Realization of the credit and investment potential of the banking sector. Analysis and assessment of the impact of refinancing instruments on the credit and investment potential of the Russian banking system. Investment banking services in the process of forming an investment pot

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Coursework by discipline

"Organizational activity of commercial banks"

Topic: "Credit and investment activities of banks: state and prospects"

(by the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC)

annotation

The course work contains 47 pages, including 11 figures, 27 sources.

This course work provides theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks , lending activities of commercial banks and Analysis of lending and investment activities of commercial banks on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In writing the work were used the works of scientists such as Bukato V.I., Panov G.S., Voloshin K.S. and others. As well as Federal Laws and the Civil Code.

Course work includes 46 pages, including 11 figures, 27 source.

In this term paper, the theoretical aspects of lending and investment activities of commercial banks, credit activity of commercial banks and analysis of lending and investment activities of commercial banks as an example of "Rusfinance."

In the writing of this paper were used works of scientists such as Bukato VI Panova GS, Voloshin KS et al. as well as federal laws and the Civil Code.

Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ...... 6

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities

commercial banks ................................................ ..................................... 7

1.1 The essence of lending activities of commercial banks .................... 7

1.2 Features of investment activities of commercial banks ... 11

1.3 Assessment of lending and investment activities of commercial banks 18

2 Analysis of lending and investment activities of commercial banks

on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC ........................................... .................. 22

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank ........................ 22

2.2 Analysis of the bank's lending and investment activities ......................... 25

2.3 Assessment of performance indicators of credit and investment

bank operations ................................................ .............................................. 32

3 Problems and prospects for the development of credit and investment

activities of commercial banks ............................................... ............... 38

Conclusion................................................. .................................................. .. 43

List of sources used ............................................... ............. 46

Introduction

The innovative activity of commercial banks is a characteristic of their successful policy in terms of providing services to their clients. It would not be an exaggeration to call innovation the basis for managing not only the banking cycle, but also the bank itself.

Thanks to innovations, the management of a commercial bank has the opportunity to look at its own stage of development, as it were, from the outside, in comparison with other banks. Of course, the very process of development and implementation of innovative technologies forces a commercial bank to mobilize and make a number of investment decisions that are associated with risks. But such a step can be considered justified, provided that real instruments to assess the level of economic efficiency of banks' credit and investment innovations.

In order to improve the methods for calculating the economic efficiency of design solutions, and the commercial feasibility of investing in the innovative vector of development of a commercial bank, it is necessary to resolve a number of issues that are related to the adaptation of selected innovations. At the same time, the question of assessing the level of economic effect remains open.

The presence and variety of various scientific works that highlight the issues of innovation processes in banking institutions, as well as the presence of critical points of view of practitioners indicate that the problem raised has a certain level of relevance and is an issue of paramount importance for the development of a modern bank.

In support of the above, it is advisable to refer to the scientific works of such scientists as L.L. Antonyuk, T.A. Vasilieva, S.B. Egorycheva, Ya.N. Krivich, S.V. Leonov, F.S. Mishkin and others. Their Scientific research disclose different aspects of credit and investment innovations of banks, however, the current situation in the economy and financial sphere of Russia indicates the advisability of deepening certain elements of the study by improving the appraisal apparatus.

It is this approach that adapts the existing tools for assessing the economic efficiency of banks' credit and investment innovations, taking into account the changes that are caused by the existing financial processes in the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study is to study the theoretical platform of the methodology for assessing the level of economic efficiency of the lending and investment activities of a commercial bank and its adaptation in modern depository organizations, which are representatives of the banking sector.

The key tasks of the designated research area are:

1) study of the theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of banks;

2) a study of the lending and investment activities of the commercial bank Rusfinance Bank LLC;

3) disclosure of the prospects for the development of credit and investment activities of a commercial bank.

The object of the course work was Rusfinance Bank LLC.

The subject of the course work is the process of credit and investment activities of banks.

Sources of information on writing a term paper were the works of specialists and bank employees; statistical data; research articles in periodicals on organization banking, as well as the financial statements of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013, presented on the official website of the bank - http://www.rusfinancebank.ru

1 Theoretical aspects of the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks

1.1 The essence of lending activities of commercial banks

Modern commercial Bank is a universal lending organization that provides clients with a wide range of services. At the beginning of their emergence and development, commercial banks performed only traditional operations for a credit institution: attracting deposits, providing loans and making settlements. But at present, in the face of tough competition in the banking system, a commercial bank is forced to expand the range of operations performed in order to obtain profit sufficient for normal functioning.

Modern banks are the main participants in the securities market, foreign exchange market they offer customers different kinds trust and consulting services, provide insurance services through related insurance companies, expand operations related to plastic cards, perform real estate transactions through representatives, etc. [8].

In certain periods of time, depending on the political and economic state of the country and the international situation as a whole, various active operations are more or less profitable. So, in case of instability of the foreign exchange market, sufficiently high incomes can be generated by foreign exchange transactions. The crises in the securities market, followed by the stabilization of the stock market, give banks good opportunity"Make money" on the execution of arbitrage transactions with securities. The crises of the banking system itself allow large banks to make good profits in a short period of time by placing money on the interbank market that small and medium-sized banks need to fulfill their current obligations.

But, despite the attractiveness of certain banking operations in certain periods, banks constantly carry out their main function - lending operations. Thus, a sound credit policy allows rational and efficient use of all elements of the credit mechanism, which largely ensures the successful operation of the bank and its further development.

The goal of the credit policy expresses the final result of the bank's activities, which follows from its purpose - to meet the needs of customers in obtaining additional funds, while receiving profit and ensuring the stability of the credit institution. The objectives of credit policy are more specific: they can be associated with improving the composition of loan products, the quality of the loan portfolio, reducing the share of overdue debt, increasing the share of secured loans, and reducing the risk of loans. bank. It should be revised depending on changes in economic realities in the state, the "rules of the game" in the banking market.

Based on the tasks set by the credit policy, as well as the available resources, the credit institution determines the current tasks:

2) technology for carrying out credit operations;

3) credit risk management;

4) control in the lending process.

To keep the bank's credit policy up-to-date, it is necessary to regularly review the provisions set forth in it. Credit institutions usually review the policy at least once a year. In the current rather rapidly changing economic situation, the credit policy is revised even more often. Revision is possible both “from above” and “from below”. Who, if not a loan officer, who is faced with various, often non-standard situations in working with clients on a daily basis, sees the "thin" places of the policy and can make rational proposals for adjusting it. Banks try to adhere to the credit strategy as close as possible to the realities of modern life.

The bank's credit policy is a system of monetary measures carried out by the bank to achieve certain financial results, and is one of the elements of banking policy.

For its successful implementation, the bank needs to keep records of all factors that affect the implementation of flows of inflow of funds from the credit potential. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the bank's policy in terms of the formation of credit potential funds.

The main forms of increasing the sources of credit potential include:

Increase in the number of bank clients;

Increasing the funds of the members and clients of the bank;

The growth of the bank's organizational network;

Pooling of funds of participants and clients of the bank for the intended purpose (for example, the creation of a common fund for housing construction).

For banks, a greater number of regular customers is of particular importance, since in this case deposits in the bank and its liquidity are more stable. Credit policy, on the other hand, determines the general strategy of actions in lending activities and represents general terms and Conditions for strategic planning, as well as current bank decisions on granting or not granting a loan.

How to ensure the financial stability of the bank in conditions of financial instability. An important role in this is assigned to the credit policy, which is based on an acceptable for the bank ratio "risk - profitability" of operations. A competent credit policy contributes to the optimization of credit risk, the provision of high-quality and most suitable credit products for the client, generating the bank's main income.

Classification of banking risks depending on the state of each of the listed elements: the type (type) of the bank and risks.

The factors that determine the bank's credit policy are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Factors determining the credit policy of a commercial bank

At present, taking into account the direction of activity of banks, there are three types (types) of commercial banks: specialized, industry, universal. The set of risks for these banks will be different.

Sphere of emergence and influence of banking risks. Depending on the area of ​​origin, banking risks are classified into: country risk; the risk of financial reliability of an individual bank (risks of insufficient bank capital, unbalanced liquidity, insufficient required reserves); risk of a particular type of banking operation (risk of non-payment, non-reimbursement, collection - a bank guarantee, legal risk, risk of unprofitable credit, etc.). The composition of the bank's clients and methods for calculating risks. The composition of the bank's clients determines the method for calculating the risk and its degree. The small borrower is more dependent on the contingencies of the market economy than the large one. At the same time, large loans to a single borrower or group of related borrowers, industry, region or country often lead to bank failures. Therefore, one of the methods of regulating the risk from the provision of large loans is to limit its size to 10-15% authorized capital jar .

The correct choice of the preferred client for the bank is also essential. Typically, these partners include enterprises that have a high degree of financial stability and have good liquidity and solvency balance sheets, a sufficient level of profitability, and well-provided with their own funds.

V modern conditions Of particular importance are the principles of rational lending, which require a reliable assessment of not only the object, subject and quality of collateral, but also the level of margin, profitability of lending operations, and risk reduction. Compliance with lending technology, the rules for issuing and repaying loans, current monitoring and analysis of credit transactions is also becoming important.

At present, it is difficult to predict how bank lending will develop in Russia in the future. But we can confidently assert that there is no serious alternative to this: the state does not have enough funds even to support the social sector, which makes lending to enterprises and other legal entities an overwhelming task for it. Therefore, the greatest success in this type of banking business will be achieved by those credit institutions that come to given market and create appropriate internal mechanisms that allow you to objectively work on it.

The bank's credit policy is determined, firstly, by general guidelines regarding transactions with clients, which are carefully developed and recorded in a memorandum on credit policy, and, secondly, by the practical actions of bank personnel who interpret and implement these guidelines. Consequently, ultimately, the ability to manage a loan depends on the competence of the bank's management and the level of qualifications of its rank-and-file personnel involved in the selection of borrowers, specific loan projects and the development of the terms of loan agreements.

The bank, by its purpose, should be one of the most reliable institutions of society, represent the basis for the stability of the economic system. In modern conditions of an unstable legal and economic environment, banks must not only preserve, but also increase the funds of their clients practically independently, due to the lack of government support and support. In these conditions, professional management of banking operations, operational identification and accounting of risk factors in day-to-day activities are of paramount importance.

1.2 Features of investment activities of commercial banks

One of the fundamental infrastructural elements of the country's economic development was (and will remain in the foreseeable future) the development of its credit and financial system.

The main direction of the impact of the banking system on the economy is investment activities carried out in the interests of the socio-economic development of the entire country. Mobilization of household savings and their transformation into an investment resource remains a classic function of banks in economic system... The importance of the banking system in terms of the efficiency of capital redistribution may vary depending on the periods of economic development and the characteristics of a particular country.

In the study of the investment activity of banks, in our opinion, there is an urgent need to clarify the economic content of the concept of "investment activity of a commercial bank", since its interpretation in the economic literature requires additional disclosure.

In Soviet economic science, the investment activity of banks was considered to be the provision of long-term borrowed funds to the subjects of the real sector of the economy. Under socialism, the banking sector performed the most important function of long-term lending to the most important sectors of the national economy; this view of the role of the banking system has largely been inherited by modern Russian financial management.

In the process of development of market relations in the country, the view on the investment activities of banks began to correlate to a greater extent with the activities of credit institutions in the field of investments in securities. To some extent, this interpretation has become an objective reflection of the existing economic reality. It is customary to refer to bank investments as securities with a maturity of more than one year, the main purpose of which is to generate income.

In this regard, I would like to note that it is unlawful to limit the investment activities of banks by the time frame for capital investment. Development investment instruments currently makes it possible to make a "revaluation of investments", i. e. carry out a regular review of the investment qualities of certain areas of investment.

A number of authors adhere to the broadest possible interpretation of the investment activity of a commercial bank, in particular, such an approach is disclosed in Instruction No. 17 of the Bank of Russia. In this document, investment activity is considered “the acquisition or sale of tangible or financial assets intended to generate future income”.

The second (narrow) point of view is set out in the rules of accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation, when investing in securities in order to form a trading and investment portfolio. According to the requirements of this document, banks can make investments either “directly investing their funds in production (acquiring a share of participation in one form or another); providing loans for appropriate purposes ", or for three main types of activities:" ... to serve the movement of funds belonging to investors - clients and intended for investment purposes; cooperate in mobilizing savings and savings and channeling them for investment purposes through the securities market; invest their own and borrowed resources in the investment process ”.

All currently existing research in this area operate either with an expanded interpretation, or narrow it down to the limits of a narrow circle of operations with a certain category of securities. In our opinion, both existing approaches have the right to exist, since they objectively reflect the global trend towards the universalization of the activities of financial institutions. A broad interpretation describes the activities of the so-called. financial supermarkets operating in diversified global markets. A narrow interpretation of investment activity, thus, reflects the main financial function of most Western banks - underwriting in the debt financing markets.

Domestic and foreign sources note the microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches to assessing the investment activities of the bank. From the point of view of a microeconomic view, a bank is an economic entity operating with its own and borrowed funds in local markets with the aim of making a profit as the main goal of its activities.

From a macroeconomic point of view, banks are an integral part of the global investment process transforming the savings and savings of households and the spheres of business entities into investment resources that are in demand by the real sector of the economy.

All investment activities of banks are traditionally divided into four main areas (a number of researchers highlight more): lending, investments in financial markets, production investments and investments in the bank's own activities.

Lending traditionally occupies a special place in terms of macroeconomic impact on economic processes in the country. Investment lending occupies a special place in common system lending in connection with the specifics of targeted lending, the use of elements of project lending, a long lending period and, accordingly, a higher level of risks.

In the difficult conditions of the post-crisis development of the Russian economy, the share of investment loans is steadily increasing, which in general testifies to the return to the banks of their former leading role in the renewal of the fixed capital of the real sector of the economy.

Financial investments of banks represent investments in securities and time deposits with other credit institutions. As the Russian financial market develops, investments in government and municipal securities, derivative securities (derivatives), as well as new financial instruments (transforming securities) are becoming increasingly important.

Banks' production investments are bank investments in economic activity enterprises and organizations. Such investments can be carried out in the form of equity participation in the capital of an enterprise in the real sector of the economy, implementation of joint activities. Such participation is carried out by the bank, as a rule, in the financial sector, where the object of investment can be legal entities operating using the financial resources of the bank (leasing and factoring companies, investment funds, insurance companies, non-state pension funds, depository and clearing institutions, etc.) etc.).

