value of total volume domestic production in different years, assuming a constant price level, starting from the base year and throughout the entire period under consideration. Thus, real GDP shows market value products of each year, measured in constant prices, i.e. in rubles, which have the same purchasing power as in the base year.
Real GDP is a more accurate indicator of the functioning of the economy compared to nominal GDP. It is generally accepted that if the annual growth rate of real GDP exceeds 4%, then the state of the economy can be considered positive, and real GDP growth below 4% should cause alarm, as this indicates a decline in production, rising unemployment, destabilization of the economy.
1.4 Study of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators
One of the main provisions of scientific methodology is the need to study all phenomena in development, over time. This also applies to statistics: it should characterize changes in statistical indicators over time. How do the country's gross national product and national income change year after year? How the level of wages increases or decreases. Are there large fluctuations in the yield of grain crops and is there a tendency for its growth? All these similar questions can be answered only by a special system of statistical methods designed to study development, changes over time, or, as they say in statistics, study dynamics.
The process of development, the movement of socio-economic phenomena over time in statistics is usually called dynamics. To display dynamics, dynamics series (chronological, time) are constructed, which are series of time-varying values of a statistical indicator, located in chronological order. In it, the process of economic development is depicted as a set of continuous interruptions, allowing a detailed analysis of the features of development using characteristics that reflect changes in the parameters of the economic system over time.
The components of a dynamic series are indicators of series levels, and time periods (years, quarters, months, days) or moments (dates) of time. The levels of a series are usually denoted by “y”; the moments or periods of time to which the levels relate are denoted by “t”.
Analysis of the speed and intensity of development of a phenomenon over time is carried out using statistical indicators, which are obtained by comparing the levels with each other. These indicators include: absolute growth, growth and growth rate, absolute value of one percent of growth. In this case, it is customary to call the level being compared the reporting level, and the level with which the comparison is being made - the base level. Absolute growth characterizes the size of the increase (or decrease) in the level of a series over a certain period of time. It is equal to the difference between the two compared levels and expresses the absolute growth rate:
where i= 1,2, 3, ..., n.
The indicator of the intensity of change in the level of a series, depending on whether it is expressed as a coefficient or as a percentage, is usually called the growth coefficient or growth rate. In other words, the growth coefficient and growth rate are two forms of expressing the intensity of level changes. However, it should be noted that you do not need to use two forms that are essentially identical at the same time. The difference between them is only in the unit of measurement.
The growth coefficient shows how many times a given level of a series is greater than the base level (if this coefficient is greater than one) or what part of the base level is the level of the current period for a certain period of time (if it is less than one). Depending on the purpose of the study, a basic level can be taken as a level that is constant for all (often the initial level of a series) or for each subsequent one preceding it:
Along with the growth rate, you can calculate the growth rate indicator , characterizing the relative rate of change in the level of a series per unit of time. The growth rate shows by what fraction (or percentage) the level of a given period or point in time is greater (or less) than the base level.
The growth rate is the ratio of absolute growth to the level of the series taken as the base:
If the growth rate is always a positive number, then the growth rate can be positive, negative, or zero.
Absolute acceleration in statistics is the difference between the subsequent and previous absolute increases (/>). Acceleration shows how much a given speed is greater (less) than the previous one.
Thus, absolute acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be a positive or negative number.
A summary generalizing characteristic of the intensity of changes in the levels of a series of dynamics is the average growth rate , showing how many times the level of the dynamic series has changed on average per unit of time. The need to calculate the average growth rate arises due to the fact that growth rates fluctuate from year to year.
The average growth rate is calculated using the geometric mean formula of chain growth coefficients:
When calculating average growth rates for periods of different durations (differently spaced dynamics series), geometric averages weighted by the duration of periods are used. The weighted geometric mean formula will look like:
where t is the time interval during which the given growth rate is maintained;
The average growth rate cannot be determined directly from successive growth rates or average absolute growth rates. To calculate it, you must first find the average growth rate and then reduce it by one, or 100%.
According to the formulas below, we build tables reflecting the dynamics of socio-economic indicators discussed in the previous chapter.
2. Calculation part
The following summary data is available by region for reporting year, billion rubles:
Product output at basic prices -18.4
Provision of services at basic prices –14.6
Taxes on products and imports - 4.8
Subsidies on products and imports - 0.6
Intermediate consumption of goods and services -13.8
Indirectly measured financial intermediation services – 0.8
Gross regional product at comparable prices – 18.5
Remuneration of the employed population -12.4
Index consumer prices - 125 %
In addition, it is known that the population at the beginning of the year was 612 thousand people, at the end of the year - 588 thousand people.
