Transaction - income tax accrual. Calculation of income tax: transactions Calculation of income tax transactions example

Consider what transactions should be used to calculate income tax (loss), as well as paying it to the budget. In this case, the application or non-application of PBU 18/02 by the firm is of great importance.

Who is doing the wiring?

Companies on OSNO are obliged to calculate the amount of income tax and pay it to the federal and regional budgets. They also have a duty to carry out these operations in accounting. The order of reflection depends on the application or non-application of PBU 18/02. The norms of the document make it possible to eliminate the discrepancies that arise between accounting and tax accounting.

But not all organizations can use PBU 18/02. It does not apply to:

• on banks;
• State unitary enterprises and municipal unitary enterprises;
• firms that use simplified accounting methods in their activities.

You can draw up profit statements quickly and taking into account all changes in legislation online using a special service from BuchSoft:

Fill in the income tax return

Income tax transactions for those who do not apply PBU 18/02

The indicator is considered according to the formula:

Accrual posting:

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 99 subaccount "Conditional income tax on income"

1. Permanent tax assets (PNA) and permanent tax liabilities (PNA) with permanent differences. Differences arise when a certain type of income or expense is taken into account in whole or in part in tax or accounting (see table 1).

Table 1... Formation of PNO and PNA in the account

The formula for calculating PNO and PNA is as follows:

1. Deferred tax assets (ITA) and deferred tax liabilities (ITA) from temporary differences. Differences arise when income or expense for accounting is shown in one period, and for tax - in another. There are two types of differences - deductible (VVR) and taxable (NVR). Let's consider in table 2 why they arise.

Table 2. Education SHE and IT in the account

Formula for calculating IT and IT:

Determine the total tax value using the formula:

Check the amount indicated on line 180 of sheet 02 of the income tax return. If the values ​​coincide, then the calculations in accounting have been made correctly.

If there are no permanent and temporary differences in the accounting, the value of the tax in the declaration must coincide with the value of the value of the conditional expense according to accounting.

Income tax paid (transaction)

The transfer of the amount of tax and advance payment to the federal and regional budgets is shown by posting:

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 51

Income tax was charged - typical transactions for such an operation are performed using Chart of Accounts No. 94n. If an enterprise keeps records of permanent / temporary differences and applies PBU 18/02, accounting becomes more complicated in terms of reflecting notional income / expense, as well as PNA or PNO. Let's consider how to correctly reflect the transactions on income tax of Russian enterprises.

The chart of accounts for reflecting settlements with the budget offers invoice. 68. Various sub-accounts can be opened to it - both by types of taxes and with a breakdown of revenues by budgets. For example, an account is opened for income tax. 68.4.1 (sub-accounts are opened for federal and regional budgets). When applying PBU 18/02 ch. 68.4.2. (the amount is paid without breakdown by budget sub-accounts).

The accountant performs all actions with the accrual of tax on the credit of the account. 68, and when transferring obligations to the IFTS, the entries are entered into the debit account. 68. According to the rules, profit is calculated on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year and taking into account the amounts for previous periods. In this regard, when forming the declaration, the tax is determined by the total amount, and the posting is made for the difference (the data from Section 1 of the Declaration are taken).

Basic transactions on account 68:

• Income tax was charged - posting D 99 K 68.
• Income tax transferred to the budget - entry D 68 K 51.

If an organization applies the norms of PBU 18/02, it is required to bring accounting and tax profit data to a common value. In this case, the notional accounting income / expense is considered first, and then adjustments are made depending on the profit received from the tax accounting data. The postings will be as follows:

• Income tax accrual is a posting on notional expense D 99 K 68, income D 68 K 99. Tax should be charged in accordance with the norms of PBU 18/02 even when notional income is received, that is, a loss according to accounting data. It is not necessary to calculate tax in tax accounting when a loss occurs.
• When profit is received in accounting less than in tax, accrual and then write-off of IT should be reflected - posting accrual of IT D 09 K 68. Write-off of IT is carried out as the loss is repaid D 68 K 09.
• When making a profit in accounting more than in tax, the calculation and then the repayment of IT is performed - posting the accrual of IT D 68 K 77, writing off IT D 77 K 68.
• If in the future the differences are not repaid for various reasons, SHE / IT is written off through the entries - D 91 K 09, D 77 K 91.

