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The article analyzes the Russian market of payment cards. Analyzed the current state of the Russian market of payment cards using a comparative method and a graphical method. The regulatory and legal framework of the Russian payment card market has been analyzed. A study of the main types of bank cards has been carried out, the main characteristics and distinctive features have been identified. The trends in the issue of bank cards of a certain nature are revealed, which reflects the Russian reality on the payment card market. The analysis of the market of payment systems for the issue of cards in the Russian Federation is carried out. On the basis of the analysis, conclusions were drawn about the predominant presence in the market of international payment systems Visa and MasterCard. The analysis of the number and structure of payment cards issued by credit institutions has been carried out. The dynamics of the volume of transactions made by individuals on the territory of Russia and abroad using payment cards issued by credit institutions is analyzed. The result of the study is the identification of the problems of the Russian market of payment cards and promising directions of its development.

payment card

bank card

credit card

debit card

payment card market

national payment system

international payment system

national payment card system

issuing bank

acquiring

banking infrastructure

processing center

settlement clearing center

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The payment card market is a market for the issuance and acquiring of payment cards, including processing services and services related to the issuance and acquiring of payment cards. The payment card market is one of the fastest growing markets. It is in the field of banking operations and services related to payment cards that there is a constant development of technologies aimed both at ensuring uninterrupted operation and at ensuring the safe use of bank cards. The consequence of this is a steady development in the technological field and in the service sector. It is already possible to trace how in recent years in the field of servicing bank cards, technologies for transferring funds from one bank card to another, contactless payment technologies, technologies that ensure payment transactions without using the bank card itself have been developed. Mobile software for working with bank cards has received strong development. Large banks strive to use all the latest technologies in their activities, causing the need for other issuing banks to keep up with the development, which ultimately has a positive effect on the population as the main holder of bank cards.

The main regulatory document governing the Russian market of payment cards is the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 24.12.2004 No. 266-P “On the issue of payment cards and on transactions performed with their use”. In accordance with the regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Russian market of payment cards is characterized by the issue of such types of bank cards as payment (debit) cards, credit cards and prepaid cards. The classification of the main types of bank cards is shown in Fig. 1.

In general, the variety of types of bank cards is quite wide. Nevertheless, the main types of bank cards that are commonly used in terminology are credit and debit cards... However, there are a number of distinctive features characteristic of each type of bank card. Table 1 shows a general description of the main types of bank cards.

Table 1

General characteristics of the main types of bank cards

Bank card type	Traits and features
Debit card	Operations are performed within the balance of funds on the account of the cardholder. The use of such cards simplifies the process of issuing them and provides a lower service cost, since the credit institution does not need to carefully verify the identity of the cardholder and his credit history.
Card with authorized overdraft	Card transactions can be performed both at the expense of funds located in the current account of the cardholder, and at the expense of credit funds bank in the established limit. An overdraft can be provided by a credit institution for both an insignificant amount of cash for a short term, and for a large amount of cash for a long term.
Credit card	Operations are carried out at the expense of funds provided by a credit institution in accordance with the terms of the concluded loan agreement. This type of plastic cards is most interesting for the issuing bank, as there is the possibility of earning additional income in connection with servicing the card.
Prepaid card	Card transactions are performed by a credit organization by the issuer of a bank card on behalf of this organization. Used for payments for goods and services within the prepaid amount of funds. One type of prepaid card is a gift card. Currently, there is a growth in this market segment.
Virtual card	Operations with such a card are performed exclusively via the Internet. The virtual card is a prepaid card without material carrier and is an electronic means of payment
Local payment systems card	One of the least common types of bank cards, transactions on which can be carried out exclusively using the technical means of the issuing bank. This type of card is used in some countries as a temporary card while waiting for the issue and receipt of the main bank card.
International payment systems card	Transactions can be performed in any international payment systems. Such cards can be either debit or credit

Rice. 1. Classification of the main types of bank cards

Bibliographic reference

Frolov A.L. RUSSIAN MARKET OF PAYMENT CARDS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS // Fundamental research. - 2016. - No. 12-2. - S. 464-469;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41117 (date of access: 28.04.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

In the context of the development of world economic relations, the process of integration of the economies of individual states and the development of payment systems is taking place, in particular, in the direction of the development of non-cash forms of payments, which, in turn, are widely used in the modern world. One of the tools for non-cash payments is a plastic card. In most economically developed countries, a plastic card is an integral part of trade and services. Conducting transactions using payment cards shows the degree of integration of the banking system and society. Suffice it to say that cashless payment goods and services in industrialized countries reaches 90% in the structure of all monetary transactions.

Economists call the plastic card “the service of the century”, one of the key elements of the “technological revolution in banking”. Therefore, the study of the problems of using plastic cards in Russia seems to be especially relevant, and the study of world practice and the prospects for the development of the plastic card market in Russia is now of particular importance.

The scale and nature of the use of payment cards are reasonably considered as one of the most important indicators of the level of development banking business... A plastic card is a reusable payment and credit instrument of durable use, which has the highest level of protection against counterfeiting today and, moreover, contains identification information about the cardholder, which allows checking his solvency. Currently, the plastic business is more than 1.3 billion issued cards. The annual world turnover exceeds 3 trillion. USD. Payment cards are accepted by more than 20 million trade and service enterprises. About half a million bank branches providing services carry out transactions with payment cards, and the number of ATMs has exceeded 700 thousand. Along with local (national) systems, international payment card settlement systems are increasingly developing. The main part of the world market of plastic cards is controlled by two largest companies - Visa International and MasterCard International. If we divide the entire world market of plastic cards into the spheres of influence of the main players - payment systems, we get the following picture: the Visa payment system accounts for about 57%, Europay / MasterCard about 26%, American Express - about 13%, and others (including DinersClub and JCB) - 4%.

Russian banks have always been distinguished by their desire to actively develop the card business and have already accumulated some experience in issuing both foreign cards under the license of the largest financial associations, and their own ruble and currency cards. Nevertheless, the scale of use of payment cards is still noticeably inferior to the average statistical indicators for European countries. This is largely due to the fact that this market segment banking services hit particularly hard by the financial crisis on August 17, 1998. The multiple decline in the physical volume of trade and even greater decline in consumer imports was not the main blow to the market. The defaults of issuing banks, which are backbone for this market, such as Inkombank, Imperial, and others, resulted in up to 90% of funds on card accounts being frozen. The ATM economy has practically ceased to exist in Russia. Domestic Russian interbank card servicing operations were almost completely stopped. Many retail outlets that accepted cards went bankrupt. International payment systems have blocked the codes of Russian banks. As a result, the cardholders of these systems were able to make payments only within Russia.

Gradually, the situation began to change for the better. Many are interested in the restoration and dynamic development of the Russian market of plastic cards: international payment systems that have not resigned themselves to the loss of capital in Russia, international insurance systems, retail outlets, etc.

At the end of 2001, the total number of issued bank cards in Russia amounted to 10.5 million cards, in 2002 - the number of issued cards increased to 15.5 million, and in 2003 - to 21 million. Russia has issued almost 24 million cards. An interesting fact is that the ratio of international and Russian systems are respectively 48% and 52%. The largest number of issued cards and the volume of transactions with their use falls on the international payment systems Visa and Europay / MasterCard, which is explained, first of all, by the developed infrastructure intended for carrying out transactions using cards of these payment systems both in Russia and abroad. ... Along with this, domestic payment systems operate in Russia: Zolotaya Korona, UnionCard, ACOORD, STB Card and a number of other small systems.

Considering a bank plastic card as a payment instrument, it is necessary to highlight its main advantages and benefits:

• - for the client himself - this is ease of use, reducing the risk of loss of funds, benefits when receiving services in trade and service enterprises, reducing costs when conducting financial transactions, automatic conversion, financial attractiveness - interest accrual, remote account management and much more;
• - for enterprises - expanding sales and attracting new customers, reducing the cost of collecting proceeds, increasing the security of work using the signatures of the owners, prestige and a number of other advantages;
• - for banks - the expansion of the range of services, the emergence of new customers, a decrease in the cost of operations due to paperless technology, the collection of additional fees - and as a result, an increase in income, an increase in the competitive potential of the bank.

Unfortunately, for a Russian user, a bank card is no longer a payment instrument, but a means of withdrawing cash. According to the COMCON study, the share of card payments in the daily settlements of the population is more than 10 times lower than in American supermarkets, where they account for 60%. This is due to a number of reasons that predetermined the problems existing on the plastic card market in Russia.

First, the development of telecommunications infrastructure in Russia is at a low level compared to other developed countries. Second, the 1998 financial crisis largely undermined confidence in banks, but the situation is now changing for the better. Thirdly, unfortunately, a full-fledged state policy regarding the plastic card market has not yet been developed, which would provide for both legislative regulation the whole range of relations between market participants, and the development of programs to support domestic innovative solutions in the field of payments with plastic cards. And the fourth problem is to highlight the problem of security. Nevertheless, now all over the world there is a tendency to switch from magnetic cards to smart cards, which undoubtedly contributes to an increase in the degree of payment security in general. Already in some regions, microprocessor cards (smart cards) have become widespread, the number of which in 2003 increased by 43% and amounted to more than 6 million cards at the end of 2003.

The payment card market is increasingly becoming a field of competition between Russian banks. Bank card transactions are among the most profitable types of banking activities. On average, income per unit of cost in the card business is higher than for other types of transactions. First, it should be noted such profitable projects as the implementation of salary schemes, which are so popular in Russia and some CIS countries. The costs of servicing such projects for the bank are minimal due to the high degree of automation of the process. Secondly, commissions for making payments when using plastic cards, as well as commissions received from trade and service enterprises for servicing, can be very significant for the bank.

The specificity of the Russian market is that the market is developing mainly not due to individual depositors and cardholders, and at the expense of salary projects. The essence of which is the bank's servicing of the process of calculating and issuing wages to employees of the enterprise using bank plastic cards. This system is very widespread in the regions of Russia, and the share of salary cards accounts for about 80 percent of all issued cards. This largely explains the behavior of the holders, who, after calculating their wages, immediately withdraw them from the ATM, hence the high percentage of cash withdrawals.

