Based on the materials in the table, national composition. Abstract: National composition of Russia. And only Russians live somewhere

The 2002 census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. The implementation of the Constitution was ensured during the census Russian Federation in terms of free self-determination of nationality. During the population census, more than 800 different answers were received from the population to the question about nationality.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).

For the first time after the 1897 population census, the number of people who identified themselves as Cossacks was obtained (140 thousand people), and also for the first time after the 1926 population census, the number of people who called themselves Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.

Population of Russia by ethnic composition

79.8% (115,868.5 thousand) are Russians;

1% (1457.7 thousand) - nationality not specified;

19.2% (27838.1) – other nationalities. Of them:

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups:

• The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.
• The second group is those peoples of the “near abroad” countries (i.e. republics former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia by significant groups, in some cases compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles, Greeks, etc.).
• And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most living outside Russia (Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the “near abroad” or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the population of Russia.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages ​​that belong to different language families . The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).

Indo-European family

The most numerous in Russia - Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc. Originally Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions Russia, but they live everywhere and predominate in most regions (77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, southern Siberia and Far East. Among other peoples of this linguistic group, Ukrainians (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million) stand out.

Thus, it can be argued that it is, first of all, a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

Second largest among the Indo-European family German group (Germans).Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of...

The Iranian group is Ossetians. Their number increased from 400 to 515 thousand, largely as a result of emigration from the territory as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.

In addition to those listed, the Indo-European family is also represented in Russia by other peoples: Armenians ( Armenian group); and Romanians ( Romanesque group) and etc.

Altai family

The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Shors, Azerbaijanis, etc. Representatives of this group, the Tatars, are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.

The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.

Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).

The third area of ​​settlement of Turkic peoples is (, Karachais, Balkars).

The Altai family also includes: group (Buryats, Kalmyks);Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Nanais, Ulchi, Udege, Orochi),

Ural family

The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Finns, Hungarians, and Sami. In addition, this family includesSamoyed group(, Selkups, Nganasans),Yukaghir group(). The main area of ​​residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.

North Caucasian family

North Caucasian family represented mainly by peoplesNakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) andAbkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Abazas). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.

Representatives also live in Russia Chukotka-Kamchatka family(, Itelmen); Eskimo-Aleut family(, Aleuts); Kartvelian family() and peoples of other language families and nations (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).

The languages ​​of all peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

Russia, being a multinational republic in its own way state structure, is a federation built on a national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation includes 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities(republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous region). total area national formations make up 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russian. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed across various regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, some of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gives the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. Thus, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority ( Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. Khakassia (11%) has the lowest share of “titular” peoples (10%).

A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest deposits, build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the main peoples in the majority autonomous okrugs(and in the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage in total number their population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug do titular peoples make up the majority (62%).

The dispersion of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially Russians, contribute to their assimilation.

Question 01. Describe the features of the territory and population Russian Empire. How did they influence the development of the country?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) Russia was the second largest state in the world after Great Britain with its colonies, but Londok was connected to the colonies by sea routes, and St. Petersburg was connected to remote territories by land, which required large construction costs railways, and due to their absence worsened economic ties between regions;

2) a significant part of the territory of Russia was located in zones of unfavorable (extremely cold or desert) climate, which hampered the development of the country;

3) Russia was a multi-confessional state under the domination and state support Orthodoxy, because of this territory with a large economic potential(Baltic states, territory of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and peoples who were economically active (for example, Jews) were subject to discrimination on religious grounds, which hampered the development of the country as a whole;

4) Russia was a multinational state with the unresolved national Question; interethnic conflicts also hampered the development of the economy;

5) Russia was rich in minerals, such as oil;

6) Russia had access to both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (via the Baltic Sea);

7) in addition to unsuitable lands for life, Russia also had a lot of sown areas with good productivity.

Question 02. Based on the materials in the paragraph, compose an answer thesis on the topic “Ethnic and religious composition population of Russia."

Answer. Abstracts:

1) Characteristics of the ideological triad “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”;

2) war in the Caucasus;

3) annexation of the territories of Central Asia to Russia;

4) attitude towards Muslims in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century;

5) the relationship of the center with the Catholic and Protestant outskirts;

6) the special position of Finland and the change in this situation at the beginning of the twentieth century;

7) attitude towards Jews in the Russian Empire.

Question 03. What role did foreign capital play in the development of the Russian economy during the industrialization period?

Answer. Foreign capital provided great support for development Russian industry(accounting for 40% of all capital investments in the country). However Russian economy did not become dependent on him, nor did this lead to the creation of special economic zones with foreign influence. Coming to Russia, foreign capital merged with local capital. However, precisely because of this, the imperial government did not look for reserves for economic development within the country. And it was precisely because of this that part of the profits went abroad.