Wholesale trade - transactions in accounting and tax accounting

How to perform operations on income tax of a wholesale enterprise, we will show with an example. The company uses PBU 18/02. For 1 sq. the enterprise received a profit of 1,200,000 rubles. Income tax transactions are recorded quarterly.

Transactions are formed as follows:

• D 99 K 68 for 240,000 rubles. - notional income tax expense has been accrued based on the results of Q1.
• D 99 K 68 for 3000 rubles. - reflected in the accounting of PNO.
• D 68 K 77 for 2500 rubles. - IT appears.
• D 77 K 68 for 1500 rubles. - reflected a partial write-off of IT.
• D 09 K 68 for 7500 rubles. - the accrual of SHE is reflected.
• D 68 K 09 for 5000 rubles. - reflected the partial repayment of SHE.

240,000 + 3000 - (2500 - 1500) + (7500-5000) = 244500 rubles.

• D 68 K 51 for 244500 rubles. - Liabilities to the budget are listed.

Note! For business entities that, according to the criteria, belong to small businesses (small business), the application of PBU 18/02 is a right, not an obligation.

To determine profits, organizations need to keep accounting and tax records of income and expenses. This is important for the correct formation of income tax. For examples of calculation and posting, see the article.

Income tax: basic provisions

Article 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and PBU 18/02 are the main legislative documents that regulate the accounting of expenses and income required for calculating income tax. It is required to be transferred to the budget for organizations applying the general taxation system.

Note that income tax must be paid by those organizations that are tax agents. It can be both Russian and foreign agents. About in what cases an organization or individual entrepreneur are recognized as tax agents and from what income it is necessary to withhold income tax

Profit is calculated as the difference between income and expenses. Income tax is 20% of profits, with 3% being transferred to the federal budget, 17% to the regional. But for certain types of activities and income, a reduced tax rate, or a 0% rate, may apply (Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Special tax rates can be:

• equal to the basic rate;
• lowered;
• elevated.

Profit is calculated on an accrual basis for the year. The reporting periods for tax are the first quarter, six months and 9 months. An exception is provided only for organizations that make monthly advance payments based on the actual profit received. For them, the reporting period is a month, two months, and so on until the end of the year.

Transfer the amount of tax accrued for the year to the budgets no later than March 28 of the year following the tax period. Calculate (reduce) it taking into account the advance payments listed during the past year. Experts of the System Chief Accountant told about this.

Advance income tax payments can be made in one of three ways:

• monthly based on the profit received in the previous quarter;
• monthly based on actual profit;
• quarterly.

Execute payment orders for the payment of taxes in accordance with the Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated June 19, 2012 No. 383-P and the Rules established by order of the Ministry of Finance dated November 12, 2013 No. 107n. Experts of the Glavbuh System spoke about how to fill out a payment order for the transfer of taxes and insurance premiums in 2020.

Income tax in tax accounting

To determine income tax, it is necessary to correctly observe the procedure for reflecting income and expenses, regulated by the Tax Code.

Income tax is levied on the following income:

• income from the sale of goods (works, services) and property rights;
• non-operating income.

Tax authorities pay special attention to expenses that reduce the income tax base. Not all expenses can be taken into account in tax accounting. Experts of the System Chief Accountant told about this.

Expenses taken into account in tax accounting and reducing the base should be:

• economically justified, i.e. economically justified;
• confirmed by primary documents. Documents must be drawn up in accordance with legal requirements. The experts of the System Glavbuh told about the documents to confirm the expenses for income tax.

The tax authorities consider economically justified income expenses that were used for the purpose of generating income in commercial activities. These can be costs associated with production and sales, or non-operating costs (Art. 252-269 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The experts of the System Chief Accountant spoke about which expenses to take into account and which not when calculating income tax.

The costs associated with production and sale include material costs (costs of materials, raw materials, fuel, electricity, tools, etc.), labor costs, depreciation and other costs (travel costs, taxes and fees, lease payments, product certification).

Non-operating expenses are necessary for the enterprise to conduct business and function (discounts to buyers, rent, interest on debt obligations, legal costs, negative exchange rate differences, losses).