The load factor per employee increased over the year from 0.95 to 1.12
Define:
Volume of gross regional product(GRP).
The share of the production sector and the service sector in the creation of gross value added in basic prices.
GRP deflator index.
Index purchasing power ruble
The volume of GRP per capita of the region calculated per year and per month.
Average annual and average monthly wages per employee.
Index of real wages of employees, if nominal wages increased by 20% compared to the previous year.
1. The volume of GRP will be determined using the production method.
It will be equal to:
GDP at market prices = åGVA at basic prices + NNP at current prices,
where GVA at basic prices = B - PP (including indirectly measured financial intermediation services).
Thus, we get:
Product output in basic prices 18.4 +
Provision of services at basic prices –14.6 +
Taxes on products and imports - 4.8-
Subsidies on products and imports -0.6 -
Intermediate consumption of goods and services -13.8 -
Indirectly measured financial intermediation services – 0.8
22.6 billion rubles.
2. The share of the production sector in the creation of gross value added in basic prices.
Gross value added: 18.4 +14.6 – 13.8 – 0.8 = 18.4 billion rubles.
The gross added value of the production sector will be equal to:
GVA = 18.4 – 13.8 = 4.6
The share of the production sector in basic prices in GRP will be 4.6 / 18.4 x 100 = 25%.
The share of the service sector in the creation of gross value added in basic prices.
The GVA of the service sector will be:
GVA = 14.6 – 0.8 = 13.8.
The share of the service sector in basic prices is equal to: 13.8 / 18.4 x 100 = 75.00%.
3. Deflator index (IDRP) is the ratio of GRP calculated in current yen to the volume of GRP calculated in comparable prices of the previous period.
Thus, DVRP = 22.6 / 18.5 = 1.22 times.
As a result of price changes, wages, profits and consumption of fixed capital in the current year increased by 1.22 times or 22%.
We find the purchasing power index of the ruble using the formula:
where CPI is the consumer price index.
Thus, we obtain Ip.s.r. = 1 / 1.25 = 0.8 or 80%
The purchasing power of the ruble has decreased by 20% this year.
5. The volume of GRP per capita of the region per year and per month.
The volume of GRP per capita per year will be found as the ratio of GRP to the average annual population of the region.
The average annual population is (Sstart + Send) / 2
Those. (612 + 588) / 2 = 600 thousand people.
The volume of GRP per capita per year is equal to:
22.6 billion rubles. / 600 thousand people =37.67 thousand rubles.
The volume of GRP per capita per month is equal to:
(22.6 billion rubles / 12 months) / 600 thousand. people = 3139 rub.
6. Average annual and average monthly wages per employee.
The load factor per employed person in the economy is calculated using the formula:
From here we find the number of employed people:
At the beginning of the year: Szan = 612 / (0.95 + 1) = 313.85 thousand people.
At the end: Szan = 588 / (1.12 + 1) = 277.36 thousand people.
The average annual number of employed people is: (313.85 + 277.36) / 2 = 295.61 thousand people.
The average annual salary of one employed person will be: 12.4 billion rubles. / 295.61 thousand people = 41947 rub.
The average monthly salary will be: 41,947 rubles. / 12 months = 3496 rub.
7. Index of real wages of employees, if nominal wages increased by 20% compared to the previous year.
Real index wages we find it using the formula:
Ir.z.p. = 1.2 / 1.25 = 0.96 or 96%. In reality (taking into account price changes), household incomes decreased by 4%.
Let's draw conclusions.
The volume of gross regional product is 22.6 billion rubles. The share of the production sector in the creation of gross added value in basic prices is 20.35%. The share of the service sector in the creation of gross value added at basic prices is 61.06%. The deflator index of gross regional product is equal to 1.22, i.e. As a result of price changes, wages, profits and consumption of fixed capital increased by 22%. The purchasing power index of the ruble is 80%, i.e. The purchasing power of the ruble decreased by 20%. The volume of gross regional product per capita per year is 37.67 thousand rubles, per month - 3139 rubles. The average annual salary of a single employee is 41,947 rubles. The average monthly salary is 3496 rubles. The real wage index is 96%, i.e. real wages fell by 4%.
3. Analytical part
The purpose of this study is to study the dynamics of the gross regional product of the Kaluga region in comparison with the dynamics of GDP for the country as a whole.
table 2
Initial data
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 GDP for the Russian Federation 2424047.7 4149289.6 6219253.8 7830341.5 7906900.0 GRP of the Kaluga region 10763.8 17226.4 25655.0 33958.5 2 6107.4
URAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC INSTITUTE OF THE ACADEMY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL RELATIONS
Department of Economic Theory and Statistics
STATISTICS
(Macroeconomic Statistics)
Educational and practical manual
Chelyabinsk
Statistics (Macroeconomic statistics): educational and practical manual / compiled by: L.S. Salyeva, N.S. Kasyanenko, I.A. Sergeicheva; UrSEI ATiSO. – Chelyabinsk, 2012. – 60 p.
