Outgoing current account balance. Operations of income and expenses. Account statement for entrepreneurs and organizations
CASH ACCOUNTING
Cash is financial resources organizations. The timeliness of repayment of debts on the budget, personnel and other creditors depends on their availability.
For the accounting Money and control over their receipt, the following accounts are intended:
50 - Checkout
51 - Settlement account
52 - Monetary budget
55 — Special Accounts in banks
56 - Other monetary documents
57 - Transfers on the way
All these accounts are active, Debit balance indicates the presence of funds different kind. The debit turnover shows an increase in cash, and the credit turnover shows their decrease.
1. ACCOUNTING OF OPERATIONS ON THE CURRENT ACCOUNT.
Settlement accounts…
are opened by organizations that are legal entities and have an independent balance sheet.
To open a current account, the organization submits to the bank the following documents:
- an application for opening an account;
– copies of the charter and memorandum of association, certified by a notary;
- a copy of the decision state registration, notarized;
- Two copies bank cards with samples of signatures and seal imprint, certified by a notary. The right of the first signature belongs to the head, the second to the chief accountant, signatures are recorded only in the presence of a notary;
- Certificate of registration tax office, in the Pension Fund and others ( social insurance, employment fund).
Agreement is signed bank account and the organization is assigned a current account number and a personal account is opened to record the movement of its funds.
All non-cash receipts and settlements of the enterprise are taken into account on the current account.
Receiving and issuing money or non-cash transfers are made by the bank on the basis of documents of a special form:
- is issued when cash is deposited into the current account. In confirmation of receipt of money, the bank issues a receipt to the payer, which serves as a supporting document.
Commercial bank "Prestige"
Cash contribution announcement№ 253 "05" April 1999
LLC "Progress" _______________________________________________________________
Through the cashier Ivanov E.S. ______________________________________________
to be credited to an account LLC "Progress" r/s 40223569720002453564 _______
recipient's name
For what from suppliers for goods
Sum 500 rub .00 cop Five hundred rubles 00 kopecks __________________
in words
Contributor's signature Ivanova
The cashier took the money Petrova
Accept from_______ LLC "Progress" _________r/s 40223569720002453564 _______
The total amount in figures is 500 rubles.
Accountant Smirnova
Cashier Petrova
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Taken from LLC "Progress" for crediting to the account 40223569720002453564_ ______
For what from the supplier for the goods ________________________________________
Sum 500 rub. 00 cop Five hundred rubles 00 kopecks __________________
in words
Art. accountant Smirnova
The amount indicated on the receipt was accepted by the cashier Petrova
Check (cash)- is an order of the organization to the bank to issue from the current account of the organization the amount of cash indicated in it.
Front side of the check:
CONTROL MARK
Reverse side of the check:
The amount specified in this check was received by: __________________
Recipient identification marks:
Presented: passport XX-AP №356452
Checked Pay "__" ___________199__
Controller Rep. Performer Cashier
Payment order- an order from the organization to the bank to transfer the corresponding amount of this current account to the recipient's current account (suppliers, budget, insurance organizations).
PAYMENT ORDER No. 10 04/16/1999 electronically
Date Type of payment
Amount Five hundred and four rubles
in words
Purpose of payment, name of goods, work performed, services rendered, No. and dates of commodity documents, contracts, VAT
For copier paper according to invoice No. 35 dated April 15, 1999. - 420 rubles, VAT 20% - 84 rubles.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bank's signatures
_________________________
_________________________
In the upper right corner there is a props " Payment type". This requisite includes the method of transferring money: “by mail”, “telegraph”, “electronic”. A little lower, we print in words the amount of money that the bank, on our behalf, must transfer to the recipient.
Before the name of the payer and the recipient, their decimal TIN (taxpayer identification number) must be indicated.
To the right of the payer's TIN, the amount of money that the bank, on our behalf, must transfer to the recipient, is printed in numbers.
The name of the payer is printed on payment order in props " Payer».
The bank details of the payer, which are printed on the payment order, include:
1. The name of the bank where the company is serviced.
2. BIC (nine-digit bank identification number) of our bank.
3. Settlement account of the payer of money. It must contain 20 digits.
4. Correspondent account of our bank, which must also consist of 20 digits.
Having printed the details of our bank, we print the details of the beneficiary's bank. We learned all these details from the invoice that the seller issued to us.