Also, costs can be direct and indirect. The procedure for their calculation and accounting in the calculation of tax depends on this. The Tax Code does not have a clear list of direct costs and strict rules according to which costs should be divided into direct and indirect ones. The experts of the System Glavbuh told about which costs are safer to leave in direct costs, and which can be attributed to indirect costs.

Organizations independently determine the list of direct costs, and it is more profitable for them to recognize as many indirect costs as possible in order to write them off in the current period and not distribute them to work in progress (clauses 1, 2, article 318 of the Tax Code).

When reducing the tax base, remember about standardized costs that are taken into account within the established norms (for example, advertising costs). Non-standardized expenses are accounted for in full, except for prepaid expenses (for example, a software license issued for 2 years). The experts of the Glavbuh System told about what expenses when calculating income tax in 2020 are taken into account within the norms.

Article 270 of the Tax Code regulates the list of costs that do not reduce the taxable base and are not taken into account in the tax accounting of income tax. Such expenses include penalties, fines, authorized capital, dividends, contributions for voluntary insurance or for non-state pension provision, funds under credit or loan agreements, etc. etc.

Income tax in accounting

The organization must keep accounting of profits not only to determine income tax, but also to determine the financial result of its activities. This information is important for both internal users (founders, managers) and external users (investors, banks, partners) for making management decisions. Experts from the Glavbukh System spoke about what is changing in the work of an accountant in 2020.

Income tax: accounting account

To understand on which account the income tax is reflected, let's take a look at the chart of accounts. The profit of the organization is recorded on account 99 "Profit and Loss" with the opening of separate subaccounts. In the statement of financial results, information on profit or loss is shown in line 2300. The calculated amount of income tax is formed on account 68 "Calculations with the budget" subaccount 68.01 "Calculations for income tax".

If, according to the results of activities, the organization has a profit, then the accounting entries:

This posting has the right to form enterprises that do not apply PBU 18/02. These include small and non-profit organizations. They can reflect in accounting the amount of income tax, including the advance payment, calculated according to tax accounting data. About that, said the experts of the Sitemy Chief Accountant.

The amount of income tax will coincide or there will be slight discrepancies in the accrual method used both in accounting and in tax accounting. The method for determining income and expenses is determined in the accounting policy. Significant discrepancies in the amount of tax will be when applying the cash method in tax accounting. In this case, tax and income tax accounting must be kept separately.

Otherwise, the formation of income tax occurs when the organization applies PBU 18/02. Taxable and accounting profit in this case will differ due to differences in the composition of income and expenses and the procedure for their recognition in accounting. The experts of the Glavbukh System spoke about the relationship between accounting and tax accounting indicators when reflecting income tax.

Accounting (balance sheet) profit will coincide with taxable profit if properly accounted for:

• notional income tax income;
• contingent income tax expense;
• deferred tax assets (liabilities) from temporary differences (if any);
• permanent tax assets (liabilities) from permanent differences (if any).

Temporary differences arise when expenses or income are recognized in different reporting periods of time in both types of accounting. But the amount of income or expenses in both accounting and tax accounting is the same. For example, with a different method of depreciation write-off, different write-off of expenses in the cost of production or different reflection of vacation pay. Experts of the System Chief Accountant told about this.

Temporary differences are taxable and deductible. Deductible temporary differences (TDD) arise when income for tax accounting is accepted earlier (in one period), and expenses - later (in another period) than for accounting. Those. when calculating income tax, VVR is taken into account if profit in tax accounting is greater than in accounting. In this case, a deferred tax asset (SHA) is formed. SHE is calculated as the product of the time difference by 20%; account 09 is used for accounting.

Taxable temporary differences (TDD), on the contrary, appear when expenses for tax accounting are recognized earlier, and income - earlier than for accounting. Those. with NVR, the "tax" profit is less than the "accounting" profit. This creates a deferred tax liability (DTL). IT is calculated in the same way as IT, account 77 is used for accounting.

The transactions when calculating and debiting SHE will be as follows:

Permanent differences arise every time an income or expense is taken into account in whole or in part only in accounting or only in tax accounting. For example, with advertising costs. In accounting, these costs are written off in full, and for tax purposes within 1% of sales proceeds. Or when making a contribution to the authorized capital, when in accounting it will be income, but for tax purposes it is not income.