Question 04. Based on the text of the paragraph, prove that Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. entered the phase of transition to an agrarian-industrial society.

Answer. By 1914, city dwellers already made up almost 18% of the empire's population - not the majority, but already a significant figure. At the same time, in terms of absolute volumes of iron ore production, iron and steel smelting, volume of mechanical engineering products, industrial consumption of cotton and sugar production, Russia reached fourth or fifth place in the world, and in oil production at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries it even became a world leader thanks to the creation of the Baku oil industrial area. But despite all this, the main products produced in Russia remained agricultural. For example, the empire occupied a leading position in the world in grain exports. Still 54-56% national income brought Agriculture.

Question 05. Identify the main features public policy Russia in the field of industry. Describe the reforms of S.Yu. Witte.

Answer. Traits:

1) the state expanded the railway network, thereby improving the interconnection of the regions;

2) the state consistently promoted the development of heavy industry, which served as the basis for the production of weapons;

3) the government did not create barriers to entry foreign capital into the Russian economy, which had a beneficial effect on the latter;

4) constantly strengthened state control over the economy in order to protect the economic interests of the nobility and the government by limiting freedom of enterprise and the natural development of the economy.

Reforms of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte were aimed at accelerated industrialization, for which he, first of all, stabilized the ruble by carrying out monetary reform. However, he did not implement the ideals of liberalism and give more freedom to entrepreneurship; instead, he increased treasury revenues, for example, due to the wine monopoly and the growth of indirect taxes.

Question 06. Name the features of the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. What problems did the village face?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) agriculture became commercial, thanks to which Russia was one of the leading countries in the world in grain exports, in addition, it imported timber, etc.;

2) farms (as well as agricultural lands) were clearly divided into landowners and peasants;

3) in the Russian Empire there was the greatest concentration of land in the world (in landowners' farms);

4) in Russia the rural community with mutual responsibility continued to exist and be active.

Problems:

1) in Central Russia semi-average and poor peasant farms predominated, which did not produce marketable products;

2) most agricultural products were produced using old methods;

3) the landowner's land was used economically extremely inefficiently;

4) overpopulation of Central Russia, which led to the fact that “extra hands” were not used in agricultural production;

5) constant redistribution of land in the peasant community.

1. Features of the national composition of Russia………………………………………2

2. Short story settlement of Russia…………………………………………………………….5

3. Distribution of nations and nationalities by regions of Russia…………………….…..…7

4. Problems related to the development of nationalism that exist in modern stage in Russia…………………………………………………………….…….……..14

5. List of references………………………………………………………………19

Features of the national composition of Russia

One of the main indicators characterizing the population is the total number and trends in its change.

The Russian population in our country is still the largest (about 116 million people) and accounts for almost 80% of the total population. Compared to 1989, its share in the entire population of the country decreased by 1.7 percentage points. This happened mainly due to natural loss, amounting to almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated by the slightly more than three million migration increase of Russians.

The second largest population in the country is occupied by the Tatars, whose number is 5.56 million people (almost 4% of the country's population), the third place is occupied, oddly enough, by the Ukrainians, their number is approximately 2.9 million people.

Due to emigration and natural decline, the number of Jews (from 0.54 million people to 0.23 million people) and Germans (from 0.84 million people to 0.60 million people) decreased during the intercensal period.

Mainly due to migration growth, the number of Armenians (from 0.53 million people to 1.13 million people), Azerbaijanis (from 0.34 million people to 0.62 million people), Tajiks (from 0.34 million people) increased significantly 04 million people to 0.12 million people), Chinese (from 5 thousand people to 35 thousand people).

For the first time since the 1926 population census, the number of people who classified themselves as Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). Also, for the first time since the 1897 census, the number of people who called themselves Cossacks (about 140 thousand people) and a number of small peoples of Dagestan was obtained.

The number of citizens of the Russian Federation amounted to 142.4 million people (98% of all residents of the country), 1.0 million people have citizenship of other states and 0.4 million people are stateless persons. Of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation, 44 thousand people have dual citizenship. Approximately 1.3 million people did not indicate their nationality.

The national composition fully characterizes the ethnic structure of the population.

By linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to four language families: Indo-European (89%) - Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups; Altai (6.8%) – Turkic, Mongolian groups; Caucasian (2.4%) - Abkhaz-Adyghe, Nakh-Dagestan groups; Ural (1.8%) – Finno-Ugric, Samoyed groups. Some small peoples (Kets, Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated. The rapid pace of urbanization, migration processes and the growth of interethnic marriages contributed to assimilation and integration processes.