The development of the bank's investment activities in this area can, together with the presence positive aspects(diversification of activities, development of new markets, etc.) carry a whole range of additional risks. In this regard, the activities of commercial banks in this area are associated with a number of additional legislative and regulatory restrictions.

Investments in their own activities, as a rule, include investing in improving the material and technical base of the bank and its organizational level. The implementation of such investments is justified only if the logical result of such investments is an improvement in the bank's rating position in the Russian and international markets, an increase in the efficiency of operating activities, an expansion of the client base and the level of customer service.

The development of forms of investment by credit institutions in the global economy proves the need to develop a flexible investment policy of the bank that can effectively and quickly respond to changes in the macroeconomic situation, the choice of new forms and methods of investment. With regard to countries with economies in transition, the development of the main directions of investment policy is a serious problem that is the object of special consideration in the professional environment. Among the influencing factors, it is imperative to take into account the degree of openness of the national economy, the degree of its real integration into the world economy and the degree of development of institutional mechanisms.

Analysis of foreign experience in the development of investment schemes for credit institutions has led to the formation of two main models for building banking systems - segmented ("American") and universal ("German"). The main distinguishing features of both models are the specialization of credit institutions, the degree of their diversification and the strategy for the formation of their investment portfolios.

At present, it can be stated that, despite the ongoing process of development of the banking system in Russia, the scheme for constructing the financial system of our country on the basis of the German model is gaining greater influence.

The simultaneous development of the processes of specialization and universalization in the banking sector has led to the formation of a new type of banks operating in the investment sector and possessing the following features: a global nature of operations, the ability to attract significant amounts of financial resources, a diversified range of services provided in the investment sector, and the ownership of a large private management business. assets, merger with a network of small and medium-sized lending and brokerage institutions, the ability to provide a full range of related services in the investment field.

A characteristic feature of all investment activities of commercial banks is the presence in the invested funds of a significant share of borrowed resources, which makes the investment process for them much more dependent on the amount of profit received - the rate of return on capital invested. This feature can be noted primarily when compiling the characteristics of the modern investment process in Russia.

Secondly, it is necessary to note the risk factor as an integral part of the investment activity of commercial banks. Due to the significant dependence of banks on borrowed sources of funds, their investment activities are quite rightly subject to more stringent regulation both by the internal regulations of banks and by the regulations of the main regulator - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Thirdly, investments made by a credit institution must have a high degree of liquidity, i.e. the ability to be quickly converted into cash.

A certain inconsistency is inherent in this feature of investment operations - the actions of credit institutions in the field of investment investments are traditionally assessed using the “magic triangle” “profitability-risk-liquidity”, the main components of which have certain dependencies. So, with an increase in profitability, as a rule, the risk of transactions inevitably increases. Consequently, the choice of appropriate forms of investment should be made on the basis of the developed investment policy of the bank, which includes the development and implementation of a set of measures for the implementation of investment activities according to a certain list of efficiency criteria. The direction and nature of investment will depend on the choice of one of the types of investment policy - conservative, moderate and aggressive.

The active activity of the bank in attracting funds from the population is of particular importance, since thanks to this source of liquid resources, savings along the shortest path turn into an investment resource of the real sector of the economy are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - The process of transforming savings into investment resources

The relationship between investment and savings was investigated by J.M. Keynes and outlined in his work " General theory employment, interest and money. " The starting points in Keynes's theory are the following statements: “Although the total amount of savings is the cumulative result of the actions of many individual consumers, and the amount of investment is the cumulative result of the actions of individual entrepreneurs, these two values ​​should be equal, since each of them is equal to the excess of income over consumption ". According to J.M. Keynes, the equality of savings for investment provides a country with a stable economic development, therefore, it is advisable to fully implement the entire accumulation fund. Unfortunately, in our country, due to the underdevelopment of the mechanism for capitalizing savings, the latter are practically not involved in the investment process.

In the modern Russian economy, in the opinion of a significant number of domestic economists, there is currently a sufficient amount of potential resources that are not used for investment purposes and are thus excluded from the effective economic turnover (even conservative estimates indicate the possibility of a twofold increase in investment potential).

Russian commercial banks, at the same time, had quite a lot of attractive areas of investment, characterized by very high returns of tens and even hundreds of percent. In the current situation, the real sector of the economy cannot count on the growth of investments from the banking sector; in the opinion of many Russian economists, in particular S. Glazyev, in order to resolve this problem, it will be necessary to restrict market participants' access to highly profitable speculations.

Fourth, there remains a shortage of medium-term long-term resources in the structure of borrowed funds from credit institutions. Despite the positive dynamics of the growth of bank deposits, it is too early to talk about the restoration of full confidence of citizens in the banking system in the context of post-crisis development.

Fifth, the overwhelming majority of loans provided are still short-term in nature - this is due to the rather high demand of enterprises for such loans, and in the absence of effective investment instruments.

Domestic enterprises, possessing low rates of increase in profits (and, accordingly, their own funds), need to significantly raise funds to replenish the amount of working capital and solve current production problems in paying for the services of product suppliers, purchasing raw materials, paying for utilities, etc. ...

Sixth, it is necessary to include the government-led budgetary policy... In Russia, the budget surplus is not reinvested in the economy, but, in fact, is withdrawn from it, being used to service the state debt, as well as to build up official gold and foreign exchange reserves. This reduces the basis for self-financing of economic growth, which is made more dependent on the attraction of resources from outside.

The balanced development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy is hindered by the lack of a systemic development of the country's legislative framework, harmonizing the functioning and development of the modern economy.

Currently, the main disadvantage of the current banking legislation is the weakness of the mechanisms of responsibility for the assumed obligations at all levels of banking management. At the legislative level, such strategic principles of banking activities as protection of the interests and rights of investors, creditors, depositors are not fully ensured; prevention of crime in economic sphere related to the performance of suspicious transactions and transactions, as well as the establishment by unscrupulous persons of control over credit institutions; a system of preferential taxation of banking activities has not been created.

From the foregoing, it follows that the impact of the banking system on the economy at the present time continues to remain rather insignificant - this is expressed in the inability of existing financial institutions to become centers of transformation of the population's savings into an investment resource for the real sector of the economy. Banks are not yet able to ensure real cross-sectoral competition for attracting credit resources in the context of a sufficiently low effective demand of the population.

This can partly be explained by the poor financial condition of the final consumers of investment resources. In the context of a slowdown in inflation, its level remains relatively high in comparison with the profitability of the real sector of the economy, which is reflected in high interest rates and the inaccessibility of using bank loans for many manufacturers. This is also due to the weak capitalization of the banking sector.

systems and the imbalance of their assets and liabilities in terms of maturity, insufficient resources for long-term lending and high risks lending, the presence of imbalances in the distribution of capital: about 20 of the largest banks own 60% of all assets of the country and practically monopolize the banking market.

It should be noted that these are not the only problems, having solved which we can achieve activation of the investment activity of commercial banks. However, ignoring them, it is easy to interrupt all positive trends in the correlation development of the banking system and the real sector of the economy, turning them into stagnation.

In the short term, the main problems that have a serious impact on the regional banking system will be a low level of equity capital, a high proportion of short-term liabilities that make long-term investments impossible, as well as a high degree of dependence of the banking network on the state of affairs in the real sector of the Russian economy.

1.3 Assessment of lending and investment activities of commercial banks

The problem of introducing innovations into the activities of commercial banks has been relevant for a long time. As evidenced by numerous studies, a significant part of scientists tried to solve this problem from the standpoint of the actual implementation of certain types of innovations, that is, banking products.

However, no less topical issues related to the assessment of existing credit and investment innovations of banks were considered and discussed in a limited way.

At the same time, insufficient attention was paid to the study and disclosure of the relationship between the conceptual categories that characterize the process of assessing the credit and investment innovations of banks. This refers to the definitions "the effectiveness of credit and investment innovations of the bank" and "innovative activities of the bank."

Previous studies show that there is a direct relationship between the concepts of "innovative activity of the bank" and "the effectiveness of the innovative activity of the bank." At the same time, the research, operational and strategic components of the bank's innovative activities are highlighted / 9 / and the importance of their simultaneous development is emphasized as a benchmark for the overall economic result of its activities.

The relationship between these definitions is that the activities of the bank, regardless of the circumstances, should be aimed at a certain result.

In this case, the bank chooses an innovative mechanism on a credit basis. It is possible for a bank to achieve a certain level of efficiency in this activity if a number of conditions are met, which basically characterize the relationship between these categories.

The first condition is the research component, which is associated with the basic basis for the formation of the effectiveness of the bank's credit and investment innovations. The second and rather weighty condition is the motivational basis for the formation of the intended level of efficiency of innovative activity.

The relevance of the second condition lies in the fact that the bank makes an attempt to make a loan on the basis of the introduction of the principles of payback and efficiency. The operational and strategic components of the bank's innovative activities are the third condition for the relationship between definitions. It is these components that have the ability to implement the innovative idea and, as a consequence, lead to an economic effect, that is, an effective stage begins. As a result, the level of efficiency of the bank's credit and investment innovations depends on the quality of all the components that are involved in its emergence. So, the relationship between the definitions is established in such a way that without its presence, it makes no sense for a bank to master innovative technologies on a credit basis.

The importance of focusing innovative banking on the overall result and efficiency of the bank's activities is also confirmed by a critical analysis of research results. From the point of view of methodology, the following are important: determination of the main approaches to the strategy of introducing banking innovations in lending and investment activities; explaining the results of innovation and proving staff performance; development and implementation of innovative products and services in the work of the bank.

The task posed is a rather complex, but extremely important issue for today, which must be resolved, because powerful waves of financial crises have become proof that banks have not yet reached a sufficient depth of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation and do not have a systematic approach when adapting the mechanisms of their implementation. Therefore, it is advisable to start solving this problem with the interpretation of approaches to the basic strategies for the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations.

From the standpoint of a systematic approach, we consider the strategies for the implementation of bank credit and investment innovations as components of the overall strategy of the bank's innovative development. In turn, we interpret the strategy of innovative development in the plane of the general theoretical approach as the main direction of the bank's movement in the long term, the result of which is a decision on the need to initiate bank credit and investment innovations and their nature, as well as the necessary resources.

Of course, banks are distinguished by their intellectual potential, a set of specific principles and tools to achieve certain development goals. In addition, the external environment and additional opportunities for further consolidation and expansion of competitive positions in the market are different for each individual bank.

It is also necessary to take into account the natural results of the progress of science in the economy of the Russian Federation, as a result of which the processes of an interactive method of banking customer service are developing in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations of the bank. Innovative technologies that exclude direct communication between the bank and the client have found a large number of supporter banks. Therefore, the actualization of remote banking customer service technologies in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations in most domestic banks looks natural, therefore it is taken as the basis for defining basic strategies from the standpoint of introducing banking credit and investment innovations.

The conducted studies show that the basic strategies for the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations as a technology for remote servicing of bank customers have distinctive characteristics that are disclosed from the standpoint of the main content and possible result. Thus, the traditional strategy involves improving the quality of service on the existing technological base of the bank; opportunistic - characterizes the bank's orientation towards leading innovative technology known in the market and does not require high costs for scientific research; a simulation strategy means the purchase of a license by a bank with minimal costs for its own scientific research. With a defense strategy for introducing banking innovations, a commercial bank strives to keep up with others, without pretending to dominate, and with an offensive strategy, the bank strives for leadership in the market due to a high level of the innovation process.

The authors believe that from the point of view of measuring the economic efficiency of innovation processes in a bank, it is important to analyze additional financial flows generated as a result of the implementation of banking innovations, namely, innovations in credit and investment activities according to one of the above scenarios and the chosen basic strategy of implementation in the bank.

Additional financial flows generated as a result of the implementation of credit and investment innovations will be presented using the example of remote technologies for servicing clients through a system of indicators in Table 1.

Table 1 - Algorithm for assessing additional financial flows of commercial banks

Indicator	Algorithm	Algorithm definition
The amount of the initial financial flow after the introduction of innovations in the bank (IFP)	IFP = AXO + RSK + PR + SSV	AXO - administrative expenses RSK - expenses on customer accounts PR - other expenses TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
Total cost of ownership (TCO)	SSV = YR + NR	YR - explicit (direct) costs НР - implicit (indirect) costs
Explicit (direct) costs (YAR)	YR = L + B + OP + B + DO	L - licenses for the use of software for remote customer service technologies in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations B - implementation of the project technology OP - carrying out activities to train personnel B - maintenance of the introduced technologies DO - additional equipment
Implicit (indirect) costs (IO)	NR = TI + ZPP + DV	TI - technological change ZPP - salary of personnel involved in the implementation of innovations DV - additional payments(bonuses) to employees for overtime work
The amount of the input financial flow for the implementation of new remote customer service technologies (DLT) in the bank	WFT = OD + DRR + DPR	OD - operating income ДРР - income from resource allocation DPR - income from the sale of resources

Studies have established that profit from the implementation of banking credit and investment innovations can be obtained, firstly, by reducing costs, which will provide new technologies, and secondly, by increasing the bank's income. The reduction in bank expenses is measured both in time units and in financial terms and is associated with an increase in productivity and savings in time for performing bank operations.

As a rule, the increase in the bank's income as a whole occurs due to the expansion of the bank's client base as a result of effective customer service in the process of carrying out credit and investment operations.

It is advisable to pay attention to the problem of financing the cycle of introducing innovations. Research shows that a number of positive aspects in this case have an investment loan, which can be provided by the NBU for an innovative bank. This type of loan, on the one hand, has a sufficiently high-quality package of guarantees, and on the other hand, it provides for external control in order to ensure the efficiency of its use. The participation of the state in the innovative development of a commercial bank provides a positive impact on the entire financial sector of the country.

Thus, in the economic and social development of the country, the credit and investment activities of banks contribute to: accelerating the growth of the aggregate social product and its components - gross domestic product and national income; faster restoration and modernization of fixed assets of enterprises, thanks to the stimulation of the investment process in the form of capital investments, thereby improving the quality and competitiveness of services; productivity growth, etc.

Long-term loans also lead to an increase in effective investment demand in related industries. As a result, there is a multiplier effect of increasing GDP and national income. An increase in national income entails a change in tax revenues to the budget and an increase in the state's ability to implement measures provided for in the framework of socio-economic policy. Thus, the implementation of the policy of credit expansion, in addition to the impact on the money supply, affects other macroeconomic indicators.

2 Analysis of credit and investment activities of commercial banks on the example of Rusfinance Bank LLC

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the bank

Rusfinance Bank specializes in issuing consumer loans through a network of more than 18,000 partners (retail chains and car dealers) and its own regional network offices in 63 regions of Russia from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, and also provides distance loans through a contact center.