An example of the reflection in accounting of the accrual and payment of income tax.

According to the results of work for the first quarter, according to accounting data, OOO Alpha made a profit in the amount of 1,500,000 rubles. The organization pays income tax on a quarterly basis. The applicable income tax rate is 20 percent.
The organization applies PBU 18/02. According to the results of the period, profit was determined in accounting and tax accounting.

Permanent differences are also of two kinds. Permanent tax liabilities (PSL) in the calculation of income tax appear when the profit in accounting is less than in tax. A positive difference is formed. PNR is calculated as the product of a positive permanent difference by 20%; account 99 of the subaccount "Permanent tax liabilities" is used for accounting.

Postings when calculating PNR:

Profit is the difference between the income of a business and its costs. If a commercial organization works "in plus", i.e. makes a profit, she has to pay tax. This article will tell you how the income tax is calculated, which transactions to use and how to avoid common accounting mistakes.

"Profitable" tax refers to the federal group of taxes. It was introduced by the fiscal service to improve control over the activities and revenues of commercial enterprises.

Who pays

Income tax is required to pay:

• Russian commercial organizations;
• foreign commercial organizations that have their offices in the Russian Federation, as well as receive income from sources located in the Russian territory.

The following are exempt from liabilities to pay income tax:

• organizations participating in the Skolkovo project;
• taxpayers who own the gambling business;
• persons applying one of the special tax payment regimes;
• persons who pay agricultural taxes.

How much to pay

The lion's share of Russian companies deducts 20% of the resulting profits. But there are a number of organizations that apply different rates:

1. Income tax 13% is paid by domestic firms, which receive proceeds in the form of dividends.
2. The 15% rate is applied by foreign organizations that receive proceeds in the form of dividends.

Video - Calculation and payment of corporate income tax

Recognizing expenses and income: two legal ways

The law allows businesses to recognize income and costs in two ways:

1. cash;
2. accrual.

The first method assumes that the company records the fact of income generation in the fiscal reports when:

• the cash was accepted by the cashier;
• there was a transfer to the company's current bank account.

Expenses are recognized when payments are made from the cash desk, property is disposed of or money is written off from the company's bank account. This method can only be used by small organizations whose revenue for the last four months does not exceed one million rubles.

Companies using the second method, accrual, account for expenses and income when these transactions occur. For example, when purchasing raw materials, tax documents will reflect the date of their transfer to production.

Income

Let's consider the features of calculating profitability for different categories of commercial organizations.

Profit = Income - Production costs

Production costs are costs that are directly related to the production of a product or service. These costs include general production costs, purchase of materials, labor costs.

Profit = Income - Costs of a representative office of a foreign company in the Russian Federation.

On a note! Organizations that are not included in any of the previous groups are required to deduct tax on all income received in the Russian Federation.

The income received by Russian firms is divided into two categories:

1. Income received by the company from the sale of goods or services.
2. Income not related to the sale of goods or services (non-sales). This category includes proceeds from the sale or purchase of foreign currency; dividends received from third-party legal entities; donated property; loan interest; forfeit for non-compliance with the terms of the contract by the partner or client.

On a note! When calculating the tax, do not take into account the amounts paid in excise taxes and VAT. If the money was accepted by the enterprise in foreign currency, this amount should be transferred to rubles. You need to calculate at the rate of the Central Bank in effect at the time of recognition of revenue.

Expenses

When calculating the "profitable" tax, you should consider only the justified and documented costs of the company. The spending of Russian companies is divided into two categories:

• costs associated with the manufacture of products and their sale;
• other expenses (for example, a negative difference in the exchange rate).

There are several types of costs that are never included in the calculation of income tax. These include repayment of loans, contributions to the authorized capital, payment of dividends, etc.

Wages, material costs, depreciation are direct costs. Each month, firms must include them in the price of finished goods and in the cost of work in progress.

The second group of expenses is indirect expenses. These include renting premises, utilities, communications. In tax reporting, such expenses should appear in the period to which they relate. Indirect costs cannot be directly included in the cost of the final product.

Advance payments

All foreign and domestic commercial organizations in Russia pay income tax not in one amount, but in installments. Such regular contributions to the country's budget are called advance payments. Learn more about them in.