Provider LLC Store "Stationery" (1)
Address Ufa, Lenina, 11 (1a) Phone 35-17-49 (1b)
Settlement account No. 40503012576925435421 in Bashsberbank (1c)
Cor. check 45130204023542556214 BIC 048056234 (1g)
City Ufa (1d) TIN 0234567246 (1e)
OKONH code 92145 (1g) OKPO code 96 (1h)
Shipper and his address aka k/s (2)
BuyerLLC "Albatros" (4)
Address Ufa, Svobody, 37 (4а) Telephone 42-17-38 (4b)
Settlement account No. 30467568412386454578 in Bashsberbank (4c)
Cor. check 20314569852365456365 BIC 048253654 (4g)
City Ufa (4d) TIN 0246125368 (4e)
OKONH code 92136 (4zh) OKPO code 85 (4z)
Head ____________________________ Chief Accountant __________________________
RECEIVED ______________________________ ISSUED ______________________________
(signature of the recipient or authorized person (signature of the responsible person from the supplier)
buyer representative)
We print the name of the recipient of money in the props " Recipient».
At the bottom of the payment order, we indicate the purpose of the payment (what the money is paid for, for each document and what is the amount of VAT).
In the lower right corner of the payment order is the requisite " Order of payment". What it is?
If the company does not have enough money for all payments, then it must determine which payments should be paid first, and which can wait. To solve this problem central bank The Russian Federation has determined the following sequence of payments, which both you and your bank must comply with.
· The first stage - write-off under executive documents (court decisions), obliging your company to compensate for the harm caused to life and health, as well as the payment of alimony.
· The second stage - write-offs under executive documents (court decisions) for the payment of severance pay and wages to persons working under an employment or author's contract.
Third line - transfers to Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund and Employment Fund Russian Federation, as well as wages to persons working under employment contracts.
The fourth stage is payments to the budget and off-budget funds, deductions, which are provided for by the third stage.
· Fifth turn - write-off for all other executive documents.
· The sixth turn - write-off under other payment documents in the order of calendar priority. As a rule, these are ordinary economic and production payments.
Pay attention to the props " Payment type", located to the left of the attribute " Order of payment". The number of the type of payment depends on which document you instruct the bank to transfer money:
01 - Payment order;
02 - Payment order-demand (now practically not used);
03 - Cash check (receiving cash from the bank to the cash desk);
04 - Settlement check;
05 - Letter of credit;
06 - Memorial warrant;
07 - Loan repayment document;
08 - A document confirming the issuance of a limited checkbook;
09 - Bank order for the regulation of special loan accounts and accounts under settlement documents on my way;
10 - A document on writing off interest on a loan received.
All monetary transactions passed through the bank are fixed in bank statement from current account:
Extract for: 16-04-1999
Client: Albatros LLC
Operator: 15
WPV: 13-04-1999
Incoming balance: 3000=
Outgoing balance: 2196=
Extract for: 25-04-1999
Personal account: 3046756841238645478
Client: Albatros LLC
Operator: 15
WPV: 20-04-1999
Incoming balance: 2196=
| The code | doc no. | BIC | Check | Debit | Credit |
| 750= 250= 700= | 500= 2500= | ||||
| Turnaround summary: | 1700= | 3000= |
Outgoing balance: 3496=
Always and everywhere on the bank statement will definitely stand two different dates. The earlier date indicates the date on which the Transactioner made the previous bank statement and is therefore the date of the previous bank statement (DST). The later date is your current statement date.
Incoming balance and outgoing balance:
Incoming balance shows the amount of money that was on your bank account before the start of this statement. That is, the amount of money that has passed from the last bank statement to this bank statement. Outgoing balance shows the amount of money that is on your current account at the time of completion of this bank statement. That is, the amount of money that will go from today's bank statement to tomorrow's.
The outgoing balance of the previous bank statement is always the incoming balance of the next bank statement.
Using any banking product, whether it is a loan, deposit or debit card, it is important to control the movement of funds in the account. This is especially true for legal entities and business entrepreneurs. A bank statement is an official financial document that confirms the amount of crediting and debiting money. Based on such a certificate, you can confirm the income and expenses of the enterprise, as well as the amount of tax for any form of taxation.
