The concepts of "territory" and "tourist and recreational complex" in geography. Tourist region: definition, structure, classification. Recreational and tourist complex as an object of regional management Organization of activities of tourist and recreational complexes
The wealth, diversity and attractiveness of recreational resources, significant climatic, historical and socio-cultural assets determine in the future the outrunning growth of the tourist and recreational business and its transformation into one of the basic branches of specialization of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the Southern Federal District. Although at present the contribution of the tourism industry to the district's economy does not exceed 1.2 percent, the tourist and recreational complex has significant growth potential, the full development of which is constrained by a number of system-wide problems.
The current state of road and utility networks, the underdevelopment of the communications and information technology system, the energy shortage of most regions, and frequent interruptions in water supply during peak periods cause infrastructural constraints on the sustainable growth of the tourist and recreational complex of the Southern Federal District. At the same time, the Government of the Russian Federation, together with the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, is implementing a number of large-scale investment projects for the development of infrastructure.
The catalyst for the processes started is the preparation and holding of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, as well as the creation of a network of special economic zones of a tourist and recreational type (in particular, in the Apsheron District of the Krasnodar Territory and the Maikop District of the Republic of Adygea). In addition, in the Southern Federal District, the actual tourist and recreational infrastructure is insufficiently developed, and therefore the regions of the district are unattractive for tourists. The most significant constraints for the sustainable growth of the tourist and recreational complex are the lack of quality accommodation facilities that meet international standards and the underdevelopment of the entertainment sector. The quality of service also leaves much to be desired. A significant limitation of the sustainable growth of the tourist and recreational complex of the Southern Federal District is low marketing activity, as well as the lack of a well-built distribution system.
Regions-leaders of tourist and recreational activity in the district, as a rule, specialize exclusively in beach recreation. In addition, predominantly Russian tourists are traditionally regarded as the main target group of consumers of the offered tourist services. Taken together, these factors indicate a high structural instability of the tourist and recreational complex, in which labor productivity lags far behind the average industry indicators in Russia by a significant margin. An even larger gap is recorded when compared with developed countries. This is largely due to the low costs of tourists vacationing in the Southern Federal District.
The presence of growing disparities in the tourist and recreational sector of the economy of the Southern Federal District is also noted, which include:
an increase in spatial asymmetry in the development of tourism between individual territories and regions (in particular, about 50 percent of all hotel rooms and more than 65 percent of rooms in sanatorium-resort organizations are concentrated in the Krasnodar Territory);
the deepening structural imbalance between the types of tourism and recreation business (in terms of the degree and priorities of their development), as well as between tourism and other types of economic activity. Providing employment for 2.2 - 2.5 percent of the district's population, the tourist and recreational complex offers wages at a level significantly inferior to other sectors of the economy, which, together with the lack of stable working conditions, leads to an outflow of highly qualified personnel to other sectors of the district's economy, to other subjects of the Russian Federation and abroad;
segmental imbalance in the presence of large businesses in tourist and recreational complexes, on the one hand, and medium and small businesses, on the other. The service sector, which is most attractive for small and medium-sized businesses, is often dominated by large companies, and where high capitalization is required (sea, river cruises, etc.), on the contrary, there is a scattering of potential, resources, fleet between a significant number of small and average owners.
Taken together, the listed problems determine the low competitiveness of the tourist and recreational complex and its products and services in the world market, leveling the objective competitive advantages inherent in the Southern Federal District. At the same time, there is an aggravation of the crisis in the system of training personnel for regional tourist and recreational complexes. The growing imbalance between the demand and supply of labor is recorded both in the territorial and in the professional context. There is also an incomplete correspondence of the content of education and training technologies to the needs of the tourist segments of the regional labor markets.
The potential of cross-border cooperation in tourism between the regions of the Southern Federal District and neighboring countries is not being fully realized. So, for example, the possibilities of connecting the ports of the Azov-Black Sea basin to the Mediterranean cruise routes, as well as the development of the Caspian cruise line (for the Caspian countries - Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan) are practically not used.