As one of the market leaders, Rusfinance Bank offers the most a full range of services in the field of consumer lending:

1) car loans;

2) lending at points of sale;

3) issuing credit cards;

4) providing loans in cash.

Rusfinance Bank ranks third in terms of the volume of car loans issued in 2013 (RBC.Rating) and is one of the five leaders in the consumer lending market at points of sale (Frank Research Group).

The Bank has high-level credit ratings from three international rating agencies: Moody "s - Ba1 / Aa1.ru (Outlook Stable), Fitch - BBB / AAA (rus) (Outlook Negative), Standard & Poor's - BBB- / ruAA- (Outlook Negative) Fitch and Standard & Poor's are investment ratings.

Rosbank and Rusfinance Bank are part of the group Societe Generale is one of the largest international financial groups that adheres to a diversified universal banking model that allows combining financial stability and sustainable development.

The Societe Generale Group was founded in 1864 and has over 154,000 employees in 76 countries serving 32 million customers worldwide.

The Group's activities include 3 main areas:

Retail banking business in France;

International retail business, specialized financial services and insurance with a presence in Europe, Russia, Africa, Asia and overseas territories of France;

Corporate and investment banking, asset management, high net worth and securities transactions.

General license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1792 dated 13.02.2013.

The location of the bank of the bank's head office is Samara, st. Chernorechenskaya, 42a.

Branch in e - st. Zwillinga, 68.

The governing bodies of the bank LLC Rusfinance Bank are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Management bodies of the bank LLC "Rusfinance Bank"

The general meeting is the supreme governing body of the bank, which makes decisions on the main issues of the bank's activities. At the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders held on June 1, 2013, the Bank's Annual Report for 2012, drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Financial Markets Service of Russia, and the Annual Report of LLC Rusfinance Bank, drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia, were approved. Decisions were made on the distribution of profits and the payment of dividends for 2012, an independent auditor of financial statements for 2013 and the first quarter of 2014 was approved, and a new version of the Charter of Rusfinance Bank LLC was approved (Appendix 1).

The current activities of the Bank are managed by the Chairman of the Management Board of the Bank and the collegial executive body - the Management Board of the Bank. The procedure for electing the Chairman of the Bank's Management Board and the Bank's Management Board is set out in the Bank's Articles of Association.

Among the issues discussed at the meetings of the Management Board in 2013: business planning; asset and liability management; adoption of an integrated risk management policy; the concept of managing subsidiaries and affiliates; classification of loans and advances to customers; changes in the organizational structure of the Bank; participation in charity events and other issues.

Rusfinance Bank LLC offers a wide range of products and services for individuals and small businesses: bank card issuance, consumer and mortgage lending, remote account management services, time deposits, money transfers, lending programs and settlement and cash services for small businesses.

Deposits of individuals remain the main source of attraction of funds for Russian banks. In 2013, the positive trends of increasing the deposit base by banks continued. Thus, the increase in the portfolio of individuals' deposits in 2013 amounted to 19.0% (in 2012, 20.0%, in 2011, 20.9%), and the increase in funds attracted from organizations amounted to 13.7% (in 2012 11.8%, in 2011 25.8%). As a result, the share of household funds in bank liabilities increased from 28.8% at the end of 2012 to 29.5% of liabilities at the end of 2013 (28.5% at the end of 2011).

In 2013, the active growth of the banks' loan portfolio continued. Thus, the portfolio of loans provided to individuals in 2013 increased by 28.7% (in a year - by 39.4%, in 2011 - by 35.9%) and amounted to 9,957 , 1 billion rubles.

The volume of the portfolio of loans provided to non-financial organizations increased by 12.7% over the year and amounted to 22,499.2 billion rubles. (growth in 2012 - 12.7%, growth in 2011 - 26.0%).

Thus, the share of loans to individuals in banks' assets continued to grow from 15.6% at the end of 2012 to 17.3% at the end of 2013 (13.3% at the end of 2011), and the share of loans to non-financial organizations decreased from 40.3% at the end of 2012 to 39.2% at the end of the year (42.6% at the end of 2011).

Along with the growth of the portfolio of loans to individuals, in 2013 the share of overdue debt in banks' loan portfolios to individuals increased from 4.0% to 4.4% (5.2% at the end of 2011). For loans to non-financial organizations, the share of overdue debt decreased from 4.6% at the end of 2012 to 4.1% at the end of 2013 (4.6% at the end of 2011).

Despite the slowdown in economic growth in 2013 compared to 2012 and increased competition from both the largest universal banks and actively developing monoline banks, Rusfinance Bank LLC significantly increased the volume of its retail loan portfolio and the portfolio of attracted funds from individuals and its share in the respective markets.

The retail loan portfolio of LLC Rusfinance Bank at the end of 2013 increased by 45.7%. The Bank's share in the retail lending market increased from 11.09% at the end of 2012 to 12.54% at the end of 2013.

Table 2, according to the accounting (financial) statements, presents the main results of the financial and economic activities of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011-2013.

Table 2 - The main results of the financial and economic activities of the bank LLC Rusfinance Bank for 2011 - 2013, in thousand rubles.

Indicators				by 2011 in%
Interest income, total, including:
From placing funds in credit institutions

Continuation of table 2

From loans to customers other than credit institutions
From investments in securities
Interest expenses, total, including:
On attracted funds from credit institutions
On funds attracted from clients other than credit institutions
For issued debt obligations
Net interest income
Net interest income after the creation of a provision for possible losses
Net income
Profit before tax
Profit after tax
Unused profit for the reporting period

In 2014, no major negative changes are expected in the Russian banking sector. The growth of lending, both banking and corporate, will continue, although the growth rates are likely to be lower than 2012-2013.

The excess of growth rates of retail lending over corporate lending will continue. The population will continue to be a net creditor of the banking sector, although the growth rates of attracted funds from the population will slightly slow down. At the end of the year, the growth of loans and deposits of the population is expected, both in real terms and relative to GDP.

2.2 Analysis of the bank's lending and investment activities

The priority line of activity for the banks of Rusfinance Bank LLC is to offer a wide range of retail banking products and services to the population and small businesses.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC continued to implement its retail business strategy, which is based on a customer-oriented approach to business development, aimed at increasing the quality of customer service in combination with the desire for higher profitability.

Currently, the product offer of Rusfinance Bank LLC is one of the widest on the market, it covers most of its segments and is able to satisfy almost any need of customers.

During 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC placed funds on the interbank market, increased lending to corporate clients, small businesses and individuals.

The volume of the loan portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC increased over the year by 34.08%, and the share of this type of assets (including reserves for possible losses) in the total volume of assets remained practically unchanged and amounted to 83% versus 86% as of January 1, 2013 ...

The change in the structure of the loan and equivalent debt for the reporting period is presented by the following data specified in table 3.

Table 3 - Structure of the loan and investment portfolio of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2012 - 2013

Indicators
Interbank loans and deposits
Loans to legal entities
Loans to individuals
Other allocated funds

From the data presented, it is obvious that the strategy of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the field of lending is consistent and did not undergo significant changes in the reporting year. Most of the outstanding loans are funds provided to customers - individuals.

Table 4 shows the sectoral structure of loans.

Table 4 - Sectoral structure of loans provided to corporate and individual clients-residents of the Russian Federation

Indicators
Loans to legal entities (including individual entrepreneurs), total, incl. by type of economic activity:
Mining
Manufacturing industries
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Agriculture, hunting, forestry
Building
Transport and communications

Continuation of table 4

Wholesale and retail, repair of vehicles, household goods and personal items
Operations with real estate, rental and provision of services
Other activities, incl. for completing settlements
Of the total amount of loans provided to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, loans to small and medium-sized businesses, of which:
Individual entrepreneurs
Loans to individuals, total, incl. by type:
Home loans
Mortgage loans
Car loans
Other consumer loans

Lending to the population is one of the priority lines of business of Rusfinance Bank LLC. This circumstance determines the structure of the loan portfolio, the main part of which (excluding transactions in the interbank lending market) was formed at the expense of loans provided to individual clients. As of 01.01.2014, the volume of loans to individuals reached 1,143.6 billion rubles, having increased by 44% in 2013. The largest increase was noted in housing loans (83%) and consumer loans (49%), in other areas of lending to individuals, the increase was - car loans (30%), mortgage loans (23%).

In 2013, more than 1 million consumer loans were issued in the offices of Rusfinance Bank for a total amount of 329.7 billion rubles, which is 29% more than in 2012.

The products of the line of cash lending of the population are distinguished by transparent financial conditions, short terms for consideration of applications, large limits and long terms of lending, a wide network of sales and service channels, as well as high quality of service.

The main tasks of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the consumer lending segment in 2013 were: ensuring the growth of sales volumes, profitability, as well as reducing the level of overdue debt. Also in 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC focused on working with corporate and payroll clients that demonstrate a lower level of credit risk, which had a positive effect on the profitability of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In order to ensure sales volumes:

There were promotions offering a reduced interest rate on loans for different segments of borrowers;

The target audience of clients has been expanded;

An offer was introduced for clients from the market with a good credit history;

In all regions, a project has been launched on a cash loan, which provides the client with the opportunity to receive an amount from one and a half to three times more than the requested one;

The Refinancing product has been modernized - the ability to refinance at Rusfinance Bank LLC, having a loan from another bank;

Pilot projects have been implemented to form pre-approved proposals on new, more attractive terms for clients.

To mitigate risks and the level of overdue debt in 2013, the Bank offered clients the opportunity to restructure debt.

Consumer lending products are provided in all regions of Rusfinance Bank presence.

The positive trends in cash lending will continue in 2014. The main goal for 2014 is to increase lending volumes and, as a result, to increase the share of Rusfinance Bank LLC in the lending market, primarily by optimizing internal business procedures associated with credit process, and offering new attractive financial products tailored to the individual needs of customers.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC became the leader in the car loan market in terms of portfolio volume and market share. At the end of 2013, the car loan portfolio amounted to 124.8 billion rubles. (+ 31% to the indicator as of December 31, 2012).

The volume of car loans issued in 2013 was 28% higher than in 2012, the increase in sales in units by 2012 was 32%.

In July, a government rate subsidy program was launched. At the end of 2013, the share of sales under this program exceeded 60%. A significant volume of loans under the state program led to a decrease in the average loan amount for the line, a decrease in the average loan term, and a decrease in the average interest rate on the portfolio. On December 31, 2013, the program was completed.

In October, Rusfinance Bank LLC increased its securitized portfolio from 13 to 18 billion rubles as part of the current transaction, which allowed Rusfinance Bank LLC to continue diversifying funding sources. Along with other tasks, the focus of attention in 2013 was the task of minimizing the level of arrears.

In 2013, within the framework of car loans Rusfinance Bank LLC launched:

New programs for the purchase of additional equipment, motor vehicles;

New service products: GAP-insurance, Auto-map;

New projects with car manufacturers Chevrolet (a brand included in the TOP-5 foreign cars in terms of sales in the Russian Federation), SsangYong, UAZ.

In the reporting year, the housing lending market continued to grow steadily at a pace comparable to 2012. According to the results of 2013, the volume of the housing lending market reached 2,765 billion rubles, showing an annual growth of 30%. Issuance volume mortgage loans at the end of 2013 amounted to 1,405 billion rubles, which is 1.3 times higher than in 2012.

Last year, the mortgage market showed an improvement in the quality of mortgage debt. Thus, during 2013, the level of overdue debt on housing loans decreased from 2.24% to 1.57%, which, among other things, was due to the growth of the market.

During the year, the development of the mortgage market was positively influenced by the high activity of its participants and increased competition, which contributed to a positive impact on the availability of mortgage loans for the population and the development of mortgage programs operating in the market.

The main trend in 2013 is a decrease in rates on the housing lending market. At the end of the year, rates decreased by 0.7%, reaching 12.2%.

The past 2013 was also characterized by a significant increase in the activity of financial institutions in the segment of lending to housing under construction. The demand for mortgages remained at a high level, the penetration of mortgage transactions into housing transactions grew. According to the estimates of ROSREESTRA and AIZhK, the share of transactions in the housing market with mortgages in 2013 approached 25% compared to 21% a year earlier. In the segment of housing under construction, the value of this indicator reached 40% or more, depending on the class of housing.

In 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC continued the implementation of all previously operating mortgage lending programs, revising and significantly improving the conditions for some of them to increase their accessibility to the population of Russia, as well as launched new programs and carried out a number of pilot projects.

In the reporting year, Rusfinance Bank LLC reduced interest rates on foreign currency and ruble loans. On loans in rubles, rates decreased by 1%, on loans in US dollars and euros, a single base rate of 9.5% was established, regardless of the size of the first installment and the term of the loan.

In the third quarter of 2013, Rusfinance Bank LLC launched a promotion for the purchase of housing in a new building at a rate of 11.5% per annum, which does not depend on the size of the down payment, without a supplement for the construction period for most new buildings.

The bank carried out a pilot project to reduce the interest rate for clients who received a mortgage decision from a competing bank. The rate reduction is no more than 0.31%.

In 2013, the acceptance of applications under the Mortgage with State Support program was limited and then stopped due to the completion of the program.

At the end of 2013, the mortgage portfolio of LLC Rusfinance Bank reached 483.5 billion rubles, demonstrating an annual growth of 46%. As of December 31, 2013, the mortgage portfolio consisted of 365 thousand active mortgage loans.

In 2013, the growth of lending to legal entities continued. The volume of this type of loan debt increased by 54% over the year and as of 01.01.2014 amounted to 210.4 billion rubles.

The growth rate of the small business segment of Rusfinance Bank LLC in 2013 exceeded the market growth by almost 3 times both in the field of lending and in terms of attraction products. The small business loan portfolio grew 1.35 times, providing a 10% increase in the entire loan portfolio. The volume of the small business loan portfolio as of 01.01.2014 amounted to 168.6 billion rubles. (including leasing). The volume of loans issued to small businesses in 2013 amounted to 143.9 billion rubles (including leasing), which is 1.2 times higher than the fact in 2012.