The educational and practical manual contains the course program; reveals the main sections of macroeconomic statistics: the grouping of economic entities by institutional sectors, the main indicators of the SNA and methods for their calculation, etc. The manual also includes guidelines on completing the test, examples of problem solving, options tests, test questions for the discipline “Statistics (Section II. Macroeconomic Statistics)” and a list of recommended literature.
As initial data, the values of financial and economic indicators characteristic of Russian reality were used, as well as statistical data from Russian statistical yearbooks published by the State Statistics Committee of Russia.
Designed for students studying in the field of Economics
Compiled by Salyeva L.S., Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department
economic theory and statistics UrSEI Kasyanenko N.S., teacher of the department of economics
theory and statistics UrSEI Sergeicheva I.A., senior lecturer of the department
economic theory and statistics UrSEI
Reviewers Maksimov V.P., Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Associate Professor, Dean of the Faculty
state and municipal administration of ChelSU Razvadovskaya O.A., Ph.D. econ. Sciences, Head of Department
economics, finance and accounting South Ural Institute of Economics and Management
© Ural Socio-Economic Institute of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, 2012
© Salyeva L.S., Kasyanenko N.S., Sergeicheva I.A., 2012
INTRODUCTION
1. The purpose of teaching the discipline
The discipline program “Statistics (Section Macroeconomic Statistics)” is built taking into account the required level basic training economists working in the credit, financial and accounting and statistical spheres. The ultimate goal of studying the discipline is to develop in future specialists theoretical knowledge, practical skills, a certain statistical culture necessary in the collection, processing and analysis of statistical information reflecting the results of activities at all levels of management, consideration of the methodology for calculating system indicators
national accounts.
2. Objectives of studying the discipline
The objectives of studying the discipline “Statistics (Section Macroeconomic Statistics)” are determined by the requirements established in the State Educational Standard of Higher Education vocational education: mastery of the statistical methodology for constructing national accounts, balance sheets and a system of indicators characterizing economic processes at the macro level.
When studying the discipline, the following tasks are set:
– calculation of general statistical indicators characterizing the results of economic activity;
– study of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators;
– analysis of macroeconomic proportions.
The composition and sequence of consideration of the educational material make it possible to obtain a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the tasks and methods of statistical study of macroeconomic processes, constructed in the form of a certain set of accounts and tables.
The system of national accounts in a summarized form contains information:
– about all economic entities participating in the economic process;
– about all economic transactions related to the production, distribution and use of income;
– about all assets and liabilities that form national wealth.
IN As a result of studying the discipline, students must:
– know the composition and methodology of constructing a system of national accounts;
– demonstrate the ability to master statistical methods of analysis, as well as use personal computers in the calculations of individual indicators;
– be able to systematize and present statistical observation data in the form of distribution series, groupings, time series, graphs and tables;
– analyze the results of statistical studies and make reasoned conclusions and specific proposals for improving the studied socio-economic processes, identifying additional factors their mutual development.
3. Requirements for the knowledge standard of the discipline “Statistics (Section II. Macroeconomic Statistics)”
The knowledge obtained as a result of studying the discipline should allow students to competently, quickly, taking into account specific features phenomena being studied:
– systematize the data of any statistical observation
And freely present them in the form of layouts of statistical tables according to the instructions of teachers;
– calculate absolute, relative, average, index and other general indicators, evaluate the behavior of specific social and socio-economic phenomena
And use the obtained estimates for analysis and modeling
And forecasting socio-economic development of Russia
and other countries;
– organize experimental calculations and draw appropriate reasoned statistical conclusions and meaningful economic conclusions on their basis;
– participate in solving specific reform problems socio-economic relations in Russia, including reforming state and departmental statistics;
– develop feasibility studies for socio-economic decisions made, including management decisions related to the improvement and
increasing the efficiency of enterprises and organizations at all levels and in all levels of business activity;
– V mandatory adjust inconsistent, incomplete or unreliable figures to take into account differences in data coverage and current changes in prices, currency quotations, interest rates etc. and on this basis, as far as possible, comprehensively and plausibly assess current macroeconomic, industry, social and corporate expectations, including expectations of shifts in stock indices and exchange rates, in lending rates, insurance premiums and other market indicators of stock, currency, banking, insurance and other domestic and foreign financial markets;
– actively apply accumulated knowledge, as well as Foreign experience and the results of international statistical comparisons to facilitate faster problem solving transition period socio-economic development of Russia and increasing its efficiency in the coming years.