However, a combination of two conditions will stimulate the use of plastic cards in Russia. First, the card settlement mechanism should be no less convenient than using cash. Second: the use of cards should be affordable, that is, minimal in cost and beneficial to the client.

Nevertheless, despite the presence of obstacles and difficulties, as well as rather large initial costs associated with the launch and development of technologies for using plastic cards, Russian banks are increasingly using this tool to achieve strategic goals. If a bank expects to stay in any niche in the private deposit market, it cannot do without issuing payment cards.

According to the economists themselves: "The future of banking services is in plastic cards." And this is really so - despite a number of problems, the Russian market of plastic cards is developing at a fairly fast pace and inspires great hope.

Student A.A. Popov

1 Topic: Prospects for the development of the plastic card market in the Russian Federation

Introduction 5

1 Theoretical aspects the emergence and development of the plastic card market.

1.1.1 The history of the appearance of plastic cards for the first time in Russia. nine

1.1.2 Payment systems. eleven

1.1.3 Types of plastic cards. 16

1.2 Competition in the plastic card market. 17

1.3 Tasks of the developing plastic cards market. 23

2.1 Assessment of the market participants of plastic cards. 26

2.2 Analysis of the development of the plastic cards market for the period 2008-2010. 36

2.3 Analysis of the scale and nature of the use of plastic cards. 41

3.1 Improvement legislative framework regulating the conduct of payment transactions using plastic cards. 45

Conclusion 49

List of sources used 50

Introduction

Attempts to squeeze cash out of circulation using various payment instruments have a long history, but only at the end of the twentieth century. the development of international payment systems based on plastic cards forced specialists to seriously talk about the fact that cash is "going out". Modern market development financial services provided by banks is characterized by the rapid introduction of electronic technologies and the widespread use of plastic cards. The Russian banking system is subject to the massive excitement of the "card business". The number of banks issuing plastic cards of various domestic and international payment systems is increasing. The network of trade enterprises selling their goods using plastic cards is expanding, banks are actively introducing into their services the issuance of cash by plastic cards through ATMs, and the volume of card transactions is growing. The introduction of cutting-edge technology and a well-ordered commercial work are the conditions for positive results. The interest of Russian banks in foreign payment systems is not accidental. The issue of such cards allows integrating into the global structure of banking services, raising the bank's business image, conquering the market and attracting customers. Participation in the international banking "card system" makes it possible to master the latest banking technologies, to use a gigantic infrastructure for making settlements on a global scale.

Due to its main purpose - a payment instrument - bank cards have become very profitable view services offered by the financial sector. After checking bank accounts, bank cards are becoming the most common payment instrument. A bank plastic card is a non-cash payment instrument and a means of obtaining a loan. The first modern cards appeared in the United States in the early 1950s. Subsequently, the card settlement system was introduced by many banks. Payment systems using plastic card accounts have become widespread in many countries of the world, and the payments themselves have acquired an international character. The process of Russia's entry into market relations, first of all, was associated with the restructuring of the banking system, the emergence of a significant number of commercial banks, financial and insurance companies that showed interest in the use of plastic cards, the varieties of which were already quite a lot in the world by the beginning of the 90s. ... The current situation on the market of plastic cards in Russia, of course, differs from the situation in developed countries. The absolute figures characterizing the domestic sector of servicing plastic cards are still small in comparison with similar indicators for Western countries. But, despite the existing problems, various payment systems are developing in the country, and an increasing number of people acquire cards and become participants in the system of non-cash payments using plastic cards. Operations with plastic cards have opened up new prospects for financial customer service and, accordingly, have expanded the possibilities for obtaining bank profits by receiving commissions charged on card transactions; increasing the number of clients by providing a new type of service; reduce maintenance costs cash turnover etc. The advantages associated with the introduction of plastic cards in the Russian market are obvious. For clients, this is an opportunity to carry only a card, and not a large amount of money, which reduces the risk of losing money. Cardholders are provided with benefits when receiving services in trade and service enterprises, and the costs of financial transactions, including purchases using various currencies, are reduced. The advantages obtained from the use of plastic cards by trade and service enterprises are obvious. This is a decrease in the costs of collection, transportation and cashing of funds, simplification of settlements with the buyer (no change and counting of money by the buyer and the cashier), as well as advertising the company, etc. The plastic card is also of absolute interest for large enterprises when issuing salaries to their employees. ... The interest of the state in the implementation of settlements with plastic cards is also obvious: colossal expenses for collection of funds, emission and regeneration of banknotes and coins are reduced; accounting for the movement of money and the collection of taxes are simplified; the technology of settlements without the participation of cash helps to reduce the criminality of the situation around enterprises and persons working with cash; the introduction of such calculations will help smooth out and even to some extent reduce the rate of inflation in the country. The rapid proliferation of bank cards is evidence that this form of payment is beneficial to the main participants in the system.

The purpose of this course work is, on the basis of an analysis of the state, problems of the market of plastic cards in Russia, to substantiate promising directions of its development and to develop recommendations for expanding the scope of services in the market of plastic cards.

To achieve this goal in the course work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· Consider the history of the emergence and development of plastic cards and card payment systems in Russia;

· Define the concept of plastic cards and their classification,
to study the participants of the payment system and the technical means they use;

Give a general description of the Russian plastic card market,
consider the current state of the plastic card market in Russia, problems and prospects for its development.

The subject of the research course work is bank plastic cards. The object of the research is the market of plastic cards in Russia.

The problems of the plastic card market development are widely covered in domestic and foreign literature. The main sources of information for the disclosure of the topic of the course work are regulations of the Bank of Russia, statistical data, special scientific periodicals, textbooks.

This course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography. The first chapter reveals the theoretical foundations of the functioning of bank plastic cards. The second chapter analyzes the calculations on plastic cards in Russia. The third chapter examines the problems and prospects for the development of the market of plastic cards in the Russian Federation.

1 Theoretical aspects of the emergence and development of the market

plastic cards.

1.1 Payment systems and types of plastic cards.

1.1.1 The history of the appearance of plastic cards for the first time in Russia.

The history of credit cards as an effective payment instrument begins in the United States. Back in 1914 oil company Mobil Oil began issuing the first credit cards that were used to pay for trade in petroleum products. These were cardboard maps, the data on which was written or squeezed out.

In 1919, the Western Union Telegraph Company issued its first credit card. This card was intended exclusively for members of the US government and gave the right to send telegrams on credit at the expense of the United States government.

Beginning in 1928, credit cards took on a familiar look: Farrington Manufacturing began making them in the form of rectangular metal plates measuring 1.25x2.5 inches. In this case, the data were applied to the map using a special device (imprinter) by the embossing method.

Although credit cards have existed since the early twentieth century, it wasn't until 1946 that a modern credit card settlement system was introduced by John S. Biggins, a consumer credit specialist at Flatbush National Bank.

In 1949, the Diners Club issued the first universal card allowing shopping at points of sale throughout the country, and in 1951 the company issued the first license to use its name and scheme in the UK.

In the 50s of the XX century, credit cards became a mass product - over a hundred American banks began to issue this means of payment.

Maps of international systems appeared in the USSR only in 1969. But these were cards issued by foreign companies and banks. In other words, the Soviet Union began to create a network of enterprises that accept these cards as a means of payment. It was in 1969 that the first agreement of this kind was signed with the Diners Club. In 1974, American Express appeared on our market, in 1975 - Visa (then Bank America) and Eurocard, in 1976 - the Japanese JCB International. On the Soviet side, all these agreements were signed by Intourist VAO, which organized payments on plastic cards in Berezka currency stores and hotels. With the exception of Aeroflot, Intourist was the only organization offering services to traders in this area. Intourist did not issue cards, and trade settlements on behalf of Intourist were carried out by Vneshtorgbank / Vnesheconombank of the USSR.

At the end of 1987, in accordance with the new legislation, the State Committee for Tourism founded the self-supporting foreign trade association "Inturservice" with the aim of further increasing foreign exchange earnings, including from payments on credit cards. “Acquiring” of trade enterprises with “Visa” cards was carried out by “Intourservice” as an agent of “BS Visa Card Services”, Frankfurt, and with “Evrope” cards - as an agent of “Eurocard International”. Credit card turnover in 1987 was $ 30 million, and by the end of 1994 rose to $ 600 million (including AmEx).

Since the end of 1988, "Visa" began to accept Russian banks as its members, including the Credo Bank was adopted in 1990. Credo Bank is the first non-state commercial bank to receive foreign banking license, - began issuing Visa cards and a cash currency issuance program in September 1991. Later, Most-Bank, Inkombank, Mosbusinessbank, Bank Menatep and, since 1994, Stolichny Savings Bank began implementing programs for issuing Visa cards. Visa also pays significant attention to the Russian region at the present time: a corresponding Russian association has been created, issues of intraregional clearing are being resolved and the definition of a Russian settlement bank for the system. Currently, over 300 Russian banks are members of Visa.

A notable event on the card market was the creation of the Diners Club - Russia company, whose Russian founder and later the settlement bank of which was Imperial Bank. At present, they are actively involved in attracting Russian banks to the system as issuers, and, perhaps, in the near future, Diners Ciab cards will occupy their niche in the Russian market.

Currently, the rapid development of plastic means of payment in Russia continues.

Over the several decades that have passed since the appearance of the first international plastic card issued by a Russian bank, the market has changed dramatically: the number of issued cards has exceeded 100 million, Russian banks are independently acquiring and clearing. Russia has become a full-fledged region in international card payment systems.

1.1.2 Payment systems.

Along with the market for international cards, a market for Russian cards has actually appeared from scratch. Today, purely Russian interbank payment systems based on plastic cards have already been created and are functioning. The first was founded by STB Kart on the basis of Stolichny Bank, from where the name comes from. STB-Card - was formed in 1991. Its founders were JSCB Stolichny, Moscow Bank of Sberbank of Russia, Eleksbank, Moscow Commercial Land Bank, JSC INKAHRAN and JSC STB KART. Today, more than 130 banks covering 10 regions of Russia, as well as neighboring countries are members of the STB Card system. Insurance companies also act as card issuers. The settlement bank of the system is the Stolichny Savings Bank (into which the Stolichny Bank was transformed in mid-December 1997). Manufacturing and annual maintenance One Classic card will cost the issuing bank $ 1.6, a Gold card - $ 2. The STB Card system is currently focused on working with debit cards.

