Central black earth economic region. Central black earth The largest city of the central black earth

by discipline: Economic Geography and Reginalistics

Completed:

2nd year students

groups 6-12TD2 / 8

Koroleva I.

Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth Economic Region.

The Central Black Earth Economic Region includes:

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions with an area of 167.7 thousand km2 (1% of the entire territory of Russia) and the population living in them, as of 09.10.2002, 7,517,456 people. (5.3% of the total population of Russia). By the number of inhabitants, the following cities stand out (thousand): Voronezh (903), Lipetsk (375), Kursk (373), Tambov (265), Belgorod (227), Yelets (113) and Michurinsk (102).

Central Black Earth economic region occupies a central position in the black earth zone of the Russian Plain and borders on the leading industrial region of the country - Central, and is also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and Ukraine. The territory of the TsCHER is located on the watershed, along the upper reaches of the Oka, Don and Seim rivers (a tributary of the Desna, on which Kursk is located). The western part of the region (Oryol, Kursk and Belgorod regions) is located on the Central Russian Upland, the middle (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions) - on the Oksko-Don lowland. A feature of the modern relief is the many ravines, the development of which was facilitated by both natural factors (hilly, easily washed out soils) and socio - economic (excessive deforestation, plowing of meadows). Taking advantage of its geographical location between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Black Earth Center is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region.

In the interdistrict territorial division social labor Central

The Chernozem region is distinguished by the production of products of the iron ore and metallurgical complex, associated machine building, chemical and food industries. In formation economic complex Central

In the chernozem economic region, an important role is played by the presence of the richest reserves of iron ores, massifs of fertile chernozem lands combined with favorable agro-climatic conditions and convenient economic - geographical position. The natural conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality. Despite the aridity, the conditions are favorable for farming.

In agriculture, the sectors of market specialization are the production of grain, sugar beets, sunflowers, essential oil crops, fruits, berries, milk and meat. With 1% of the territory of Russia and 5.3% of the population, the region produces 49.3% of commercial iron ore, 17.2% of pig iron, 18.8% of steel, 19.4% of finished rolled ferrous metals, 2.2% of forging machines, 12.4% cement, 25.2% vegetable oil and 35.4% granulated sugar.

The Central Chernozem region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators for Russia. The Central Black Earth Region has developed economic ties With
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral construction materials, ferrous metals, bread, sugar are exported from the region. Since the region's economy is severely experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the import of coal, coke, oil and oil products predominates, as well as large volumes of mineral construction materials, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc.

2. Natural resource potential of the Central Black Earth Region.

The main natural wealth of the region is the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which lie on its territory in two strips: Orel - Shchigry - Stary Oskol - Valuiki (Oryol and Tula oblasts) with a width of 1 to 25 km and Lgov-Belgorod (Kursk and Belgorod oblasts) with a width of 2 up to 40 km with a layer thickness of 70-350 meters. There are two main types of ores: poor, but largely profitable, with an iron content of 36%, and rich, with an iron content of over 60% with an insignificant amount of sulfur and phosphorus. Poor ores are represented by ferruginous quartzites, their depth ranges from several meters to 700 m (southwestern part of the Kursk magnetic anomaly). Rich ores belong to magnetite, hematite and martite types and are located in the Belgorod region. Currently, the most famous deposits in the Belgorod region are: Yakovlevskoe, Gostishchevskoe, Saltykovskoe, Lebedinskoe, Stoilenskoe, Pogrometskoe, Chernyanskoe; in the Kursk region - Mikhailovskoe, Kurbakinskoe and Dichnyansko-Reutetskoe. The shallow occurrence of ores (at a depth of 35-40 to 400-500 meters) and deeper allows them to be mined in open pit mines with significantly lower capital and current labor costs and funds. Mine mining at depth is complicated here by abundant water saturation of underground horizons. The construction of underground mines is carried out using special refrigeration units for freezing rocks during shaft sinking. The high quality of rich ores at depth can not only reimburse the costs of this equipment, but also ensure the high efficiency of the mining industry of the KMA. In addition to the high iron content, these ores contain only tenths of a percent sulfur and hundredths of phosphorus.

The region also has large reserves of non-metallic minerals: granites, refractory clays, chalk, marls, dolomites; there are reserves of copper-nickel ores and bauxite.

In the iron ore deposits of the Belgorod region, industrial bauxite deposits have been discovered - the Vislovskoye deposit, but due to the great depth of occurrence and difficult hydrogeological conditions, it has not yet been exploited.

Copper-nickel deposits Voronezh region form the third largest (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province of the Russian Federation. In addition, there are deposits of cement raw materials, refractory clay, sand, and building stone in the region. The most famous are the Latnenskoe deposit of refractory clays and the Pavlovskoe deposit of building materials.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The most famous deposits of building materials, such as Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, and dolomites - Dankovskoye.

In the Tambov region there are stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; the most famous deposits of sand are Tambov and Polkovskoe.

The Central Black Earth Region is acutely deficient in fuel and energy resources and uses almost entirely imported fuel.

The climate of the region is moderately continental, in a given part it is rather humid, in the southeastern part it is drier, and droughts are not uncommon. The average temperature in July is + (19-20) 0С, in January - (9-11) 0С. The amount of annual atmospheric precipitation is 400-500 mm per year. The duration of the growing season with temperatures above 50C is 175-200 days, with temperatures above 100C - 140-170 days. The hydrographic network is poor. The only large river is the Don with its tributaries Voronezh and the Northern Donets. The Don is navigable only downstream to Pavlovsk. The rest of the rivers are shallow, their main use is water supply to the population and industrial enterprises... Currently, there is a tense water balance in large cities.