The original Russian regions in Russia are territories stretching from the European North, North-West to the central regions of Russia. The Russian population also predominates in the regions of the Urals, southern Siberia and the Far East. Russia as a whole is characterized by a diversity of national composition in many regions.

In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are distinguished on a national basis (21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs and 1 autonomous region). The total area of ​​32 national entities makes up 53% of the territory of Russia.

All national entities have a complex population composition. However, the share of the titular nation is in some cases relatively small. Only in 9 subjects of the Federation the share of the titular nation exceeds 50%, for example, in Ingushetia - 74.5, in Kabardino-Balkaria -57.6%, in North Ossetia-Alania -53.0%, etc. The lowest share of the titular nation is in Khanty -Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – 1.6%.

Processes of ethnicity have become widespread in the Russian Federation.
assimilation. The objects of assimilation are small ethnic groups, peoples living in strong territorial mixing with other peoples, as well as national groups (often consisting of representatives of fairly large and well-consolidated ethnic groups living separately), which are characterized by dispersed settlement. Interethnic marriages are an important channel of the assimilation process in Russia, but “extra-family” assimilation also takes place.

From the small peoples of Russia in the 20th century. The Turkic-speaking Soyots were assimilated and merged with the Buryat people. The Yugas, close to the Kets, disappeared among the surrounding Russian population; the process of assimilation (linguistic and then ethnic) partially affected many other small peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Assimilation also included representatives of many ethnic
communities, mainly concentrated outside of Russia, and within it
itself - dispersedly settled. True, the speed of development of assimilation processes varies among different national groups living in Russia. The fastest to merge with the Russians are representatives of two East Slavic peoples close to them in language and culture - Belarusians and Ukrainians. In 1989, 63% of Belarusians and 57% of Ukrainians living in our country considered Russian their native language.
Those living in the Russian Federation undergo fairly rapid assimilation
representatives of other Slavic peoples: Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs,
Serbs. All these ethnic groups live dispersedly in Russia, which facilitates the process of their assimilation. Representatives of other non-indigenous ethnic groups in Russia are assimilating
Russians to a much weaker extent. So, the Germans, despite
long-term residence in our country, and a high proportion of people who have transferred
into Russian (58%), quite staunchly retain their ethnic
self-awareness. The process of assimilation of Koreans is proceeding even more slowly, which
is hampered by the pronounced cultural specificity of this ethnic
community, as well as its anthropological isolation. Although Koreans have been living in Russia for a long time and the majority of them (63%) consider Russian their native language, they, like the Germans, maintain their ethnic identity well and show high intra-ethnic solidarity.

Representatives of Turkic-speaking ethnic groups living in Russia, who make up the main population of several republics of the former USSR, also show ethnic resilience ( Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks), which is facilitated by their significant cultural specificity. The vast majority of representatives of these peoples retain their national language.

A Brief History of the Settlement of Russia

History of settlement and development of land, differences in types of population reproduction, vastness of territory and diversity natural conditions caused a very uneven distribution of the Russian population. The European part (about 30% of the area) is home to 78.5% of the population, and the Asian part is 21.5%. In addition, in the zone of continuous settlement, or the “main zone of settlement” (the European part of Russia without the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East), which occupies only 1/3 of the territory, 93% of the population is concentrated.

The average population density in Russia is 8.5 people. per 1 km 2, it is four times less than the world average. At the same time, population density ranges from less than one person per 1 m 2 in some areas of the Eastern macroregion to 354 people per 1 km 2 in the Moscow region.

The main settlement zone is very different from the rest of the country, which belongs to the Northern zone. The first has historically been economically developed due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions, benefits geographical location; a large number of large cities are located here and the majority of the population is concentrated. The Northern zone is a territory developed relatively recently (“newly developed”), with focal settlement; only about 7% of the population lives there.

Historical migrations of the Russian population to Siberia, the Urals, the North, and the Far East began in the 16th and 17th centuries. in connection with the development of new lands. The flow of immigrants to the eastern regions of Russia especially increased at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries. in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Historical migrations were about forced relocations of peoples: in 1937, Koreans were resettled from the Primorsky Territory to Central Asia; in the 30s, Germans, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, and Crimean Tatars were evicted to the eastern regions, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. In the pre-war years, organized resettlement to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, where mineral deposits were developed and factories were built. In the 50s there was a massive development of huge tracts of land in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In connection with the collapse of the USSR and the aggravation of interethnic relations in a number of republics of the new abroad, the re-emigration of the Russian-speaking population from the republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia intensified.

The most numerous and constant migrations of the population in Russia in the 20th century. there were internal migrations of people from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large ones.