In April 1993, Avtobank and Inkombank established the Union Card system, which, upon re-registration, was co-founded by some more Russian banks. Union Card was originally created and continues to develop as interbank organization, while AOZT Union Card performs simultaneously the functions of a processing company, software developer, equipment supplier and system integrator. It increased the number of participating banks to several hundred, and the network of regional processing centers expanded to several dozen subsidiaries. Union Card is also trying to expand its network of accepting its cards outside of Russia, and on the other hand - to be certified as a processing company for some banks in international payment systems. The Union Card system managed to survive the banking crises without serious financial consequences.

The initiators of the creation of the Zolotaya Korona payment system were the Siberian Trade Bank (STB) and the Center for Stock and Financial Information (CBFI). The latter performs the functions of the processing and personalization center of the system, and also develops the software tools used in the system. The system was established in the spring of 1994. The first plastic card was issued on June 10 of the same year. By the beginning of 1995, about 60 banks were members of the system. According to experts from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the growth rate of the system is 2-3 banks per week, and by mid-1995 it included 200 banks. The Zolotaya Korona system deserves special attention... Firstly, it is the only major payment system whose center is not located in Moscow. Secondly, this system, being an interbank system, uses chip technology, which is not traditional for banks. Thirdly, it went through a rather difficult crisis associated with the difficulties of the Siberian Trade Bank, which was the settlement bank of the system. There is no exact figure for the total number of cards issued.

In addition to the above, there are local payment systems in Russia, such as Alby-Card (Concern Albee, Bank National Credit, Industry-Service), Most-Card (issued by Most-Bank), a large number of cards issued by individual banks.

International payment systems, especially Visa and Evrope, are very active in the Russian market. Visa even changed its regional division, creating a special sub-region for Russia, which shows interest in the Russian market. The increase in the turnover of payment systems in Russia will be carried out mainly due to the issuance of plastic cards of international payment systems by Russian banks for Russian citizens... These are both international cards with maintaining accounts in foreign currency, and local ones linked to ruble accounts. Such cards allow combining the advantages of local ruble plastic systems with the worldwide spread of international systems and a high degree of protection against abuse.

1. VISA INTERNATIONAL is the largest international payment system, both in terms of the number of cards and turnover. The share in the world market is over 50%. It was organized in 1972 on the basis of Bank of America, which initially introduced a plastic settlement system in the United States together with other American banks. The system is built on the principle of an association of financial organizations from different countries. The organizational principle is a non-profit corporation registered in the USA, Delaware. The members of the association are at the same time its co-owners. More than 19 thousand members - the world's largest financial organizations. The governing body is the Board of Directors. Interacts with members through regional boards of directors. Russia belongs to the region of Central and of Eastern Europe, The Middle East and Africa. The headquarters is in London. Cards are accepted in 190 countries of the world, in more than 12 million enterprises and 180 thousand ATMs.

2. EUROCARD / MASTERCARD is a consortium of two companies - American MasterCard and European Europay (Europay was organized as a result of the merger of Eurocard and Eurochek). Second in the world market - about 30%. The internal structure is similar to "Visa" - an association whose members are owners (15 thousand members). European Center in Belgium, Waterloo. There is also a department responsible for Eastern Europe and Russia. More than 200 million cards, about 10 million points of service.

3. AMERICAN EXPRESS is the third largest company in the plastics market, with approximately 18%. The company was founded more than 100 years ago and initially specialized in courier transportation, later it was engaged in organizing tourist trips and providing various services to travelers, including financial ("traveler's checks", and then plastic cards). The specialization in the travel service market is preserved at the present time. Currently - a joint stock company, shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Headquarters in New York. European office in Brighton (UK). In Russia they work through a 100% subsidiary AmEx Russia. Almost all service of cards goes through this company, with the exception of accepting AmEx cards in electronic terminals. These services for AmEx are provided by KOKK JSC. About 33 million cards were issued, which are accepted in 3.5 million enterprises around the world (the main focus is on air tickets, hotels, restaurants, expensive shops, car rental).

4. DINERS CLUB INTERNATIONAL is an American company that first issued a plastic card in 1949, initially exclusively for restaurants in New York. Later, the Diners Clab card spread around the world, specializing, like AmEx, in the travel sector. Currently 100% owned by Citicorp. Headquarters in Chicago. It works with other countries through franchises (organizations that have been granted rights to certain territories). In September 1995, a franchise specializing in the issue of cards was created in Russia. Diners Club has a small share of the global market, approximately 1.5%. About 7 million cards were issued, which are accepted in 3 million enterprises.

5. JCB INTERNATIONAL - founded in 1961. Card issued by several major Japanese banks mainly for domestic Japanese use, but accepted around the world mainly on the basis of agency agreements. Outside of Japan, it is only released in the US and UK, mainly for Japanese people in these countries. Despite the relatively large number of cards, it occupies a small part of the world market - approximately 35 billion US dollars in turnover, which corresponds to approximately 0.3% of the global turnover.

6. Ortcard International - the credit system was formed in 1991 by the American company Ortcard International, Inc. The main tasks assigned to the system were the issuance of a ruble credit card and the creation of a network for its service. In 1992, the Ortcard system was registered with ISO, the International Organization for Standardization. In 1994 JSC "Ortkard" was registered. The settlement and service center of the system, created in 1993, is located in Moscow. The range of its activities is very wide: it performs the functions of a processing center and an acquiring center, carries out personalization of cards and their issue, and also provides services for all types of cards. Since March 1994, Ortcard has been providing settlement and service services to Russian banks wishing to start issuing their own cards. Ortcard offers a ready-made technology for issuing and servicing all types of cards existing in the system, as well as the development of new products. For its part, Ortcard International provides personalization of the required number of cards and, in the future, their full service, both in Russia and abroad. The network of retail outlets accepting Ortcard cards currently numbers over 700 stores and service enterprises in Moscow. A distinctive feature of Ortcard is the increased focus on market research. The result of this activity was the rather successful promotion of credit cards, which are atypical for it (due to the high risk), in the local consumer market. Ortcard issues 26 different cards, which can be grouped into three main types: payment (debit), credit and savings cards.

1.1.3 Types of plastic cards.

Maps can be classified in different ways. Each of the classification systems will be coherent and logical in its own way. It all depends on the principle underlying it.

For example, cards can be divided according to the organizations that issue them (issuers) and, accordingly, according to the scope. For example, bank cards are issued by banks, trading cards- shops, gas station chains produce fuel cards, transport organizations (metro, railway) - transport cards. The list goes on.

This is the most obvious classification, although modern technology introduces significant confusion into it. For example, how to classify a social card that allows you to pay for a purchase in a store (bank card), get medical care (compulsory health insurance card), take the subway or railroad(transport card), get a discount at the store (discount card)? A special term was introduced for such cards - multi-application card. That is, it is a map with many applications (applications). Therefore, they prefer to talk not about a specific type of card, but about the applications available on it. For example, about a card with discount and insurance applications.

On the basis of solvency, cards can be divided into payment and non-payment. Payment cards can operate according to different payment schemes: credit cards are used to obtain consumer loans, debit cards can be used for settlements with trade and service organizations and for withdrawing cash from banks only within the limits of the balance in the bank account. Non-payment cards provide card functions that are not related to payments - mainly access to services or discounting when paying for goods or services.

There is a technical classification of plastic cards related to the methods of recording and processing data on the card. This refers to the purely informational component - exactly how we will process the data stored on this small piece of plastic. According to this classification, cards are divided into embossed or printed (applying information about a specific card by embossing or thermal printing), cards with a magnetic stripe or with a bar code (either a magnetic stripe or a bar code is encoded), cards with an embedded microcircuit (contact and contactless chip cards).

1.2 Competition in the plastic card market.

The USA considers the national payment system of Russia a threat to the world leaders of the market of plastic cards Visa and MasterCard. The Obama administration is proposing "pressure on Russia" to bolster American companies, according to a US diplomat's correspondence published by WikiLeaks.

The creation of a national payment system (NPS) in Russia "will harm American business," the American diplomats working in Moscow counted and sent a corresponding report to the United States. Their telegram is dated February 1, 2010, according to Gazeta. RU". “This bill puts the leaders of the US plastic cards market, Visa and MasterCard, at a disadvantage, whether they join the Russian national payment system or not,” the diplomats said in a statement.

The US diplomat makes a recommendation to the administration of US President Barack Obama to "put pressure on Russia" in order to support American companies. As follows from the correspondence, the United States is confident that the creation of the NPS was initiated by the Russian special services.

“Operators' revenues are estimated at approximately 120 billion rubles. (4 billion dollars) per year ", - noted in the dispatch. “Most of Visa's business in Russia is secured by cards issued and circulating in the country. If the profits from processing go to the NPS, Visa will not be able to make money on transactions, ”- from the correspondence published by WikiLeaks.

The creation of a national payment system (NPS) was previously announced by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. He set the task of creating a national analogue of Visa or MasterCard, which will make the world leaders "worthy competition." Vnesheconombank volunteered to become the platform on which this project could be implemented. Then the Central Bank and commercial banks joined it. The work on the NPS bill proved difficult. The government, on behalf of the president, pledged to submit it to parliament before March 31, 2010, but ran into opposition from state banks and participants in the payment system market. As a result, the Ministry of Finance rewrote the bill three times. Foreign operators of payment systems were reassured by promising not to create additional restrictions on cross-border transfers.

The bill included norms regarding the circulation of electronic, or, as they are also called, Internet money. The regulation of this sphere has been waited for a long time. It would seem that the time has come for the Russians, like the British, Germans, and French, to massively taste the fruits of modernization and start paying for everything that is needed (first of all, utilities) via the Internet or a system of special terminals or ATMs. At least in the West, this has long been the norm.