For the full use of the objective competitive advantages of the tourist and recreational complex of the Southern Federal District, it is necessary to concentrate organizational, intellectual and material resources on the following priority strategic areas:
development of the institutional environment and institutional infrastructure, including mechanisms for stimulating and harmonizing interests, which involves improving the regulatory legal framework, tax system, credit policy, as well as interdepartmental and interregional coordination of the tourism business;
renovation of infrastructure and ensuring its efficient loading after the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi, that is, in the period after 2014;
training of highly qualified personnel;
diversification of the tourism business, including the development of new exclusive routes and tourism products under world-recognizable brands (for example, the territory of the historical reconstruction "Saray-Batu - the capital of the Golden Horde", the territory of ecological, cultural and educational tourism "Fish Period Park" and the zone of medical and health tourism on the territory of Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region, etc.), as well as targeted personal tours focused on highly profitable segments of the potential market of Western Europe, China, etc .;
organizing the promotion of regional tourism products and travel services to the domestic and international markets;
development of interregional and international cooperation in the field of sea tourism and recreation;
creation of tourist and recreational clusters, since attractive tourist zones of various categories are found everywhere in the district.
After the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 are held in Sochi, the Southern Federal District will inherit a significant number of sports facilities and facilities, which will ensure its compliance with the world standards of mountain climatic resorts. After 2014, in Sochi, along with ski sports and tourist complexes owned by various investors, federal centers will be created to train athletes in both summer and winter sports.
The Southern Federal District also has significant resources for the development of balneology. This resource is currently underutilized. The created hotel fund in combination with natural areas can provide an opportunity for year-round treatment and will serve as one of the factors for leveling out the seasonal fluctuations in the flow of tourists.
In order to sustainably grow the tourist and recreational complex in the Southern Federal District, it is necessary to ensure the active development of at least 5 tourist clusters:
beach tourism (Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Azov, Caspian);
mountain tourism (Krasnaya Polyana, Lagonaki);
health tourism (Goryachy Klyuch, Lake Elton);
ecological tourism (Volga delta, Maykop);
cultural and educational tourism (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd, Tuapse, Sochi, Maykop, Elista and other ethnographic zones in the Republic of Kalmykia, etc.).
In addition, significant prospects for sustainable development of tourism in the Rostov region are opening up with the creation of 2 tourist and recreational clusters: "Splash" and "Donskoy".
As the law enforcement practice shows, many provisions of regulatory legal acts regulating the development of tourism infrastructure are currently not fully implemented in the Southern Federal District. At the same time, at the regional level, it is necessary to further improve the regulatory legal framework governing international and cross-border cooperation in the field of tourism and recreation, as well as to stimulate the development of public-private partnerships, cluster policy, etc.
The task of paramount importance in modern conditions is the development of a system of measures to attract investors to the development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Southern Federal District, which involves the development of a list of priority complex investment projects with a significant multiplier effect, their linking with national, sectoral and corporate strategies, programs and plans , as well as integration into strategic directions, aggregated to the level of competence of federal executive authorities (Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, etc.).
To ensure the implementation of promising directions for the development of tourism and recreation, as well as priority complex tourist and recreational projects in the Southern Federal District, it is necessary to develop specific mechanisms and schemes for attracting additional investments by intensifying interregional and international cooperation, using the resources of state, federal and regional target programs, action which can be extended to the tourist and recreational complex of the district, as well as expanding the capabilities of those federal and regional target programs, within the framework of which activities and projects for the development of tourism and recreation in the Southern Federal District are already being implemented, including the Program for the construction of Olympic facilities and development of the city of Sochi as a mountain climatic resort, the federal target program "South of Russia (2008 - 2013)", the regional target program "Development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Republic of Adygea" for 2 007 - 2011, etc. In addition to the funds of the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, it is advisable to actively use various mechanisms of public-private partnership (concessions, rent or leasing, contracts for maintenance, management, construction, investment and risk service contracts, etc. .), involving the use of the potential of state development institutions, various financial and non-financial institutions, as well as foreign investment.