Account statement for entrepreneurs and organizations
A bank statement is generated on a daily basis for each account opened with a financial institution. This may be a settlement account through which the company conducts its activities, making a profit and interacting with contractors and suppliers, or an account opened for credit needs.
You can request a bank statement at any time. It is formed for a certain period, which is interesting to the customer. This guide contains information on:
- about the receipt of funds;
- transferring money to third parties;
- bank commissions.
Bank statements can be requested when contacting the responsible authorized person at the branch financial institution. AT different companies it takes a different time to produce a certificate. This may take from a few minutes to 3 business days, depending on the organization's regulations.
In addition, for businesses with settlement and cash services in a particular bank, remote access to the current one is often provided through the client-bank. In this service, you can generate such a document online, but it will not have legal force. To transfer the certificate to the regulatory authorities, the seal and signature of an employee of a banking company are required.
What is displayed in the document?
Account statements may differ slightly depending on the different banks. But there is uniform form records for the mandatory filling of information that is displayed in the help:
- Name and basic details of the bank according to personal account serviced by this company.
- Customer details and account number.
- The date on which the certificate is generated.
- The date the document was last requested.
- Incoming balance at the beginning of the period and outgoing balance at the end of the period.
- All transactions, full cash flow, including debit and credit.
An example would be the following sample bank statement:
Bank statement as of 18.08.2017 Name of the organization: LLC "Planeta" Account number: 40705910706000004461 Date of formation: 18.08.2017 Incoming balance (K): 15,000.00 |
||||||
the date | № document | Corresponding account | Type of operation | bank branch | Sum | |
| Debit (D) | Credit (K) | |||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 17.08.2017 | 243 | 40705910706000004345 | 2 | 5403654 | 10 000,00 | |
| 17.08.2017 | 351 | 30300145856300012564 | 1 | 5503525 | 25 000,00 | |
| 17.08.2017 | 242 | 40705910706000002425 | 3 | 5503525 | 10 000,00 | |
Outgoing balance: (K) 20,000.00 |
||||||
The bank statement must contain complete information on each transaction:
- The date of the.
- Payment document number.
- The account to which money is received or from which it is received.
- Translation type.
- Details of the bank where the account is located (BIC).
- Debit and credit after the completion of the transaction.
In a bank statement from a current account, the generally accepted pattern of “double entry” is observed. After each transaction, the debit and credit balance is indicated. In the debit section, all receipts of funds are displayed, in the credit - write-offs.
The bank statement must be supported by accompanying documents (orders, payment orders, claims). Inscribed transactions are considered valid only if there are relevant supporting documents.
To whom is help provided?
Statement for bank account is provided to a certain circle of responsible persons, who are appointed by the head of the company. As a rule, the accountant of the organization has the right to request a certificate by contacting personally.
The accountant must receive directly the document and payment orders confirming the transactions. On the same day, it will be necessary to carry out all postings in accounting system enterprises, usually 1C, using the double entry standard. For postings, the correspondence account and the account that is used in the operation are used.
An extract from a current account for an organization is an important financial document that is necessary for the accounting department of an enterprise. But what is an extract for individuals? Do they need her?
Individuals may interact with banking organization. have a credit or debit card, deposit or loan, pay mortgage, car loans. Bank statements for individuals are primarily informational in nature on the movement of funds.
The client can independently control the receipt and debiting of money, check information on commissions and interest under the contract. In addition, such a document hard copy has legal force. The certificate will confirm the presence of overdue debts, the fulfillment of obligations under the contract and is suitable for submission to the court or other banking organizations.
For loans
A loan statement displays the amount of crediting and debiting money. In the column "Receipts" are the amounts that the client contributes. The "Write-off" section contains data on how the funds are distributed on the account.
Information is indicated on how much was written off from the principal debt, and how much went to pay off interest for actual use credit funds. The dates of the actual receipt of money and write-offs, as well as the amount of funds in the account at the current moment.