COURSE PROGRAM “STATISTICS (SECTION II. MACROECONOMIC STATISTICS)”
Topic 1. Subject, method and tasks of statistics
Subject of macroeconomic statistics. The role of statistics in understanding the patterns of economic development of society. Method of macroeconomic statistics and its theoretical basis. Problems of macroeconomic statistics. Sector-branch structure of a market economy.
Topic 2. Indicators of production of goods and services
Boundaries of the production sphere of activity of a market economy. System of indicators of economic activity results and their groupings. General principles of the methodology for calculating gross output. Concept and general principles for calculating intermediate consumption.
Methods for calculating value added and gross domestic product (GDP).
Methodology for calculating macroeconomic indicators in constant prices and constructing deflator indices. Statistical analysis of the volume, structure and dynamics of GDP. The concept of national gross product.
Methods for determining and studying the dynamics of gross net national income, gross and net profit economy.
Topic 3. Indicators of education, distribution and use of income
Income generation indicators. Income generation account. Primary income distribution account. Income distribution indicators. Secondary distribution of income account. Revenue utilization indicators. Gross National Disposable Income Utilization Account. Adjusted disposable income use account.
Statistics of income and consumption of goods and services by the population as the main components of living standards.
Nominal and disposable incomes of the population. The role of consumer price indices in determining the level real income. Structure of income of the population. The concept and role of social transfers in shaping income levels. Statistical study of the structure and dynamics of income of the population. Methods for studying differentiation of income of the population. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient.
Statistics of expenses and consumption of the population. Indicators of volume, structure and dynamics of consumption. Studying the elasticity of consumption of goods and services depending on income level. Purchasing Power Index monetary unit, its definition and role in assessing the dynamics of the real level of consumption. Quality of life statistics.
Topic 4. Capital formation indicators, financial resources and their uses
Capital formation indicators. Gross capital formation. Capital transfers. Financial account indicators. Financial account. Capital account. Other savings accounts.
Topic 5. Statistics of national wealth in the system of national accounts
Concept, scope and composition of national wealth. Statistics of tangible (national property) and intangible (financial) assets of national wealth. The concept of economic assets, their composition. Statistical study of the structure and dynamics of economic assets. Composition of fixed assets, their classification and structure.
The concept of depreciation and amortization of fixed assets. Methods for calculating depreciation.
Studying the availability of fixed assets at a point in time. Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets.
Statistical study of the state and movement of fixed assets. Balance sheets of fixed assets at full original and residual value.
Indicators of efficiency of use of fixed assets. Statistics of their dynamics and factors.
Topic 6. Population, employment and unemployment statistics
Indicators of the number, composition and distribution of the population.
Statistics natural movement population, its main indicators. General concept mortality. Indicators of life expectancy of the population.
Migration indicators and their analysis. Demographic Projections size and composition of the population.
Employment and unemployment statistics . Concept and composition economically active population, labor resources. Studying employment dynamics. Unemployment statistics. Methods for studying the dynamics of unemployment. Unemployment rate. Methods for studying the dynamics of unemployment. Load factors for the employed and economically active population.
Labor statistics. Study of the number and composition of employees. Categories and indicators of numbers and composition. Average numbers of employees. Features of their calculation depending on the availability of initial information. Calculation of the average payroll, average turnout and average number of actually working persons. Studying the movement of numbers
workers. Indicators of admission, departure, persistence and turnover of personnel.
Working Time Usage Statistics . Working time funds, their composition and construction.
Indicators of working time use.
Statistical analysis of the impact of the dynamics of the number of employees, average duration working period and working day on overall change time worked.
Topic 7. Statistics of labor productivity and remuneration
Labor productivity statistics . Methods for measuring labor productivity. Output indicators per employee and for various units of working time worked. Labor intensity of products and services. Calculation of average levels of labor productivity.
Statistical study of the dynamics of labor productivity. Dynamics of average productivity and its factors: indices of the variable influence of labor productivity, number of employees, use of working time, structural changes and other factors on changes in the volume of products and services.
Labor remuneration statistics. The wage fund and its elements. Salary fund. Indicators of the average level of remuneration and wages per employee. The influence of the structure of workers' compensation on the formation of the average level of earnings.
Statistical study of the dynamics of wages and its factors. Analysis of the role of structural changes in changes in average wages. Application of permanent and variable composition in the study of wage dynamics. Methods for studying the differentiation of workers by wage level.
Topic 8. Indicators of the consolidated balance of products and services
Resource indicators of the balance of products and services. Indicators of resource use in the balance of products and services. System of material balances. Consolidated material balance. Consolidated financial balance. Balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population. System of intersectoral balances.