In 2013, the following activities were implemented:

A new platform for the Bank-Client Online remote service system was replicated - a modern technological solution that meets the basic needs of customers in increasing the efficiency and convenience of access to banking services and services, meeting the requirements for reliability, security and availability of the system. All the Bank's clients got the opportunity not only to conduct settlement transactions but also remotely purchase products and services;

To fully meet the needs of customers, the conditions and technologies of loan products have been optimized: product offers for targeted loans and overdrafts have been adjusted; a specialized program “Auto Dealer-Partner” was introduced; a system for quick credit decision making for the most promising clients was developed; on a regular basis, within the framework of promotions, customers are offered the most popular loan products on favorable terms;

In terms of settlement and commission products, new services have been introduced and the services have been optimized: urgent payments BESP (banking electronic system of urgent payments), which allow conducting customer transactions online, bypassing the trip system; the possibility of performing transactions with the establishment of a preferential conversion rate for clients of the priority segment of small business was provided;

The system of decision-making authority on credit and non-credit products has been optimized, which makes it possible to promptly form popular and timely individual offers to clients, making their experience of interacting with the bank convenient and comfortable;

The product line of bank guarantees has been updated - shortening the terms and significantly simplifying the mechanisms for providing guarantees within the powers of the territorial divisions of Rusfinance Bank LLC.

In 2014, Rusfinance Bank LLC plans to increase the portfolio of loans to small businesses by almost a third, and to increase the volume of small business liabilities by 20%. To this end, special attention will be paid to the competitiveness of the product offer, as well as the development additional services and new sales channels.

Within the framework of these tasks, the following are planned:

Further development of remote service for clients of legal entities:

Operation of the Bank-Client Online system with popular browsers, convenient integration with 1C, implementation of a service for working with electronic forms currency control and individual rates for buying / selling currencies;

Implementation of a full service for credit products in the system " Bank - Client Online ";

Comprehensive revision of the parameters of express loans, as well as implementation new system administration of sales in the standard segment of small business;

Building an effective cross-selling system based on an understanding of the potential and needs of each client;

Development of a product line with the ability to combine products and services and customize them to meet the needs of specific customers; introduction of additional opportunities for regular customers within the framework of comprehensive loyalty programs;

Development and optimization of lending technologies aimed at significantly reducing the credit cycle;

Launch of a new deposit line with flexible conditions, covering the basic needs of clients in placing temporarily free funds;

Transition to a new contractual system of small business services - introduction of a comprehensive settlement and cash services agreement, which will unite all services of cash settlement services and optimize customer service;

Qualitative improvement of customer service when making payments under foreign contracts - expanding the possibilities for supporting transactions by professional currency controllers;

Establishing relationships with foreign banks in order to attract short and medium term financing.

At the end of the reporting year, the total number of cards issued by Rusfinance Bank LLC increased by 12%.

The positive dynamics of the issue of payment cards is associated with the attraction of new customers, which was facilitated by the optimization and improvement of the services offered. During the year, Rusfinance Bank LLC was improving the services provided for existing cardholders through various marketing activities carried out in conjunction with payment systems.

Investment activity of banks is the implementation of investments, as well as all necessary measures and actions to translate these investments into income or positive effect of some kind (social, environmental, etc.).

Explicit or direct investment income is considered to be profit in the form of interest, dividends, etc.

Indirect income is the strengthening and improvement of the bank's position, its image, etc. This is expressed in the form of ownership of a controlling stake in an organization, which, in turn, gives the bank control over the management of this organization.

The objects for the investment activities of banks are various securities, newly created or modernized objects of circulating or fixed assets, objects of intellectual property, cash deposits, etc.

2.3 Evaluation of indicators of the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment operations

To ensure the stability of the banking system, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes a number of economic standards, i.e. certain coefficients with a given level.

Centrally established economic standards include the following indicators:

Capital adequacy ratio;

The liquidity ratios of the balance sheet of a credit institution;

Standards for limiting major risks in the area of ​​attracting and allocating resources.

By means of economic standards, firstly, the absolute and relative level of the credit institution's equity capital is regulated, secondly, the liquidity of the balance sheet, thirdly, the diversification of active and passive operations fourthly, the creation of centralized reserves by each credit institution to ensure the financial stability of the banking system as a whole.

To comply with economic standards, a system of analysis and control is being created in credit institutions. A group of analysts is engaged in such work, which develops special methods of analysis.

Analysis of economic standards is carried out in the following areas: comparison of the actual values ​​of the indicator with the standard; consideration of the dynamics of changes in the analyzed indicator; identification of factors that influenced the indicators.

At the first stage of the analysis, a table is drawn up that characterizes the actual level of economic standards in comparison with its limit value (table 5).

At the second stage, the compliance of each indicator with its normative level is checked.

At the next stage, a factor-based analysis of significant deviations is carried out. With a persistent negative trend, such an analysis is carried out for a number of dates in order to identify the causes of deviations.

Table 5 - Mandatory standards for the bank's activity, LLC Rusfinance Bank for 2011 - 2013.

Indicator	Coefficient	Standard
Bank's equity (capital) adequacy ratio
Bank instant liquidity ratio
Bank current liquidity ratio
Bank's long-term liquidity ratio
Maximum exposure per borrower or group of related borrowers
Maximum exposure to major credit risks
The maximum amount of loans, bank guarantees and sureties provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders)
Aggregate amount of risk by insiders of the bank
The standard for the use of the bank's own funds (capital) for the acquisition of shares (stakes) of other legal entities

The analysis of the state of capital is considered in conjunction with the analysis of the indicator characterizing the capital adequacy (H1).

(H1) is due to its two components: the amount of equity capital and the total risk of assets. The impact of these components on the regulatory ratio under consideration is the opposite: the capital adequacy ratio increases with an increase in the amount of equity capital and decreases with an increase in the risk of assets. The minimum value of the coefficient is 10% (for 2011 - 23.22%, for 2012 - 17.72%, for 2013 - 15.2%).

The analysis of liquidity ratios begins with the H2 indicator. Its level depends on the volume of the total amount of liquid assets (cash and assets up to 30 days) and the amount of liabilities on demand accounts and for a period of up to 30 days. The criterion level is 15% (for 2011 - 83.18%, for 2012 - 80.56%, for 2013 - 50.93%).

Along with the current liquidity indicator (Н2), in accordance with Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1, the bank's instant liquidity indicator (Н3) is introduced, which is defined as the ratio of highly liquid (cash and non-cash) assets to fast-moving demand deposits. The minimum allowable value is 50% (for 2011 - 115.1%, for 2012 - 103.01%, for 2013 - 73.01%).

The long-term liquidity of the bank is characterized by the indicator N4. It is calculated as the ratio of long-term loans (with a maturity of over one year) to the bank's equity and liabilities with a maturity of over one year. The maximum value is set within 120%. As of 01.01.2012 - 73.54%, as of 01.01.2013 - 78.04%, as of 01.01.2014 - 87.11%.

One of the methods of regulating the activities of credit institutions that have been developed recently. It is the limitation of large-scale risks. In this regard, Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1 provides for a number of indicators (N6, N7, N9.1, N10.1), with the help of which the maximum amounts of individual active, passive, off-balance sheet transactions are regulated by credit institutions.

The N6 coefficient characterizes the maximum risk per borrower, as well as a group of economically or legally related borrowers. It is calculated as the ratio of the total amount of loans issued by a credit institution to one borrower or a group of related borrowers, as well as guarantees provided to one borrower (a group of related borrowers) to the amount of the credit institution's own funds.

A bank with a larger amount of equity capital can increase the maximum loan amount issued to one client or a group of related clients. The maximum allowable value is 25% (for 2011 - 16.05%, for 2012 - 17.9%, for 2013 - 17.2%).

The H7 coefficient limits the maximum risk of all large loans. In this case, the total debt of one borrower or a group of related borrowers is considered large, taking into account 50% of the amounts off-balance sheet liabilities exceeding 5% of the equity capital of the credit institution.

This indicator is determined as the ratio of the sum of all large loans in the bank's portfolio to the volume of its equity capital. The criterion level is 80%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC were 47% in 2011, 79.98% in 2012, and 124.36% in 2013.

Coefficients Н9.1 and Н10.1 limit the maximum amount of loans, guarantees and sureties provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders). The indicator Н9.1 reflects the maximum risk per one shareholder (shareholder) of the bank; indicator Н10.1 is the maximum risk for its insiders, i.e. individuals who are either shareholders (have more than 5% of shares), or directors and board members, members of the credit committee, etc. and having or previously related to the issues of issuing loans.

Indicator H9.1 is calculated as the ratio of the aggregate amount of bank claims in rubles and foreign currency (including off-balance sheet) in relation to one shareholder (shareholder) to the bank's own capital. Cannot exceed: 50%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC for the entire analyzed period are 0.00%.

Indicator H 10.1 is defined as the ratio of the aggregate amount of claims (including off-balance sheet) of the credit institution in rubles and foreign currency in relation to one insider of the credit institution and related persons to the bank's equity capital. The value cannot exceed: 3%. As of 01.01.2012 - 0.86%, as of 01.01.2013 - 0.9%, for 01.01.2014 - 0.93%.

For the first time in Russia, an indicator is introduced that limits the use of a bank's equity capital for the acquisition of shares (stocks) in other legal entities. This indicator is Н12, calculated as the ratio of the size of the invested and own funds of the credit institution. Investing is understood as the acquisition by the bank of participation interests and shares of other legal entities. The maximum admissible value of H12 is set at 25%. The indicators of Rusfinance Bank LLC as of the reporting period were 0.01% as of 01.01.2012, 0.14% as of 01.01.2013, and 0.65% as of 01.01.2014.

Thus, based on the data presented, we can conclude that no indicator exceeds the maximum / minimum permissible value. And, therefore, there is reason to believe that today Rusfinance Bank LLC is a financially stable and prosperous Bank.

For a more complete analysis, we will calculate and evaluate the financial solvency ratios (table 6).

Table 6 - Indicators of the effectiveness of lending and investment operations of Rusfinance Bank LLC for 2011 - 2013

Continuation of table 6

Coefficient overall stability
Coefficient return on assets
Capital adequacy ratio
Capital adequacy ratio
Coefficient full liquidity
Rate of return on capital
Asset profitability ratio
Profitability ratio
The ratio of the share of profit in the bank's income

Thus, the instantaneous liquidity ratio (K1) makes it possible to estimate the share of the bank's liabilities, which can be repaid on demand using liquid assets of the “first priority”.

The level of earning assets (K2) shows what share of the assets is occupied by earning assets. Since almost all earning assets are risky, their extremely high proportion increases the bank's volatility and the risk of non-payments, both for current operations and for its liabilities. At the same time, the size of the earning assets must be sufficient for the bank to break even. It is considered normal if the share of earning assets is 65-75%, or lower, but provided that the bank's income exceeds its expenses.

The coefficient of general stability (K4) allows you to compare the multidirectional flows of interest received and paid by the bank, as well as income and expenses for all types of bank activities. For a bank to remain viable, the costs of operations and investments must be covered by the income received, and if they are not sufficient, then the bank can be described as ineffective. The value of the overall stability coefficient should not exceed 1.

The return on assets ratio (K5) allows you to determine the level of return on all assets. Low profit margins can be the result of conservative lending and investment policies and excessive operating costs. A high ratio of profit to assets can be the result of the efficient operation of the bank, high rates of return on assets. In the latter case, the bank may be exposing itself to significant risk. This is not necessarily a bad thing, as the bank is likely to be good at managing its assets, although potentially large losses are possible.

The capital adequacy ratio (K6) shows what share in the structure of liabilities is occupied by the bank's own capital. The higher its share, the more reliable and stable the bank is. The capital level is considered sufficient if the bank's liabilities amount to 80-90% of the bank's balance sheet total.

The full liquidity ratio (K7) characterizes the balance between the active and passive policies of the bank to achieve optimal liquidity. Moreover, liquid assets must exceed the value of the bank's current liabilities. On the one hand, this characterizes the bank's ability to pay off its obligations in the long term or in the event of bank liquidation. It also speaks about whether the bank spends the attracted funds (clients) for its own needs.

In addition, there are a number of coefficients characterizing the profitability and profitability of the bank.

The rate of return on capital. This ratio shows how effectively the owners' funds were used. The optimal value is 0.1-0.2. For our example, the values ​​do not fall into this interval, which means that the owners' funds are not used efficiently.

This ratio reflects the efficiency of bank management and shows how much profit was brought by one currency unit bank funds invested in assets, i.e. the effectiveness of the bank's placement of its own and borrowed funds. By correlating the profit with the value of the bank's assets, we can judge the effectiveness of the investment policy pursued by the bank's management.

In turn, the profit of assets is directly dependent on the profitability of assets (P3) and the share of profit in the bank's income (P4).

The return on assets is characterized by the activities of the bank in terms of asset allocation, that is, the ability to generate income.

Based on the data presented in Table 5, it can be concluded that the Bank can repay a share of the required liabilities on demand using available liquid funds.

Summing up the first section, we can say with confidence that Rusfinance Bank LLC is a reliable and stable bank and fully copes with its tasks.

3 Problems and prospects for the development of credit and investment activities of commercial banks

At present, the development of the Russian economy is taking place in conditions of extremely low lending and investment activity of the banking sector.

According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Table 7), investments were and continue to be made by Russian enterprises mainly at their own expense (profit, depreciation fund, etc.).

Table 7 - Sources of investment of Russian enterprises in fixed assets for 2010 - 2013

Indicators
	Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles		Amount, billion rubles
Investments in the main capital, including:
Own funds
Loans

Bank loan acts as the main form external financing for enterprises, however, the share of bank loans in sources of investment over the past four years has not exceeded 10%. This indicator is extremely low, despite the fact that raising funds from external sources allows you to speed up the process of organizing a new enterprise, to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, allows you to develop faster in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Banks, mobilizing funds of various volumes and terms, have the opportunity to make credit and investment investments in production in the amount and for the terms that borrowers need. However, there are a number of problems that hinder the effective and massive lending and investment activities of banks. As a result of the study, problems such as:

High interest rates on loans provided;

Low share of long-term lending;

Reduction of the share of investments in securities in favor of the loan portfolio, a small volume of the investment portfolio in the total volume of investments in securities.

Let's consider each problem separately.

1) The problem of high interest rates remained relevant throughout the entire history of the existence of the Russian banking system. It is the reason for the moderate growth in the activity of borrowers, leads to an increase in costs and a decrease in profits in the real sector of the economy. For banks, this is reflected in a significant limitation of opportunities for growth in the volume of activities and increased risks.

The average structure of the credit interest rate for the ruble loan portfolio of the bank is as follows: approximately 46% of the interest rate on the loan is determined by the availability of financial resources at the bank and their price. The remaining 56% of the interest rate is bank margin, and is formed under the influence of deductions to reserves, personnel costs, operating expenses, taxes and profits.

