1. "My family's budget: budget structure, income, expenses, dynamics"

2. “Calculation of the consumer basket of a family and its comparison with the minimum consumer basket»

3. "Opportunity Cost: Comparison of Savings and Purchases on Credit"

4. "Alternative cost: solving the problem of replacing incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps within the school"

5. "Opportunity: use bank deposits and risk "

6. "Opportunity: stocks, bank deposits, bonds"

7. Financial mathematics: credit

8. Financial mathematics: savings deposits

9. Financial mathematics: interest

10. Financial mathematics: discounts

11. Financial Mathematics: Bonds

12. Financial mathematics: stocks

13. Using the derivative in economics: research of demand functions

14. Use of a derivative in economics: firm economics

15. Application of functions in economics: supply and demand models

16. Application of functions in economics: price elasticity of demand

17. Application of functions in economics: economics of the firm

18. Application of functions in the economy: budget line (line of budget constraints)

19. Application of graphs in economics: firm costs, revenues and profits

20. The use of graphs in the economy: the structure and dynamics of the budget of the Russian Federation

21. Evaluation of the profitability of purchasing goods on credit

22. The structure and dynamics of the RF GDP

Comments:

1. "My family's budget: budget structure, income, expenses, dynamics"(describe family budget, draw up a table, calculate the budget structure and build diagrams, build graphs of the dynamics of income and expenses)

2. "Calculation of the consumer basket of a family and its comparison with the minimum consumer basket"(describe the consumer basket, draw up a table of the consumer basket using the example of a family, compare logically and graphically the basket of a particular family with the minimum consumer basket)

3. "Opportunity Cost: Comparison of Savings and Buying on Credit"

4. "Alternative cost: solving the problem of replacing incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps within the school"(calculate and substantiate the profitability or unprofitableness of replacing incandescent lamps in the premises of a school (enterprise, institution) with energy-saving ones)

5. "Opportunity Cost: Use of Bank Deposits and Risk"(describe and justify possible options saving and accumulating money and their alternative cost; to answer the question is it profitable to keep money in the bank)

6. "Alternative cost: shares, bank deposits, bonds"(describe and justify the opportunity cost of using different financial instruments)

7. Financial Mathematics: Credit(application of mathematical calculations in credit relations, complex and simple interest, favorable loan)

8. Financial mathematics: savings deposits(application of mathematical calculations when using bank deposits, term deposit, deposit with the possibility of replenishment)

9. Financial Mathematics: Interest(application of calculations with interest, Bank loan, inflation and real income, risk)

10. Financial Mathematics: Discounts(application of mathematical calculations in the development of a discount system)

11. Financial Mathematics: Bonds(application of mathematical calculations when calculating the yield of a bond)

12. Financial Mathematics: Stocks(the use of mathematical calculations when conducting transactions with shares, determining the profitability of a share)

13. Using the derivative in economics: examining the demand function(consider the demand functions, describe the application of the derivative of the function in solving supply and demand problems, the inflection point of the demand function)

14. Using a derivative in economics: economics of a firm(the use of the derivative in the calculations of the firm's economy, costs, revenue, marginal costs, optimal output)

15. Application of functions in economics: supply and demand models

16. Application of functions in economics: price elasticity of demand

17. Application of functions in economics: economics of the firm(Cost, revenue and profit functions)

18. Application of functions in the economy: budget line (line of budget constraints)

19. Application of graphs in economics: firm costs, revenues and profits

20. The structure and dynamics of the budget of the Russian Federation

21. Assessment of the profitability of purchasing goods on credit

22. Structure and dynamics of the RF GDP

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Performed:

Savchenko Alina

Pupil 10 "A" class

GOU Lyceum No. 000

Supervisor:

Dean of FDO NRU-HSE (St. Petersburg)

Petrodvorets 2011

Introduction

Chapter 1 "Museum in modern world»