The implementation of the proposed measures in the indicated priority areas will make it possible to achieve the following socially significant final results by 2020 (in relation to 2009): 2.9 times and will amount to 50.3 billion rubles in the prices of the corresponding year. At the same time, in relation to 2009, the number of jobs should increase by 4.5 times. The average wages in the industry (taking into account the growth of labor productivity by 6.5 - 7.5 times) will increase by 2020 by 8 times and will amount to about 30 thousand rubles per month. The utilization of the tourist infrastructure will, on average, exceed 67 percent, and the share of worn-out fixed assets will drop to 4.5 - 5 percent. The contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of the Southern Federal District may exceed 5 percent.
recreational Crimea tourist peninsula
The development of tourism is one of the industries, the development of which characterizes the economy of the post-industrial type. Tourism allows solving a wide range of important socio-economic problems: increasing employment of the population, improving the quality of life of the population, etc. In addition, in the modern world, tourism is one of the most profitable types of business in the world. Therefore, the tourism and recreation sector is becoming one of the priority areas.
The development of resources of any kind, including tourism and recreation, is the most important priority of the regional economy. Through the use of all types of tourist and recreational resources, tourist and recreational activities are carried out. One of the forms of organizing tourist and recreational activities is a tourist and recreational complex.
A tourist and recreational complex is a purposefully formed set of enterprises (tourist and suppliers of services and goods) operating to meet the needs of tourists, concentrated in a limited area with certain tourist and recreational resources and provided with tourist and supporting infrastructure. The structure of the tourist and recreational complex is complex, since it is the integration of enterprises of the tourism industry, suppliers of tourist services and products, that is, objects of the production and non-production spheres of the territory.
A feature of the structure of the tourist and recreational complex is the high dependence of the efficiency of integration of objects of the tourism industry (service providers and enterprises of the tourism industry) and the resource base, infrastructure of the territory and factors for the development of tourist and recreational activities.
Tourism resources are characterized by the fact that they are static, that is, they cannot be transported from one place to another in order to be used for the production of a tourism product. In addition, the "tie" to the territory is important from the point of view of regional tourism, since regional resources reflect the state of a particular territory of the region and are often limited; and the ability of a region to meet the needs of tourists is determined precisely by the composition and state of resources and factors for the development of tourism in a given territory of the region.
Infrastructure is needed to form a tourist complex. Tourism infrastructure is understood as a complex of structures, engineering and communication networks, incl. telecommunications links, roads, related tourism industry enterprises (processing, household, energy), ensuring the normal access of tourists to tourist resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, as well as ensuring the life of enterprises in the tourism industry. The infrastructure of the tourist complex is a subsystem that ensures the provision of services that facilitate the use and implementation of tourist motives, the achievement of the goal of the trip by the consumer, taking into account the latter's requirements for the composition and quality of these services.
All tourist infrastructure can be roughly divided into supporting and tourist infrastructure. The definition proposed above allows us to single out the elements of the supporting infrastructure of the tourist complex:
Transport infrastructure;
Engineering networks (electricity, water supply, etc.);
Communication facilities and systems;
Buildings and constructions.
In addition to the supporting infrastructure, the tourism infrastructure also stands out, which includes the suppliers of tourism services and goods and the production of goods and services indirectly related to the tourism industry:
Transport service;
Hotel service;
Public catering sector;
Sphere of entertainment and recreation;
Sports and health service;
Excursion service;
The sphere of consumer services;
Manufacture of souvenirs and handicrafts;
Financial services;
Manufacturing of tourism and sports products;
Retail.
The link that unites the above elements of the tourist and recreational complex are the enterprises of the tourism industry: tour operators, travel agents and excursion bureaus that carry out the formation, promotion and sale of the tourist product created on the territory of the tourist and recreational complex.