The most valuable wealth of the region is the soil: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov regions are gray forest and podzolic soils, in the rest of the territory - different types chernozems with a humus content of 4-6 to 10-12% with the thickness of the horizon in some areas up to 120-130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Chernozems here were formed on loose soils of sandy loams, so they easily succumb to water erosion, leading to the formation of ravines. In some areas, up to 60% of the land is subject to erosion, therefore, the fight against ravines is the most important task of the region's farmers. The real means of this struggle was the special cultivation of fields and artificial forest plantations, which make up about half of the forested area of the district. Average forest cover in the district is 8%. Commercial logging is prohibited almost everywhere. Forest resources are mainly of soil protection and recreational importance. Industrial exploitation of forests does not play any significant role in providing the region with commercial timber. The timber and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials; the region produces furniture, lumber, chipboards, plywood. The industry's products meet the internal needs of the region for consumer goods.

3. POPULATION AND LABOR RESOURCES.

Population Ts.Ch.E.R. is 7.9 million people, or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation. 61.6% of the population lives in cities, countryside 38.4% of the population. In terms of population density (47.0 people per km 2), the region occupies one of the leading places in Russia. Due to the intensive development of the iron ore and metallurgical complex in the region, as well as the fact that for a long time the region supplied labor reserves to other regions of the country, in the Central Ch.E.R. the sex and age structure was violated, which led to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the mortality rate of the population. As a result, in the region, one of the first in Russia, a natural decline in population began. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a slight increase in the birth rate in 1985-1987. and at the expense of emigrants from areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from neighboring countries, but continues to remain critical.

The peculiarity of the region lies in the fact that its entire history is closely connected with the Central Region, therefore, its industry complements modern industry Center. Diverse, incl. precision, mechanical engineering, organic chemistry industries, consumer goods production determine its industrial profile, which is complemented.

On the other hand, being located in the black earth zone of Russia, which is more favorable in terms of natural conditions- it is included in the zone of developed agriculture, which determines the increased role of the agricultural sector of the economy.

This ambiguity of the situation was reflected in the history of the region associated with its settlement by Cossacks in the 16th-17th centuries, the formation of a strong landlord-serf economy in the 18th century, which was accompanied by the Cossack riots of I. Bolotnikov, S. Razin, E. Pugachev. Here, in the "noble nests", the classical Russian literature was formed, which gave the country the names of A. Zhukovsky I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, A. Fet, A. Koltsov, I. Bunin. The Soviet government met strong Cossack resistance here during the Civil War and collectivization.

During the years of reforms, the region's industry underwent a major restructuring: the advanced industries that formed the basis of the economy - mechanical engineering and organic chemistry - reduced production by 4 times and lost the role of specialization industries. They were replaced by metallurgy, which works for export, and the food industry, as a sector of constant, albeit declining, demand. Today, these two industries account for half of the region's industrial output.

Ferrous metallurgy includes open pit mining at the open-pit mines of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), the production of "pellets" - raw materials for steel production - and steel smelting at the plants in Stary Oskol and Lipetsk. Their state-of-the-art technologies ensure high quality steel and its entry into the world market. The region is also promising for the further development of metallurgy, but it is necessary to prevent environmental consequences - drying up and pollution of chernozems, deterioration of the state, etc.

The mechanical engineering of the region has two directions. The first is the production of equipment for local industries - mining, cement, chemical, food, agriculture; the second - precision engineering - devices, electronics, electrical engineering, incl. Consumer goods - computers, televisions, refrigerators. A large aircraft plant is located in Voronezh. Now all these industries have reduced production, but some are beginning to revive, incl. aircraft production engineering plants are located in all major cities, among which Voronezh and Lipetsk stand out.

The chemical industry produces a variety of products: nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic rubber and tires, chemical fibers and fabrics, detergents and dyes, etc. Its enterprises are located in all regional cities of the region. The region is also distinguished by the production of building materials - cement, refractories, chalk and lime (in the Belgorod region).

The region does not have its own fuel resources, so Donbass coals, oil and gas from Tyumen, as well as electricity from powerful nuclear power plants - Kursk and Voronezh, are used.

Agriculture relies on soils, a mild climate and a dense rural population. Here 60% of all land is plowed, which gives 40% of sugar beet, 25% of the country's sunflower, as well as wheat, cereals, vegetables, fruits, tobacco. The industry of specialization is also meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming. On their basis, the food industry, the largest in the country for the production of sugar, operates, also producing sunflower oil, cereals, various canned food and fresh meat and dairy products.

The population of the region is less urban than in Russia as a whole: the share of urban residents is 60%. There are 10 cities with a population of 100-400 thousand people. But only one - the city of Voronezh - approaches the number of inhabitants of the cities of millionaires. The area has a relatively high density rural population- about 20 people / km; it is evenly distributed over the territory and lives mainly in large villages.

Thus, in Russia this is, perhaps, the only region that is developed and populated quite well and evenly, in contrast to other regions with a strong concentration of production and population in separate areas. This nature of development is reflected in the well-developed transport network of the region, the lines of which form a uniform "grid", supporting the balanced development of the entire territory.

The ecological situation of the Central Black Region is determined by the large anthropogenic load on local Natural resources... So, a deficit has formed here, associated with their high consumption in industry and agriculture and pollution of rivers by economic ones. The long-term plowing of loose chernozem lands caused their strong and formation - this is the most "ravine" region of the country. Now, thanks to land conservation work, it is possible to restrain the emergence of new ravines, but the process of degradation of chernozems continues. The Central Black Earth Region is the only economic region in Russia where there is no hydroelectric power station.

The district's prospects are associated with the development of the agro-industrial complex, the search for effective forms of its organization, for example, in the form of already emerging branch "holdings" covering the entire cycle of agricultural production - from growing and transportation to processing and selling the finished product. In industry, it is important to develop the production of equipment for the agricultural complex, for home and subsidiary farming, as well as precision engineering and the final labor-intensive stages of organic chemistry, which will ensure employment of the population, its economic and personal needs. To preserve fertile lands, it is important to reduce the areas of mining, use soil-sparing methods of cultivating them, and develop them. These measures will also lead to an improvement in the water balance of the region.

Square territory: 167.7 thousand sq. km.

Compound: Kursk, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Tambov, Voronezh regions.