Russian lawmakers went further and even provided for the possibility of participation in the payment process of cell phones (mobile operators and banks). Thus, having closed, according to Senator Ananyev, the gap that existed in the legislation: today the status and procedure for payments using electronic money and mobile payments are not defined at all. The draft law on the NPS tried to fill this niche and, according to Ananyev, it was successful: the draft contains a requirement to carry out all operations for issuing electronic money and ensuring their use only by credit institutions (that is, banks and non-bank credit institutions). And all of them are under the control of the Bank of Russia. And in general: according to him, the project "allows in the future to avoid the existence in parallel with banking system other settlement systems not under the supervision of the Bank of Russia ".

How many people - so many opinions. The head of ARB Tosunyan saw the danger in the fact that a financial circuit is being created parallel to the banking one, which, unlike lending institutions, is not so tightly controlled. And this is a violation of the laws of any competition ...

The co-branded card market is developing dynamically in Russia. The market for co-branded cards (in contrast to the world market, where stagnation is observed) was developing rapidly even during the crisis. New co-brands appeared mainly on the basis of credit cards. Co-branded cards are becoming more and more popular, and their share in the total volume of cards issued is steadily growing. For example, the share of co-branded cards in the total issue of Alfa-Bank cards is already 37%. VTB 24 launched three new programs during the crisis (with the Ozon online store, Beeline and Ural Airlines). Clients are showing increasing interest in co-branded products. Post-crisis recovery forces resorting to affiliate programs, since the struggle for a constant cash flow becomes a key factor ... The first candidates for massive co-branding projects are mobile operators, banks and airlines. So far, there are few commercially successful co-branded projects in Russia. First, the market is very young. So far in Russia, out of more than 128.9 million issued cards, the share of co-branded cards is slightly more than 1%. In the West, such cards occupy more than 60% of the market, and it is more and more difficult to find a "simple" card. For example, in the USA every second card is co-branded, in Europe - every fifth. Secondly, the real goal of Russian projects is not to promote co-brands, but to increase cross-sales. Unlike Western partners who build long-term loyalty programs for their clients with the help of co-branding partnerships, Russian colleagues often see co-brands as only a source of additional immediate profit. In the West, about 60% of co-branded projects are related to cooperation with supermarkets and retail chains, 10% - with airlines, 5% - for mobile operators and gas stations. For comparison: Bank of America offers its customers more than 400 types of such cards. Among them are proposals for teachers, fishermen, firefighters and philatelists.

According to experts, at the moment the most promising and profitable for banks are air brands. Their benefit is obvious: in order to get a bonus flight, people have to spend a lot of money. Thus, the bank effortlessly increases turnover, net profit and extends the project's term. Several large banks have joint cards with Aeroflot, Transaero, Austrian Airlines and other air carriers. Conditions are different for everyone. In order to receive an award ticket Moscow-Berlin-Moscow with an Alfa-Bank card, you need to accumulate 15 thousand miles. The conditions for standard cards of Aeroflot partner banks are the same - one mile for 30 rubles. However, you can get bonuses not only in the sky. For example, Citibank gives 500 miles for each night in a partner hotel of the program.

In September, Rus-Bank started issuing "heavenly" co-branded credit cards. Grace period lending - up to 50 days, credit limit - up to 300 thousand rubles. Holders of Rus-Bank - Transaero cards can pay for any purchases and services with discounts up to 25% in more than 1,000 partner companies of the bank. At the same time, bonus points are accumulated, which can be exchanged for a free ticket or an upgrade. Owners MasterCard cards Gold can carry an additional 10 kg of baggage free of charge. At the request of the client, cards are issued in one of three currencies: rubles, US dollars or euros. Cardholders have the opportunity to manage their card account using the "Private Client" Internet banking system, connection to which is free of charge. Earlier, the first Czech-Russian bank launched a co-branded card with Czech Airlines on the aviation market. A Visa Classic holder receives 750 welcome miles upon issuing a card, 375 - for its renewal and one - for every 50 rubles spent on it, a Visa Gold holder - 1.5 thousand, 750 and one mile, respectively. Russian Standard Bank launched a new co-brand with Aeroflot and American Express.

Cooperation between banks and telecommunications companies is gaining strength. Typically, a co-branding alliance is created between a large retail bank and a mobile Big Three operator. Now Sberbank (MTS, MasterCard), Raiffeisen Bank (MTS, Visa) MBRD (MTS, MasterCard), VTB 24 (Beeline, MasterCard), Citibank (MegaFon and MTS, MasterCard) have cellular co-brands.

Cardholders are primarily attracted by simple and clear schemes for spending bonuses. For example, on the MTS Sberbank card, for every 30 rubles spent on the account of the participant in the bonus program of the telecom operator, one point is credited. 1 thousand points in Moscow can then be exchanged for 90 minutes of calls or 300 SMS.

There is another incentive model. 10% of the amount of payments made on account of payment for Beeline services using the service is returned to the client's card. " Mobile payment". We add that cellular co-branded cards, such as, for example, MTS-Raiffeisenbank Visa, can be either debit or credit. Bonus points are awarded for each purchase with this card, which can later be spent by the client for free minutes of conversation. , SMS and other rewards from the program catalog.

In Russia, however, the cooperation of banks and retailers is going "with a creak". And although a large number of co-brands with retail chains "live" on the domestic market, none of them really became widespread. The most successful projects are Citibank's projects with the Finnish department store chain Stockmann, Alfa-Bank - with M.Video, Credit Europe Bank - with Auchan and Metro.

One of the most popular co-branded cards in Moscow is Malina-Raiffeisenbank. Its owners, making purchases, receive more points, both from the bank and from its partners. Among them today are: the retail chain "Cityistor", the operator mobile communications Beeline, Formula Kino cinemas, 36.6 pharmacies, Rosinter restaurant chain, BP gas station chain. As it became known to the "Bank", in the near future the Internet portal iGlobe will join the project.

Programs with gas stations are also very promising in Russia. For example, Citibank launched an original project in St. Petersburg with the Finnish Neste filling station network. In addition to the mass of discounts on fuel, services and goods of the Neste store, the cardholder receives 1% of all purchases to his bonus account. In addition, the Neste-Citibank card is actually universal for motorists in the city on the Neva. Using it, you can get discounts from the largest car dealers of major car brands, discounts on comprehensive insurance, service, purchases of car accessories and much more.

Banks continue to develop the Moscow subway. According to the press service of the Moscow metro, at present 12 banks provide an opportunity to pay for travel in the subway using a plastic card. Among them are Avangard, Alfa-Bank, Bank of Moscow, Moscow Industrial Bank, Otkrytie, Rosbank, Citibank, SMP and Transcreditbank.

For a long time, there were exclusively female co-brands in Russia. Quite successfully courted the beautiful half of humanity with the Elle Raiffeisenbank card. Its owners have discounts of up to 30% in SPA-salons, boutiques, shops and a lot of privileges during travel and entertainment. Alfa Bank's project with Cosmopolitan and Visa was also very successful. In 2009, the "Male Card" project was born. The "Male Card" is designed to meet the interests of a wide male audience. It is made in an original design imitating a metal military badge. According to marketers, it is Alfa-Bank's women's and men's projects today in Russia that are most similar to the classic co-brand, when two brands really interact and develop, and the loyalty program fades into the background.

In the near future, there will be many life-style co-brands, as well as bonus point co-brands with gas station chains and large grocery retailers. Insurance companies provide an excellent opportunity for co-branding products together with car manufacturers, large dealers and service centers, and medical clinic networks. Niche programs, popular in the West, will also gain momentum - for car owners or club fans. Russian Standard, for example, has already issued a card with the UNICS basketball club from Kazan. By the spring of next year, new large-scale projects are being prepared for launch by Citibank and Master Bank.

1.3 Tasks of the developing plastic cards market.

The main tasks of the developing plastic card market include:

· Development of a network of points of service of plastic cards, which will serve as an incentive both to an increase in the issue of plastic cards and to an increase in the number of transactions and the volume of non-cash payments in the market. At the same time, the benefits of market participants are obvious: banks receive additional profit at the same time, while reducing the costs of providing banking operations, the state receives a simplified control of financial flows and a decrease in shadow turnover, citizens receive high-quality service and reduced time costs.

· Development of the issue of multi-application cards with promising possibilities for connecting various applications and going to the world level.

Multi-application cards include universal electronic cards of the national payment system of Russia, which according to 210-FZ "On the organization of the provision of state and municipal services", every citizen of Russia must have it within five years. They will allow citizens anywhere in the country to fully interact with the state - they will become an identity identifier, will have a medical, pension, transport and payment banking application, and more. From January 1, 2012, their release will be carried out at the request of citizens, and from 2014 - by notification. The pilot region for the introduction of universal electronic citizen cards will be Moscow, where they will appear by the end of 2011. In addition to the UEC shareholder banks, the Bank of Moscow, which has so far issued social cards in the capital, will take part in the project to introduce universal cards in Moscow.

OJSC "Universal Electronic Card" (UEC), which is an authorized federal organization for the issuance of national plastic cards in Russia, must resolve the issue of entering the international market for universal electronic cards. Now Sberbank, Uralsib and Ak Bars banks have equal shares in Universal Electronic Card OJSC. According to Kommersant magazine, the international MasterCard and Visa systems received proposals to join the shareholders, however, due to internal restrictions on participation in the share capital of one OJSC, both systems will not be able to take advantage of the offer, and UEC will have to choose one.

OJSC UEC was established in the summer of last year. Currently, the authorized capital of the UEC is 100 million rubles, its shareholders are Sberbank (34%), banks Uralsib (33%) and Ak Bars (33%). In August last year, the UEC by government decree No. 1344-r received the status of an authorized federal organization for the implementation of universal electronic cards of citizens in Russia within the framework of the law "On the organization of the provision of state and municipal services" (210-FZ).