Currently, internal migrations account for 80% of the migration turnover of the Russian population. The determining direction of internal migration is the Center, the Volga region and the South of the country, which as a result has led to a significant reduction in the population of the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

In 23 regions of the Federation, the population has increased over the past period. The greatest growth was observed in the Republic of Dagestan - by 43%, Moscow - 17%, Krasnodar Territory - by 11%, Belgorod and Kaliningrad regions - 10% each. The increase in population was due to natural increase and the influx of migrants.

In economic geography and regional studies, the main issues in the study of population are the causes, patterns and features of the spatial and functional behavior of the population depending on trends in changes in the external environment.

Distribution of nations and nationalities by regions of Russia

The table presents the peoples and nationalities of Russia and their settlement in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with their numbers (in brackets - in the form of a percentage of the people in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation from the number of people as a whole in the country according to the 2002 census). So, for example, the distribution features of, for example, Tatars become obvious, only more than a third (36%) of whom live in Tatarstan, and the rest are settled in other regions, including in Bashkortostan - almost a fifth of the Tatars of Russia (17.8% ).

Problems associated with the development of nationalism that exist at the present stage in Russia

In many multinational countries, there are some kind of interethnic conflicts, and Russia is one of them.

There was no dominant nation in the Soviet Union, because it was ruled by the nomenklatura, which in its activities embodied the totalitarian system as such. The national question was declared resolved, which meant in practice the collapse of national culture, for which only the form remained with an identity for all of “national content.”

In the absence of alternatives, people largely accepted this situation and rarely protested against it. In the new conditions born of perestroika, opportunities arose for an open and impartial reaction to the current situation, and it turned out to be unexpectedly violent and negative.
The republics and autonomies, once formed in a voluntaristic way, decided to become truly sovereign, to acquire the real status of independent state entities, protect your language and culture, ensure their normal development. In these essentially democratic aspirations, unfortunately, there were and are distortions. In particular, this was manifested in the desire in a number of republics to ensure the priority rights of the indigenous nation at the expense of other nationalities. And this caused a negative reaction. Tensions arose, including in relations, for example, between Russians and representatives of indigenous nations. During the years of Soviet power, Russians developed the feeling that their homeland is the whole country, the entire socialist fatherland - the USSR. And it was precisely this feeling, reinforced by the consciousness of their true superiority and the role of the “big brother” in the family of Soviet peoples, that today came into conflict with the real status of Russians in a number of republics, where they felt not only a minority, but also a discriminated minority. “Migrants”, “occupiers” and other equally strong labels could not help but hurt the national self-awareness of Russians and cause protest on their part.

Now we have begun new round our history and, in order for us to take a qualitatively new step in our development, we need to look very carefully and interestedly at our past and find in it sources of strength and development that can ensure the progress of Russia.

However, some problems still remain relevant, which we will consider below.

Nowadays there is real threat the collapse of Russia into separate independent states, as which not only some national-, but also administrative-territorial entities are not averse to proclaiming themselves. Naturally, questions arise: will it repeat the fate of the Union?
SSR, is it possible to avoid this and how? To answer them, it is necessary, on the one hand, to comprehend the state of interethnic communication, to determine the sources of discontent and tension in this area, and on the other, to identify the conditions and factors that make up the integration potential of the Russian multinational statehood, to identify ways and mechanisms for the consolidation of nations, nationalities, and regions.

Today, in conditions of gradual weakening economic instability Russian government able to keep the country from collapse. However, for now there are such “hot spots” as the “republic
Chechnya" | The Russian government cannot guarantee the integrity, as well as the security of the state (especially since the rest of the world calls this
"conflict" by war).

State concept national policy of the Russian Federation involves the formation and functioning of a balanced and comprehensive system of measures government regulation national relations aimed at creating optimal conditions for the socio-cultural development of peoples and to prevent hotbeds of interethnic tension, to preserve the commonality of all ethnic groups of Russia, to strengthen the unity and territorial integrity of the state.

At the moment, the situation is characterized by growing internal tension, the danger of exacerbation of old conflicts and the emergence of new centers of instability. There are over 150 different factors that provoke complications in interethnic relations. Particularly dangerous is the use national factor in the struggle for the redistribution of property, resources, and political power in general. This struggle intensifies during election campaigns. There are also other factors at work in the historical, cultural, linguistic, and religious spheres.

It is significant that even in regions that are relatively calm in terms of the level of interethnic tension, from 15 to 20 percent of respondents indicate infringement of their rights on ethnic grounds. The increase in interethnic conflicts poses a threat to the integrity of the Russian Federation and its national security.

At the same time, observations and results of recent sociological research show that in Russian multinational society there is still a fairly large potential for tolerance and mutual trust, the desire to preserve the unity of Russian statehood, a united Fatherland.