It is believed that high bank margins (or overestimated risks) are the key factor behind high interest rates on loans. but lending rates only in theory depend on these factors. The risk assessment and margin are formed according to the leftover principle - depending on what are the rates for providing liquidity from the Bank of Russia.

The most important factor is the amount of liquidity that the Bank of Russia provides to the market. If, at the current level of liquidity, the bank cuts rates, then it will run out of free resources very quickly. Banks in their interest rate policy are guided by the ratio of loans to deposits, which should strive for 100%, that is, the volume of loans should correspond to the volume of deposits.

Thus, the main reason for high interest rates is the lack of liquidity in the banking sector.

2) Long-term credit has an important role in the country's economy as a source of funds for the formation and improvement of fixed assets of the national economy. For banks, long-term lending is no less important - by issuing long-term loans, banks form a completely stable clientele, the need for frequent negotiations with clients disappears, and risk diversifies.

At the same time, when the received long-term loans are directed by client enterprises for re-equipment and reconstruction, their production expands and profitability increases, which is also a positive factor for the bank. The share of long-term lending by Russian banks is growing every year, but in 2013 it remained low and amounted to 41% of the total volume of loans issued.

For comparison, in the United States and Western Europe, more than 60% of loans provided are long-term.

To identify the reasons for the low share of long-term lending, let us consider the volume of deposits attracted by banks and issued loans in terms of maturity (Table 8 and Table 9).

The Bank of Russia statistics do not indicate the terms of loans to individuals, in this regard, the volume of mortgage loans issued is taken as the volume of long-term lending to individuals, since their maturity in most cases exceeds 3 years.

Table 8 - The total volume of attracted deposits (deposits) of individuals and legal entities by banks of the Russian Federation by maturity in 2010 - 2013, mln. Rub.

Term of deposits
poste restante
for up to 30 days
for a period from 31 to 90 days
for a period from 91 to 180 days
for a period from 181 days to 1 year
for a period from 1 to 3 years
for a period over 3 years

Table 9 - The total volume of loans issued to individuals and legal entities by the banks of the Russian Federation, the maturity of which exceeds 3 years for 2010 - 2013, mln. Rub.

Analysis of tables 8 and 9 revealed a fundamental discrepancy in terms of the terms of deposits and loans issued. In 2013, the volume of long-term loans issued amounted to 8,860,148 rubles, while the volume long-term deposits for the same period amounted to only 2,064,090 rubles. There is an obvious significant shortage of long-term resources in the banking sector, which brings us back to the liquidity shortage discussed above.

The situation is different in lending to small and medium-sized businesses. According to statistical agencies, about 62% of the current portfolio of loans to small and medium-sized businesses today are short-term loans, another 20% are loans with a maturity of up to three years. Banks, having a limited amount of long-term resources, offer them to the clients who seem to be the most important for the bank, and most often these are the clients of the corporate sector. For small businesses, banks reassure clients in this sector that their financial needs can best be met through short-term loans. Gradually, in the banking sector of Russia, the practice of issuing short-term loans to entrepreneurs who applied for a long-term investment loan with a promise to prolong the loan agreement has become widespread.

3) Despite the wide variety of banks' operations in the investment market, the banking sector of the national economy shows a tendency to reduce the volume of the securities portfolio in favor of the credit one. In 2013 the volume financial investments banks in securities amounted to 8,077 billion rubles. Investments in debt obligations prevail in the portfolio, accounting for about 70% of the total investment in 2013, while more than half of the debt securities of Russian banks are liabilities transferred without derecognition, that is, they are used as collateral for repo transactions. Investments in equity securities account for only 9.7% of the total investment.

Thus, the stock market for Russian banks is an auxiliary tool for purchasing securities from the Lombard list of the Bank of Russia and obtaining additional liquidity against their collateral, and the investment component of investments in securities is very small.

Investments in securities are a direct alternative to lending activities. The securities market is a more modern and efficient system for attracting resources by enterprises.

In developed countries, according to existing estimates, up to 75% of external financial resources come from the securities market, while in Russia bank loans remain the main source, and the stock market is an auxiliary tool for banks to obtain additional liquidity for issuing a larger volume of loans.

It is known that the stock market has a number of problems, such as underdevelopment, low investment attractiveness of a significant number Russian enterprises issuers, a wide range of risks, etc. Banks, in our opinion, can become the main driver of the stock market development and overcoming its existing problems. To do this, it is necessary to find a significant source of liquidity for banks, which will allow them to reorient their activities to stock market from the purchase of pledged securities for investment investments in order to generate income in the future.

Thus, the main problem of the lending and investment activities of Russian banks is the lack of liquidity.

In our opinion, the securitization of financial assets may become a significant source of liquidity. In economically developed countries, securitization is one of the main and most effective sources of resources for credit institutions. In the broadest sense of the word, securitization means a form of debt redemption. In banking practice, it means "the replacement of non-market loans for freely tradable securities, which entails the transfer of loan obligations to the credit institution that has carried out this." In a narrow interpretation, it is "a technique whose main idea is to write off financial assets from the company's balance sheet and refinance them by issuing securities on the international and capital markets."

Classic securitization is as follows. Banks (in international practice - originators) issue loans to individuals (borrowers), receiving mortgage loans as collateral for real estate, the rights of claim for which are sold to SPV (in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On Mortgage Securities", a mortgage agent). These banks create their own mortgages on the basis of mortgages or buy them from other credit institutions. These mortgages sold by the SPV form the collateral for the mortgage bonds it issues. To reduce the cost of issuing these bonds and to optimize taxation, the SPV is located offshore. From the proceeds from their placement, SPV pays for the acquired mortgages to the originator, who maintains the securitized assets, receives the receivables, manages them and, if necessary, ensures their collection in court. And the money received by the originator from the borrowers is transferred to the SPV for settlements with the investors, to whom the latter pays interest on mortgage bonds and the amount of the principal debt at a specified time.

In Russia, securitization began to be applied relatively recently and is underused. V last years more than 35 securitization transactions of Russian mortgage assets were carried out for the amount of more than 200 billion rubles. The main limiting factor hindering the development of the securitization market is the small number of systemic investors that create demand for mortgage and non-mortgage securities. There are only two of them in Russia - "State Management Company The Pension Fund RF "(Vnesheconombank), and" Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending ", while their funds for investment are very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the circle of systemic investors to attract private ones. An important step, in our opinion, can be attracting funds from non-state pension funds.

The cost of funding using securitization can be determined only after the placement of securities. At the same time, according to experts, the results of placements by other banks can be used as a guideline. As a result of the analysis of securitization transactions carried out by other banks, it can be concluded that the price of additional financial resources received by the bank will be approximately 7-8.5%. The calculation of transaction costs depends on various factors: the life of the portfolio, the volume of the transaction, etc.

A rough estimate is in the range of 0.4-0.8%. As a result, we have an average cost of funding approaching 8.35% per annum. For comparison, the cost of attracting household deposits by banks for a period of more than three years is approximately 9% per annum, which makes securitization a more profitable source of liquidity for banks. Additional funds can be used to reduce interest rates on loans, increase the volume of long-term lending, reduce investment in collateralized securities and increase the volume of investment in the stock market.

Conclusion

Banks are the dominant link in the country's financial system, which saturates the Russian economy with monetary resources. At the same time, they strive to maximize the level of efficiency of lending and investment activities by identifying priority investment areas.

The identification of the optimal ways of capital investment occurs in the process of modeling the bank's lending and investment activities, which necessitates the development of a methodology that will be aimed at assessing the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities.

Since the correct choice of the bank's lending and investment strategy and its effective implementation directly depend on the correct understanding of the purpose of this management tool, the definition of the essence of this concept requires a deeper study.

In the economic literature, the term "investment" means, as a rule, funds invested in securities for a long time. This is a theoretical reflection of real-life economic relations, since the mechanisms of investment in a market economy are directly related to the securities market. Also, the term "investment" means: all directions of placement of the bank's resources; operations for the placement of funds for a specified period in order to generate income. In the first case, investments include the entire range of active operations of a commercial bank, in the second - its urgent component.

The main directions of bank participation in investments are: investment of funds, both at the request of the client and at the expense of the bank, in equity participation, shares, securities; accumulation of funds by banks for investment purposes; provision of investment loans.

Commercial banks carry out their investment activities at the expense of borrowed, attracted or their own resources. Since banks form their resources by mobilizing their capital, customer savings and other available funds with the main purpose of their profitable and profitable use.

One of the most important sources of the bank's profit is lending activities. The emergence of bank lending is associated with the solution of a certain limitation. Building credit relations according to the lender-borrower principle would restrain the increase in the boundaries of the loan and its attractiveness for the subjects, because the organization of such relations would be much more expensive, slower, risky and more inconvenient.

The need to overcome these contradictions led to the development of financial intermediation as an activity to accumulate free money capital and place it among borrowers. Thus, the development of the bank's lending activities is not due to the emergence of a need for business entities for a loan, but is a logical continuation of the function of financial intermediation.

In the economic literature, there is no clear definition of the concept of "lending activities of a bank", most scholars identify it with the concepts of "lending activities of a bank" and "lending operations of a bank". The impossibility of identification is due, firstly, to the difference in their content, and secondly, due to the difference in the interpretation of the words "operation" and "activity", because the latter in a broad sense means the application of one's labor to something, work, occupation, activity, deeds, labor of people in any area, etc.

The study of the economic literature made it possible to formulate the definition of the concept of "credit and investment activities of a bank" as an activity that is carried out in accordance with the concept of the bank's development on the basis of a system of measures aimed at the effective use and coordination of available resources, technologies and competencies, taking into account the variability of the credit and investment climate in the country for the gradual achievement of the established goal of the bank's activities.

The implementation of the bank's lending activities consists of the following stages: the formation of credit policy; material and technical equipment of credit departments; software development; credit transactions; risk management of the bank's lending activities; analysis of the bank's lending activities.

In addition to interest expenses, to ensure the preparatory stages and the next functional stages of the bank's lending activities, considerable funds must be spent. Even for the implementation of each individual operation, not only credit resources are required, but also the provision of credit procedures for the consideration and support of credit projects, which requires financial costs for the maintenance of bank personnel and equipment. Therefore, with the additional inclusion of non-interest expenses in the calculations of the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities, the result may even turn out to be negative, despite the high profitability taken into account with the inclusion of only interest expenses. Also, in modern conditions, the principles of rational lending are of particular importance, requiring a reliable assessment of not only the object, subject and quality of collateral, but also the level of margin, profitability of credit operations and risk reduction.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities occurs mainly at the level of the ratio of the difference between interest income and interest expenses to the volume of assets involved for this. At the same time, carrying out all stages of the bank's lending and investment activities gives grounds to assert that interest expenses are only one component of the overall structure of the expenses of this activity.

Having studied the essence of the lending and investment activities of banks, the following conclusions can be drawn:

To effectively use the attracted resources, banks invest in securities. In order to obtain the maximum level of profit, highly profitable assets with an optimal level of risk and liquidity are bought;

The bank's lending and investment activities have developed as a continuation of the function of financial intermediation of banks;

To ensure the optimal level of credit and investment activities, it is necessary to ensure the formation of a credit policy, to provide credit departments with the necessary resources;

with the aim of effective lending and investment activities, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of lending and objectively predict the level of profitability of lending operations, to take measures to reduce credit risk.

In particular, for LLC Rusfinance Bank, the priority areas of lending and investment activities should be: lending to individuals and legal entities, as well as changing priorities for the composition of the securities portfolio.

To ensure the growth of the loan and investment portfolio, it is necessary to increase the volumes of the bank's own capital and deposits of individuals.

For LLC Rusfinance Bank, we can recommend to continue investing in securities and lending to legal entities. However, the share of operations with securities should not exceed 30-35% of the volume of credit operations, since they are less profitable.

To increase the loan and investment portfolio, we recommend increasing the volume of deposits of individuals. persons and liabilities, the volume of deposits of legal entities. This method of assessing the effectiveness of the bank's lending and investment activities can be used by the bank in the development and modeling of lending and investment activities.

List of sources used

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Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors determining the credit and investment potential of the banking system is the state of the money and credit market, the level of its liquidity. It is interesting to trace how closely interrelated in Russia is the M2 monetary aggregate and the amount of funds provided by credit institutions to their clients - individuals and legal entities in various forms. To do this, you can calculate the correlation coefficient, which helps to clarify the closeness of the relationship between the data series. Calculation of the correlation coefficient for the period 2010-2016 (Table 1), which is estimated at 0.978, showed a high degree of interdependence between the volume of bank lending, investment and the M2 aggregate, which characterizes the money and credit markets. This suggests that banks during 2010-2016. actively worked on redistributing cash and non-cash funds on accounts in the economy.

	М2 (billion rubles)	The amount of funds provided by banks to commercial organizations, individuals and other credit institutions
Coefficient correlations

The credit and investment potential of the bank is largely determined by the size and terms of attracted funds from the population, which should be directed, inter alia, for investment purposes.

2016 fiscal year characterized by a significant increase in volume bank deposits population - by 19%. At the same time, the share of household deposits amounted to 29.5% of the banking sector's liabilities. The volume of loans issued by banks also increased: in January 2012, their size amounted to 17,966 billion rubles, and a year later - 31,582 billion rubles. Thus, with an increase in the volume of household deposits in banks for the period 2012-2016. by 72.7%, the total loan portfolio of the banking system of the Russian Federation increased by 75.8%.

This testifies to the readiness to provide funds to the economy at a rate that outstrips their mobilization. Analysis of the relationship between the volume of funds deposited by the population in Russian credit institutions and the size of the aggregate loan portfolio of domestic banks from 2010 to 2016. carried out also through the calculation of the correlation coefficient, the size of which was 0.94. This confirms the obvious high degree of dependence of the credit investments of Russian banks on the volume of attracted funds from the population. However, a closer relationship between the volume of banks' investments and the monetary aggregate M2 suggests that the funds of organizations play an important role in the formation of sources of credit and investment resources.