Table 1. Existing types of advances

On a note! Newly incorporated commercial companies pay advances every quarter. If, according to the results of three reporting months, the income of the new organization has exceeded the limit established by the state, they begin to pay taxes every month. But, if the newly minted firm initially chose the second option, it will pay advances on a monthly basis, regardless of the amount of proceeds received.

Terms of making advances

Contributions must be made based on the results of the reporting period. With a monthly payment schedule, advances must be received at the tax office by the twenty-eighth day of the month that follows the reporting month. The quarterly schedule assumes that the money must be transferred before the twenty-eighth day of the month that follows the reporting month. For example, the 2018 first quarter installment (for January, February and March) must be received by April 28, 2018.

Organizations using the combined tax payment method must transfer funds every month until the twenty-eighth day. And it is necessary to pay extra for the total balance for the quarter before the twenty-eighth day of the month that follows the last reporting quarter.

On a note! If the deadline for payment falls on a Saturday, Sunday or holiday, the advance must be paid on the first day the tax office is open.

Penalties for delay

A commercial organization cannot be fined for late payment of advances. But for every day of delay, the tax authorities charge a penalty.

Transactions, examples of tax calculation

In accounting, to reflect the fact of payment of any tax, there is a separate account - 68. Subaccounts are attached to it for each separate tax - "Personal Income Tax", "Property Tax", etc.

Withholding both the tax itself and the advances are reflected as follows: D99 K68. When calculating, the figures are taken from the first section of the profit tax return. The amount is calculated on an accrual basis. Those. the indicator will be calculated not from the profit received in each specific month, but by deducting from the tax from the proceeds received from the beginning of the year, the amount of tax already paid.

Accountants indicate the transfer of income tax to the budget using another entry: D68 K51.

Let's give an example, how to reflect the payment of tax, which is carried out every three months. For the first quarter, OJSC Victoria made a fiscal contribution of 150,000 rubles, for six months the amount of the accrued advance was 450,000 rubles. In the third time period - 1,000,000 rubles, and at the end of the year the amount of advance payments should be equal to 2,000,000 rubles. These numbers must be entered on the profit tax return, line 180. The transactions should look like this:

Income tax transactions

If there was no profit

It is not uncommon for organizations to operate at a loss. At the same time, the advance payment for the current period comes out less than for the previous one. The accountant must correctly reflect this situation in the accounting documents.

Example. For the second quarter, the advance was 200,000 rubles, and for the third, less - 150,000 rubles. The postings should look like this:

Transactions when the organization was operating at a loss

Differences

Indicators in fiscal and accounting reports do not always coincide. So the profit that appears in the tax return is often not equal to the amount of net profit obtained from accounting documents. This means that the tax that is payable and the tax according to accounting documents can have completely different values. To make them coincide, the state approved a rule called PBU 18/02.

Not all organizations are required to apply this rule. Credit and government institutions are exempted from it. Also, this rule is not applied by organizations working on simplified financial statements.

For those who use the rule

Differences between fiscal and accounting revenues can be temporary or permanent. The latter happen if costs or revenues are indicated only in one accounting - fiscal or accounting. This happens in the following situations:

1. Costs or revenues cannot be included in the calculation of the base from which the "profitable" tax is paid, but must be used in the preparation of financial statements.
2. Costs or incomes appear only for tax purposes, but these amounts are not included in the accounting reports.

Permanent expenses that are recorded only in one account and passed in another are called PNO. And the incomes, due to which the differences of the time group are obtained, are called PNA.

PNO

The group of permanent BOs includes, for example, expenses for holding a corporate party or the cost of property that was received free of charge.

The size of the PNO is calculated as follows:

PNO = the amount of costs that are included only in tax reporting * tax rate (20%)

PNO = the amount of costs that are included only in the financial statements * tax rate (20%).

PNA

Permanent tax assets include, for example, government fees that were paid on real estate that was not purchased for subsequent resale.

This indicator can be calculated using the formulas:

PNA = the amount of costs that appear only in fiscal reporting * 20% (tax rate)

PNO = the amount of costs that appear only in accounting documents * 20%.

Permanent Differences: Postings and Reporting

BUTs of the permanent group are recorded in debit account 99. In this case, the number 68 is entered on the credit.