2 Analysis of the development of the plastic cards market.

2.1 Assessment of the market participants of plastic cards.

Plastic card is a personalized payment instrument that provides the person using the card with the opportunity to pay for goods and / or services without cash, as well as receive cash in branches (branches) of banks and ATMs (ATMs). Trading / service enterprises and bank branches that accept the card form a network of card service points (or a receiving network). The peculiarity of sales and cash withdrawal by cards is that these operations are carried out by shops and, accordingly, banks "on loan" - goods and cash are provided to customers immediately, and funds in their reimbursement are credited to the accounts of service companies most often after a while. The guarantor of the fulfillment of payment obligations arising in the process of servicing plastic cards is the issuer of them issuing bank... Therefore, the cards remain valid throughout the entire validity period. bank property, and customers (cardholders) receive them only for use. The nature of the guarantees of the issuing bank depends on the payment authority granted to the client and is fixed by the class of the card. When the card is issued to the client, it is personalized - data is entered on it that allows identifying the card and its holder, as well as checking the card's solvency when accepting it for payment or issuing cash. The process of approving a sale or dispensing cash with a card is called authorization. To carry it out, the service point makes a request to the payment system to confirm the powers of the bearer of the card and his financial capabilities. The authorization technology depends on the payment system scheme, the type of card and the technical equipment of the service point. Traditionally, authorization is carried out "manually", when a seller or a cashier sends a request by phone to an operator (voice authorization), or automatically, the card is placed in a POS terminal or a point of sale terminal (POS - Point Of Sale), the data is read from the card, the cashier enters the payment amount , and the cardholder from a special keyboard - a secret PIN-code (PIN - Personal Identification Number). After that, the terminal performs authorization, either by establishing connection with the payment system database (on-line mode), or by performing additional data exchange with the card itself (off-line authorization). In the case of cash withdrawal, the procedure is similar, with the only peculiarity that money is automatically issued by a special device - an ATM, which performs authorization. When making payments, the card holder is limited by a number of limits. The nature of the limits and the conditions for their use can be very varied. However, in general terms, it all boils down to two main scenarios. Holder debit card must deposit a certain amount into his account with the issuing bank. Its size determines the limit of available funds. When making settlements using a card, the limit is simultaneously reduced. Limit control is carried out during authorization, which is always mandatory when using a debit card. To renew (or increase) the limit, the cardholder must re-deposit funds to his account. To ensure payments, the cardholder may not deposit funds in advance, but receive a loan from the issuing bank. A similar scheme is implemented when paying by credit card. In this case, the limit is related to the amount of the loan provided, within which the cardholder can spend funds. The loan can be either one-time or revolving. The renewal of the loan, depending on the agreement with the cardholder, occurs after the repayment of either the entire amount of the debt, or some of it. Both credit and debit cards can also be corporate. Corporate cards are provided by the company to its employees to pay for travel or other business expenses. The company's corporate cards are linked to one of its accounts. Cards can have split and non-split limits. In the first case, an individual limit is set for each of the corporate cardholders. The second option is more suitable for small companies and does not imply a delineation of the limit. Corporate cards allow a company to track in detail the work expenses of its employees. Family cards are in a sense similar to corporate cards - the right to make payments within the established limit is granted to family members of the card holder. At the same time, additional users are provided with separate personalized cards. The issuing bank, issuing cards and guaranteeing the fulfillment of financial obligations associated with the use of a plastic card issued by it as a means of payment, does not itself engage in activities that ensure its acceptance by trade and service enterprises. These tasks are solved acquiring bank, which carries out the whole range of operations for interaction with card service points: processing authorization requests, transferring funds to the settlement accounts of the points for goods and services provided by cards, receiving, sorting and sending documents (paper and electronic) that record transactions using cards , distribution of stop-lists (lists of cards, transactions on which have been suspended for one reason or another), etc. In addition, the acquiring bank can issue cash by cards both in its branches and through ATMs belonging to it. The bank can combine the functions of an acquirer and an issuer. It should be noted that the main, inalienable functions of the acquiring bank are financial, associated with the implementation of settlements and payments to service points. As for the above technical attributes of its activities, they can be delegated by the acquirer to specialized service organizations - processing centers... The fulfillment of their functions by acquirers entails settlements with issuers. Each acquiring bank transfers funds to service points for payments made by cardholders of issuing banks included in this payment system. Therefore, the respective funds (and possibly also the funds to reimburse the issued cash) must then be transferred to the acquirer by these issuers. Prompt settlement of settlements between acquirers and issuers is ensured by the presence in the payment system of a settlement bank (one or more) in which member banks of the system open correspondent accounts. cards of the agreed standard as a means of payment. One of the main tasks solved when creating a payment system is to develop and comply with general rules servicing cards of issuers entering the system, conducting mutual settlements and payments. These rules cover both purely technical aspects of transactions with cards - data standards, authorization procedures, specifications for the equipment used, etc., and the financial aspects of servicing cards - procedures for settlements with trade and service enterprises that are part of the receiving network, rules for mutual settlements between banks , tariffs, etc. Thus, from an organizational point of view, the core of the payment system is the contractual association of banks. The payment system also includes trade and service enterprises that form a network of service points. For the successful functioning of the payment system, specialized non-financial organizations are also needed that provide technical support for servicing cards: processing and communication centers, centers Maintenance etc. Processing center- a specialized service organization (a computing center that is the technological core of the payment system) - provides processing of authorization requests and / or transaction protocols coming from acquirers (or directly from service points) - recorded data on payments made by means of cards and cash withdrawals. The processing center operates in rather harsh conditions, guaranteed to process an intensive flow of transactions in real time. For this, the center maintains a database, which, in particular, contains data on banks - members of the payment system and cardholders. The center stores information about the limits of cardholders and executes requests for authorization in the event that the issuing bank does not maintain its own database (off-line bank). Otherwise (on-line bank) the processing center forwards the received request to the issuing bank of the authorized card and forwarding the response to the acquiring bank. In addition, based on the transaction protocols accumulated per day, the processing center prepares and sends out final data for settlements between banks participating in the payment system, and also generates and sends to acquiring banks (and, possibly, directly to service points) stop lists. The processing center can also meet the needs of issuing banks for new cards, carrying out their order at factories and subsequent personalization. It should be noted that an extensive payment system can have several processing centers, the role of which at the regional level can be played by acquiring banks. Maintaining a reliable, stable functioning of the payment system requires, firstly, the availability of substantial computing power in the processing center (or centers in a developed system) and, secondly, a developed communication infrastructure, since the processing center of the system must be able to simultaneously serve a sufficiently large number of geographically distant points. It is obvious that for an effective solution of the stated problems, it is necessary to use high-performance packet-switched data transmission networks. From a structural point of view, the data transmission network becomes an internal integral element of the payment system. Communication centers provide subjects of the payment system with access to data transmission networks. The use of special high-performance communication lines is due to the need to transfer large amounts of data between geographically distributed participants in the payment system when authorizing cards in merchant terminals, when servicing cards at ATMs, when conducting mutual settlements between system participants and in other cases. A plastic card is a standard-sized plate (85.6 mm 53.9 mm 0.76 mm), made of special, resistant to mechanical and thermal influences, plastic. One of the main functions of a plastic card is to ensure the identification of the person using it as a subject of the payment system. To do this, the logos of the issuing bank and the payment system serving the card, the name of the cardholder, his account number, card expiration date, etc. are applied to the plastic card. In addition, the card may contain a photograph of the cardholder and his signature. Alphanumeric data - name, account number, etc. - can be embossed, i.e. applied in embossed type. This makes it possible, during manual processing of accepted for payment cards, to quickly transfer data to a check using a special device, an imprinter, which "rolls" the card. The graphic data provides the ability to visually identify the card. Cards, the service of which is based on this principle, can be successfully used in small local systems - as club cards, shop cards, etc. However, visual "processing" is clearly not enough for use in a bank payment system. It seems expedient to store the data on the card in a form that ensures the automatic authorization procedure. This problem can be solved using various physical mechanisms. Barcode cards use a barcode similar to the code used to mark goods as an identifying element. Typically, the code strip is coated with an opaque compound, and the code is read in infrared rays. Barcode cards are quite cheap and, compared to other types of cards, are relatively easy to manufacture. The latter feature causes them to be weakly protected against counterfeiting and makes them, therefore, unsuitable for use in payment systems. Magnetic stripe cards are by far the most common, with over two billion cards of this type in circulation. The magnetic stripe is located on the back of the card and, according to the ISO 7811 standard, consists of three tracks. Of these, the first two are for storing identification data, and the third can be used to write information (for example, the current value of the debit card limit). However, due to the low reliability of the repetitively repeated write / read process, writing to a magnetic stripe, as a rule, is not practiced, and such cards are used only in the information reading mode. The security of cards with a magnetic stripe is significantly higher than that of cards with a barcode. On the front side of a card with a magnetic stripe, it is usually indicated: the logo of the issuing bank, the logo of the payment system, the card number (the first 6 digits are the bank code, the next 9 are the bank card number, the last digit is the control number, the last four digits are printed on the hologram), the term actions of the card, the name of the cardholder; on the reverse side there is a magnetic stripe, a place for a signature. In smart cards, the information carrier is already a microcircuit. The simplest of the existing smart cards - memory cards - the amount of memory can range from 32 bytes to 16 kilobytes. This memory can be implemented either in the form of a EPROM (EPROM), which allows for write once and read many times, or in the form of an EEPROM (EEPROM), which allows both read and multiple write. Memory cards are classified into two types: unprotected and protected memory. In cards of the first type, there are no restrictions on reading and writing data. The availability of all memory makes them convenient for modeling arbitrary data structures, which seems to be important in some applications. Protected memory cards have an identity area and one or more application areas. The identification area of ​​the cards is only writeable once during personalization, and is subsequently read-only. Memory cards are more secure than magnetic cards and can be used in applications where the financial risks of fraud are relatively small. As for the cost of memory cards, they are more expensive than magnetic cards. Recently, however, their prices have dropped significantly due to improvements in technology and increased production volumes. The cost of a memory card directly depends on the cost of the microcircuit, which, in turn, is determined by the memory capacity. A special case of memory cards are counter cards, in which the value stored in the memory can only change by a fixed amount. Such cards are used in specialized prepaid applications (pay for using a pay phone, paying for parking, etc.) Microprocessor cards are essentially microcomputers and contain all the corresponding major hardware components: CPU, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM. The parameters of the most powerful modern microprocessor cards are comparable to those of personal computers in the early eighties. The operating system stored in the ROM of the microprocessor card does not fundamentally differ from the PC operating system and provides a wide range of service operations and security tools. The operating system supports an EEPROM-based file system (which is usually in the 1-8 Kbyte range, but can be up to 64 Kbytes) and provides data access regulation. At the same time, part of the data can only be accessed by the internal programs of the card, which, together with the built-in cryptographic means, makes the microprocessor card a highly secure tool that can be used in financial applications that impose increased requirements for information protection. That is why microprocessor cards (and smart cards in general) are currently considered the most promising type of plastic cards. Besides, smart cards are the most promising type of plastic cards also in terms of functionality. Computing capabilities of smart cards allow using, for example, one and the same card both in transactions with on-line authorization and as a multi-currency electronic wallet. Their widespread use in VISA and Europay / MasterCard systems will begin in the next year or two, and within a decade smart cards should completely replace magnetic stripe cards (at least, those are the plans ...). In addition to the types of plastic cards described above, used in financial applications, there are also a number of cards based on other data storage mechanisms. Such cards (optical, induction, etc.) are used in medical systems, security systems and other POS terminals, or trading terminals, are designed to process transactions in financial settlements using plastic cards with a magnetic stripe and smart cards. The use of POS-terminals allows you to automate card servicing operations and significantly reduce the service time. The capabilities and equipment of POS terminals vary widely, but a typical modern terminal is equipped with devices for reading both smart cards and cards with a magnetic stripe, non-volatile memory, ports for connecting a PIN keyboard, printer, connection to a PC or electronic cash register ... In addition, the POS terminal is usually equipped with a modem with auto-dialing capability. The POS terminal has "smart" capabilities - it can be programmed. All this allows not only on-line authorization of cards with a magnetic stripe and smart cards, but also to use the off-line mode with the accumulation of transaction protocols when working with smart cards. The latter are transferred to the processing center during communication sessions. During a communication session, the POS terminal can also receive and store information transmitted by the processing center's computer. POS terminals can be reprogrammed in the same way. The cost of POS terminals, depending on the configuration, capabilities, and manufacturing company, can vary from several hundred to several thousand dollars, but usually does not exceed one and a half to two thousand. The dimensions and weight of a POS-terminal are comparable to those of a telephone set, and often they are even smaller. ATMs are ATMs for issuing and collecting cash in transactions with plastic cards. In addition, the ATM allows the cardholder to receive information about the current state of the account (including a statement on paper), as well as, in principle, to carry out operations to transfer funds from one account to another. The ATM is equipped with a card reader and a display and a keyboard for interactive interaction with the card holder. The ATM is equipped with a personal computer, which provides management of the ATM and monitoring its status. The latter is very important, since an ATM is a storehouse of cash. Today, most of the models are designed to work in on-line mode with magnetic stripe cards, but there are also devices that can work with smart cards in off-line mode. Banknotes in an ATM are placed in cassettes, which, in turn, are in a special safe. The number of cassettes determines the number of denominations of notes issued by the ATM. The sizes of the cassettes are adjustable, which makes it possible to charge the ATM with almost any banknote. ATMs are stationary devices of solid dimensions and weight. Approximate dimensions: height - 1.5-1.8 m, width and depth - about 1 m, weight - over 100 kilograms. Moreover, in order to suppress possible theft, they are installed overhaul. ATMs can be located both indoors and on the street and work around the clock. Thus, the participants (subjects) of the plastic card market are all links of the payment system of non-cash payments carried out using plastic bank cards.