Summarizing the correlation of the monetary aggregate M2, taking into account the aggregate portfolio of household deposits and the size of the aggregate loan portfolio of the banking sector, it can be argued not only about the availability of credit and investment potential of the Russian banking system, but also the fact that the mechanism for redistributing free funds of the population into the Russian economy through the banking sector in principle, it works, or rather, it works in its own credit section. However, it is difficult for lending capacity to develop in an unfavorable environment. The latter is an investment climate that has been discussed for more than 15 years, the problems of improving which are still urgent today. The investment climate is a more complex category than the lending and investment potential. Its formation depends not only on credit institutions, other spheres of business, the prevailing market conditions financial markets different scales and other things, but also on the monetary policy pursued by the authorities. At the same time, the required reserves are one of the most stringent instruments of monetary regulation. Mitrokhin V.V., Lukshina A.A. Instruments for maintaining sustainable development of commercial banks

Reservation rates are, among other things, set by the regulator for the inflow foreign capital into the national economy. The lower the reserve ratio, the higher the investment efficiency and the more attractive the economy is for foreign investors. The tightening of the requirements of the Bank of Russia since the beginning of 2011 reduced the investment opportunities and liquidity of banks. Even before the sanctions, it became unprofitable for non-residents - owners of capital to place capital in Russia due to the presence of high costs of various kinds, as well as low investment efficiency.

The third factor that determines the credit and investment potential of banks in terms of their own capabilities of credit institutions is the size of their own funds. It is also important from the standpoint of the level of economic development, as well as the investment climate, since ensures the reliability and stability of the development of banking and payment systems... The general trend in the development of banking systems over the past decade is the increase in banks' equity capital, the importance of which has been proven during the period of the global financial crisis. The growth of their own funds allows banks to increase the volume of lending to the real sector of the economy.

During 2013, the volume of banks' own funds increased by 14% to 6.975 trillion rubles, and in 2014 - to 7.1 trillion rubles, i.e. only 1.8%. This is due to the fact that at the end of 2012? The Bank of Russia made changes to the requirements for the size of banks' own funds (capital) and increased the burden on credit institutions in 2013. In this regard, banks began to actively increase their own funds in order to avoid violations of regulations, as well as to have the opportunity for further development. On the one hand, this is a positive fact in terms of assessing the credit and investment potential and investment climate. On the other hand, it confirms the high level of banks' passivity in taking care of their potential.

■ J w w w ^ w

Investment potential of the Russian banking system and factors of its increase

I'M WITH. Golyandr,

post-graduate student, professor Department of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya st., 149; e-mail: [email protected])

A.V. Penyugalova,

Dr. econ. Sci., Professor, Head of the Department of Economic Analysis, Statistics and Finance, Kuban State University (350040, Russia, Krasnodar, Stavropolskaya st., 149; e-mail: [email protected])

Annotation. The article examines three approaches to understanding the investment potential of banks: banking, market, relative. The authors identified and analyzed the factors that have a positive and negative impact on the banking investment potential. The factors that increase the investment banking potential include the growth in the capitalization of the banking system, the reliability of investments, the stability of the economic situation in the market, government support, and an increase in the volume of attracted savings of citizens to the banking sector. The negative factors include an increase in the cost of sources, an unfavorable investment climate, insufficient liquidity in the banking sector, and a decrease in the degree of investor confidence in the economy. The article discusses possible ways growth of bank capitalization and ways to strengthen the stability of the Russian banking system.

Abstract. This article covers three aspects of understanding economic potential of Russian banking system. They include banking, market and relative aspects. Authors determined and analyzed positive and negative factors that influence investments into Russian banking sector and their potential. Factors increasing the potential of investments in the banking system of Russian Federation include growth in the capitalization of the banking system, reliability of investments, economic stability, government support, and a rise in total deposits by the public sector. An increase in cost of capital, adverse investment climate, insufficient liquidity of the banking system, and lack of investors "confidence in the Russian financial system are among negative factors. The article focuses on possible ways to boost the growth of capitalization and to strengthen the stability of the Russian banking sector.

Key words: investment potential, banks, banking system, investment capital, investments, capitalization of the banking system.

Keywords: investment potential, investment capacity, banks, bank system, investment capital, investments, capitalization of a bank system.

In the development of investment activity of the state, the banking system and its participants play a significant role, in particular commercial banks, one of the activities of which is the formation and distribution of investment capital. One of the main tasks of the banking system is the redistribution of financial flows and the mobilization of capital.

For the stable development of the banking sector, in particular, and the country's economy, in general, a steady growth in the investment potential of the banking sector is required.

The investment potential of the banking system is one of the important factors in the development of the financial sector of the Russian economy. In modern science, several approaches have been formed to understand the investment potential of the banking system.

First, the banking approach, which characterizes the credit and investment potential in the context of the financial, economic and institutional conditions for the functioning of the banking system. According to this approach, the investment potential can be expressed by the sum of its constituent elements:

IPBSb = I SP b | + I IP to + I IP mbkP + I IP bst, (1)

where IPBSb is the investment potential of the banking system;

I IP B1 is the sum of the invested potentials of banks, I, where I is the number of banks in the banking system;

I IP k - investment potentials of corporations, which include banks,], where L is the number of corporations that include banks;

I IP mbkp - an increase in investment capital, taking into account the possibilities of bank capital flow, n, where N is the number of transactions on interbank capital flow (for example, the number of interbank loans);

I IP BST is the accumulated potential of the banking system as a whole (the attractiveness of creating new banks, government incentives and budget financing of the banking system, etc.), which can be assessed by experts, m, where M is the number of operations that form the accumulated potential of the banking system.

This approach helps to determine the size of the investment potential of the banking sector.

system, taking into account the increase in investment capital in the banking sector, government incentives for the banking system, an increase in the level of investment potential of banking corporations, the degree of interaction between investment banks.

Second, the banking investment potential can be described using a market approach, which accumulates the conditions for its increase from the point of view of investment consumers. The investment potential of banks from the standpoint of a market approach can be represented in the form of the formula:

IPBSr = I Us b + I Yb d + I UB ap + I US pt (2)

where IPBSr is the investment potential of the banking system;

I Us in: - the amount of long-term loans issued by the banking system, I, where I is the number of banks in the banking system;

I УЬ д - the total value of the debt securities circulating on the market,], where ^ is the number of debt securities on the market;

I Ub up - total market volume, and assessed value the over-the-counter market for shares and units, n, where N is the number of joint-stock and unit securities on the market (including the exchange);

I US pt is the total capacity of the market for financial derivatives, m, where M is the number of financial derivatives on the market.

Thus, the market approach, in contrast to the banking one, takes into account the sums of a number of market instruments: long-term loans, shares, shares, debt and derivative securities.

The potential difference calculated using two different approaches makes it possible to determine the real increase in the credit and investment potential of the banking system:

L IPBS = IPBSr - IPBSv (3)

Thirdly, there is a relative approach, according to which the factors influencing the investment potential of banks are divided into two categories: increasing and decreasing its value.

The factors that increase the investment banking potential include the strengthening of the process of capitalization of the banking system, the reliability of investments, the stability of the external environment, and government support.

Among the factors that have a negative impact on the investment potential of banks are: an increase in the cost of sources of formation of funds of commercial banks, an unfavorable investment climate, insufficient liquidity of the banking sector, and a decrease in investor confidence in the banking system.

Using the relative method, it is possible to assess the dynamics of the impact of the

and other factors to change the investment potential of the banking system:

PI = 1 (x1; x2; xs; x4) / d (x5; x5; xy) (4)

where 1 (...) is a function of factors that have a positive impact on the investment potential;

d (...) is a function of factors that have a negative impact on the investment potential.

Analysis of the dynamics of factors that have a positive and negative impact on the investment potential allows us to identify the further development of the credit and investment potential of the banking system.

To enhance the investment potential of Russian banks, it is necessary, in particular, to increase the level of capitalization of the banking system, the stability of the economic situation on the market, and the growth of capital in the banking sector by increasing the volume of attracting savings from citizens.

The growth in capitalization of funds of the banking system, in other words, an increase in the equity capital of commercial banks, strengthens the stability of the banking system and creates the basis for long-term banking investments.

It is advisable to consider the factors affecting the capitalization of the national banking system, dividing them into factors of the macro-environment, meso-level and micro-environment (Figure 1).

According to Figure 1, the components of the macro environment are general economic indicators of the state as a whole, such as market conditions and its elements, political and social stability of the country, which affect the level of capitalization of individual commercial banks. The reasons for the growth or decline in the level of capitalization at the meso-level are elements of the banking system and its infrastructure. Within this level, the degree of capitalization can be influenced by: the state of the banking sector, its infrastructure, as well as the policy of the CBRF and the state in relation to the banking segment of the economy. Microenvironment implies the activities of the directly considered commercial bank and its internal mechanisms of work, which include the goals and objectives set for the organization, ways to achieve them, costs and risks associated with their implementation.

Analyzing the capitalization of the country's banking system, it is necessary to study the structure of equity capital of the Russian banking system and the factors of growth and decline in the capital of the banking sector, which are shown in Figure 2.

The very structure of the banking sector's own funds is presented in Table 1.

Rice. 1. Factors affecting the level of capitalization of the Russian banking system.

Fators. affecting the GSPD level at

fact-Dpy pcirra capital

onini factors? capital

Rajuep of the authorized kaltala

Subordinated

Increase in the value of property due to gerevaluation

Non-material a<глвы

Own purchased shares (shares)

Sources of proprietary * funds, the definition of which is used

lower sources of additional capital

Credit investments

Оr ^ NI ^ aTIONS B 5 (_ | II [participation shares)

Rice. 2. Factors of growth and decline in equity capital of the banking system of the Russian Federation.

FINANCE OF THE STATE AND ENTITIES

UDC 336.71 DOI: 10.18413 / 2409-1634-2016-2-4-53-61

Kostrovets L.B. Kirizleeva A.S.

CREDIT AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF BANKS. REGIONAL ASPECT

[email protected] org

GOU VPO "Donetsk State University of Management", st. Chelyuskintsev, 163a, Donetsk, 283015

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To create and maintain banking institutions in a stable state, it is necessary to effectively manage all cash flows, which is reflected through the management of financial instruments reflected in assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet claims and liabilities. Financial instruments that are valid in the present, past and future, including off-balance sheet claims and liabilities, are received or paid by banking institutions in the future, which directly affects the results of operations and financial condition. The article reveals the features of effective banking; the indicators that affect its effectiveness are investigated; the analysis of the functioning of commercial banks is carried out in terms of their main quantitative and qualitative indicators; the relationship between regional features and the credit and investment activities of banks, their impact on the effective functioning of banks in different regions is considered; the analysis of the location of commercial banks on the territory of Ukraine is carried out. Key words: banking systems; banking efficiency; profit; asset and liability management; banking investments; regional features; credit and investment activity; region

Larisa B. Kostrovets Alisa S. Kirizleeva

CREDIT-INVESTMENT POTENTIAL OF BANKS. REGIONAL ASPECT

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University of Management"

163a Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [email protected] State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Donetsk State University of Management" 163a Chelyuskintsev St., Donetsk, 283015, [email protected]

To create and maintain the banking institutions in a stable condition all cash flows must be managed efficiently, which is reflected through the management of financial instruments, which are recognized in the assets, liabilities, off-balance sheet claims and liabilities. Financial instruments, which are applicable in the present, past and future, including off-balance sheet assets and liabilities, banking institutions receive or pay in the future, that directly affects the results of operations and financial condition.

The article examines the peculiarities of efficient banking operation, as well as the indices influencing its efficiency. It also analyzes the functioning of commercial banks of Ukraine by their main quantitative and qualitative indices; examines the connection of regional peculiarities and crediting and investment activity of the banks of Ukraine, their influence on efficient functioning of banks in different regions. The article also analyzes the location of commercial banks on the territory of Ukraine.

Keywords: banking system; efficiency of banking operation; profit; assets and liabilities management; banking investments; regional peculiarities; crediting and investment activity; region

General formulation of the problem. In all countries, regardless of the economic system and the method of organizing public relations, the banking system plays a major role. It is not in vain that the banking system is often compared to the circulatory system of the state economy. After all, it is she who provides the economy with the required amount of financial resources, supplying the free movement of capital, settlements of business entities, lending to the economy, as well as the performance of a number of other functions and tasks. It is hard to imagine a developed state economy without a developed banking system.

In the context of today's rapid development, the banking system of Ukraine is one of the most developed elements of the economic mechanism, since its reform began earlier than other sectors of the economy, which was determined by the key role of banks in solving the problems of transition to a market economy. It is banking institutions that play the main role in creating an optimal environment for concentration and free movement of capital, piling up funds for restructuring the economy, privatization and development of entrepreneurship.

Each region of Ukraine is distinguished by economic, natural, social, transport, geographical

features that are important when organizing banks, their branches and offices, and implementing credit and investment

activities in general.

The study of regional features of the formation and use of credit and investment potential is important not only for banks, but also for the entire banking system. This is due to the fact that the regional component of the development of each bank is the most important. Considering it, banks can increase the volume of their activities and increase profits.

Analysis of recent research and publications. It is important to understand what the banking system as a whole is and its efficiency, to which scientists have paid much attention. Lavrushin O.I. describes the banking system as follows: “The banking system, first of all, is not a random variety, a random

a set of elements. ... It expresses the properties characteristic of itself, in contrast to other systems operating in the national economy. The specificity of the banking system is determined by its constituent elements and

relations developing between them. "

Lavrushina O.I. in the textbook notes: "The banking system is a necessary set of banks, non-banking institutions and banking infrastructure, which are in close interaction with each other and ensure its sustainable development."

“When analyzing the effectiveness of the banking system, the impact of specific features of the state on the activities of banks is usually taken into account: the structure of the economy, the nature of the

macroeconomic policy, the specifics of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, other features ", - says A. Novikova. ...

Baburina N.O., points out that: "the credit and investment potential of the bank is the ability of the bank to carry out credit and investment activities, due to the availability of appropriate resources: financial, labor, technical, technological, and the like."

It is necessary to take into account regional peculiarities when developing a strategy for lending and investment activities of the entire bank, individual divisions, as well as when implementing a credit and investment policy in a particular region.

Credit and investment problems

the activities of Ukrainian banks in the regional context have been studied by many scientists.

A detailed analysis of the features of regional lending activities was carried out by Yu.M. and Sribna K.A. They identified the main problems complicating the provision of loans to entities

entrepreneurship.

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of effective banking; analysis

functioning of commercial banks of Ukraine in terms of their main quantitative and qualitative indicators. Studies of regional features of credit and

investment activity, impact

regional factors on the location of banks and their implementation of their activities and functions. The relevance of this issue arises in the context of the financial crisis, which negatively affects banks, borrowers, as well as investors.

Presentation of the main material. Substantiation of the results obtained. When analyzing banking performance, the impact of

specific features of the country for the work of banks. These include, for example, the structure of the economy, the nature of the macroeconomic policy pursued, the specifics of structural and institutional reforms in the financial sector, and other features.

affecting the level of efficiency of banks - this is the ownership structure in the banking system, the main changes in operating activities, the share of the bank in the deposit market, the capitalization of banks, etc.