§1Museum world

§2Museum for man

§3New roles

§4 Marketing Issues

§5Specifics of product promotion

Chapter 2 "Museum budget"

§one. Funding for museums

1.1 Government funding

1.2 Extrabudgetary

§2 Distribution of income

§3 Price policy

§4 Problems of the functioning of the museum

Conclusion and conclusions

Applications

Introduction

There is no doubt that the role of museums in the life of society is great. These cultural organizations are not just collecting items. The museum represents values ​​that are disappearing in society, and can draw attention to those constant universal values ​​that are threatened by modern progress. He distinguishes these values ​​from others, emphasizing their importance as heritage for maintaining the continuity and continuity of culture. The museum is a source of knowledge and enrichment of the spiritual world of man. From early childhood, the author enjoyed visiting various museums, and last year he even managed to work as a tour guide at the Peterhof State Museum-Reserve. In the course of a close acquaintance with these cultural institutions, some questions of an economic orientation related to their activities began to arise, to which the author is going to answer in his research.

The object of the research will be the museums of Russia, which have been going through a difficult transition period... The fact is that there was a departure from the system of state planning and museums had to take responsibility for their future. This happened at a time when, due to the economic difficulties experienced by the population, and the decrease in the number of visitors, confidence in the future seemed lost. Recently, our country has been living in conditions market economy... The processes of transition to a market in Russia have already affected the sphere of culture. Indeed, even works of art, which are the basis of many museum collections, are increasingly viewed not only as spiritual, but also as commercial values. More and more attention is paid to the development of the cultural sphere, in turn, this development is closely intertwined with many processes and phenomena of the economy, therefore this study is relevant.

The purpose of the work, in the conditions Russian Federation, determine the main parts of the budget of museums and identify the "points of contact" "of the processes of museum activities with elements of economic analysis.

Main tasks:

1. Assess the role of the museum in human life

2. Analyze the financing mechanism of these institutions, as well as various options for the distribution of the funds received.

3. Reveal the specifics economic activity museums.

5. Determine what is the product of the museum

6. Identify the main problems of museums, of an economic nature

Chapter 1 Museum in the Modern World

Time does not stand still, epochs replace each other, society develops: the mores and preferences of people change, which requires the museums to make appropriate changes, some adaptations. The museum is like a living, dynamically developing organism, transforming and improving for a comfortable existence in the modern world, while Russian museums feel the wind of change to a greater extent. (An excursion into the history of Russian museums in Appendix # 1)

§1 Museum world

The museum world of our country is, first of all, about 2.5 thousand museums of the system of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, in which more than 80 million storage units are concentrated, about 70 million people visit them annually. Most full list museums of the USSR was published in 1990 (Museums of the USSR. Reference book. Compiled by. I. M., 1990). In 2001, the "Russian Museum Encyclopedia" was published, which reflects the current situation... Below is a list of the main types of museums and a diagram compiled by the author based on it. According to the data presented in the diagram, one can judge the diversity of museums and their quantitative ratio in relation to the given typology.

List of the main types of museums:

Artistic Historical

Architectural Memorial

Local history Literary

Natural science

Science and technology

§2Museum for man

Currently, interest in museums does not fade away, these custodians of the spiritual and material wealth of the people, as before, are even popular. According to statistics: in 2008, 1854 museums were visited by 77 million people - 54% of the country's population. But why do people visit museums, what benefits do these institutions bring to society? Before answering these questions, you should introduce a few concepts:

First of all, you need to know that a need is a lack of something to support the life and development of a person and society, to meet needs, a person uses benefits, while services are benefits provided in the form of activity.

According to the level classification of needs, created by the famous American psychologist A. Maslow, the services provided by the museum, first of all, lead to the satisfaction of the spiritual needs of a person (the need for knowledge, self-expression ...), although in some cases satisfaction can also occur socially (needs in communication, in social connections ..) and even prestigious needs (the need for recognition, success ..) (Appendix) levels of needs according to Maslow)

Thus, when visiting a museum, a process of spiritual consumption takes place. Spiritual consumption - This is a special type of activity, where the means to achieve the goal are, on the one hand, material opportunities, on the other - the relevant knowledge and skills (to get to the museum, you need to be able to get a pass or ticket.)