Just like for legal entities, there is no single standard, but sample certificates have general principles and are created on a special bank letterhead. An example would be the following bank statement:
| Bank name: JSCB RosEvroBank BIK 044525836 General license for banking operations No. 3137 dated 26.08.2015 CURRENT ACCOUNT STATEMENT from 1.07.2017 to 18.08.2017 Client: Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich Account number: 40805910706000004461 Date of formation: 18.08.2017 Date of last operation: 08/17/2017 |
||||||||||
the date | Admission | Write-off | Account balance | Sum | ||||||
| Remaining principal amount | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||
| 17.08.2017 | Crediting funds | |||||||||
| 17.08.2017 | Repayment of principal | |||||||||
| 17.08.2017 | Payment of interest for the current month | |||||||||
| 12.07.2017 | Crediting funds | |||||||||
| 12.07.2017 | Repayment of principal | |||||||||
| 12.07.2017 | Crediting funds | |||||||||
The amount of the principal debt as of 08/18/2017: 134,005.26 |
||||||||||
If during the course of the contract an overdue debt was admitted and fines or penalties were accrued, then this information will also be displayed in an extract from the personal account. The client can independently calculate, based on this certificate, the total amount spent on paying fines and interest.
For credit cards
According to the results of each billing period, credit card holders receive invoice statements that indicate the amount of transactions for the past month, information on the transfer of money, the total amount of debt and the mandatory payment.
Standard account data contains minimal information. Banks can notify customers through SMS informing, sending a letter to the post office or email address. A more detailed bank document on the current account is generated at the direct request of the client.
For deposits
The statement from the bank account on the deposit includes information on the amount at the current moment, as well as on the accrued interest. This is relevant for deposits with monthly capitalization of interest, since the client can independently track the profit that his deposit brings.
In a bank statement, it will be possible to track the movement of funds, if the terms of the deposit provide for partial withdrawal money or transferring interest to a debit card.
How to get a certificate for an individual?
The document is automatically generated daily in personal account client. You can control your contracts through a computer or mobile app. For this, there is no need to make additional requests or applications, the certificate is generated online.
But the online statement contains only reference information. The official document must have the seal of the bank and the signature of the employee. You can request a certificate by contacting the bank and writing a written application.
A document for individuals is produced, as a rule, instantly, but some banking companies can process a request up to 3 business days. To draw up an application, you will need to have a passport with you, you may also need the number of the agreement drawn up in the bank.
The closing or closing balance determines the account balance at the end of the specified period. Most often, the final result of the calculation is the arithmetic sum of the opening balance and turnover for the entire period.
Template files for accounting, budgeting and calculation of the break-even point are sent to subscribers.
Fill out the form on the left and click the "Get free lessons» Accounting and control. Financial discipline in text form, for those who prefer to read:
I would not tell you the simple principles that are outlined in this lesson, if I did not know from practice how often people get burned on these things, which are so easy to understand and easy to perform, and which require only discipline from you. Cases from life
Accounting is an essential part of any business. If you neglect it, you can fall victim to completely curious mistakes.
I have been working in finance all my life and have seen many different cases. One very literate, but young and just starting businessman once did not have time to take the proceeds to the bank before closing. Our offices were nearby, so he brought a bag of money to me and asked me to leave it in the safe until the morning.
One day passes, then another, a week passes. The big package with his money in my small safe was bothering me a lot, so I took the package and went to him myself. And went straight to the disassembly. Screams, swearing, faces in red spots.
Turns out the money was gone. The reader has already guessed what ... .. The package contained forty thousand dollars, at that time a one-room apartment in Moscow cost so much. What if I didn't come?
total amount expense transactions reflected on the credit of the active account is called the credit turnover. If now we want to understand how much money is left on the current account (calculate the outgoing balance)
This case seems comical, but it has a completely natural psychological explanation: the human brain keeps 7 ± 2 things in working memory at the same time. Therefore, a person who has been working with clients all day long, receiving and giving out money, cannot remember all 10 or 20 transactions that occurred in a day. And it is necessary to keep records, otherwise losses are inevitable.
Another young man worked hard and successfully, supplying goods to organizations that paid him in non-cash money. When he first started his business, he did not consider it necessary to draw up his own legal. person, and arranged with my friend (my employer) to use our checking account. When the money came, he called me, named the amount, the sender and the number of the payment, and I said “there is money” or “there is no money”.
Very soon I discovered that he did not ask for some of the amounts. I saw that the money was his, because I already knew his buyers, but he did not ask for these amounts. He just did not remember all the batches of goods that he shipped.