Names: Peter I, P. B. Inozemtsev (academician who in 1783 suggested the presence of large reserves of iron ore near Kursk), V. V. Dokuchaev, I. A. Bunin, I. S. Turgenev, G. I. Shelekhov, V. A. Rusanov, A. P. Ermolov, M. Yu. Lermontov.

Geographic objects

The rivers: Don, Oka, Diet, Voronezh, Tsna.

Cities: Kursk, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Tambov, Michurinsk, Zheleznogorsk, Yelets.

The largest cities of the Central Black Earth region and their industry

Town	Year of foundation
Belgorod		Building materials, mechanical engineering, Energomash, Gormash, food.
Stary Oskol		Black metellurgy; OEMK, Stoilensky GOK.
Gubkin		Mining; Lebedinsky GOK, KMAruda.
Voronezh		Heavy engineering, aircraft construction, radio electronics; aircraft plant, excavator plant, "Electronics".
Kursk		Precision engineering, chemical, lightweight; "Schetmash", "Electroagregat", "Khimvolokno".
Zheleznogorsk		Mining; Mikhailovsky GOK.
Kurchatov		Nuclear power; Kursk NPP.
Lipetsk		Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, building materials; a metallurgical plant, a tractor plant and a pipe plant.
Dace		Mechanical engineering, food.
Tambov		Chemical engineering, electronics, chemical; "Polymermash", "Galvanotechnika", "Pigment".
Michurinsk		Mechanical engineering, food, light, gardening center.

Lipetsk

Lipetsk is a city (since 1779) in Russia, the administrative center of the Lipetsk region. Population 521.6 thousand people (2001), area 282 sq. km. Located on the banks of the Voronezh River, 508 km south of Moscow. Currently, Lipetsk is the second city in the Central Black Earth Region (after Voronezh) in terms of population.

Story... The city was founded in 1703, when, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, at the direction of Peter I, near the iron ore deposits, plants were laid for smelting iron, steel, and making cannons. In 1779, the city of the Sokolsk district and the Lipskie Zavod settlement were transformed into a city with the name Lipetsk, which became the center of the Lipetsk district, which was then created. In the 19th century, Lipetsk was a town in the Tambov province. At the beginning of the 20th century, two iron foundries, a distillery, a sugar factory, several candlesticks, leather and tobacco factories operated in the city. In November 1934, the first pig iron was produced by the blast furnace of the current enterprise of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combine. From 1954 the center of the Lipetsk region, having received the status of a regional center.

During the Second World War, the construction of the Lipetsk Tractor Plant "Lipetsk Tractor" was completed in a short time.

Climate... The climate is moderately continental. Winter with persistent snow cover, average January temperature -10 ° C. It is warm in summer, the average temperature in July is +20 ° C. There is about 500 mm of precipitation per year.

Economy: Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant Svobodny Sokol, Tsentrolit Pipe Plant, Lipetsk Tractor OJSC, Lipetsk Machine-Tool Plant AO, starting engine plant, Indesit household appliances plant, Khimprodukt plant, rubber and plastic products plant, confectionery factory, garment factory, Lipetsk Patterns factory.

Tambov

Tambov is a city in the Russian Federation, the administrative center of the Tambov region, located on the Tsna River (Volga basin), 480 km from Moscow. It is located in the central part of the Oksko-Don (Tambov) Plain, in the southern part of the Central Russian forest-steppe zone. According to local historians, the name Tambov comes from the word "tonbov" - "swamp" from the Mokshan language. According to Moscow data, Tambov was founded in 1636 by the steward, governor Roman Boborikin. Historians of the Volga finivs clarify: the territory for the fortress was captured by Moscow troops in the spring of 1636 "opposite the extreme Mordovian village of Tonbov". The function is the stronghold of the Moscow state in the Mordovian lands, which, due to the lack of clear sovereignty, were called the Wild Field. A number of fortresses and fortifications on the territory of western Mordovia were designed to protect the common borders of the Mokshan princes and the Moscow monarch from the claims of the Crimean Khanate and the Nogai Horde (state). In the XVIII century, Tambov became the provincial center.

Climate moderately continental. Winter is moderately cold, with a stable snow cover, average January temperatures are minus 11 degrees. Summers are warm, average July temperatures are about 20 degrees. Annual precipitation is about 500 mm, droughts are frequent.

Economy... Modern Tambov is an industrial center with developed chemical engineering (factories - "Tambovpolimermash", "Tambovapparat", galvanic equipment). Machine-building enterprises of the city produce various types of electrical products "Revtrud", "Electropribor"; various types of component parts and spare parts for cars and tractors, forging and press equipment - PA "Tambovmash". In Tambov, there are Pigment chemical enterprises - anil dyes production; factories of asbestos and rubber products, enterprises of light industry (clothing and footwear), production of building materials.

The culture... In the city of Tambov there is the Baratynskys' estate, the outstanding mathematician A.M. Kolmogorov was born here. The composer G.A. Smetanin studied at the Tambov School of Music. VI Agapkin (author of Farewell to a Slav), cellist M.L. Rostroppovich.

VOLGO - VYATSKY ECONOMIC DISTRICT

Square: 263.3 thousand sq. km.

Compound: Nizhny Novgorod Region, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Chuvashia, Republic of Mari-El, Kirov Region.

Names: K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky, A.M. Peshkov (Gorky), I.P. Kulibin, N.I. Lobachevsky, S.M. Kirov.

Geographic objects

Cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Gorodets, Semenov, Kirov, Cheboksary, Saransk, Yoshkar-Ola.

The rivers: Volga, Oka, Vetluga, Vyatka, Kerzhenets; Lake Svetloyar.