MAIN SECTIONS OF MACROECONOMIC STATISTICS
1. METHODOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (SNA)
System of National Accounts (SNA) – system of mutual
linked indicators, used to describe and analyze macroeconomic processes in countries with market economies. SNA arose in the most developed countries economically countries due to the need for information necessary to regulate a market economy and formulate economic policy.
The establishment of market relations in Russia required the introduction of a system of indicators capable of most fully and objectively characterizing the results of the functioning of a market economy. First of all, this concerned macroeconomic indicators, i.e. indicators reflecting the most important proportions of the national economy. This necessitated the transition of domestic statistics to the unified methodology recommended by the UN and other international organizations, based on national accounting and accepted in international practice, i.e. system of national accounts (SNA).
A unified statistical methodology makes it possible to compare the economic indicators of all countries, obtain summary indicators at the global level, determine the place and role of the national economy in the world economy, i.e. the solution to the problem of international comparisons is significantly simplified and their reliability increases.
The information provided by the SNA is the basis for the formation and implementation of public policy aimed at optimizing economic processes, i.e. for making management decisions.
Consumers of SNA data other than authorities government controlled are also scientific and analytical centers engaged in the study and forecasting of economic and political processes, representatives of large businesses, whose participation in investment process depends on the economic situation, various socio-political organizations,
who need to gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic situation of the country. Of significant interest are the indicators calculated on the basis of the SNA for various international organizations, since the forms of international cooperation, the size and terms of loans provided to it, the amount of contributions to international organizations, etc. depend on the level of economic development of the country.
The essence of the SNA comes down to the formation of a system of interrelated general macroeconomic indicators that characterize the development of the economy at various stages of reproduction. Each stage of reproduction (production, primary distribution of income, secondary distribution of income, use of disposable income for final consumption and accumulation) corresponds to a special account or group of accounts. The assessment of the final results of activity is carried out at the level of each economic entity, in the context of sectors and industries of the economy, as well as the economy as a whole. Accounts that reflect the economy as a whole are called consolidated accounts.
2. BASIC CONCEPTS, CATEGORIES AND STRUCTURE OF SNA
The system of national accounts represents the economy in the form of institutional units interconnected by economic
operations.
Institutional units- these are economic entities that have autonomy in making economic decisions on all issues economic activity. There are two types of institutional units:
– legal entities– enterprises, corporations, quasi-corporations (units similar to corporations, but formally not having their status), government agencies, banks and Insurance companies, public organizations, etc.;
– households(are considered as institutional units, since they independently make economic decisions).
Economic territory is an area administratively controlled by the government of a country within which persons, goods and money move freely.
Professor of the Department of Accounting, Analysis, AuditKiseleva N.P.
Concept of macroeconomic statistics
Macroeconomic Statistics (MES) −applied science, object of study
which is macroeconomics, i.e. economy
generally
The object of the MES is the economy of the region, country,
groups of countries, world economy
The subject of MES is the quantitative side of mass
economic phenomena inextricably linked with their
qualitative side
MES structure
SNAStatistics
state
nykh
finance
Monetary
statistics
Payment
balance
Economic
such balances
SNA is the central link of MES
Systemnational
accounts
(SNA)
–
This
internationally agreed standard
kit
recommendations
By
calculus
indicators
economic activity in accordance with clear
rules for maintaining accounts and accounting at the macro level,
based on the principles of economic theory.
SNA
is a system of interrelated indicators and
classifications used in almost all countries
world to describe and analyze the most general results and
aspects of the economic process at the macro level.
Main categories of macroeconomic statistics
Main categories of macroeconomicstatistics
institutional unit - economic entity,
who can own assets in his own name, accept
obligations, carry out economic activities and
transactions with other business units;
Resident - institutional unit, economic center
whose interest is located in the economic territory
countries
Economic territory is a geographical territory,
under the jurisdiction of the government of a given country, in
within which persons, goods and money can freely
move.
The domestic (national) economy covers
activities of residents, both in the economic territory
this country and abroad
Types of institutional units
HouseholdCorporation
Unincorporated Enterprise
Quasi-corporation
Government agency
Non-profit organization
SNA classifications
classification of institutional units byeconomic sectors;
classification of types of economic activity;
classification of economic transactions;
classification of assets and liabilities;
classification of main products (goods and services);
classification of individual consumption by
goals;
classification of functions of government bodies
management;
classification of taxes and subsidies.
1.
1.1.