2.2 Analysis of the development of the plastic cards market for the period 2007-2010.

Among the payment instruments used in the retail payments market, one of the leading positions is occupied by payment cards, which is represented by the ratio of the volumes of transactions performed using various payment instruments in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 - The ratio of the volumes of transactions performed using various payment instruments.

Largely due to the versatility payment card adequately meeting the needs of the retail business, it is possible to solve various problems not only in the field of retail services, but also in the social, budgetary spheres. Therefore, credit institutions developing their retail banking services give preference (not only in Russia, but also abroad) to the card direction. Currently, more than 60% of banks issue payment cards (709 out of 1136 credit institutions), the number of bank cards issued by them (as of 01.12.2009) amounted to 126 million (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.2 - Number of cards issued (mln. Units).

Taking into account the significant growth rate of card issuance (about 40% annually), it can be predicted that in a few years there will be one card for each resident of Russia. Although in 2010, the growth rate has slightly decreased and amounted to about 25%.

The overwhelming majority of cardholders are individuals (Table 2.1). Their share in the total number of issued cards is 99.9%. At the same time, the number of cards received by holders on their own initiative is still insignificant, the overwhelming majority of cards are cards issued by credit institutions within the framework of "salary" projects. The age category of credit card holders is the population between the ages of 25 and 44.

Table 2.1 - The number of cards issued.

The number of credit cards issued to legal entities in 2009 increased by 10% in comparison with the previous year and as of 1.12.09 made up more than 0.15% of the total number of bank cards.

The emission of prepaid cards is only 0.4%. The segment of their use is limited to payments for mobile communications, metro, as well as for goods and services purchased via the Internet.

In 2009, cardholders in Russia and abroad were totally 2,844 million transactions in the amount of 10,068.5 billion rubles. (growth rates compared to 2008, respectively, amounted to about 106.5% - in terms of the number of transactions and 107.4% - in terms of volume).

Table 2.2 - Information on transactions performed in Russia and abroad by holders of bank cards issued by credit institutions (their branches).

Individuals mainly carry out operations to receive cash (Figure 2.3), and legal entities to pay for goods and services (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.3 - The amount of transactions performed by cardholders, physical. persons, on the territory of Russia and abroad (million units).

Figure 2.4 - The amount of transactions performed by cardholders, legal entity by persons, on the territory of Russia and abroad (million units)

Since 2006, there has been a positive trend in the use of credit institutions - residents of bank cards on the territory of Russia by clients in order to pay for goods (work, services). The share of the number of non-cash payments in the total number of card transactions increased from 19% in 2006 to 25% in 2009, and the growth rate in the number of payments was more than 55% annually (for comparison: the growth rate in the number of cash withdrawal transactions is 41% ), this suggests that cardholders have begun to use them more often when making non-cash payments.

At the same time, the share of payments made using cards on the Internet of the total number of payments made on the Internet (13.2%) is insignificant (2.5%), which is explained, first of all, by the high cost of Internet payments. as well as the lack of trust of cardholders in these payments due to the high level of fraudulent transactions on the Internet associated with the illegal receipt and use of personal information about their cardholders.

Based on the analysis performed, it can be concluded that the main payment instruments currently are payment cards and payments via the Internet. The dynamics of their development is constrained by a number of factors, such as lack of confidence in the reliability and safety of operations performed with their use, insufficient development of the service network.

2.3 Analysis of the scale and nature of the use of plastic cards.

The structure of the Russian payment card market includes Russian and international payment systems. The number of Russian payment systems over the past 10 years has remained approximately at the same level and at the end of 2009 amounted to about 60, most of which are “single-issuer payment systems”.

The largest share (by the number of payment cards, volume and number of transactions, etc.) is occupied by international payment systems, the leaders among which are VISA and MasterCard. However, in 2009, the share of "active" cards in the total number of cards of international payment systems is small, since on average for the quarter it was about 45%, while the same indicator for cards of Russian payment systems was higher and corresponded to 65% (Table 2.3) ...

Table 2.3 - Correlation between the number of issued payment cards and transactions performed with their use, in the context of Russian and international payment systems.

	Number of credit institutions issuing and / or acquiring (units)
	Number of issued payment cards (thousand pieces)
	Russian payment systems
	Number of transactions performed using payment cards (million units)
	International payment systems
	Russian payment systems
	Volume of transactions performed using payment cards (billion rubles)
	International payment systems
	Russian payment systems

Despite the leading positions in the Russian market of payment cards of international payment systems, holders of international cards are more focused on receiving cash than on transactions for non-cash payments for goods and services, as evidenced by the structure of transactions made using international payment cards. systems, in which the share of non-cash transactions to pay for goods and services amounted to 27.6% in terms of quantity and 11.2% in terms of the volume of transactions. Similar indicators for cards of Russian payment systems were higher and amounted to 38.8% in terms of the number and 25.1% in terms of the volume of transactions.

Among Russian payment systems, the largest share in terms of the number and volume of transactions, as well as the infrastructure for servicing payment cards, fell on such systems as the United Russian Payment System (ORPS), Zolotaya Korona, Union Card / NCC and Customs Card".

It should be noted that the "Customs Card" payment system is focused on the use of payment cards exclusively for non-cash payments to customs authorities for customs and other payments.

Russian payment systems have developed their activities in the international aspect. For these purposes, the operators of Russian payment systems involved foreign banks in cooperation, acting both as issuers and as acquirers of Russian payment cards. Thus, in 2009, 11.8 thousand transactions totaling 53.6 million rubles were made in Russia using cards issued by Russian payment systems issued outside Russia. With the cards of Russian payment systems issued by credit institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, the number and volume of transactions performed with their use outside Russia for the same period amounted to 7.5 thousand transactions for the amount of 75.1 million rubles.

The development of the international aspect of cooperation between Russian and international payment systems can be attributed to the mutual integration of Russian payment systems with the Belarusian payment system "BelKart".

In pursuance of clause VIII of the Minutes of the meeting of the Interbank Currency Council of the Bank of Russia and the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus dated June 20, 2008 No. 28, joint work is being carried out in the field of integration of retail payment systems, including those operating using payment cards, in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, which makes it possible to create conditions for mutual acceptance of payment cards of Russian and Belarusian payment systems on the territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.

Another example of the development of integration processes carried out within the framework of cooperation between the Bank of Russia and the People's Bank of China is the mutual integration of the Russian payment system "Union Card / NCC" and the Chinese national payment system "China UnionPay", which resulted in the issuance of combined payment cards of these payment systems ...

Payment cards issued within the framework of this project allow their holders to make payments both on the territory of the Russian Federation in the infrastructure of the Russian payment system "Union Card / NCC" and abroad - in the infrastructure of "China UnionPay".