The largest cities of the Volgo-Vyatka region

Town	Year of foundation	Branches of specialization and large enterprises
Nizhny Novgorod		Military-industrial complex, machine-building, aviation, ship-, auto-, machine-tool building; "GAZ", "Krasnoe Sormovo", "Dvigatel", "Sokol" (air)
Dzerzhinsk		Chemical, mechanical engineering; "Corundum", "Synthesis"
Arzamas		Mechanical engineering, lightweight; w-d engines
Pavlovo	ser. XVII century	Metalworking, mechanical engineering; busses, metalware
Kstovo	early XV century.	Oil refinery; Refinery
Boron	XIII century	Mechanical engineering, glass, forestry
Kirov	1374 (Khlynov)	Mechanical engineering, forestry, light; "Electromash", "Avitek", "Fizpribor", "Iskozh", match factory
Kirovo-Chepetsk	ser. XV century.	Metalworking, light
Yoshkar-Ola		Mechanical engineering, food, light; "Contact", instrumental, instrument-making plant
Volzhsk		Woodworking; PPI, PPM, yeast plant
Cheboksary		Mechanical engineering, lightweight; "Electropribor", plant of industrial tractors, instrument-making
Novocheboksarsk		Energy, chemical; Cheboksary HPP
Kanash		Mechanical engineering, chemical
Saransk		Electrical engineering, instrument making; "Svetotekhnika", "Orbit", zd medical appliances
Ruzayevka		Mechanical engineering; Lisma, Himmash

Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod is the center of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 439 km east of Moscow. Located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga. Population 1440.6 thousand people. Nizhny Novgorod is the 3rd largest city in Russia in terms of population after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was founded in 1221 by the prince of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich as a fortress called "Nizhny" or "Nizovsky lands". Since 1350 - the capital of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality created in 1341. Due to its favorable geographical position, the city has acquired the importance of a major trade and cultural center; chronicles were kept in the Pechersk Monastery. In 1372, the construction of the Kremlin began. In 1392 he was annexed to Moscow and soon became a stronghold of Russia in the struggle against the Kazan Khanate.

Climate moderate continental, Average temperatures in January -12, July +18. Annual precipitation is about 500 mm.

Economy... Large transport hub: 6 railway lines, river port, airport, subway. Modern Nizhny Novgorod is the largest mechanical engineering center in Russia. Leading enterprises of the machine-building industry: an automobile plant (GAZ), a plant of specialized machines (vans, trailers, gearboxes, molds). The Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard is the main shipbuilding base of the Volga fleet. A large plant (Engine of the Revolution) is a manufacturer of marine engines and gas motor compressors for main gas pipelines. There are factories: aircraft, milling machines, mill and elevator equipment, peat machines, television, enterprises of converting metallurgy, chemical industry, woodworking, building materials. Light industry enterprises operate in the city: a linen mill, a hosiery and knitwear factory, leather and footwear factories, and sewing enterprises.

The culture... Nizhny Novgorod is the birthplace of the mechanic N. N. Kulibin, mathematician N. I. Lobachevsky, literary critic N. A. Dobrolyubov, composer Balakirev.

Kirov

Kirov, the center of the Kirov region, 896 km from Moscow. Located on the banks of the Vyatka River, stretching along it for 25 kilometers. Population - 467.5 thousand inhabitants.

Story... It was first mentioned in chronicles in 1374 under the name Khlynov. The city was formed around a fortress standing on the high bank of the Vyatka. In 1780 the Vyatka governorship was formed. Khlynov was renamed Vyatka. Manufacturing was developed here, distilleries, leather and fur, shoe, sawmills operated.

In 1929 Vyatka was renamed into the city of Kirov, and in 1936 it became a regional center.

Climate. The climate is moderately continental. Average temperatures in January -15 degrees, July 18. Precipitation is 550 mm per year.

Economy... Industry has been developing rapidly since 1940: mechanical engineering, metalworking, and chemical industry. Among the larger enterprises: machine-building factories, tillage machines, "Fizpribor", tool "Krin", construction equipment, electrical appliances, tire, synthetic building materials, biochemical. Work: the Belka leather and fur plant, Iskozh plant, textile, furniture, woodworking. In Kirov, matches and musical instruments are produced.

Art and culture. There are museums in Kirov: M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, aviation and cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky, museum "Vyatka art crafts". The Trifonov Monastery was built here in 1684 with an iconostasis and painting by Palekh masters. In the center of the old town, there is a building of the former order chamber of the 17th century. In the Zarechny district of Kirov (formerly the Dymkovo settlement), the production of traditional molded "Dymkovo" toys has been launched.

by discipline: Economic Geography and Reginalistics

Completed:

2nd year students

groups 6-12TD2 / 8

Koroleva I.

Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth Economic Region.

The Central Black Earth Economic Region includes:

The Central Black Earth Economic Region occupies a central position in the black earth zone of the Russian Plain and borders on the leading industrial region of the country - Central, and is also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and Ukraine. The territory of the TsCHER is located on the watershed, along the upper reaches of the Oka, Don and Seim rivers (a tributary of the Desna, on which Kursk is located). The western part of the region (Oryol, Kursk and Belgorod regions) is located on the Central Russian Upland, the middle (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions) - on the Oksko-Don lowland. A feature of the modern relief is the many ravines, the development of which was facilitated by both natural factors (hilly, easily washed out soils) and socio - economic (excessive deforestation, plowing of meadows). Taking advantage of its geographical location between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Black Earth Center is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region.

In the interdistrict territorial division of social labor of the Central

The Chernozem region is distinguished by the production of products of the iron ore and metallurgical complex, associated machine building, chemical and food industries. In the formation of the economic complex of the Central

The presence of the richest reserves of iron ores, massifs of fertile black earth lands in combination with favorable agro-climatic conditions and a convenient economic and geographical position play an important role in the Chernozem economic region. The natural conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality. Despite the aridity, the conditions are favorable for farming.

The Central Chernozem region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators for Russia. The Central Black Earth Region has developed economic ties with
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral construction materials, ferrous metals, bread, sugar are exported from the region. Since the region's economy is severely experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the import of coal, coke, oil and oil products predominates, as well as large volumes of mineral construction materials, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc.

2. Natural resource potential of the Central Black Earth Region.

The region also has large reserves of non-metallic minerals: granites, refractory clays, chalk, marls, dolomites; there are reserves of copper-nickel ores and bauxite.