Permanent NOs must be written in reverse: debit on account 68, and credit on account 99.

On a note! Permanent accounting differences are entered strictly in the month of their occurrence. Therefore, they should not be included in the balance sheet.

Let's give an example. Snegovik OJSC accepted financial assistance in the amount of 200,000 rubles free of charge.

The accountant should reflect this operation like this:

D 51 K 9-1-1 200,000 rubles.

The money accepted free of charge is recognized among the rest of the income of the joint-stock company.

This operation is reflected in accounting documents, but it does not need to be included in tax reporting. Since the money received free of charge is not subject to taxation. Therefore, it is necessary to make the wiring:

D 68 K 99 PNA 40,000 rubles (200,000 * 20%)

Temporal differences

This type of difference occurs when costs or revenues are recorded in fiscal and accounting reports at different time intervals. They can be deductible or tax deductible.

If revenues are recorded in accounting documents before fiscal, it is considered that the OU is deferred. In this case, the term IT is used.

To calculate the value of IT, you need to multiply the difference between fiscal and accounting net profit by twenty percent (the rate of "profitable" tax). When it comes to income, the difference between accounting and fiscal net income is taken into account, which must be multiplied by the current tax rate.

As the costs (revenues) are paid off, IT will become less and less.

IT must be recorded in account 77, which is called "Deferred Tax Liabilities".

SHE is the amount of deferred tax, which in future reporting will entail a reduction in the "profitable" tax. To find out what it is equal to, you need to multiply the sum of the time difference and the tax rate (currently 20%).

This part of the deferred "profitable" tax appears in accounting on account O9.

Common mistakes when calculating tax

In order not to incur tax claims during the audit, you need to correctly take into account income and expenses, calculate profits and charge tax. Here are some of the most common mistakes taxpayers make:

1. Debts on loans that have already expired are included in income. The accountant must recognize the debt as income in the period in which the claim period expired. In tax accounting, an overdue credit card is also considered income. If there is a delay, the person in charge is obliged to write an accounting statement, add this amount to income, and deduct income tax from it.
2. If the organization receives income from loans issued to other persons, it does not matter when exactly the actual receipt of interest occurred and what terms are indicated in the contract. The accountant must calculate income tax in each reporting period (month, quarter) evenly.
3. It is better not to indicate in orders for the issuance of bonuses that money is not given for labor merit. If a firm plans to reward employees in connection with the holidays, you need to find a good reason for this. Awards should be related to the performance of employees. Also, the possibility and procedure for paying bonuses should be spelled out in individual or collective labor contracts. It is only under these conditions that bonuses can legally be included in expenses.
4. If you plan to pay employees who go on vacation, additional financial assistance, in all acts call it the usual vacation pay supplement. It is possible to include these amounts in staff salaries if several conditions are met. First, additional payments to vacation pay must be spelled out in employment contracts (individual, collective). Secondly, the amount of payments directly depends on the employees' compliance with the organization's requirements and the size of the employee's salary. The amount of the additional payment can be directly proportional to the salary, decrease in case of violations of discipline, etc.

Income tax must be calculated independently. To do this, multiply the tax base by the rate and reduce the result by the amount of advance payments paid during the year. The tax base is the profit of the organization. Profit is the difference between income and expenses. It should be borne in mind that not all income and expenses of the taxpayer are taken into account when calculating the tax base. The basic income tax rate is 20%. It is distributed between federal and regional budgets. For some incomes and types of taxpayers, special rates are established, for example, 9, 15, 30%. Take into account income tax on account 68 "Calculations of taxes and fees".

What is the object of taxation for income tax

The object of taxation for income tax is the profit received by the organization.

So, according to the rules of Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, profit is considered differently for different organizations (Article 247 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

• for a Russian organization, profit is the difference between income and expenses;
• for a permanent establishment of a foreign organization in the Russian Federation, profit is the difference between the income and expenses of this permanent establishment, and not the difference between all the income and expenses of a foreign company;

See also:

• for foreign organizations that do not have a permanent establishment in the Russian Federation - income from sources in the Russian Federation;

See also:

for a consolidated group of taxpayers, profit is the aggregate profit of members of the consolidated group attributable to this member. Profit is calculated in accordance with clause 1 of Art. 278.1, clause 6 of Art. 288 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

See also:

How is the tax base for income tax determined?