3.1 Improvement of the legal framework governing payment transactions using plastic cards.

At the end of 2010 (December 10), in the first reading, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the text of the draft law "On the National Payment System". The explanatory note to this bill states that today the legislation of our country does not have a full-fledged legal base that would regulate the national payment system. Certain legal acts (laws "On Central Bank of the Russian Federation "," On Banks and Banking Activities "," On Activities for Accepting Payments individuals carried out by payment agents ”and others) regulate only specific issues, for example, the legal status of credit institutions, paying agents, the powers of the Bank of Russia to regulate settlements. But none of the legislative acts gives an idea of ​​the subjects of the national payment system, its structure, requirements for the activities of operators and much more. Among other things, the need to adopt the law "On the National Payment System" is caused by the lack of quality control over payment innovations, "the emergence of which is caused by technological development (electronic money, Internet payments, mobile payments)." The current Russian legislation lacks requirements for the organization and functioning of the payment system, the Bank of Russia is not authorized to monitor payment systems, and there is no mechanism for supervising the activities of organizations that are payment system operators.

Thus, it is legally necessary:

· Regulate the activities of organizations - money transfer operators, including electronic money operators, payment system operators, payment infrastructure service operators, determine the requirements for the organization and operation of payment systems, the procedure for supervision and monitoring in the national payment system.

· Establish standards that establish requirements for the activities of electronic money operators and the implementation of electronic money transfers.

· Give a clear definition of the concept of electronic money.

· Establish a clear definition of crimes and measures of criminal punishment for them in the field of electronic money, which is extremely necessary and important for the ultimate protection of both consumers and the business community.

The created unified national system of payment cards with competent and well-thought-out legislation should become a good competitor to international payment systems such as MasterCard and VISA.

“Electronic money” is gaining more and more importance on the market, which is stimulated by the emergence of new services, expanding capabilities and service availability. So one of the directions can be the activation of the transfer by banks of their client base to remote service channels. For market leaders, these channels are already strategically important in terms of competitiveness and business profitability. Remote services today are perceived not as a separate service, but as one of the main channels of communication with the client and the bank. You can open offices at every turn, or you can build up remote services. At the same time, the concepts of "remote service channels" or "remote services" unite several technologies for interaction between banks and customers. This is not only an Internet bank, that is, the opportunity to use a wide range of bank services through personal computer connected to the network. It is also mobile banking (that is, the ability to perform transactions using a cell phone), as well as telephone banking (that is, the ability to use some services by communicating with the relevant bank service through any phone).

Having debugged the corresponding software systems, banks began to offer remote service channels to virtually each of their clients. So, in Promsvyazbank the Internet banking development project in 2009 was assigned a priority status. Employees engaged in direct interaction with customers have become mandatory offer the latter to use the possibilities of remote service. As a result, the number of clients connected to the PSB-Retail Internet banking system increased 3.5 times. VTB24's strategy is that all customers should have access to Internet Banking. In 2009. 970 thousand clients are registered in the Telebank system of VTB24, of which about 100 thousand are registered in St. Petersburg and the region. Sberbank also makes a serious emphasis on the development of remote services, including within the framework of the program to combat queues at branches. Moreover, the pace of progress is impressive. “As of April 1, 2010, there were only 1,500 users of the Sberbank Online service in the North-West region, and by the end of 2011 it is planned to increase their number to 1.5 million. Accordingly, the growth in literally a year and a half is 1,000 times. At the same time, the "Mobile Bank" service of the North-West Bank of Sberbank, the development of which began earlier, is currently used by more than 2.4 million customers.

However, the main direction of development of plastic cards can be considered the task set at the State level - the creation of a national payment system with access to the world market in the form of multi-application cards with the possibility of increasing applications of various directions (personal identification, banking, social, etc.). The development of this system, among other things, should implement remote services in all financial and social areas.

Thus, the main direction of development of plastic cards today is the creation of a national payment system and multi-application cards with software applications in various fields.

In my opinion, from the point of view of the client, it is necessary to create multi-application cards that would allow adding (subtracting) the necessary applications to them for the specific individual requirements of each citizen. This direction will allow citizens to independently form the packages of services they need for a certain period of time, including allowing them to quickly and more efficiently manage their financial resources and significantly save their time.

However, from the point of view of the bank and government agencies, the implementation of this direction requires a serious reorganization of the entire system of public services, as well as large financial and intellectual costs for interfacing the operation of various systems and creating new ones, which can significantly change the course of competition in the plastic card market.

Conclusion

Attempts to oust cash from circulation using various payment instruments have a long history, but only at the end of the twentieth century. the development of international payment systems based on plastic cards forced specialists to seriously talk about the fact that cash is "going out". The replacement of cash in the financial sector with "electronic" money has become possible due to the great achievements and widespread introduction of modern electronic technologies, miniaturization of electronic storage media, improvement of cryptographic protection of information in electronic form, creation and the possibility of operational management of large databases. Operations with plastic cards have opened up new prospects for banks to provide financial services to clients and, accordingly, have expanded the possibilities for obtaining banking profits by receiving commissions charged on card transactions; increasing the number of clients by providing a new type of service; reducing the cost of servicing cash turnover, etc. In addition, given the vital need for Russia to closely integrate into the world economy, the development of cashless payment systems, including by increasing the number and volume of banking transactions using plastic cards, contributes to the most effective integration into the plague economy and to reach the level of developed countries in the field provision of banking services.

The performed analysis of the use of plastic cards in the Russian Federation as a modern payment instrument shows that modern development The market for financial services provided by banks is characterized by the widespread introduction of electronic technologies and the rapid growth in the use of plastic cards. There is a rapid development and implementation of technologies for the use of various types of payment cards and the corresponding payment systems of issuers and acquirers. However, there are also a number of factors that reduce the growth rate of cash turnover using plastic cards, which include a lack of confidence in the reliability and safety of transactions performed with their use, and insufficient development of the service network.

There are clear trends in the development of plastic cards in the direction of their intellectualization on the basis of modern achievements of microprocessor technology and electronic communications. Intellectualization of plastic cards will allow in the near future to unite, using one plastic card, access to services, both in the financial and social spheres.

For the successful development and functioning of the entire system of "electronic money" circulation, including with the use of plastic cards, it is necessary to finalize federal legislation in order to formulate clear definitions of terms and concepts, functions and obligations, rights and responsibilities of participants in the plastic card market.

List of sources used

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4 "On the activity of accepting payments from individuals, carried out by payment agents" Federal Law of 03.06.2009 No. 103-FZ [electronic resource]: // Consultant Plus: [website inform. - legal company]. - [M., 2011] - Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=88274

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16 Publication "The future of banking" plastic "depends on consumer confidence and competent laws", Published in WG-Business No. 778 dated November 30, 2010 [electronic resource]: // Rossiyskaya gazeta: [site of the Rossiyskaya gazeta]. - [M., 2011] - Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2010/11/30/plastik.htm

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23 Publication "The future of banking" plastic "depends on consumer confidence and competent laws, Published in WG-Business No. 778 dated November 30, 2010 [electronic resource]: // Rossiyskaya Gazeta: [site of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta]. - [M., 2011] - Access mode: http://www.rg.ru/2010/11/30/plastik.htm

For reference: the term "single-issuer payment system" means a system in which the issue (issue) of payment cards is carried out by one credit institution, combining the functions of an issuer, an operator establishing uniform rules, standards and tariffs, a settlement bank and, as a rule, carrying out activities related to with acquiring of payment cards.

For reference: the term "active" payment card means a payment card with the use of which transactions were made during the reporting period (quarter).

Payment cards: Business Encyclopedia Project

Trends and prospects for the development of the Russian market of payment cards

In the line of payment instruments used in the retail payments market, payment cards are the most demanded (Fig. 1).

In many respects, thanks to the versatility of the payment card, which adequately meets the needs of the retail business, it is possible to solve various problems not only in the field of retail services, but also in the social, budgetary spheres. Therefore (not only in Russia, but also abroad), credit institutions developing their retail banking services give preference to the card direction.

Currently, more than half of Russian banks issue and / or acquire payment cards (709 out of 1136 credit institutions), the number of bank cards issued by them as of January 1, 2008 amounted to 103.5 million, which is 38% more than last year (Fig. 2).

According to an all-Russian survey conducted by the National Agency for Financial Research (NAFI) in 2007, the largest number of cards falls on the population aged 25 to 60 years (70%) and from 16 to 24 years (25%).

Among the cardholders, the overwhelming majority are holders of payment cards. Their share in the total number of issued cards is 90.9%. At the same time, the number of cards received by holders on their own initiative is still insignificant, the overwhelming majority of cards are cards issued by credit institutions as part of salary projects.

The number of credit cards increased insignificantly in comparison with the last year and as of January 1, 2008 amounted to more than 8.6% of the total number of bank cards. The age category of credit card holders is the population between the ages of 25 and 44.

The issue of prepaid cards is only 0.4% (the segment of their use is limited to payments for mobile communications, as well as for goods and services purchased via the Internet). To a large extent, the development of this card product will be determined by amendments to the legislation on combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism, allowing payments to be made for a certain amount (for example, up to 30 thousand rubles) without identification, regardless of the purpose. payment and type of payment instrument (Fig. 3).

In 2007, cardholders in Russia and abroad totaled 1.6 billion rubles. transactions in the amount of 6.5 trillion rubles. (the growth rate compared to 2006, respectively, amounted to about 136% - in terms of the number of transactions and 147% - in terms of volume).

When conducting an all-Russian survey by NAFI, the respondents were asked the question: "Why do Russians use bank cards?" The overwhelming majority of cardholders answered that they use them to receive wages (72% of respondents), 30% of survey participants - to withdraw cash through an ATM. A significant number of respondents are attracted by the opportunity to pay with a bank card for goods or services, as well as to use the card as a means of storing money (14% each, respectively). About 9% of the respondents mentioned using the card in order to obtain a loan (Table 1).