Economics Non-financial
generally
corporations
1.2. Financial
corporations
1.1.1. Government non-financial
corporations
1.1.2. National private non-financial
corporations
1.1.3. Non-financial corporations located
under foreign control
1.2.1. central bank
1.2.2. Other depository corporations
1.2.3. Other financial intermediaries
excluding insurance corporations and pensions
funds
1.2.4. Auxiliary financial
organizations
1.2.5. Insurance corporations and pensions
funds
1.3. Sector
1.3.1. Central government
state
1.3.2. Regional authorities
management
1.3.3. Local authorities management
Classification of institutional units by sector
1.4. Homemade1.4.1. Employers
farms
1.4.2. Independent farms
1.4.3. Wage-earners
1.4.4. Recipients of income from
property and transfers
1.5.
Non-profit
1.5.1. Political parties
organizations,
1.5.2. Unions
serving
1.5.3. Public organizations
homemade
1.5.4. Religious institutions
farms
2. Rest
world
10. Classification of types of economic activities (OKVED)
Section ASection B
Section C
Section D
Section E
Agriculture, hunting and forestry
Fishing, fish farming
Mining
Manufacturing industries
Electricity production and distribution,
gas and water
Section F Construction
Section G Wholesale and retail trade
Section H Hotels and Restaurants
Section I Transport and Communications
Section J Financial Activities
Section K Operations with real estate, rent
control
And
security
Section L State
military security
Chapter
Education
M
Section N Health care and provision of social services
services
11. Classification of economic transactions
transactions with goods and services (production anduse on various purposes goods and services)
operations with income (distribution and
income redistribution);
transactions with financial instruments
12. Consumers of macroeconomic statistics data
government bodies;entrepreneurs, managers,
company managers, representatives
business;
research institutions;
higher economic educational institutions;
international economic
organizations
13. Basic elements of information included in macroeconomic statistics
block of data on assets and liabilities of economic sectors andnational wealth;
block of data on the movement of financial resources, i.e. about transactions with
financial instruments;
block of data on income and expenses of government agencies
management coordinated with data on government
budget;
block of data on foreign economic relations coordinated with
balance of payments;
block of data on intersectoral connections; balance of intersectoral
connections is an integral element of modern SNA.
14. Fundamental concepts of SNA
Economic production according to the SNA methodologyincludes:
production of goods both for sale and for
own consumption and accumulation;
production of non-financial services for the purpose
implementation;
activities of financial institutions;
activities of government bodies;
activities of non-profit organizations,
serving households;
activities of paid domestic servants;
housing services provided by home owners and
apartments for own consumption.
15. Fundamental postulates of the SNA
difference between flows and stocks;making a distinction between the final and
intermediate products;
distinguishing between primary
income and income received from
redistributions (transfers);
distinguishing between current and
one-time costs.
16. Classification of functions of government bodies
general government servicesdefense
public order and safety
economic issues
environmental protection
housing and utilities
healthcare
recreation, culture and religion
education
social protection
17. Macroeconomic indicators (aggregates) used in the SNA:
gross domestic product (GDP);gross national income (GNI);
gross national disposable income (GNIDI);
final consumption (FC);
balance of exports and imports;
gross accumulation;
national savings.
18. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
centralindex
SNS,
index
productive domestic product produced
residents of the country for a certain period of time;
calculated in market prices of final consumption,
those. at prices paid by the buyer, including taxes
for products and all trade and transport margins. GDP;
used to characterize the level of economic
development, economic growth rates, etc.
19.
GDP is the value of the totality of final goods andservices created over a certain period, which
expressed in final market prices
buyers
20. Methods for calculating GDP
industrial;distribution;
end use method.
21. Production method
GDP at the production stage is characterized by the measurementvalue created in the production process for
a certain period of time in a given territory
countries.
IN
basis this method GDP calculations are
indicators: output of goods and services (B); intermediate
consumption (PP) and gross value added (GVA).
22. Issue (B)
represents the cost of all goods andservices produced in the current period, which
It is customary in the SNA to calculate in basic prices.
the cost of production includes
cost of used in the process
production of goods and services.
if you need to get a newly created
cost during production in the current
period, from the output of goods and services is deducted
intermediate consumption (IC).
23. Intermediate consumption
The cost of goods and services that are completelyconsumed or transformed into a given
period during the production of other goods and
services.
Includes:
material costs,
payment for intangible services,
travel expenses,
other elements of intermediate consumption.
24. Gross value added (GVA):
The difference between the output of goods and services (B) andintermediate consumption (IC)
GVA = V-PP
25. Production method of calculating GDP
VVPots = σ VDSved = σ VDSswhere GDPOTS is GDP in basic prices;
VDSVED - GVA of types of economic activities
economics;
GVAS - GVA of economic sectors
VPRTS = VVPOTs + NPR - SPR
where GDPrts is GDP in market prices
26. Distribution method of calculating GDP
This method of calculating GDP is considered in the process of formationincome (by source of income)
GDP = OT + CHNPI + VP (VSD)
where OT
- salary;
NPI – net taxes on production and imports;
VP – gross profit;
GRR – gross mixed income
GDP is calculated as the sum of primary incomes that are subject to
distribution between direct participants in the production process,
income is included in the added value of the current period created in
production process.