The features of spiritual consumption are as follows:

· can be used multiple times;

· spiritual values ​​in the process of consumption do not disappear, but enrich the spiritual world of a person;

· the process of spiritual consumption is also a process of spiritual production.

The products of cultural institutions are various services provided by them in accordance with their mission. For the museum, the main services are exhibition activities, i.e. presentation and interpretation of collections, as well as educational work, namely: excursions, lectures, children's and youth studios, seminars, conferences, etc. It is interesting that the services of museums, according to experts, they have an important qualitative originality. Unlike, for example, household services that increase the size of the population's free time, cultural services contribute to the absorption of this free time, filling it with significant spiritual and aesthetic content.

The classification of services and the improvement of their accounting is an important problem in all countries of the world. Among the many principles of classification of services, the classification of F. Lovelock (Appendix 3) is of particular interest. According to this theory, the main thing in the classification is who (what) the services are aimed at and are they tangible or not. From this classification it follows that the museum belongs to the 3rd class, which means that the services it provides are intangible actions aimed at human consciousness.

From the point of view of economic theory, most of the services provided by cultural organizations are public goods. Unlike private goods, the consumption of such services is accompanied by external effects, that is, the benefit from the use of cultural benefits is borne not only by the people participating in this process, but also by other groups of the population or society as a whole. For example, after visiting a museum, a person has information that affects the quality of his work (a visit by an art teacher to an art museum). Thus, an increase in the level of education, an increase in the spiritual potential of society, etc., can act as external effects in the sphere of culture.

The projects of society in the future are based on the personality and orientation towards its creative potential. However, the following features are already characteristic of the modern society to some extent:

· Maximum use of human potential, its creative and informational capabilities;

· Priority of non-materialistic values; a shift from the unrestrained growth of material and energy consumption to an increase in information consumption.

The cultural potential of Russia and its influence on the development of human potential can be considered as the main factor in the development of the country. The cultural potential of Russia is multifaceted - it is, of course, libraries and theaters, numerous museums, monuments of history and culture, as well as high culture and its carriers, personnel working in the field of culture, etc. spiritual component. Spiritual culture is a very influential force in our time. This is something that every nation should cherish, cherish, something that should be developed for the sake of future generations.

That is why museums are entrusted with a special mission: within their walls, significant work is underway to create the spirit of national culture, to form and strengthen its core. The state's view on the goals of creating a museum is set out in Articles 26, 27 (Appendix No. 4) We can say that main function museums are not preservation of the past, but active participation in the formation of the future of the country, its creative and creative human potential, the establishment of development horizons. Therefore, it is important to analyze in what state, including from the point of view of the economy on this moment there are museums of our country.

§3 New roles

The situation in our country is as follows: such cultural institutions as museums have to "survive" in conditions modern economy... There are a number of so-called survival methods and strategies. The new strategies are largely driven by the fact that museums are now forced to adopt a market-oriented approach in all areas of activity. In today's economic scene, the museum can play unexpected roles.

Objectives: To study the history of credit cards. Get acquainted with modern means of payment. Figure out which is better: cash or credit cards? Improve the skill of working with additional sources of information, incl. in the Internet. Expand knowledge on the topic "Money" Improve the ability to work in the Power Point program










“Money is a bad master, but a very good servant” Francis Bacon Money is not just rubles, dollars, francs, euros. The writer Balzac, for example, argued that "money is the sixth sense that allows us to enjoy the other five." English economist of the 18th century. Adam Smith called money "the wheel of circulation", Karl Marx - "the universal equivalent."




How and when did the money appear? A long time ago. The first money was not like modern money. They could serve a variety of objects: the ancient Romans - salt, the Aztecs - cocoa beans, other peoples - arrowheads, fishhooks, shells, furs, etc.