Activities of federal ministries and departments, bodies executive power subjects of the Russian Federation for the implementation of the Concept of State National Policy is aimed at:

· legislative work on the development and harmonization of national relations;
· preparation and implementation (together with the executive authorities of the republics and regions) of programs for the socio-economic and national-cultural development of the peoples of Russia;
· taking urgent measures to improve and stabilize the ethnopolitical situation in the country as a whole and in individual explosive regions;
information-analytical and staffing national policy;
· interaction federal bodies state authorities and local authorities with public organizations, solving problems of national politics.

A fundamentally important provision of the Concept was the conclusion about the need to introduce the institution of national-cultural autonomy in the country, to adopt the appropriate federal law. This decision opened up the path for national and cultural self-determination of the peoples of Russia without breaking administrative boundaries and creating closed enclaves. 5 federal (Ukrainian, German, Korean, Tatar, Belarusian) autonomies, over 40 regional, and about 300 local autonomies were created.

The ratification by the State Duma of the framework
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, additions and changes made to the Law “On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”. The Ministry of Nationalities of Russia has developed a bill “On guarantees of state integrity and the mechanism of responsibility of public authorities and their officials.” Draft laws “On ethnological examination”, “On the procedure for changing the constitutional and legal status of a subject” have been planned and are underway.
Russian Federation”, “On the procedure for preventing and resolving interethnic conflicts in the Russian Federation”, “On the fight against national extremism”. In the republics, districts, territories and regions in the development of the Concept, the development and implementation of regional concepts of national policy, taking into account socio-economic, ethnic and demographic features each subject of the federation. A draft Concept of state national policy regarding indigenous peoples and small ethnic communities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation is being developed. The Ministry analyzes and summarizes the accumulated experience, provides methodological assistance in the preparation and implementation of their programs.

In accordance with the Concept of State Ethnic Policy, the All-Russian public organization “Assembly of the Peoples of Russia” was created, designed to become a consolidating center for coordinating the interests of all the peoples of Russia, to organize a constant dialogue between ethnic groups and government authorities. The first congress of the Assembly of Peoples was held
Russia. The Assembly is focused on full cooperation with authorities.

The whole story Russian state from the beginning of its formation to the present day indicates that the multinationality of Russia is not its weakness, but its powerful creative potential. But so that this does not remain a beautiful political declaration, it is important to skillfully and energetically ensure the unity of a multinational state while preserving the well-being, identity and dignity of everyone Russian people. And first of all, it is necessary to create a solid legal basis for a democratic model of development of nations and interethnic relations.

Over the years of its existence, the Ministry of Nationalities has done a lot towards the consolidation and integration of the population. For example, the bill “On guarantees of the rights of indigenous peoples of Russia” was prepared by the Committee on Nationalities of the State Duma with the participation of the Ministry of Nationalities of Russia. The project was adopted by the State Duma, the Federation Council and signed by the President.

Today it is quite difficult to say that the government controls the national situation in the country. However, some representatives of the executive body of the Russian Federation are confident that there are no interethnic conflicts in Russia.

Bibliography

1. Kozyeva I.A. Economical geography and regional studies / I.A. Kozyeva, E.N. Kuzbozhev. – M.: Knorus, 2005. – 79 p.

2. Lagutenko B.T. Handbook of economic geography of Russia / B.T. Lagutenko. – M.: Yurist, 2001.

3. Rodionova I.A. Economic geography vol.2. / I.A. Rodionova. – M.: Exam, 2003. – 356 p.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state with more than 100 nationalities and nationalities. The main part are Russians - 82% of the total population of the state. They represent the largest group of Slavic peoples living in Russian territory, and prevail in all regions of Russia, with the exception of the republics of the North Caucasus (Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian, Chechen, Ingush, Karachay-Cherkess Republics), the Volga region (Tatarstan, Kalmykia), the Volga-Vyatka region (Chuvash Republic and Mari El), Urals (Udmurt Republic, Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug), Western Siberia (Altai Republic), Eastern Siberia (Tuva Republic), Far East (Sakha Republic). The most compact places of residence of Russians are the central, western, and partly northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. In the Oryol, Lipetsk, Kursk, Tambov, and Ryazan regions, more than 90% of the population is Russian, and in Western, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the number of Russians reaches 80-85% of the total population of these regions.

In second place by nationality are Tatars (3.7%), followed by Ukrainians (3%), Chuvash (1.2%). The share of each of the other nationalities does not exceed 1%.