Any financier or accountant can tell any number of such stories. Perhaps one of the readers now nods understandingly because he himself stepped on this rake.
To prevent this from happening, you need to correctly count money, observing the technology. A few words about the technology of accounting and control. Reconciliation
Reconciliation is the true cornerstone of all accounting technology.
The idea of reconciliation is very simple and intuitive. In everyday life, everyone, without knowing it, uses it without any special training:
In our opinion, this account is closed both in terms of reflecting outgoing balances and in the formation of incoming balances with the institution, since it is a transit one.
Let's say that in the morning you had 7,850 rubles in your wallet. During the day you received 24,600 rubles (revenue turnover) and gave 30,000 rubles (expense turnover). How much money should be in the wallet in the evening?
We get the basic formula:
Outgoing balance = Incoming balance + Income - Expenses.
If you know exactly how much it was in the morning, then from your notes you can easily calculate how much it should be in the evening. Check how much you actually have. If it doesn't match, look for the error. This is the sparkle.
The whole technology is based on this simple principle of reconciliation. double entry- this is a reconciliation brought to logical perfection. Strict paperwork requirements provide a basis for reconciliation.
Only reconciliation gives accounting reliability. Of course, computer programs they count quickly and without errors, but if you enter the wrong data into such a program, the machine will quickly and without errors give the wrong result. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly, literally every day, check the balances, find and correct errors. After all, you will always remember today's operations, find and correct the mistake. Remembering yesterday's actions is more difficult, and the day before yesterday is almost impossible. Therefore, it is very important to do reconciliation every day.
Believe me, discrepancies during reconciliations are found very often.
So, accounting is carried out every day and is performed in 3 stages:
At the beginning of the working day, you reconcile the incoming balance: recalculate cash, reconcile with the accounting balance. Both numbers must be equal.
During the day, write down absolutely all transactions in the account.
At the end of the working day, reconcile the outgoing balance: recalculate cash, reconcile with the accounting balance. Both numbers must be equal. If there is a shortage at the cash desk, the cashier covers it from his own pocket - this is his financial responsibility. If there is a surplus in the cash register, we come, this is the company's money.
We do the same the next day. Carryover
Obviously, in the morning there should be as much money as it was the night before. In fact, many mistakes are made at this stage. Imagine, you have already made a reconciliation and closed the cash desk, and then another client comes. You serve him and take money from him, but the mood is no longer quite working. As a result, it's easy to forget to record. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the carry-over balance and check whether it beats.
The remains "roam" from one day to another and form a chain of carry-over residues.
Thus, any mistake entails incorrect balances in the accounts of all subsequent days. This allows you to verify the correctness of accounting records on the basis of one last digit, and protects against falsification of accounting records in previous periods.
From lesson 2 you will learn how to organize document flow, how to distribute and control liability and how to arrange accounting in electronic form.
You can download the file with the accounting table template from the link in the letter for subscribers. To the course program To lesson 2 >>>>>
There are a number of accounts that necessarily have a zero balance at the end of the period, mainly these are accounts to which expenses are debited.
Transaction date Document number Transaction type (code) Transaction name Corresponding account number Transaction amount on the debit of the account Amount of the transaction on the credit of the account Account balance Total turnover Outgoing balance
Current account number of the bank's client Date of issue of the previous statement with the outgoing balance, which will henceforth be considered as the incoming balance for this statement Numbers of documents
[ .] is checked, each short message about incoming/outgoing payments from a particular account will also indicate the balance on the account.
Final (outgoing) balance - the account balance at the end of the period. It is usually calculated as the arithmetic sum of the opening balance and turnover for the period.
1 Interest on the Account is calculated by the Bank on a daily basis, based on the amount of the incoming cash balance at the beginning of the day on the Account. Accrued interest is paid to the Account on the last business day of the month.
The term "balance" used in accounting means the balance of the account, calculated as a difference. Accordingly, a positive c-to is a sign of an excess of payments received from abroad over outgoing ones, and
Definition: This field indicates the account balance at the end of the reporting period, or if the statement consists of several MT940 messages, the intermediate outgoing balance.
Outgoing balance Liabilities 57500.00. Note: The amount of receipt is reflected in the Credit column (since for a bank, crediting funds to a current account is an increase accounts payable to the client), and the expense
When you start monitoring, a list of personal accounts will appear on the screen with the following details (by default): — Account number — personal account number; — Outgoing balance — outgoing account balance for the date of the day.