Metal money - coins Much later, metal money appeared. Historians claim that the ancient Egyptians were the first to use them about 4 and a half thousand years ago. Small metal rings served as money. Four centuries later, cubes of gold came into circulation in ancient China. The coins themselves began to be minted for the first time in the 7th century. BC. in Lydia (on the territory of modern Turkey). And, finally, the ancient Greeks brought it to perfection, invented to make an impression on both sides of the coin.




Paper money Until the 20th century, coins were minted mainly from alloys of precious metals - gold or silver. Paper money also has a long history. Marco Polo also testified about their use in China in the 13th century AD. But they began to be actively used only in the Middle Ages in Europe.




Setting out on a long journey, merchants had to beware of robbers from highways and small roads. They tried not to carry gold and silver coins with them, but acted differently: they left their money with the goldsmith and took a receipt from him, according to which they received their money from his colleague in another city. The personal receipts of jewelers became the prototype of paper money.




Electronic money The evolution of money did not stop with the invention of paper money. Keeping cash savings is unsafe and unprofitable. Therefore, businessmen and citizens keep their money in banks. You don't have to have a lot of money to open a bank account. Banks can issue credit cards to their customers - small plastic plates with the owner's details on a magnetic tape. With these cards, owners can transfer money when paying for purchases in stores, gas stations, etc. In this way, cashless payments... At the beginning of 1994, the share of non-cash turnover in Russia amounted to 64% of the money supply.













Development prospects bank cards huge. Progress in this area is proceeding very quickly. A magnetic card is simple and can be easily counterfeited. Therefore, the next direction of development was the emergence of chip cards. They replace the magnetic stripe with a microprocessor called a chip. Such cards cannot be forged or lost.




Recently, credit cards have also become widespread in Russia. The largest card publisher in Russia is Sberbank of the Russian Federation. A special variety prevails in our country plastic cards- salary (scholarship). They were received by many students and employees of firms and institutions. The owner of such a card instructs the organization where he receives a salary to transfer his money to cashless form to the account in the bank that issued the card to him. For a share salary cards Russia accounts for about 90% of the card business.













Pay along the way! For more than a year, the Chuvash branch of Sberbank of Russia has been operating banking service, which allows you to pay utility bills and other payments through self-service terminals "Electronic cash desk" and ATMs. Payments are accepted using bank card SBERCARD or international Visa cards and MasterCard. Payment time for one client is less than one minute. At the beginning of 2010 in Chuvashia there were 38 terminals "Electronic cash desk" and 155 ATMs throughout the republic, of which 29 terminals and 103 ATMs in Cheboksary. Russia, as well as by phone: (around the clock).
Let's remember! What? Who? When? Described the mechanism for the use of plastic cards 1. American economist John Bellan 1880 Cardboard and metal Customers of American department stores 20s of the 20th century The first bank credit card John Biggins 1946 The first multifunctional American Express card 1958




Conclusions In recent decades, electronic money (credit and debit cards). They are in circulation VISA, AMERIKAN EXPRESS, MASTERCARD, EUROCARD, ORTCARD. The sphere of cash payments is shrinking uncontrollably. Perhaps soon it will be possible not to hold cash at all: all monetary transactions will begin to be carried out in a non-cash form. However, the essence of money as economic phenomenon has not changed. Money is still the universal equivalent of goods and services. Any means that meets these requirements, in whatever form it may appear, can be considered money. Electronic money is more profitable than cash. The future belongs to them!





Used literature 1. MVMashina "Economic alphabet" - M., "MIROS", Encyclopedia for children "-" Avanta + ", volume" Economics ", IV Lipsits" Economics. History and modern organization economic activity"- VITA - Press, M.," Credit cards and modernity "- j-l" Teaching history and social studies at school ", 5 - 2005 5." Contribution "- newspaper of the Chuvash branch of Sberbank of Russia 10 (181), August 2008


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