The north and north-west of the European territory of the country are inhabited by peoples of the Finno-Ugric language group: Komi, Permians, Karelians, Sami. In the Volga region, the Urals, the Kama region and Siberia, along with the Russians, live a number of peoples and nationalities that received their autonomy after the October Revolution of 1917. These nationalities include the Udmurts, Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), belonging to the Finno-Ugric group, Mari and speakers of languages Turkic group Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvashs. One of the most multinational regions of Russia is the North Caucasus, which is inhabited by the peoples of the Nakh-Dagestan language group - Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Lezgins, Balkars, Kumyks, Laks, Dargins and the Abkhaz-Adyghe group - Kabardins, Adygeans, Circassians. The small peoples of the North are represented by the Samoyed group. It includes the Nenets, Nganasan and Selkup. In the central part of Western Siberia live the peoples of the Ugric group - the Khanty and Mansi. Inhabiting the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Evenks, Evens, Nanais and Udeges form the Tungus-Manchu group. The Chukchi, Karyak, Yukagirs, Nivkhs belong to poly-Asian peoples, and the Eskimos and Aleuts belong to a special family with Americanoid features. The Mongolian group includes the Buryats living in the south of Eastern Siberia. This language group also includes the Kalmyks, who inhabit the southwestern part of the Volga region.

The specificity of the current stage of formation of national relations is that the centrifugal tendencies that contributed to the collapse Soviet Union, spread to Russia. The separatism of the formed sovereign republics manifested itself in the desire for political and economic isolation of individual republics and regions, complete disregard for common interests.

These objective reasons for the persistent tension in the Caucasus are aggravated by the lack of a clearly formulated national policy in the region. The conflict situation in the region is developing between the Cossacks and the nationalities on whose territory they live, which gives rise to the problem of refugees in the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and Rostov Region and, as a consequence, an increase in social tension, unemployment and other negative phenomena.

The problem of the small peoples of the North, whose number in the European part of Russia reaches 9.7 thousand people, is also complex. Despite the fact that in recent years certain progress has been achieved in the development of the peoples of the North, due to the lack of a sufficiently effective mechanism for self-government and economic management, many measures for the socio-economic development of the peoples of the North have not been fully implemented. Disproportions in the gender composition of the population have deepened - the male population predominates. A tense situation has developed in providing employment to the population, which is a consequence of the underdeveloped social infrastructure, acute housing issue, poor development of crafts and industries for processing reindeer herding products, and for the production of consumer goods. In areas inhabited by small-numbered peoples, the ecological situation, the state of hunting and fishing have deteriorated, and the area of ​​reindeer pastures has decreased. Therefore, the transition to a market economy has made the creation of a functioning mechanism for social protection of the small peoples of the North a priority task.

Population migration. The population size and its structure are determined not only by natural, but also by migration movements.

Until recently, the problem of population migration, both voluntary (labor) and forced (refugees), was at the center of the socio-political life of Western Europe and a number of countries in other regions of the world. The population of the Soviet Union practically did not take part in migration processes.

Since the second half of the 1980s, migration exchange between Russia and non-CIS countries has been intensifying. The departure of the population for permanent residence to other countries of the world has sharply increased. International migration flows increased due to the collapse of the USSR. For 1992-1995 3,838 thousand people left the Russian Federation, of which 400.2 thousand people went to the CIS and Baltic countries. The largest flows of emigration were sent to the former republics of the USSR: to Ukraine (49.3%), to Kazakhstan (17.7%), Belarus (11.2%) of all those who left for the Baltic and CIS states. The disposal areas were mainly Far Eastern, Western Siberian and Central. The directions of emigration are largely determined by the national composition of the migrants. Almost 2.5 million people. (63.5%) went to other foreign countries: Germany - 69.5%, Israel - 14.4%, USA - 10.1%. By nationality: Germans - 53.5%, Russians - 24.0%, Jews - 15.8%. When exchanging with foreign countries, our country has a negative balance before migration, amounting to 2,436.2 thousand people over the past four years. Most emigrants from Russia belong to national minorities with strong family diasporas in the USA, Israel and Germany. Only a third of those leaving Russia indicated persecution on ethnic grounds or prejudice against their nationality as one of the reasons for leaving. Economic motives for migration prevail over others. The vast majority connect their life plans with employment in a new place to improve their material level.

In the social and professional structure of those leaving, specialists occupy a significant share. Their share among emigrants is almost 19 times higher than among the Russian population. Among the specialists, people with higher technical education predominate (about 70%), 15% have a doctorate or candidate of science degree. About 30% of emigrants have higher education. Not only scientists, but also highly qualified workers are leaving. All this leads to a decrease in the quality of Russia's labor resources. Intellectual emigration is mostly irrevocable, causing significant damage to the state. The departure of the creative intelligentsia and skilled workers aggravates the problems of overcoming the crisis and reduces the opportunities for economic and social development.