The copper-nickel deposits of the Voronezh region form the third largest (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province of the Russian Federation. In addition, there are deposits of cement raw materials, refractory clay, sand, and building stone in the region. The most famous are the Latnenskoe deposit of refractory clays and the Pavlovskoe deposit of building materials.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The most famous deposits of building materials, such as Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, and dolomites - Dankovskoye.

In the Tambov region there are stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; the most famous deposits of sand are Tambov and Polkovskoe.

The Central Black Earth Region is acutely deficient in fuel and energy resources and uses almost entirely imported fuel.

The climate of the region is moderately continental, in a given part it is rather humid, in the southeastern part it is drier, and droughts are not uncommon. The average temperature in July is + (19-20) 0С, in January - (9-11) 0С. The amount of annual atmospheric precipitation is 400-500 mm per year. The duration of the growing season with temperatures above 50C is 175-200 days, with temperatures above 100C - 140-170 days. The hydrographic network is poor. The only large river is the Don with its tributaries Voronezh and the Northern Donets. The Don is navigable only downstream to Pavlovsk. The rest of the rivers are shallow, their main use is water supply to the population and industrial enterprises. Currently, there is a tense water balance in large cities.

The most valuable wealth of the region is the soil: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov regions are gray forest and podzolic soils, in the rest of the territory there are different types of chernozems with a humus content from 4-6 to 10-12% with the thickness of the horizon in some areas up to 120 - 130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Chernozems here were formed on loose soils of sandy loams, so they easily succumb to water erosion, leading to the formation of ravines. In some areas, up to 60% of the land is subject to erosion, therefore, the fight against ravines is the most important task of the region's farmers. The real means of this struggle was the special cultivation of fields and artificial forest plantations, which make up about half of the forested area of the district. Average forest cover in the district is 8%. Commercial logging is prohibited almost everywhere. Forest resources are mainly of soil protection and recreational importance. Industrial exploitation of forests does not play any significant role in providing the region with commercial timber. The timber and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials; the region produces furniture, lumber, chipboards, plywood. The industry's products meet the internal needs of the region for consumer goods.

3. POPULATION AND LABOR RESOURCES.

Population Ts.Ch.E.R. is 7.9 million people, or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation. 61.6% of the population lives in cities, 38.4% of the population in rural areas. In terms of population density (47.0 people per km2), the region occupies one of the leading places in Russia. Due to the intensive development of the iron ore and metallurgical complex in the region, as well as the fact that for a long time the region supplied labor reserves to other regions of the country, in the Central Ch.E.R. the sex and age structure was violated, which led to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the mortality rate of the population. As a result, in the region, one of the first in Russia, a natural decline in population began. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a slight increase in the birth rate in 1985-1987. and at the expense of emigrants from areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from neighboring countries, but continues to remain critical.

The number of labor resources tends to decrease and the region from the category of labor surplus, possibly, will move to the category of labor deficient.

4. Demographic situation and population distribution

Fertility, mortality, natural increase determine the total number

the population of the country as a whole. In the context of individual regions, natural and

mechanical increments can affect the change in the total number in different ways

population of the country and territory

Consider the crude birth rates. The table shows

fertility data in the Central Black Earth Region for the regions included in these regions.

Crude birth rates (births per 1000 population)

Central Chernoz. district

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

After analyzing the data in the table, we can conclude that the

the last decade has seen a decline in the number of births in all

areas of the area. Today, according to some observers, an incredible demographic catastrophe has hit the country; in terms of fertility, it has just entered a number of such European countries as Germany, Italy, Spain, which are by no means in a state of crisis.

Fertility depends on a very large number of factors, among which,

there are probably some that can be influenced and thus somewhat

increase its level. Such opportunities, no, need to be identified and

use. But to calculate the birth rate growth capable of

radically change the situation with natural growth, hardly

Mortality is the second component of the natural population growth form.

It is known that it is very high in Russia.

Consider the mortality data in the Central Black Earth Region in the table.

Central Chernoz. district

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

The mortality situation in this area is also not the best. The increase in mortality in this area compared to 1985 on average

amounted to about 20-30%. This is slightly more than in a number of other areas, but in

in Russia as a whole, there is a tendency towards an increase in mortality.

In Russia in the early 90s, the mortality rate of men aged 30 to 40 years

was 3.4 times higher, women - 2 times higher than in the West. Given the Russian mortality structure in 1990, out of every thousand born boys sooner or later, 147 will die from an accident.

In 1995, a new turn was outlined, this time for the better. To the beginning

In 1998, life expectancy for men increased by 3.6 years, and for women, by 2.1 years. But even now, life expectancy in Russia is still very low: for women it is at the level of the turn of the 70-80s, for men it is even less than this extremely low

The deformed age structure of the population is the third factor, from

which its natural growth depends. In the Central Black Earth Region, and in Russia as a whole, its influence for a long time masked depopulation tendencies and contributed to the preservation of the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths, when the age-related intensities of fertility and mortality no longer gave grounds for this. Generally speaking, this is a common situation for a period of rapidly declining fertility and associated aging.

Now the potential of demographic growth in the considered Central Black Earth Region has been exhausted, and its age pyramid cannot play the former masking role. The natural increase in these areas all the pain depends directly on the age-related intensities of fertility and mortality, and the decisive importance belongs to the fertility, which is very low here, and its significant increase is small. Thus, the current demographic situation and having forecasts do not leave much hope for positive natural growth in the foreseeable future

State Committee according to the statistics of the Russian Federation based on the prevailing to the present

time trends and their possible changes in the future made predictive

population calculations up to 2010. At the same time, three

hypothetical variants of demographic development - medium, pessimistic

and optimistic.

The middle option is based on the assumption of a slow exit from the

economic crisis, which, on the one hand, will have a positive effect on the dynamics

mortality, and on the other hand, will allow families to more fully realize their

reproductive intentions identified in the 1994 microcensus.

A pessimistic scenario is quite likely if the crisis drags on. He

is based on extrapolating the dynamics of mortality growth that began in the middle

60s, until the end of the forecast period. Fertility stabilizes at

the limiting level below which it cannot fall.