The tax base is profit, expressed in rubles (clause 3 of article 248, clause 5 of article 252, clause 1 of article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This is usually the difference between income and expenses.

The tax base for income tax is determined on an accrual basis from the beginning of the year (clause 7 of article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Cumulative total means that all the profit received in the reporting periods is added up from quarter to quarter, increases and by the end of the year forms the total profit for the year.

If the expenses exceeded the income received and you received a loss, then the tax base is zero (clause 8 of article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Moreover, such a loss can be transferred to the future (clause 1 of article 283 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

General procedure for calculating the tax base for income tax

The tax base for transactions that are taxed at the basic rate of 20% is calculated using the formula:

An example of calculating the tax base on a cumulative basis

All income of the organization is taxed at the basic rate of 20%.

The tax base for the first quarter is 300,000 rubles. (760,000 - 460,000).

The tax base for the six months is 700,000 rubles. (300,000 + 790,000 - 390,000).

The tax base for 9 months is 1,000,000 rubles. (700,000 + 750,000 - 450,000).

The tax base for the year is RUB 1,500,000. (1,000,000 + 830,000 - 330,000).

What you need to consider when calculating the tax base for income tax

When calculating income tax, not all amounts received are recognized as income of the organization

All income of the organization is divided into two groups:

income that is not taken into account when taxing profits. They are given in Art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;

income that is taken into account when taxing profits: income from sales (Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and non-operating income (Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

See also:

When calculating income tax, not all incurred costs are recognized as expenses

Expenses are the costs incurred, by which the entity reduces the income received. But not all expenses incurred by the organization reduce the income received (clause 1 of article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

There are expenses that, in principle, are not accepted for tax purposes. For example, such expenses include deductions to trade unions, material assistance to employees (clauses 20, 23, article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). A complete list of such expenses is established by Art. 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The remaining costs can be taken into account in costs if the following conditions are simultaneously met (clause 1 of article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

they are economically viable;

they are documented;

they are produced for income generating activities.

These requirements are mandatory for the acceptance of the expenses incurred in the reduction of income. If an expense does not meet at least one of the listed requirements, then such an expense is not taken into account for tax purposes (clause 49 of article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

When calculating income tax, one of two methods of recognition of income and expenses is applied

The dates on which expenses and income can be recognized for tax purposes are determined by two different methods: on an accrual basis and on a cash basis.

The accrual method can be applied by all organizations without exception.

But the cash method is allowed to be applied only to some of them. The main condition for applying the cash method is the amount of proceeds excluding VAT. Its average size for the previous four quarters should not exceed 1 million rubles. for each quarter (clause 1 of article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

On accrual basis the organization recognizes income and expenses in the period in which they arise. The actual payment does not matter (clause 1 of article 271, clause 1 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

With the cash method the organization recognizes income only when they are actually received, and expenses after their actual payment (clauses 2, 3 of article 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The organization chooses one method or another independently.

The chosen method must be reflected in the accounting policy and applied consistently from the beginning of the tax period until its end (Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

See also:

What rates are applied when calculating income tax

There are basic and special rates for income tax.

The basic rate is 20% (clause 1 of article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Special rates are set:

for individual organizations. For example, for agricultural producers, educational and medical institutions, a zero rate of income tax has been established (clauses 1.1, 1.3 of article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);

separate income. For example, dividends paid to a foreign organization are taxed at a rate of 15% (subparagraph 3 of paragraph 3 of article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Distribution of income tax by budget

Tax amount calculated at the basic rate 20%, distributed between the budgets as follows (clause 1 of Art.284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

the federal budget - the amount of tax is credited at a rate of 3%;

to the regional budget - the tax amount is credited at a rate of 17%.

Also, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for special rates. The tax on them is credited to the federal budget.

See also:

Tax period for income tax

The tax period for income tax is a calendar year (clause 1 of article 285 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The tax period for income tax consists of several reporting periods, as a result of which advance payments for income tax are paid (clause 1 of article 55, clause 2 of article 285, clause 2 of article 286 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Income tax reporting periods

The reporting periods for income tax are (clause 2 of article 285 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

I quarter, six months and nine months of the calendar year - for organizations that pay quarterly and monthly advance payments within a quarter, as well as for organizations that pay only quarterly advance payments of income tax;

See also:

See also:

General procedure for calculating (accruing) income tax and advance payments

In general, income tax is calculated as follows.