The purposes of using bank cards, considered among various age groups of the population, allow us to conclude that more often than on average, cardholders aged 18 to 34 withdraw cash from ATMs, while non-cash payments using a bank card are more often made by those who are between 25 and 44 years old. People between the ages of 25–34 are much more likely than others to use a bank card to store money, and the youngest, those under 25, for other purposes.

Depending on the level of income, the purposes of using bank cards by Russians are distributed as follows. All groups are characterized by a high proportion of respondents who use cards to receive a salary (about or more than 70% in each group), which repeats the general Russian picture. Other purposes of using payment cards are becoming more in demand with the growth of respondents' income. The higher the income, the more respondents use cards for cashing money, cashless payments and keeping money. The opposite situation, which is noteworthy, is observed in relation to the use of cards for obtaining loans: respondents with a lower income level more often use cards for loans. So, in the category of respondents with an income of up to 1,500 rubles. 25% of respondents use credit cards, in other income groups the same indicator is much lower - no more than 8% (Table 2).

The hierarchy of the purposes of using bank cards in various populated localities of the country does not differ in any significant way from the all-Russian cut: getting a salary, withdrawing cash, cashless payments. It is noteworthy that cities with a population of 100 to 500 thousand people demonstrate quite high (in comparison with Moscow and St. Petersburg) indicators for some purposes of using maps. Thus, 39% of respondents use cards to withdraw cash in these cities (versus 33% in cities with a population of over one million), 12% to obtain a loan (versus 4% in Moscow and St. Petersburg), to store money - 20% versus 14%, respectively (Table . 3).

Infrastructure

Until recently, the bank card market has been developing according to extensive way, moreover, along the path of growth of its quantitative component - the infrastructure serving exclusively operations for receiving cash: a network of ATMs and cash points (Fig. 4).

This approach was prompted by the need to meet the needs of cardholders issued within the framework of widely implemented projects for the payment of salaries, pensions, scholarships, etc. These projects were the main ones for promoting card products.

With regard to the implementation of salary projects, it should be noted that holders of cards issued within the framework of such projects still perceive cards, first of all, as a tool for receiving cash.

The infrastructure for servicing bank cards (Fig. 5) is mainly concentrated in the capital of the region (over 60%) and other cities in the region (less than 30%). Service infrastructure in rural areas is very poorly developed. Therefore, attracting new trade and service enterprises to servicing, as well as expanding the functionality of ATMs is considered an important task in terms of importance. Moreover, when expanding the number of trade and service enterprises, it is necessary to proceed from the principle of "walking" accessibility, increasing the possibility of using cards at points of daily service. The significance of the process of using cards in the field of cashless payments has long been recognized even at the legislative level. It is no coincidence that in recent years, various bills have been often discussed aimed at stimulating this sector of settlements and providing for both the obligations of trade and service enterprises to accept cards (unfortunately, without taking into account the factors mentioned below), and some tax incentives for such operations.

Market development constraints

The most significant factors holding back the development of the payment card market are:

The tariff policy of payment systems (the rates of credit institutions for collection of cash are lower than the commissions established by payment systems for non-cash payments), which leads to a lack of interest (unwillingness) of trade and service enterprises in the sale of goods through payment cards and the development of appropriate infrastructure. In practice, payment for goods in a low price range (up to approximately RUB 300) using a card for retail chains is unprofitable due to the acquiring commission (at least 1.5% of the transaction amount). According to various estimates, retail chains give up to 20% of their income from card payments (which is quite critical in the context of a decrease in the sales margin, as well as costs, including advertising, related to attracting customers to their network, etc.). It follows from this that the widespread installation of terminal equipment for accepting cards in the trading network will not lead to the desired result of increasing non-cash payments using cards;

The low level of quality of customer service, cardholders implemented within the framework of salary projects, which is expressed, for example, in the absence of information about the location of the infrastructure for accepting cards and awareness of the benefits of using cards, both for non-cash payments and for withdrawing cash;

Insufficient level of financial literacy of the population;

Psychology of clients of credit institutions, expressed in their distrust of payment cards;

High cost of services (for example, for servicing a card, carrying out operations to receive cash, etc.) and low interest rates on balances of funds on "card" accounts;

Cash habit of the population, risks of card fraud.

Market prospects and directions

Prospects for the development of the payment card market should be considered from the point of view of the possibility of achieving the main goal - stimulating more frequent use of cards in everyday settlements. Thus, according to the degree of importance, the most significant positive factors of influence on the market were marked by an increase in the level of income of the population and an increase in the number of trade and service points and ATMs.

Also significant factors are:

Introduction of new technologies;

Expansion of the range of operations performed;

Coordination of banks' efforts to create a unified infrastructure;

Marketing activities by credit organizations aimed at popularizing payment cards.

Today, the card business for credit institutions, according to their own estimates, is profitable, especially for participants with a significant market share. The most preferred and widespread option for the development of their own card business by regional credit organizations is the issue of cards of international payment systems. It is believed that this direction of development is the most versatile and meets the requirements of customers in terms of the availability of services, the availability of various loyalty programs and the requirements of banks in terms of the prevalence and profitability of the business.

Expansion of the client base will remain a priority in the near future. So, 80% of market participants do not intend to abandon the large-scale practice of implementing salary projects, about 70% intend to pay attention to attracting services corporate clients(emphasis on issuing corporate cards) and private clients.

Loyalty programs, which are present in the plans of 20% of participants in the payment card market, could also develop non-cash turnover.

A more active use of cards could be stimulated by modern technical solutions related to the sharing of cards and mobile phones. Today, cardholders are already offered the services of a "mobile bank" with a limited range of payments. Considering that technical progress does not stand still, in the near future more advanced systems will be offered to users.

The least priority area was the issue of cards for all-Russian systems, including local ones (Fig. 6). The focus of the Russian payment card market on the issue and maintenance of cards of international payment systems is due to the following reasons.

First, a more developed infrastructure for accepting payment cards of international payment systems both in Russia and abroad. In Russia, cards of payment systems Visa Int. and MasterCard Int. accept for service almost all ATMs (their share in the total number is about 90%), cash points (almost 90%) and devices (electronic terminals, imprinters and ATMs) used to pay for goods, works and services (almost 90%) ...

Secondly, the development of national payment systems is constrained by the lack of compatible software and hardware; difference in processing technology; lack of guarantees of acceptance by participating banks of cards issued within the same system. Today on the territory of Russia there are more than 40 single-issuer payment systems, the functioning of which is based on various technological platforms. The absence of an inter-host interface between the processing centers of these systems leads not only to the localization of offers in the field of retail services within the region (district, city), but also to an increase in the cost of the infrastructure intended for accepting bank cards. Competition and technological features of the functioning of these systems impede their integration in the near future, which, in general, is a deterrent to the development of cashless payments in the field of retail payments.

Currently, the possibilities of bank cards have not exhausted themselves to the end, and at this stage of development they can become an excellent tool for the implementation of many programs, including social ones.

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In our country, the prospects for the development of plastic cards can be described as an “incipient boom”.

To date, experts estimate the number of plastic cards issued in Russia as 300-400 thousand (there are no accurate and reliable data.)

In Russia, the overwhelming majority are banks planning or already issuing Russian cards. It is here that the "charge" is laid, which in the near future will "blow up" the retail banking services market, since practically each of these banks already has a clientele numbering thousands and tens of thousands of individuals.

There are several other factors to consider.

First, more and more banks are shifting the emphasis in their activities to attracting and working with individuals.

Secondly, the card is a universal tool that gives additional advantages to the owner of almost any bank account. It gives the holder the opportunity to pay without a mandatory visit to the bank, and the latter - the opportunity to charge an additional fee from the client for convenience.

Thirdly, almost all payment systems existing in Russia, and there are about a dozen of them, have realized the simple truth that the future growth and development of their system directly depends on the number and quality of independent elements working in them, and launched active work in this direction.

Therefore, it will not be surprising that in a year or two all Russian banks, including those newly created during this time, will become members of one or several payment systems. This means an order of magnitude increase in the number of issuers, with a corresponding or even greater increase in the number of issued cards.

In general, it should be noted that the Russian market of plastic cards is developing both on the part of potential customers and on the part of issuers, or rather, specialists dealing with cards.

Now we are still going through the initial stage, which is characterized by a general, some kind of intoxicating passion for technology, computer technology and software. This is probably inevitable. But the card business, whether it is issuing cards by a bank, or the creation and development of a payment system, without a good knowledge of technology, including not only computers, but also the organizational side, is simply not possible. And we already have quite a few specialists, but for many of them the knowledge and nuances of technology, unfortunately, completely obscure the question: what is it for?

To prevent the card program from becoming a bottomless pit in which invested funds are lost, two options are possible. Either the head of the bank in charge of cards begins to understand the card ideology and technology, or the coordinator of the card program outgrows the level of a narrow specialist in the automation department and becomes not even an accountant, but a manager of this direction.

The strengths of card technology have long been successfully used by Western banks and companies to create new products that bring profit, and this is precisely the goal of any business. In Russia, this trend is barely outlined, but it will become the engine of the entire subsequent development of the card business. At the next stage, there will be a gradual shift in emphasis from "technology" to financial control and marketing.

Now in the West they are talking about the coming revolution in connection with the transition from a magnetic stripe card to a chip card.

The main advantage of chip cards is that they are a means that, in the first place, allows you to increase and diversify the package of services provided to the client. At the same time, the chip technology will be cheaper for the payment system and the banks included in it by reducing losses from fraud and reducing the cost of authorization and communication. Therefore, there is no doubt that chip technology will replace magnetic technology.

Another emerging trend in the Russian card business market is specialization, a process inevitably associated with an increase in the number of people and companies working with cards. There are already several proven suppliers of plastic blanks for cards and special equipment: embossers, terminals, ATMs.

The following can be said about the future number and survivability of Russian payment systems.

Everything is changing rapidly in Russia, and a bank or a system that is the leader today may leave the market altogether in a few years. This is clearly facilitated by competition, especially noticeable in large financial centers.

In general, the most tenacious will be the payment system that will have a more extensive network of services outside large cities. Such is Russia - the majority of the population does not live in regional centers. Although the use of plastic cards is very practical to use.