An optimistic vision of the future is based on the fact that crisis phenomena

of recent years, it will be possible to neutralize quickly enough, as a result of which already in

the coming years will see positive shifts in the dynamics of mortality. Level

the birth rate will approach the pre-crisis indicator, and in the future in Russia

a smooth transition to a new stage of demographic development will begin.

The forecast of the prospective population size is made taking into account the possible

applications of migration flows. It was assumed that during the entire period

migration processes will serve as a deterrent to a significant decrease in

population due to negative natural growth.

So, for 1996-2010. the migration component may exceed 2.6 mln.

Human. At the same time, the inflow of migrants from the former republics of the USSR to Russia will be

more than 3.6 million people, and the number of Russians who left for a permanent place

residence in foreign countries- almost 1 million people.

According to forecast estimates, the number of migrants from the former Soviet republics

will gradually decrease. Until 2000, the excess of the entry into Russia over

departure from it on average will be at the level of about 400 thousand people in

year, at the beginning of the new millennium (2000-2005) - a little more than 200 thousand.

people, and subsequently (2006-2010) - most likely it will not exceed 150 thousand.

person per year. The main influx of the population from the former Soviet republics

will fall on the Central, Central Black Earth, North Caucasian and

Volga regions. Migration processes within Russia will be

characterized by a massive departure of the population from the northern and eastern regions

European part of the country. By the end of the millennium, over 300 thousand people will leave

these territories.

Today, it is practically impossible to dramatically increase the birth rate, and it is also unrealistic to reduce the death rate, i.e. it is necessary to look for other ways out of this situation. One of such solutions can be called the migration process observed today. In recent years, the population of the Central Black Earth

The area is replenished only due to migration processes. And here already

there is a lack of government regulation chaotic migration.

The state is obliged to intervene in migration processes. Unfortunately for this

there is no clear concept yet. Meanwhile, Russian society should

protect yourself from negative social consequences illegal migration.

It is clear that in the conditions of "transparency" of the borders of Russia, it has not yet succeeded

to put up a solid barrier against the illegal penetration of migrants on their

territory. So the legislative framework migration processes the main

a problem in the way of regulating social problems in Russia. They are diverse

and difficult, but it is necessary to solve them, since through migration Russia

will be able to redistribute its population potential from the most

countries benefit.

5. Industry of the Central Black Earth Region

In the industrial complex of the Central Black Earth Region, the leading place is occupied by ferrous metallurgy, which is a branch of market specialization. Commercial iron ore, cast iron, steel, finished rolled products are widely exported to other regions of Russia, to neighboring countries. The largest enterprises of the metallurgical complex include Lebedinsky, Mikhailovsky, Stoilensky GOKs, the KMAruda association, the Novolipetsk metallurgical plant, the Svobodny Sokol plant, the Oskol electrometallurgical plant, the Semiluksky refractory plant and others. The cost of iron ore production in the region is 20% lower than the average for the Russian Federation, despite the high costs of land reclamation and other environmental protection measures. The development of the industry in the Central Black Earth Region is in two directions: expansion of mining and concentration of iron ores and an increase in the output and range of metallurgical products due to the reconstruction of the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant and the introduction of new capacities at the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant. The region is the main supplier of electrical, auto sheet and pipe steel in Russia. The technical level of production and labor productivity in the region's ferrous metallurgy is higher than the average for Russia; in many respects, the industry's products meet international standards.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is also a branch of market specialization of the Central Black Earth Region and is characterized by a diversified structure. Complex labor-intensive industries have developed in the region: radio electronics, aviation, instrument making, and metal-intensive industries: mining engineering, production of excavators, forging and pressing machines, metal-cutting machines, tractor construction and agricultural engineering, chemical and petrochemical engineering, production of metal structures. The location of the machine-building complex in the region is extremely uneven and is concentrated mainly in the Voronezh region (42% of the total output), machine-building centers are also distinguished: Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Tambov, Yelets, Dankov, Michurinsk, Zheleznogorsk and others. Mechanical engineering for the food industry is insufficiently developed in the region.

Food industry

The region's market specialization is the food industry. It has a powerful developed own raw material base and is also a diversified one. Sugar, meat, butter, butter, cheese, alcohol, tobacco, fruit and vegetable products are of great importance. These industries supply their products to the all-Russian food market. The food industry in the region is characterized by technical backwardness, great wear and tear of the main production assets(up to 70%), a high proportion of manual labor. The capacity of enterprises lags far behind the volume of harvested raw materials. Therefore, even in years of average yield, some of the raw materials remain unprocessed.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry in the Central Black Earth Region also belongs to the branches of market specialization. But it is constrained by the lack of its own raw material base and the lack of water and energy resources. Nevertheless, the industry in the region has received significant development and most of its production goes to interregional exchange. These are synthetic rubber, tires from Voronezh, rubber products from Tambov and Kursk, synthetic fibers from Kursk, synthetic detergents from Shebekino, aniline dyes from Tambov. The production of mineral fertilizers and the production of synthetic materials are promising in the region.

Cement industry

For the rest of the sub-sectors, an increase in capacity is impractical due to the limited resources of our own. The cement industry - the branch of the construction complex of the Central Black Earth Region also belongs to the branches of market specialization. Its development in the region is due to the presence of large resources of raw materials, the complex use of overburden in the development of iron ores of the KMA. Large cement plants are located in Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk. Other industries in the Central Black Earth Region are complementary to the complex.

Power engineering

The power industry in the region has a specific structure. More than 80% of electricity comes from nuclear power plants. The Novovoronezh and Kursk NPPs have been built and are constantly expanding here. Large thermal power plants operate in regional centers. Part of the electricity comes from the UES of Russia, but the region is still deficient in electricity, and this factor hinders the development of the economy of the Central Black Earth Region.

Timber and woodworking industry

The timber and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials; the region produces furniture, lumber, chipboards, plywood. The industry's products meet the internal needs of the region for consumer goods.