27. End use method
At the stage of using income, GDP is calculated using the final method.use, where represents the amount of expenses of residents for
final consumption of goods and services, gross capital formation and balance
export-import and services.
GDP = KP + VN + (E – I)
where KP is final consumption;
ВН – gross accumulation;
E – export;
I - import
28. Final consumption
Resident household expenditures on consumer goodsand services, as well as expenses of public administration institutions
(budgetary organizations) and non-profit organizations,
serving households (NPISH), for goods and services
for individual and collective consumption.
29. Gross accumulation
Gross accumulation (GN) – net acquisition (acquisition minusdisposal) by residents of goods and services produced in the current period,
but not consumed in it. Gross capital formation includes gross
accumulation of fixed capital (GFCF), change in inventories of material
working capital (ISMOS) and net acquisition of valuables (NPV):
VN = VNOK + IZMOS + ChPC
30.
Gross fixed capital formation representsrepresents an investment by resident units of funds in objects
fixed capital to create new income in the future
by using them in production.
Growth
(change)
reserves
material
negotiable
funds
includes
change
inventories, work in progress,
finished products and goods for resale and
calculated as the difference between the cost of inventories at
end and beginning of the period, estimated in average annual
market prices.
Net acquisition of valuables - the cost of purchases for
less sales of assets acquired as funds
preservation of value (jewelry, precious
metals, antiques, paintings, etc.)
31. Gross National Income (GNI)
Isreceived
amount
primary
income,
residents of this country for
certain period as a result of their participation in
creation of GDP.
In quantitative terms, GNI differs from
GDP on the balance of primary income received
from abroad or transferred abroad.
32. Gross National Income (GNI)
the amount of primary income received by residents of a given countryfrom participation in the production process of one’s own country’s GDP and the GDP of others
countries (income from production and property).
Relationship between GNI and GDP indicators:
GNI = GDP + ∆PD = GDP + ∆OT + ∆DS + ∆N - ∆S
33. Relationship between GNI and GDP indicators
GNI = GDP + ∆PD = GDP + ∆OT + ∆DS + ∆N - ∆SWhere
∆ PD – balance of primary income received
∆ OT – balance of wages received by residents from
non-residents and paid to non-residents;
∆ DS – balance of income from property received
by residents from non-residents and paid to non-residents;
∆ N – balance of taxes on production received
by residents from non-residents and paid to non-residents;
∆ C – balance of production subsidies received
by residents from non-residents and paid to non-residents
34. Disposable income (Disposable income)
is formed as a result of distribution andredistribution
income and represents the income that the institutional
unit is available for final consumption and savings.
RD = ∆PD + ∆TT
where ∆ PD is the balance of primary income;
∆ TT – the balance of current transfers received by residents from
non-residents and transferred to them
35. Gross National Disposable Income (GNIDI)
the sum of gross national income and current balancetransfers received from non-residents and transferred to them.
GNRDP is equal to the sum of GDP at market prices, the balance of primary
income and current transfers received from the "rest of the world" and
given to him:
GNRD = GDP + ∆PD + ∆TT
36. Gross profit of the economy (GPE)
macroeconomic indicator of results characterizingexcess of income over expenses. Gross profit of the economy
(GPE) as a whole is equal to the sum of the gross profit of all industries or
sectors:
VPE = σ VPO = σ VPS
NVP = VPE - POK
Consumption of fixed capital (CFC) - reduction in value
fixed capital during the reporting period as a result of its physical and moral wear and tear and accidental damage.
37. Saving
part of disposable income not spent on finalconsumption of goods and services.
Gross National Saving (GNS) is calculated as
difference between gross national disposable income (GNIDI)
and final consumption expenditures (FCS):
VNS = VNRD - RCP
38. Account
reflects transactions, assets or liabilitiesbusiness units;
is a two-way table where
equality between the amounts is achieved using
balancing item, which is
macroeconomic indicator.
39. Generally accepted principles should be followed when compiling national accounts
Double entry principleThe principle of consistency
Balance principle
The principle of settlement categories
Principle of form
40. Group of accounts of the domestic economy as a whole:
account of production of goods and services;income generation account;
income distribution account:
a) primary income distribution account;
b) secondary distribution of income account;
account of the use of national available
income;
accumulation account (capital account;
financial account);
goods and services account.