An increase in people's income and free time stimulates the development of recreation. Recreation- a set of recreational activities carried out with the aim of restoring normal health and working capacity of a healthy, but tired person.
The concept covers spa treatment and tourism.
Now some countries of the world already receive a significant part of their GDP from the organization of recreation. In Russia, in general, the recreational sphere is underdeveloped and one of the main obstacles is underdeveloped infrastructure. All regions of Russia faced this, pinning their hopes on the influx of tourists.
Infrastructure development is accompanied by contradictions. Tourism focuses on cultural, historical or natural resources. Tourists are interested in historical and cultural authenticity and pure nature, but they also want to live with comfort. As soon as you begin to create these conveniences, the flow of vacationers grows and little remains of the pristine nature. Speaking specifically about natural tourism, the problem arises of determining the permissible load on the territory, which would not lead to environmental degradation. In this regard, wild tourism, which develops in the absence of infrastructure, is much more destructive to nature than orderly tourism, incl. and infrastructural measures.
Recreational infrastructure can be divided into two parts.
First, the infrastructure, which creates general conditions for development, as well as for other industries. These are transport, communications, utilities, trade and consumer services.
Secondly, the recreational network, which includes accommodation and catering facilities and special equipment for tours, excursions and procedures. Let's dwell on this part in more detail.
Accommodation for tourists, related to the tourist infrastructure, include hotels, private guesthouses, inns, guest houses. When assessing them, the total number of places with a differentiated assessment by class is taken into account, as well as their location on the territory of the region, their location near tourist sites and routes;
Institutions of medical and recreational recreation- sanatoriums, sanatoriums-dispensaries and boarding houses with treatment, as well as separately functioning resort polyclinics, water and mud baths.
Recreation centers - the least financially equipped recreation facilities, as a rule, belonging to various enterprises and intended mainly for family recreation. Most often they function in the summer. According to Rosstat, their number is decreasing from year to year.
Tourist establishments are represented by tourist centers, shelters, tourist camps serving tourist routes, mountaineering camps and hospitality enterprises (tourist hotels and campgrounds intended mainly for accommodating traveling excursionists, cruise ships). A special place among the enterprises of sports tourism is occupied by the houses of fishermen and hunters, created by societies of fishermen and hunters on the territory of hunting farms.
The institutions listed above can maintain and maintain a network of equipped tourist and excursion routes, incl. ecological trails.
The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand km2 of the territory or the availability of the network per thousand inhabitants.
Unfortunately, Rosstat does not provide data on the development of tourist infrastructure in the regions of Russia, and the information of regional statistics bodies is fragmentary and incomparable: some do not publish the relevant data at all, while others use different indicators. There are publications on the regionalization of tourism, but more based on information about the natural and cultural-historical potential of tourism, which is not the fact that it is used.
The classification of types of territorial-recreational complexes can be based on 2 characteristics:
Depending on the functional purpose, the level of specialization and the predominant development of certain recreational industries, different types of territorial-recreational complexes are distinguished in the national economy.
Types of territorial and recreational complexes:
Sanatorium and health resort.
Tourist and health-improving.
Sanatorium, tourist and recreational.
Hunting and fishing.
Tourist, recreational, hunting and fishing.
Comprehensive.
Sanatorium complexes according to their functional characteristics, they are intended for spa treatment and include specialized sanatorium-medical single-profile and multi-profile institutions.
Tourist and health-improving complexes are intended for various types of tourism and recreation. The main enterprises of these complexes are rest houses, tourist hotels, recreation towns, bases, camps, motels.
Sanatorium-tourist-health-improving complexes according to their functional purpose, they are used both for spa treatment and for tourist and recreational services. Such combined complexes include a group of interconnected health and recreation and tourist facilities.
Hunting and fishing complexes according to their functional purpose, they serve for the organization of sport hunting and fishing, their main institutions are fishermen shelters and hunters' "winter quarters", boat stations.
Tourist, recreational, hunting and fishing complexes are intended for various types of tourism and recreation, hunting and fishing, i.e. here is cultivated a type of recreational activity corresponding to the name.