In addition to the above approach, calculations are used that interconnect efficiency with indicators of the structure of bank assets and liabilities and some types of operations.

Profit is the performance of income and expenses

the main indicator of the bank. The difference between a commercial bank

makes up his financial profit. It is the indicator of financial profit (i.e., excluding the payment of taxes and the distribution of residual profit) that characterizes the efficiency of a commercial bank.

All types of analysis are based on indicators, which include profit, bank assets, financial result, as well as the number of registered banks in the analyzed period and other indicators.

The data of the National Bank of Ukraine show that in 2014 there were 163 banks in the country, including 51 banks with foreign capital (19 - with 100% foreign capital). The main indicators of the banking system are presented in the table. According to the NBU data, the share of foreign capital in the equity capital of the banking system has slightly increased over the year and amounts to 32.5%.

Key performance indicators of Ukrainian banks

Main indicators of Ukrainian banks

Year Number of registered banks Bank assets, UAH mln. Loans issued, UAH mln. Equity capital, UAH mln. Obligations, UAH mln. Regulatory capital, UAH million Net financial result, UAH mln.

2007 175 599 396 485 368 69 578 529 818 72 265 6 620

2008 184 926 086 792 244 119 263 806 823 123 066 7 304

2009 182 880 302 747 348 115 175 765 127 135 802 -38 450

2010 176 942 088 755 030 137 725 804 363 160 897 -13 027

2011 176 1 054 280 825 320 155 487 898 793 178 454 -7 708

2012 176 1 127 192 815 327 169 320 957 872 178 909 4 899

2013 180 1 278 095 911 402 192 599 1 085 496 204 976 1 436

2014 163 1 316 852 1 006 358 148 023 1 168 829 188 949 -52 966

The main indicators of the development of both the country's economy as a whole and the banking system of the second tier are both the value of the country's gross domestic product and, accordingly, the balance of commercial

banks. Let's analyze in dynamics over ten years the GDP and assets of Ukrainian banks (Fig. 1. Dynamics of development of indicators of GDP, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks).

Rice. 1. Dynamics of development of indicators of GDP, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks Fig. 1. Dynamics of GDP, assets and net income of Ukrainian banks

For ten years, the level of the country's gross domestic product amounted to UAH 1,566,728 million. in 2014, which is 3.55 times more than in 2005. But due to the economic crisis, the level of this macroeconomic indicator decreased in 2009 by UAH 34,711.00 million. compared to 2008. Considering the dynamics of the development of commercial banks, it can be noted that the active operations of Ukrainian banks increased by 1,101,843.07 mln. UAH. or 6.16 times, which is more than twice the growth of the country's GDP. Similarly to the trend of decreasing the level of the country's GDP in 2009, there was also a decrease in the balance sheet of banks by UAH 45,160.72 million. or 1.06 times.

Despite a significant increase in the assets of commercial banks, over ten years of the banking system operation, four years out of ten commercial banks, the purpose of which is to maximize profit, in their financial statements showed a negative financial result - a loss (2009 - -38 449.81 million UAH, 2010 - -13 026.59 million UAH, 2011 - -7 707.54 million UAH, 2014 - - UAH 52,966.51 million). The most significant consolidated loss of banks was observed in 2014. It is necessary to note a negative trend in the state of the banking system of Ukraine: over ten years, if we calculate the total contribution of commercial banks to the country's economy - in aggregate, the financial result for ten years, then the banks had a loss of UAH 85,485.84 million. The most

large financial institutions of the country not only do not bring significant revenues to the revenue side of the budget, but also give rise to risks of disrupting the stability of the credit system of the entire country, loss of assets of bank customers.

Using different methods of liquidity management, a banking organization seeks to find a rational ratio of assets and liabilities, which could provide an appropriate level of profitability and not jeopardize the bank's ability to meet its obligations.

Asset and liability management is carried out in different ways, while all three are used in today's practice.

Until the 60s of the last century, the management of banks used mainly the management of only active operations. The method is based on who is the first to provide credit resources and on what terms. This approach could not bring maximum profit, since, on the one hand, the bank refuses to manage the attracted funds and, therefore, from the influence on their value, and on the other hand, a significant part of bank assets must be in highly liquid form to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity , which ultimately leads to a decrease in income.

In the 1960s and 70s, the banking sector eventually came to the conclusion that it was possible to manage liabilities as well. Advantage

is to increase profitability, in the possibility of greater accuracy in forecasting the need for liquid funds. In order for the bank to have the required volume, structure and level of expenses on passive operations, they resorted to price and non-price methods of managing the funds raised.

The big disadvantage of this method is that funds are attracted without taking into account the effectiveness of various directions of their placement.

The new approach to managing assets and liabilities is that both income and expenses make up the bank balance, and therefore, due to the reduction in the level of costs (the liability management approach), the desired level of profitability is achieved to the same extent as during receipts from active operations.

Thus, the efficiency of the work of commercial banks depends on many factors, both external and internal: political, economic, social

the situation in the country, as well as quantitative indicators of banking,

rationality in the management of existing funds.

The primary task, which must be solved primarily at the macro level, is to make decisions to stabilize the country's economy, create conditions to strengthen the reliability of commercial banks in order to prevent the loss of assets, savings, and welfare by legal entities and individuals.

Each region has its own, characteristic only for it, features that affect the lending and investment activities of banks. These features can be structured and grouped into separate groups.

We will substantiate each group and type of regional features that affect the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Ukraine.

Political features.

Political stability in the region_

It is characterized by stable political relations between various political groups, parties, and the like. Political stability affects economic relations, contributes to the development of the economy, incl. banking sector, in particular lending and investment activities.

The level of interaction of regional authorities with state authorities

Effective interaction of the regional authorities with the state authorities makes it possible to have constant support from the central government.This makes it possible to ensure economic growth in the region, including through the formation and use of credit and investment

banks' potential

The level of interaction of regional authorities with entrepreneurs

With effective interaction between the regional authorities and entrepreneurs, additional

opportunities for economic growth, which cannot be achieved without active credit and investment activities of banks. Regional authorities have always tried to have good relations with

banks to provide financial prospects for the development of the region

The level of interaction of the regional authorities with the population

The interaction of the regional authorities with the population makes it possible to ensure the stability of socio-economic development. The population of the region is voters, and, therefore, the regional government is trying to have positive relations with the population, which also has a good effect on the credit and investment opportunities of banks in

Rice. 2. Political features affecting the lending and investment activities of regional banks in Ukraine Fig. 2. Political considerations that affect the credit and investment activities of the regional banks in Ukraine

Organizational and managerial features.

1. Confidence of individual investors and borrowers. Positively or negatively affects the terms and volumes of deposits, credit loans to individuals and legal entities.

2. Location of banking institutions in the region. The greatest concentration of banks is in large and medium-sized cities, where the formation of financial flows, income and expenses of business entities and the population takes place.

3. The presence of different groups of enterprises. Banks are created mainly where large and medium-sized, as well as small enterprises, which are the main consumers of resources, are located.

4. Professional skills of banking personnel. The success of the formation and use of credit and investment potential depends on the effective performance of credit managers, on their professionalism.

Social features.

In regions with a large number of unemployed, problems arise with the formation of credit and investment resources, the number of borrowers decreases, the population uses less banking services. With sufficient demand for labor resources, there are more opportunities for the population regarding the growth of their own incomes, savings and the use of bank loans.

The propensity of the population to use borrowed funds

Affects the ability of the population

act as individual investors, in particular, invest free funds on deposits in banking institutions in the region. Income

population significantly affect their ability to be borrowers of banks in the regions.

The population of richer regions has a greater tendency to use borrowed funds than the population of depressed regions. Although there are some specific differences in this issue related to the employment of the population.

Level of social conflicts

The level of the population's ability to pay in the region

Social conflicts reduce the stability of the region, negatively affect the economic relations of various

subjects, in particular the population and business structures. Often social conflicts are associated with uneven distribution of resources, income, failure to comply with the requirements of labor and civil legislation of the country.

The higher the level of solvency of the population in the region, the more opportunities for economic growth, and, consequently, the conditions for increasing the credit and investment potential of banks. The population's ability to pay stimulates the demand for goods and services, which supports the supply. This

stimulates production, which cannot be without the use of credit resources. With sufficient

the solvency of the population in the region, conditions are being formed for the growth of savings, which is also an important stage in the formation and use of the credit and investment potential of banking institutions

The level of social guarantees and social protection in the region

The high level of social guarantees and social protection in the region significantly reduces labor migration of the population, contributes to a more active use of credit resources by the population. Fulfillment of obligations to comply with social guarantees and ensuring social security of the population enhances the credit and investment potential of banks, contributes to the effective formation and use of credit and investment resources.

Rice. 3. Social features affecting the credit and investment potential of commercial banks

in the regions of Ukraine

Fig. 3. Social features that affect the credit-investment potential of the commercial banks in the regions of Ukraine

Demographic features: population density in the region, the number and proportion of the able-bodied population, the age and gender factor, the proportion of the local and rural population, the level of education,

qualifications and professional characteristics, the level of population growth (reduction), the level of mechanical migration of the population.

Financial and economic features.

Resource base of banks in the region

Financial and economic features

Economic activities that prevail in the region

The resource base of banks in the region depends on the availability of the population and legal entities, the level of income of the population and business entities, the state of development of the stock market, and interest on deposits. The resource base of banks in the region significantly affects the formation of credit and investment potential.

The level of profitability of enterprises

The growth in the level of profitability of enterprises makes it possible, on the one hand, to more reliably provide conditions for repayment of loans and to form their own investment strategy, on the other hand, the growth in profitability encourages enterprises to use only their own funds, reducing the amount of borrowed financial resources.

Availability of real collateral for economic entities to obtain loans

Therefore, it is necessary

a more optimal ratio between the types of economic activities that need credit and investment resources, and those types that are suppliers of financial resources for the banks themselves.

Volumes and structure of financial flows in the region

A significant part of the population does not have or does not want to use the existing property as collateral. Legal entities that rent

fixed assets, practically do not have their own property, and therefore they have

problems with collateral, which affects the reality of obtaining bank loans. Lack of collateral or illiquid collateral does not make it possible to stimulate the lending and investment activities of banks.

The volume and structure of financial flows affects the credit

investment activity through the formation and use of the resource base of banks.

The cost of bank loans on the regional credit market.

Cost of loans in the regional credit market

depends on interbank competition, the general credit policy of banks, the cost of financial resources that are attracted by banks in the regions. The cost of loans significantly affects the interest

clients in the use of credit resources. Therefore, there is every reason for banks in the regions to adhere to more real interest rates, which are related to the level of income in the region.

Investment climate of the region

Favorable investment

the climate stimulates the growth of the number of investors and real borrowers. The growth in the number of investors stimulates competition between banking and non-banking institutions in relation to lending and investment activities, which provides conditions for increasing the size of the lending and investment potential of banks.

The level of competition between banks for the resource base and borrowers

In the pre-crisis period, a big struggle for customers had already begun between banks in the regions, that is,

individuals and legal entities. The financial and economic crisis has somewhat changed the direction and pace of this struggle. But competition between banks at the regional level will intensify, which will negatively affect those banks that have an insignificant network, inefficient bank employees.

Rice. 4. Financial and economic factors of influence on the credit and investment activities of banks in the regions of Ukraine Fig. 4. Financial and economic factors affect the credit and investment activities of banks in the regions of Ukraine

Natural and geographical features.

1. Natural and geographical risks affecting the credit and investment potential of banks: risks of flooding of settlements; earthquake risks; flooding risks; risks of frost, droughts, showers; risks of other disasters.

2. The presence of natural and geographical restrictions on the implementation of certain types of economic activity. For example, the impossibility of mining coal, growing flax, logging in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

3. Lack (availability) of natural resources affecting the livelihoods of the population and the production activities of enterprises. Thus, metallurgy develops where there are places where ore and coal are mined; mechanical engineering gravitates towards metallurgy enterprises.

Legal specifics.

1. Level of implementation of legislation in the region. Compliance with laws contributes to a favorable investment climate,

an increase in the number of enterprises.

2. The level of criminalization in the region. The growth of criminal cases in the region reduces the likelihood of banks' lending and investment activities in this area, since there are threats both for banks and borrowers.

3. The level of shadowing of the economy. Almost all regions are to some extent involved in the shadow economy. The growth of the shadow sector and the participation of banks in it is inevitable, which negatively affects the credibility of banks.

4. The level of corruption in the region. The growth of corruption inhibits the development of entrepreneurship, reduces public confidence in the leadership of the region.

All these features significantly affect the lending and investment potential. The greatest influence is exerted by political, financial, economic and organizational and managerial features.

Thus, for the implementation of an effective credit and investment

activities, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the regions that directly affect the functioning of banking institutions.

Before the crisis, consumer lending of the population prevailed in the regions of Ukraine, to a greater extent mortgage - for the purchase of cars and housing by individuals.

At the same time, banks began to lend less to Ukrainian car manufacturers and construction companies. This is one of the main reasons for the lending and investment activities of Ukrainian banks. Therefore, the state should take appropriate measures to support its own producers in lending to individuals. That is, to provide soft loans only when the loan funds are spent on the purchase of national goods.

manufacturers.

Each territory has its own specific characteristics, and this is the reason for the differences in the credit and investment potential of each region.

Considering the geographical location of banking organizations, one can see that most of them are located in Kiev and some large cities.

Kiev takes the first place in terms of the number of located banks. Why are many banks opening in the capital? There are several reasons: in Kiev, there are all government agencies that play a huge role in ensuring economic activity; Since the beginning of the formation of an independent country, Kiev has mobilized the main financial flows, which is very important for banks; the capital of Ukraine has collected most of the main offices of the largest domestic and foreign companies; in Kiev there is a great opportunity to influence all regions; the population in the capital differs from the population of other regions in the higher level of personal finances.

The city of Dnepropetrovsk ranks second in terms of the number of banks. This region has 15 banks, of which the largest is PJSC Privatbank. During the financial crisis, only one bank was liquidated. The reason for the creation of banks in this city is that it is a large industrial center that needs massive financial resources.

The third place is taken by the city of Kharkiv, where 11 banks are located. There is one powerful bank among them. Explain the presence of a large number

banking institutions can be the same factors as in the city of Dnepropetrovsk. The region needs its own banking institutions due to the presence of large enterprises and economic ties with Russia.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions belongs to Donetsk. 10 banks have been established in the city, 2 of them belong to the group of the largest. Donetsk is a large city with a developed industry and economic ties with other countries, in particular with Russia. During the financial crisis, not a single bank was liquidated.