Light industry

The light industry of the Central Black Earth Region is poorly developed and very unevenly distributed. The enterprises are concentrated mainly in the Tambov and Kursk regions. The Tambov region specializes in the production of woolen fabrics, the Glushkovskaya woolen factory is located in the Kursk region and a large knitwear plant has been built using chemical fiber. Further development of the industry is associated with the improvement of its territorial structure and is aimed at better meeting the needs of the population of the region. The garment industry is located everywhere; leather and footwear enterprises are located in Kursk and Voronezh.

6. Agriculture of the Central Black Earth Region

The agro-industrial complex specializes within the framework of the all-Russian division of labor into products that are most profitable to obtain in this particular region. Here they cultivate cereals (the most important of which is wheat), industrial crops (sugar beets, sunflowers, makhorka, hemp, etc.), potatoes and various vegetables, fruit and berry crops. The share of industrial crops in the structure of sown areas is almost 13%, that is, more than two times more than the average for the Russian Federation, the share of vegetables, melons and fruit crops is also higher.

The most important economic prerequisite for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the location of the region in the center of the European part of the country, near developed regions with a large share of the urban population and, therefore, a great demand for food. Residents of the Central Black Earth Region have vast experience and skills in the production of various agricultural products. The created potential of the region makes it possible to provide the agro-industrial complex with machines and mechanisms, carry out their repair, supply with spare parts. The chemical industry of the region supplies a significant part of its production to agriculture.

The region accounts for only 6.3% of agricultural land in Russia. At the same time, it produces in different years from 9 to 12% of grain (grain yield fluctuates at the level of 21-23 centners per hectare, which is 7-8 centners more than the average in Russia), about 50% of sugar beets, 15-17% of sunflower seeds, 7-11% of potatoes, 7-8% of the gross harvest of vegetables, 11-13% of fruits and berries. Production of the main types of crop products per capita in the region is much higher than the average for the Russian Federation. So, for example, per 1 person, they produce more than 4 tons of grain (on average in Russia 600 kg), granulated sugar - more than 160 kg (on average in Russia - 20 kg), vegetable oil - 25 kg (on average in Russia). Russia - about 6 kg).

The milling and feed industry is widely represented in the region. On the basis of grain and potato processing, starch and syrup and alcohol production are developed. A large base for processing beet raw materials has been created, primarily in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. In the production of sugar, a large amount of waste is generated (pulp, diffusion water, pulp water, molasses, etc.), their utilization is economically beneficial.

Oil and fat production is one of the oldest in the Central Black Earth Region. The raw material for it is sunflower. In terms of its cultivation area, the region is second only to the North Caucasus and the Volga region in the Russian Federation. The Voronezh, Tambov, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions stand out for the large scale of its crops. The region is the main producer of essential oils in the country based on the processing of coriander and anise (Alekseevsky ether complex).

The Central Black Earth Region stands out among others for its developed animal husbandry. In terms of meat production per capita, it ranks first in the country. The Belgorod Region has the highest rates in this regard. Pork and beef predominate in the structure of produced meat; the share of poultry and lamb is small. The processing capacity is insufficient. The problem of the rational use of by-products and production wastes remains. In terms of milk production per capita, the region also ranks first in the Russian Federation. Satisfying its needs for food, the region exported a significant part of them.

The output of light industry goods (leather and footwear, knitwear, sewing and some other industries are developed) is concentrated in the regional centers of the region. They mainly use imported raw materials.

7. Transport complex of the Central Black Earth Region

The Central Chernozem region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators for Russia. The main types of transport are rail and road; river, pipeline and aviation types also developed in the region. Large flows of transit cargo pass through the region, reflecting the links between the northern and central regions with the southern, eastern and western regions. In recent years, the flow of goods from the Central Black Earth Region itself has greatly increased, associated with the development of the territorial production complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (TPK KMA) (iron ore, ferrous metals, mineral construction raw materials). Therefore, the capacity of individual lines is already insufficient, the technical equipment of transport is weak, and it is necessary to improve the interaction of various types of transport in the region.

In the Central Black Earth Region, a transport network has developed, the configuration of which resembles a lattice. It is based on meridional and latitudinal highways of interdistrict significance; 4 meridional (Bryansk - Kharkov, Oryol - Kharkov, Yelets - Valuyki, Gryazi - Millerovo) and 3 latitudinal (Sukhinichi - Tambov, Yelets - Povorino, Vorozhba - Otrozhka) railway highways with numerous connections and branches. The Valuyki-Povorino line runs along the southeastern outskirts, providing an exit from Donbass. Import of goods in the region prevails over export. Import is determined by coal, oil cargo, mineral building materials, timber cargo; export - iron ore, cement, rolled ferrous metals, various shipping cargo.

The transit function of the transport network is great. A lot of work in transportation is done by railways... The density of their network here is much higher than the average for Russia, and amounts to 27.4 km per 1000 km2. Density of the road network common use with hard surface - 179 km per 1000 km2, which is 6 times more than the average in Russia, highways of international importance pass through the territory of the region: Moscow - Simferopol (through Kursk), Moscow - Caucasus, Moscow - Volgograd (through Voronezh) and the highways Kharkiv - Volgograd and Bryansk - Volgograd (via Voronezh); ore and fluxes are transported along local roads to metallurgical plants, building materials, sugar beets, and grain crops.
Pipeline transport, which has an extensive network of product pipelines, has a great influence on the transportation process. The largest of them are: Ufa - Western direction, Samara - Bryansk, Steel Horse - Western direction, Nikolskoye - Voronezh - Belgorod - Sumy. In addition, the Druzhba oil pipeline, which connects the oil-producing regions of the Middle Trans-Volga region with European countries, and gas pipelines: Stavropol - Moscow, Urengoy - Pomary - Yelets - Uzhgorod, pass through the Central Black Earth Region.

Voronezhavia Airlines OJSC is practically the only civil aviation enterprise in the Central Black Earth Region that carries out domestic and international transportation. Taking into account the expected reduction of international airports, Voronezh airport may remain the only one in the region with international status. The airline's activities in 2001 and 2002 are characterized as stable. Statistical reporting shows that along with the deterioration of some indicators determined by the demand for air services, there is an improvement in quality indicators. The financial condition of the airline is stable. The airline's revenues in 2002 amounted to 226 million rubles, which is almost 30 percent more than the previous year, while the profit amounted to 7 million rubles.