41. Group of accounts for foreign economic relations (“rest of the world”):
account of external transactions in goods and services;External primary income and current account
transfers;
capital account.
42. Production account
Usage4.Intermediate consumption
5. Subsidies on products
6. Import subsidies
7. GDP at market prices
7= 1+2+3−4−5−6
Resources
1. Release of goods and services in
basic prices
2. Taxes on products
3. Import taxes
Total used
Total resources
43. Income education account
Usage4. Remuneration of employees
5. Taxes on production
6. Import taxes
7.
Gross
profit
(gross
mixed income)
7 = 1+ 2+ 3−4−5−6
Total used
Resources
1. GDP in market
prices
2.
Subsidies
on
production
3. Import subsidies
Total resources
44. Primary income distribution account
Primary distribution accountincome
Usage
5. Income from property,
transferred to the "Rest"
to the world"
6. Subsidies for production
and import
7. Gross national
income
7=1 + 2 + 3 +4 – 5 –6
Total used
Resources
1. Gross profit (Gross
mixed income)
2. Payment of employees
3. Taxes on production and imports
4. Property income received
from "Rest of the World"
Total resources
45. Secondary distribution of income account
Usage4. Current transfers transferred
"To the rest of the world"
5. Social transfers to
in kind, transferred
"To the rest of the world"
6. Gross national
disposable income
6 = 1 + 2+ 3 – 4–5
Total used
Resources
1. Gross national income
2. Current transfers received
from "Rest of the World"
3.Social
transfers
V
in kind, obtained from
"Rest of the World"
Total resources
46. Account for the use of disposable income
UsageResources
2.
Final
national 1.
Gross
National
consumption
disposable income
3.
Gross
national
saving
3=1–2
Total used
Total resources
47. Capital account
Changes in assetsChanges in obligations
3. Gross capital formation
1. Gross national
capital
saving
4.
Change
reserves
2.
Capital
transfers,
received from the "Rest of the World"
5. Pure acquisition of valuables
6.Pure acquisition
unproduced non-financial
assets
7.
Capital
transfers,
transferred to the "Rest of the World"
8.Net lending (+) or
net borrowing (−)
8=1+2–3–4–5–6–7
Total used
Total resources
48. Financial account
Changes inassets
Transactions and balancing items
Net lending (+)/ net
borrowing (−)
Monetary gold and special rights
borrowing (SDR)
Cash currency and deposits
Debt securities
Loans
Joint Stock
capital
And
stock
investment funds
Insurance, pension programs
provision
And
standardized
guarantees
Financial derivatives
instruments and options to purchase
shares by employees
debt
Changes in
liabilities and net
cost of capital
49. Account of goods and services
Goods and Services AccountUsage
4. Intermediate consumption
5.
Final
national
consumption
6. Gross accumulation
fixed capital
7. Change in inventory
material working capital
8. Export of goods and services
9. Subsidies for food and
import
10. Statistical discrepancy
10 = 1+2+3−4−5−6−7−8−9
Resources
1. Release of products and services in
basic prices
2. Import of goods and services
3. Taxes on products and imports
50. Balance sheet of assets and liabilities
Balance sheet of assets and liabilitiesAssets
Non-financial assets
Produced non-financial
assets
Fixed assets
Material working capital
Values
Non-produced non-financial
assets
Natural resources
Contracts, leases and
licenses
Goodwill and marketing assets
Liabilities
And net worth capital
Financial obligations
Monetary gold and SDRs
Cash currency and deposits
Debt securities
Loans
investment funds
Insurance programs,
pensions and
standardized guarantees
Financial derivatives
instruments and options on
Other accounts receivable/payable
debt
51. Balance sheet of assets and liabilities
Balance sheet of assets and liabilitiesAssets
Liabilities
and net worth
Financial assets
Monetary gold and SDRs
Cash currency and deposits
Debt securities
Loans
Share capital and shares/shares
investment funds
Insurance programs,
pensions and
standardized guarantees
Financial derivatives
instruments and options on
acquisition of shares by employees
Other accounts receivable/payable
debt
Net Worth
(national wealth)
52.
The value of assets at the end of the period is determined as follows:formula:
ACP = ANP + ∆AEO + ∆ADR + ∆HP,
Where is the ANP?
automatic transmission,
- value of assets at the beginning and end of the period;
∆AEO - changes in asset value (acquisition minus
disposal) as a result of economic transactions;
∆ADR – other changes in the value of assets not related to
economic transactions;
∆ХП – changes in nominal holding profit.
53.
Nominal holding gain of the asset –change in the value of an asset as a result of a change
its prices for the period of time under consideration.
Nominal holding gain
liabilities are changes in value
obligation that is not the result
operations or other changes in volume.
CRF = p1 − p0