In fifth place - Odessa - 9 banks. Odessa does not have large banks, despite the fact that it is a large industrial and transport center. Several seaports are located around the city, providing transport links with many countries of the world.

Lviv ranks sixth in terms of the number of banks. There are 5 banks founded in the city, including one large and one that underwent liquidation during the financial crisis. The city has no industrial significance, despite the fact that significant industrial enterprises are located here.

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Larisa Borisovna Kostrovets, Rector, Doctor of Economics D., associate professor

Kirizleeva Alisa Salavatovna, Associate Professor of the Department of Financial Services and Banking, Ph.D. D., associate professor

Larisa B. Kostrovets, Rector, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor

Alisa S. Kirizleeva, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Financial Service and Banking

1. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO FORMATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT AND CREDIT POTENTIAL OF A COMMERCIAL BANK

1.1. Investment and credit potential of a commercial bank: concept, essence and significance in the macro- and microeconomic environment.

1.2. Factors determining the level of investment and credit potential of a commercial bank.

1.3. Methodology for assessing the investment and credit potential of a commercial bank.

2. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE INVESTMENT AND CREDIT POTENTIAL OF THE BANKING SYSTEM OF RUSSIA.

2.1. Analysis and assessment of the development of the Russian banking system in the context of instability.

2.2. Assessment of the size and efficiency of use. the credit potential of commercial banks.

2.3. Methods for increasing the credit and investment potential of the banking system of Russia.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES AIMED AT INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INVESTMENT AND CREDIT POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN BANKING SYSTEM.

3.1. Improving the efficiency of using the credit potential of commercial banks.

3.2. Direction of investment and credit potential to priority distribution channels by sectors of the economy.

Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Formation and assessment of the investment and credit potential of commercial banks in the context of financial instability"

The relevance of the topic of the dissertation research is that the conditions for the formation and use of the investment and credit potential of commercial banks are currently complex and contradictory. The global financial crisis has led to a significant increase in risks in the banking sector. At the same time, special hopes are pinned on commercial banks for lending to the real sector of the economy; there is a particularly acute shortage of financial resources at the regional level. In these conditions, it is relevant to determine the volume of bank resources that can be used to carry out credit operations, incomplete use of credit potential can lead to a drop in the profitability of banking operations. At the same time, carrying out lending operations in excess of the lending capacity will lead to liquidity problems.

The active development of the national economy in the post-crisis period requires more and more investments of investment resources, which contribute not only to the restoration of production processes, but are also directed by economic entities for modernization and the formation of new enterprises in various sectors of the economy.

It is important to note that in 2009-2010. The Russian government pursued its economic policy without including anti-crisis measures related to the support of the economy by the state; therefore, the main burden of financing the economy fell on commercial banks, which are the main donors of enterprises in the real sector of the economy. However, due to a number of peculiarities of the activities of domestic banks, both external and internal, they cannot cover the needs of the economy in significant and long-term funds.

Currently, financial investments are carried out by enterprises mainly at their own expense. But as practice shows, the internal sources of investment of enterprises - self-financing from development funds, emission resources - are low-intensive (especially taking into account the crisis state of a significant part of Russian industry). In developed countries, the bulk of investment in the economy falls on investment and pension funds, insurance companies, which have the longest resources. In modern Russian conditions, these institutions are underdeveloped; therefore, the main role in the investment process should belong to commercial banks.

In the context of macroeconomic instability that persisted for most of the period of market transformation, Russian banks were objectively deprived of the opportunity to provide enterprises and the population with long-term investments and loans due to the fact that they did not have the financial ability to provide such services.

The formation of the investment and credit potential of the Russian banking system in the 90s was influenced by the conditions of the transition economy, which was formed in the country as a result of the breakdown of the authoritarian political regime and the principles of centralized management, and which was characterized by a tough monetarist course of monetary policy, which led to an extremely narrow monetary base. and - as a result - to non-payments, the use of monetary surrogates, barter, which negatively affected the formation of the resource base for bank lending.

However, over the past few years, statistics have recorded an increase in the share of attracted long-term resources, which are the source of investment and lending operations of banks. This situation is a consequence of the policy pursued by the Bank of Russia aimed at increasing the confidence of the population of our country in the banking system. In this regard, today in the loan portfolio of domestic banks there is an increase in loans for more than one year.

On the one hand, the increasing role of banks in the investment and credit process and, on the other hand, the difficult conditions for the formation of the resource base of banks predetermined the need for a theoretical study of the investment and credit potential of commercial banks capable of providing medium and long-term investments, and the factors influencing it.

The most difficult obstacle, which banks have not been able to overcome for a decade now, is the formation of a long-term resource base and low capitalization, which leads to the inability of banks to provide sufficient investment and credit support to enterprises and the population of our country.

Another major problem is the effective use of the credit potential of the banking system and the development of new forms of lending. Various methods of lending that have recently become widespread in the context of the crisis have led to a significant increase in credit risks. Therefore, at present, the necessary "importance is acquired by the processes of practical approaches to the formation of investment and credit potential and the development of methodological foundations for its assessment, taking into account all possible factors that affect its value.

The degree of elaboration of the problem of dissertation research.

Theoretical issues devoted to the theory of lending and bank investment are considered in the works of R.G. Asadov, E.B. Gerasimova, T.N. Danilova, L.P. Krolivetskaya, O.I. Lavrushina, G.G. Korobova, S.A. Mitsek.

The main approaches to the formation of the bank's resource base and methods of its management are presented in the works of A.B. Bernikova, V.V. Kiseleva, E.A. Krivolevich, V.V. Manuilenko, A.B. Minaeva, A.V. Murycheva, V.M. Usoskina.

The issues of investment and credit potential of commercial banks are studied in the works of: Yu.A. Babicheva, I. T. Balabanova, L.G. Batrakova, V.A. Gamzy, I.V. Dun, N.E. Egorova, O.I. Lavrushina, I.O. Markin, I. N. Rykova, G.S. Panova, K.P. Tagirbekova and others.

The authors define the essence of the credit or investment potential of banks, identify the factors that determine the ability of banks to provide financial support, make attempts to form methodological approaches to assessing the potential of a bank.

However, despite the fairly wide coverage of this issue in the literature, science currently needs additional research, since the issues related to methods for assessing investment and credit potential, taking into account the entire set of factors affecting its value, have not yet been resolved. In addition, scientists still cannot agree on the issue of investment and credit potential, identifying this concept with the resource base of banks and not taking into account such factors as liquidity and reserves.

The relevance and insufficient degree of scientific elaboration of the problems of formation and assessment of the investment and credit potential of banks determined the need for further developments on this issue, and, consequently, the choice of the topic, goals and objectives of the dissertation research.

The aim of the thesis is to develop methodological approaches to the formation of investment and credit potential of banks in the post-crisis recovery and an algorithm for its assessment, taking into account all the forming factors.

The realization of the goal required the solution of the following tasks:

In order to clarify the concept of "investment and credit potential", to determine its role in the macro- and microeconomic environment of its manifestation;

Determine the set of factors that form the investment and credit potential, assess their relationship with the size of the financial potential;

To develop methods for assessing the investment and credit potential of the bank, based on taking into account all the identified factors, to determine and group the estimated coefficients that make it possible to draw a conclusion about the level of development of the resource base of a commercial bank;

Analyze and assess the investment and credit potential of domestic banks;

Identify the sources of growth in the investment and credit potential of Russian banks and assess them;

To develop ways to increase the investment and credit potential of commercial banks in Russia.

The object of the research is the banking system.

The subject of the research is the totality of relations in the process of forming the investment and credit potential of a credit institution.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies in the development of a concept for the formation of investment and credit potential, aimed at increasing the efficiency of credit institutions and the multiplying effect of investment resources in the real sector of the economy.

The increment in scientific novelty is as follows:

1. The essence of the investment and credit potential of a commercial bank is revealed, which is defined in the methodological approach and is expressed through the differences between the bank's resource base and the relationship with liquidity and reserves, which made it possible to determine the close relationship of investment and credit potential with the bank's resource base, but this category is only its constituent part.

2. Scientifically substantiated and determined the classification of factors that determine the value of the investment and credit potential of the bank, as the main external factors> highlighted: the state of the money, stock and credit markets; the level of required reserves and the regime for using the required reserves; regulatory norms of the Bank of Russia; internal ones include: the size of the bank's equity capital; net equity; the size of the attracted resources and the structure and stability of the attracted resources, as well as mathematically proved the degree of interdependence of the identified factors with its value.

3. The set of coefficients that assess the state of the bank's resource base and the quality of the bank's investment and credit potential has been determined. On the basis of assessments of the resource base, approaches are proposed to assess the investment and credit potential, the use of which depends on the peculiarities of the bank's development and the degree of diversification of its liabilities.

4. The sources of increasing the investment and credit potential of the bank, which are the most effective in the conditions of economic instability of the post-crisis recovery of the banking system, have been identified, and the most acceptable sources for various groups of banks have been identified.

5. An algorithm for the formation of investment and credit potential has been developed, including: factors affecting the level of credit potential of the banking system, the main forms of lending to the real sector of the economy, as well as the procedure for calculating the amount and efficiency of using the credit potential of the banking system.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the dissertation research was the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of domestic and foreign scientists dedicated to the formation of investment and credit potential, the resource base and the development of the banking system.

The information base of the study was composed of regulatory documents regulating credit, deposit and savings relations in the Russian Federation, statistical data of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Rosstat, credit institutions, analytical and rating agencies.

The dissertation uses various methods and techniques of comparative and statistical analysis, as well as dialectical principles for the study of economic phenomena and processes.

The practical significance lies in the fact that the research results can be used in the scientific substantiation of the issues of improving the use of the investment and credit potential of the banking system. The proposed methodological approaches are of direct practical importance, contribute to an increase in the efficiency of the banking system.

The research results were tested during the development of training courses "Banking", "Finance and Credit", "Money, Credit, Banks" of the All-Russian State Tax Academy of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Association of Regional Banks.

Publications. The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research were reflected in 5 works with a total volume of 2.5 pp, incl. 3 articles in leading scientific journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, including eight paragraphs, conclusion, bibliography, appendix.

Conclusion of the thesis on the topic "Finance, money circulation and credit", Vasiliev, Oleg Vladislavovich

CONCLUSION

The research carried out in the dissertation made it possible to draw a number of theoretical and practical conclusions, which formed the basis for the development of approaches to assessing the investment and credit potential of banks and directions of its increase, taking into account the entire possible combination of factors that determine its value.

It should be said that in the process of Russia's integration into the world economy against the background of the globalization of economic activity and the increase in the volume of sales of services in developed countries, the study of the world experience of credit banking services with the aim of applying it in our country is of particular relevance. With the transition to a market economy, the content of the activities of banks as enterprises of a special kind is fundamentally changing, increasing the competitiveness and creating a market for credit services, developing the concept of an integrated approach to the sale of banking services to corporate and private clients. In this regard, we can say that the entire burden of financing the national economy falls on commercial banks, both in the medium and long term.

Investment and credit potential of a commercial bank is defined as part of its resource base, which can be used for lending and other active operations. Therefore, the issues of managing the resource base and the formation of investment - credit potential become important issues, the solution of which is proposed in the dissertation work.

Based on the theoretical studies carried out in the work, it was concluded that the investment and credit potential is one of the main factors that determine the policy of a commercial bank, since it is the investment and credit potential that determines the quantitative boundaries of the bank's credit policy (limits, control figures for lending), and , thus, limits the ability of the bank to carry out lending and investment operations. Also, the investment and credit potential affects the interest rate policy of the bank, since its interest rate is not only the very fact that its resources are paid, but also the ratio of supply and demand for credit resources. With a stable demand for loans and a relatively small share of free resources, the bank's interest rate increases, in the opposite situation it falls.

Investigating the factors affecting the value of investment and credit potential, the work determined the degree of influence of each of the factors, and concluded that each of them should be contained as a variable in the model for assessing investment and credit potential. As a result of calculations, the work proposed two assessment approaches, each of which can be applied in practice depending on the specifics of the bank's activities and the degree of diversification of its liabilities.

The need to take into account various factors in the approaches to assessing the investment and credit potential predetermined the study of the sources of its growth in commercial banks in Russia at the present stage. As a result, it was concluded that in the conditions of instability in the economic development of Russia, banks mainly form their investment and credit potential at the expense of equity capital, the source of which is the authorized capital, profit and subordinated loans. It was determined in the work that each of the sources of growth in equity capital has a prevailing importance depending on the cluster of banks, so if banks with state participation increased their equity capital using subordinated loans, then small and medium-sized regional banks carried out this increase due to recapitalization of profits ... In addition, in the dissertation work, it was concluded that the basis of the investment and credit potential of domestic banks is the funds of individuals, the volumes of which are increasing every year.

The process of increasing investment and credit potential is impossible without management, the purpose of which is to increase the credit and investment opportunities of Russian banks.

To manage the investment and credit potential of a commercial bank, a model is proposed that contains a comparative analysis, a grouping method and economic and statistical methods. To develop a model, an information base was formed in the work, which includes:

Time series of certain types of funds of investment and credit potential;

Classification of funds of credit potential by amounts, terms, groups of clients;

Determination of the stable part for each type of funds of investment and credit potential;

The nominal and real price of funds of investment and credit potential (taking into account adjustments for taxes, required reserves, etc.);

The weighted average price of funds of investment and credit potential.

The value of the funds that form the investment and credit potential is of great importance in the work. The cost of the loan should correspond to the assumed (calculated) degree of risk.

The formation of prices for banking services is determined by the action of factors characteristic of a market economy: supply and demand, the state of the conjuncture in the commodity stock and foreign exchange markets. The price arising from a credit transaction cannot be a monetary expression of value, but is the price of the use value of the funds lent. The ratio of supply and demand does not play any role in this. I b

The interpretation of the percentage by Western researchers reveals a different approach. Among the various types of prices used by commercial banks, a special place is occupied by the interest rate - nominal and real (market). Investments and savings depend on the rate of interest; it serves as an indicator of the interaction of the financial and commodity markets.

Macroeconomic and aggregate indicators taken into account in the model make it possible to determine the stock of credit and investment operations that can be used in the medium and long term.

Thus, in the work it is determined that the development of lending and investment will be facilitated by the practical application of a model for increasing investment and credit potential, the use of financial instruments, the creation of a system of credit bureaus and the introduction of a model for determining the individual effective interest rate of consumer lending.

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