River transport is poorly developed. Navigation is carried out along the Don, Khopru and Northern Donets. In 2001, all owners of river vessels (state and commercial basis), 0.18 million tons were transported.

8. Regional difference in living standards of the population

Four years ago there were 148.5 million people.

Since 1992, there has been a decline in the population, at first small, then increasing. If it were not for the influx of immigrants from other CIS countries, the population would have been reduced by 1 million per year, and so - by 0.5 million per year. There is a particular decrease in areas of the non-black earth belt, and recently also in Siberia and the Far East (population outflow due to the economic crisis). In addition to changes in the natural movement of the population, the birth rate is decreasing, the mortality rate is increasing, the role of migration in the reduction has increased. The balance of migration - the excess of entry into Russia over exit is about 500,000 people, which only half compensates for the natural decline in the population. All the main economic regions of Russia, according to the contribution of two main components of population growth / decline, can be divided into 4 groups:

1. Areas with a positive value of both natural movement and migration. only one - North Caucasian.

2. Region with a negative value of natural increase, but positive migration - Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Central black earth, Volga region.

3. Areas with a positive value of natural increase, but negative migration - Siberia (Far Eastern), the Far East

4. Areas with negative growth and migration - North and Northwest.

In recent years, approximately 60 out of 80 districts have recently declined, and the death rate has also increased. 16 people per 1000 per year. The largest is the Pskov region - 24/1000. Not only the elderly, but also the able-bodied. The average duration of men is 57 years, women - 63.

Northwestern, Central regions have been experiencing constant population decline lately. In addition to natural movement, it should be noted the strengthening of the urban type of the population - the Murmansk region - 89-90% of the urban population). Families with few children (no more than 1 child) are more and more typical for Russia. An increase in the mobility of the population has been characteristic of Russia in recent years.

The following features can be distinguished:

· Maintaining a high positive balance in Russia with all the CIS countries (except for Belarus);

· An increase in the outflow of the Russian population from the CIS and Baltic countries to Russia;

· An increase in the number of refugees who have arrived in Russia;

· Increased outflow of the population from the northern territories, especially from the Asian north;

Age structure population of Russia (in 2000):

1. Up to 16 years old - 22.4%

2.16-65 (able-bodied) - 57.3%

3. More than 65 years of age (Above the working age) -20.3%. In terms of territorial differences, the younger (in terms of population) is the Far East, the oldest is the Central Black Earth Region.

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Economic and geographical location.

The region has a small area (107 thousand km 2) and a convenient transport and geographical position. It borders on the Central, Volga and North Caucasian economic regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Railways and highways cross the territory of the region in both latitudinal and meridian directions. There is an extensive network of gas pipelines and power transmission lines.

The presence of large deposits of minerals (iron ore, cement raw materials) and favorable soil and climatic conditions, as well as a significant reserve of labor, contribute to the development of various industries and agriculture.

Natural conditions and resources.

The climate is temperate continental, milder than in the Central Economic Region. Natural zones - forest-steppe and steppe. The relief is flat. Significant tracts of chernozem soils are concentrated here. But most of the region's territory is experiencing a shortage of water resources.

The reserves of iron ores of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) are large - about 40 billion tons. There is a significant proportion of high-grade ores, where the iron content reaches 60%. Iron ore regions are distinguished: in the Belgorod region - Starooskolsky (Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye deposits and near the city of Gubkin) and Mikhailovsky (Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region).

There are also deposits of refractory clays, phosphorites, and building materials. There are no fuel resources.

Population - 7.0 million people; the average population density is 46 people per sq km. It has long been a densely populated area.

The region developed as an agricultural one. Currently, the population is employed in industry and agriculture. The urbanization rate is 62%.

Household.

The main features of the economy are determined by the convenient EGP, the availability of labor resources, the richness of ore deposits, favorable soil and climatic conditions for the development of agriculture, but the lack of water and energy resources.

The specialization of the region is determined by the predominant development of the metallurgical, machine-building, chemical and food industries, as well as highly developed agriculture.

The mining industry (extraction of iron ore) serves as the basis for the development of ferrous metallurgy. Major centers are the Novolipetsk full-cycle metallurgical plant and the plant for the blast-furnace production of metal in Stary Oskol.

The mechanical engineering of the region specializes in the production of: mining equipment, excavators, agricultural machines, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, electrical products, equipment for the food and cement industries.

Industrial enterprises are located in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod, Michurinsk, Yelets. Precision mechanical engineering is presented in Kursk; in Belgorod - metal-intensive machine building - production of mining equipment. There is a large tractor plant in Lipetsk.

The chemical industry is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, dyes in Tambov, and chemical fiber in Kursk. Coke oven gases are used for the production of nitrogen fertilizers, aniline dyes. But basically the industry's industrial enterprises operate on imported raw materials.

The building materials industry, especially cement, is developed in Belgorod, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Zheleznogorsk and Gubkin. The production of reinforced concrete structures is developing.

The region has a highly developed food industry. These are flour mills, butter mills, sugar and tobacco factories.

Agro-industrial complex.

The region is distinguished by highly developed agriculture with a predominance of crop production. Mainly grain crops (winter wheat, corn, barley, rye) and industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower) are grown. Considerable areas are occupied by potatoes and vegetables. Livestock raising is mainly focused on meat and dairy products. They breed cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry. A suburban economy has developed around the cities. Horticulture is well developed.

The fuel and energy complex is a weak link in the economic complex.

The region, deprived of its energy carriers, is forced to import fuel from other regions (mainly oil and gas). All power plants of the region operate on imported fuel. A significant part of the electricity is generated by powerful nuclear power plants - Kursk and Novovoronezh.

Transport.

All types of transport are well developed, the work of which provides internal and external communications.

Central black earth economic region. Central black earth The largest city of the central black earth

Central black earth economic region. Central black earth The largest city of the central black earth

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