Internet subscription is yours subscription fee for the Internet service in the selected month, taking into account suspensions and recalculations. Outgoing balance at the end of the month - account balance at the end of the selected month.
outgoing balance. passive accounts. With partial use of funds from the account, that is, in the case when something remains on the account, the balance will be recorded as a debit balance and will reflect the amount of funds on the active account.
The opening balance (incoming) is the balance of a particular account at the beginning of the period. Credit (or debit) turnover for the period - the total of accounts is calculated only for the required period.
Payment history and refunds. How can I check my account balance and purchase history? You can view your Skype balance and purchase history on the account page.
Balance (Italian saldo - calculation, balance) - the difference between income and expenses for a certain period of time. Balance in accounting- the remainder of account, the difference between the sum of debit and credit entries.
We get the basic formula: Outgoing balance = Incoming balance + Income - Expenses. At the beginning of the working day, you reconcile the incoming balance: recalculate cash, reconcile with the accounting balance.
Page 7. At the end of the statement, the outgoing balance is entered (balance at the end of the day). 2.5. Accounting for transactions on the current account and other accounts in banks at the LLC Okna enterprise.
The balance of the current account can be viewed in the report "SAL on the account". In the "Period" field, enter the day, in the "Account" field, enter 51 and select the desired current account.
To calculate the balances, the opening or closing balance of the account for each day is used. 55.3, 55.4, 55.33, 55.44) deposit account balances are added to the respective current account balances.
- outgoing balance. — balance on the client account. - balance at the end of the period.
Not always - sometimes -Debit + Credit depends on which account, but in principle it is correct, knowing the account balance at the beginning of the period Outgoing balance = Incoming balance + Debit turnover - Credit turnover. Regardless of account type.
Almost everyone has heard of such a term as balance. What it is, of course, is known to all accountants and economists. But for most of the inhabitants, this word is associated only with the concept of "difference". The term that everyone hears is one of the main ones in the most general sense, it really means the difference between the receipts of funds and all expenses for a certain period of time. But this concept is actually much broader.
Balance is an Italian word that entered Russian as an accounting term back in the nineteenth century. Literally, it is translated as "calculation", "remainder", "retribution". AT economic sense the word meant the difference between the amount of debit (incoming account) and credit (expenditure account). By the twentieth century, the meaning of the term had expanded significantly, going beyond the scope of accounting alone. And at the end of the century, it has already begun to be used also in a figurative sense.
A debit balance is a situation in which the debit exceeds the credit, that is, it shows the balance sheet asset for this type household funds at a certain point in time.
Credit - this is a situation in which the credit is greater than the debit, which shows the state of the sources of funds used to maintain economic activity, and is reflected in
When the difference between debit and credit is zero, the account is closed.
In practice, as a rule, not all of it is analyzed from the moment the enterprise or firm was founded, but only for a certain period, called the reporting period (month, quarter, etc.). In this regard, the following concepts are distinguished.
The opening balance (incoming) is the balance of a particular account at the beginning of the period. Calculated from previous transactions.
The closing (outgoing) balance is the account balance at the end of the period. It is calculated as the sum of the opening balance and all turnovers for the period.
Balance for the period - the final result of all transactions made for a specific period.
Credit (or debit) turnover for the period - the total of accounts is calculated only for the required period.
Foreign trade relations are often considered as the sum of exported and imported goods for a certain period. In this aspect, there are several varieties of it.
The trade balance is the result of calculating the difference in the value of exports and imports. It is believed that a negative indicator is a bad trend, since it means that a situation has developed in the country in which the market is flooded with imported products, which inevitably leads to infringement of the interests of domestic producers. However, in practice this is not always the case. For example, the United States, with such indicators, is quite successfully managing the economy, being the standard of economic prosperity and stability for the whole world. They have learned to use other tools to resolve such a situation.
The balance of payments is the result of calculating the difference between receipts from abroad and payments abroad. A positive value means an excess cash receipts from the outside over payments in the opposite direction. A negative indicator indicates the excess of payments from the country over the receipts of money into the country. This means a gradual decrease foreign exchange reserves states. This situation can be avoided only if such calculations are made exclusively in national currency countries.