The main task at present is not to contain emigration, but to regulate it, to transform irrevocable emigration into returnable emigration. Solving the issues of organized employment of Russians abroad will reduce irrevocable flows by almost a third. This will also ease economic and social tension in society, provide citizens with the opportunity to acquire skills to work in the market system, improve professional experience and knowledge, and obtain savings for their subsequent investment in the Russian economy.

The strained interethnic relations both in the former republics of the Soviet Union and in the Russian Federation caused large immigration of the population. For 1992-1995 3,836.5 thousand people arrived in the Russian Federation from the CIS and Baltic states, which amounted to 99.9% of all arrivals from other countries of the world. Immigration comes in the form of refugee and forced migration. Over the past four years, the flow of refugees has increased from 160.3 to 974.4 thousand people. The largest flow of migrants came from Tajikistan (23.8%), Georgia (15%) and Azerbaijan (13.4%). The bulk of refugees are Russians (65% of the total number of those arriving in Russia from the CIS and Baltic countries). From the point of view of reproduction of Russia’s labor potential, it is of great importance age composition immigrants. Of the total number of arrivals in Russia, the share of persons under the age of 16 is 24%, in working age- 65.2%, over working age - 10.8%. From the standpoint of the reproduction of labor resources, the composition of immigrants to the country can be qualified as a positive process that contributes to the growth of the country’s labor potential both now and in the future. In this regard, immigration is most favorable for the Far Eastern, Northern, East Siberian, Western Siberian, Ural economic regions and the Kaliningrad region and less favorable for the North Caucasus, North-Western, Central Black Earth and Central regions.

The absolute and relative scales of immigration to Russia from foreign countries have always been small and do not exceed 1% of the total number of arrivals to the Russian Federation. The socio-demographic structure of the labor force arriving in Russia has the classic features of labor immigration. These are mainly unskilled workers from Southeast Asian countries. Among them, men predominate (on average 80%), whose age composition is up to 40 years.

They come without families, which is stipulated in intergovernmental agreements. The insignificance of the scale of this category of labor immigrants is especially clearly reflected in the indicators of the share of the number foreign citizens to the total number of employees. In general, for the Russian national economy this figure is very small - less than 0.1%.

However, many problems arise due to the arrival of so-called illegal immigrants to Russia. These are mainly immigrants from Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and a number of other countries. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approximately 200 thousand illegal immigrants from foreign countries live in Moscow alone, and in the coming years their number could reach 6 million people.

In Siberia and the Far East without any permission, i.e. About 1 million Chinese live illegally, and often without certain occupations.

Given that neither law enforcement agencies nor health authorities are able to keep records of the places of residence, work and health status of foreign workers, in some regions there is a real threat of the spread of infections and epidemics. Discontent among local residents is growing. In the places where foreign workers live, social tension increases sharply. The uncontrolled movement of forced and voluntary migrants often leads to a surplus of labor and competition from newcomers that is undesirable for the local population.

In the course of implementing the long-term state program "Migration" in Russia, the issue of creating, together with other CIS countries, appropriate joint structures, developing agreed legislation on refugees, defining their status, establishing procedures and conditions for receiving it, and their minimum social guarantees, becomes important. If these, as well as a number of other measures, were implemented within the framework of the single socio-economic space of the CIS, a legal framework would be created that would ensure equal rights for refugees and forced migrants, and they would thus be under the protection of all states of the Commonwealth, on whose territory they will fate turned out to be.

The census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational states in the world - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. During the census, the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was ensured in terms of free self-determination of nationality. During the population census, more than 800 different answers were received from the population to the question about nationality.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (80% of the country's inhabitants).

Theater of the Absurd 2010 Census

In October 2010, the government plans to conduct a population census of the Russian Federation. For these purposes, Rosstat issued Order No. 74 on January 27 of this year, which approved lists of possible answers from citizens on issues of their nationality and language proficiency. The lists can be viewed on the website “All-Russian Population Census 2010”, www.perepis-2010.ru. According to media reports, the work on compiling these documents was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, director - full member of the RAS, academician Valery Tishkov.

The Institute is the leading Russian institution in the field of ethnology and anthropology. It seems like experienced specialists should work there. But if you read through the “lists” they compiled, you begin to grab your head: either something is missing in my head, or...

Let's take Appendix No. 1, which determines nationality. There are 1840 serial numbers, under which different nationalities appear. Each nationality has its own code. Although there are fewer codes, that is, nationalities - about 1750 (why such confusion?). Having read the contents of this document, you understand that the knowledge acquired at school and university pales in comparison with the ultra-modern knowledge of the avant-garde of ethno-anthropological thought.