For operations taxed at the basic rate of 20%, income tax payable at the end of the year is calculated as the product of the tax base and the tax rate minus advance payments (clause 1 of article 286, clause 1 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

If an organization pays quarterly payments and does not pay monthly payments, it deducts only the 9 months advance payment.

If the organization pays monthly advance payments based on actual profit, it deducts the advance payment for 11 months (clause 1 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

What advance payments for income tax are paid

During the year, advance payments for income tax are paid (clause 2 of article 286, clause 1 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Advance payments are paid in one of three ways (clauses 2, 3, Article 286 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

quarterly;

monthly according to the profit of the previous quarter and quarterly;

monthly according to the actually received profit.

The calculation of advance payments for income tax is similar to the definition of income tax at the end of the year. It is calculated as the product of the tax base by the tax rate minus the previous advance payments of this year (clause 1 of article 286, clause 1 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Let us explain this by calculating the advance payment based on the results of 9 months. The organization pays monthly advance payments during the reporting period at a basic rate of 20%:

Tax (advance payments) at the basic rate of 20% is calculated in separate amounts for the federal and regional budgets (clause 1 of article 284, clause 1 of article 286 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

See also:

An example of calculating income tax at the end of the year

The taxable profit of the Alpha organization for the year amounted to 1,500,000 rubles.

The amount of the advance payment, calculated based on the results of 9 months, amounted to 120,000 rubles:

to the federal budget - 18,000 rubles;

to the regional budget - 102,000 rubles.

Monthly advance payments for the IV quarter were accrued in the total amount of 60,000 rubles:

to the federal budget - 9,000 rubles;

to the regional budget - 51,000 rubles.

1. The amount of tax calculated at the end of the year for the Alpha organization will be 300,000 rubles. (RUB 1,500,000 x 20%), including:

to the federal budget - 45,000 rubles. (1,500,000 rubles x 3%);

to the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation - 255,000 rubles. (1,500,000 rubles x 17%).

2. The total amount of the advance payment for 9 months and monthly payments in the IV quarter amounted to 180,000 rubles. (120,000 rubles + 60,000 rubles), including:

to the federal budget - 27,000 rubles. (18,000 rubles + 9,000 rubles);

to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - 153,000 rubles. (102,000 rubles + 51,000 rubles).

3. The amount of tax to be transferred to the budget by the end of the year by the Alpha organization will amount to 120,000 rubles. (300,000 rubles - 180,000 rubles), including:

to the federal budget - 18,000 rubles. (45,000 rubles - 27,000 rubles);

to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - 102,000 rubles. (255,000 rubles - 153,000 rubles).

If you pay a trade tax, you can reduce the calculated income tax by the amount of the trade tax paid from the beginning of the year. The tax is reduced in the part that is credited to the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (clause 10 of article 286 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In addition, the amount of the calculated income tax, which is subject to transfer to the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, can be reduced by the investment tax deduction, as well as by the amount of tax paid outside the Russian Federation (clause 1 of article 286.1, clause 3 of article 311 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation ).

See also:

If the amount of tax calculated based on the results of the tax period turns out to be less than the amount of advance payments calculated during the tax period, then you do not pay tax based on the results of the tax period (clause 1 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

What entries in accounting reflect the accrual of income tax and advance payments

Accounting for income tax calculations is carried out on account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees". To account for calculations of tax paid to the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, you can open separate analytical accounts (subaccounts).

Accounting depends on whether your organization uses PBU 18/02.

If PBU 18/02 does not apply, then one of the following options is possible.

If for the tax (reporting) period the amount of tax (advance payment) payable is less than the amount of the advance payment accrued for the previous reporting period, then a reversal entry is made on the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 68.

If your organization applies PBU 18/02, then there is no need to make a separate entry for calculating income tax in accounting. The amount of the current income tax is made up of the following components.

As a result, the amount of the current income tax reflected in accounting must be equal to the income tax according to the tax declaration data (line 180 of Sheet 02).