The national palette presented here is amazing. “tundra peasants”, “Sloboda Udmurts”, “baptized” (code 222), “baptized” (820), “baptized” (232), “Old Believers” (264), “mamons”, “pharaohs”.

In addition to the “Papuans” and the “Khuli” people, apparently their descendants appeared - the “Papuans Khuli”, a people very relevant for Russia. In addition to “Ukrainians”, there are “crests”.

There are nationalities hitherto unknown to science - “citizen of the earth” (452), “citizen of the world” (453), “inhabitants of the universe”, “earthlings”, “foreigners”, “Soviet”, “internationalists”, “cosmopolitans”, “mulattoes” , "mestizo", "half-breed". The list of African nationalities is varied - “Afro”, “African-American” (what would Russia be without them?), “Afro-Russian”. There are 9 nationalities of Bulgarians. For example, Volga and Volga. Working tirelessly, the Institute's workers found the difference between them. Just as they defined the differences between the peoples of “Bangladesh” (441) and “Bangladeshi” (569).

There are “Belarusians” (80) and “Belarusians” (11). Diversity is introduced among Russians - “Rusnaki” (1466), “Rusnyaki” (1467), “Russians” (2), “Russian Cossacks” (186), “Russian Germans” (137), “Russian Pomors” (190), “Russko-Ustintsy” (328), “Russian-Ustintsy” (908), “Vedorossy” (741), “Vedo-Russy” (740), “Vedrussy” (742), “Great Russian” (180), “Katsapy” ( 1163), simply “Vitebsk” (1202). The Adyghe people are divided into 13 nationalities, the Mari into 10 - “Mari”, “meadow Mari”, “forest Mari”, “mountain Mari”, etc. Lithuanians are represented by 7 components.

Let's move on to Appendix-List No. 2 - about language proficiency. There are 855 sequence numbers for different languages.

Each language has its own code, there are only 770 (?) codes. It turns out that the Tatars speak different languages. There are, according to the Institute’s workers, “Crimean Tatar” (146), “Crimean Tatar” (147), “Siberian-Tatar” (413), “Siberian-Tatar” (415), “Tatar-Yurt” (174), languages ​​of “Yurt Tatars” (173), “Yurt Tatars” (176), “Siberian Tatars” (414). The list goes on. Numerous Mari have “mountain Mari” (90), “mountain Mari” (107), “mountain Mari” (108) and several more languages.

And for “Belarusians” and “Belarusians” there is only one language - “Belarusian” (13), for the rich palette of Bulgarians and Lithuanians there is also one language each - “Bulgarian” (95) and “Lithuanian” (84). Some kind of discrimination.

The inhabitants of Luxembourg speak hitherto unknown languages ​​- “Luxembourgish” (691) and “Luxembourgish” (692). Pioneer scientists apparently found such things in Russia. Russian citizens whose native languages ​​are “Malaysian” (635) and “Malaysian” (634) were not spared. Scientists came to the conclusion that the “Tajik-Jewish” and “Tajik-Jewish” languages ​​turned out to be the same, having different serial numbers, but the same code - 299. However, there is also a “Tajik” language (44). A place was found for the “Russian” language (198).

The uniqueness of the development is confirmed by the identification of about 15 sign languages: “sign language”, “digital language of the deaf”, “digital language of the deaf-mute”, “Russian language of the deaf”, “Russian sign language”, etc.

I will no longer bore the reader with astonishing details that contradict common sense. It's rare to see anything like this. But these developments are carried out by representatives of science with taxpayers’ money, that is, with our money. They are not introduced in any way national interests, but in someone’s dubious and group ones. And do we need such science?

I believe that certain forces are not satisfied with the results of the 2002 population census, according to which the state-forming nation - Russians (Great Russians, Belarusians, Little Russians) make up 85% of the country's population. Only Russian-Great Russians are 80%. So they decided to fragment it in order to make Russia more like a multinational state. And at the same time, other nationalities were fragmented - Lithuanians, Maris and others. The principle of “divide and conquer” is in effect.

According to international practice, a monoethnic (national) state is considered to be a state where 2/3 or more of its population belongs to one ethnic group. Which, by the way, was discussed in his speeches by the president of the non-governmental organization Freedom House (founded in 1941) with headquarters in Washington, Adrian Karatnicki. That. Russia is a mono-ethnic state. This must be firmly understood. Despite the fact that people of many nationalities live in our country. And they live no worse than us.

Huge amounts of money, so needed for implementation, will be wasted on the upcoming census. social programs. Conducting censuses at 8-year intervals is not justified by any social or economic needs. But, despite the absurdity of the “regulatory” documents for this event, I think there is no need to shy away from it. And for all Russian people, write in your own hand the wonderful word “Russian” in the “nationality” column.

Andrey Antonov, lawyer