The general type of a territorial-recreational complex includes all the listed types of recreational activities and the corresponding service institutions.
For all the importance of the socio-economic components of resources for the formation and development of the recreational complex, the main place is occupied by favorable natural conditions. They are one of the main material prerequisites for recreation.
The presence of these conditions leads to the emergence of recreational complexes in new, previously economically undeveloped regions of the country. Indicative in this sense is the economic development of individual mountainous regions of the Caucasus, the coast of Lake Sevan, recreational areas of Transcarpathia, the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, coastal areas of Lake Balaton in Hungary, which, thanks to important health resort and balneological factors, have been intensively developed.
Involvement in the recreational use of previously untouched favorable combinations of natural resources can become not only the initial basis for the economic development of new territories, but also significantly affect the specialization of long-established territories.
The recreational system is very demanding on the state of the environment as it is the main component of recreational resources.
Along with the peculiar, unique nature, monuments of history, culture and architecture are of great interest for recreation.
As recreational resources, it is advisable to consider the ethnographic characteristics of the population, which has a distinctive spiritual culture of the peoples inhabiting it.
RECREATION INSTITUTIONS. GENERAL PROVISIONS
To organize recreation for workers and their families, enterprises are building recreation centers. In addition to the main purpose, the recreation centers serve as a place for holding social, cultural and sports and recreational activities. Much attention is paid to the construction of recreation camps for young people, including those coming from abroad. The main purpose of youth camps is the organization of active recreation, combining physical culture, sports, tourist, educational and entertainment forms of recreation.
Active forms of recreation, including excursion tourism, which allows one to get acquainted with the monuments of culture and history of the country, are acquiring more and more importance in organizing the health improvement of the population. In this regard, special attention is paid to the development of a network of tourist and excursion routes and the construction of tourist institutions. To organize the rest of tourists on the route, their service, accommodation and catering, tourist hotels and tourist bases are being built. Tourist hotels, like general hotels, are subdivided into 5 categories according to the level of comfort and are placed on tourist routes of all types (except for specialized automobile and water routes; see Ch. 26).
Tourist bases allow for the possibility of self-service for tourists. When parents with children are accommodated in tourist centers, a group of children's sleeping quarters and the organization of children's playgrounds on the territory are provided.
For short-term rest of tourists on tourist routes of all kinds, tourist shelters are being built.
A network of motels and campgrounds is being created for autotourists.
The motel provides car tourists with a high level of hotel service and a full range of vehicle maintenance.
Camping institution is most often seasonal operation, providing the organization of recreation for autotourists with a simplified complex of all types of services (sleeping places - in light-type houses or tents, meals - on the principles of self-service).
PLOTS OF SANATORIUM, RECREATION INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COMPLEXES
Sanatoriums, rest houses, resort hotels and other recreation establishments must be located in strict accordance with general plans and projects of detailed planning of resorts, recreation and tourism zones. This determines the functional zoning of the territory with the allocation of resort and recreational, residential, medical, utility and forest park zones.
The architectural and planning organization of resort and recreational areas is regulated by the regulatory requirements "Instructions for the planning and development of resorts and recreation areas." For the construction of health resorts and their complexes, picturesque forests, coastal areas of water areas, valleys and slopes of mountains, areas with unique landscape characteristics are allocated.
For various types of institutions that are part of resorts, recreation and tourism areas, plots are allocated, the area of which depends on the type of institution (or complex) and their capacity. The area of the site of sanatoriums with a capacity of 500 or 1000 places is calculated, in accordance with the standard indicators, 150 and 125 m2 per 1 place. For a complex of sanatoriums for 2-5 thousand places, the value of this indicator is taken as 120 m2 per 1 place. In holiday homes with a capacity of 500 and 1000 beds, the calculated indicator is, respectively, 130 and 120 m2 per bed (for resort hotels it is equal to 75 m2 per bed).
The sites of sanatoriums, recreation and tourism establishments should organically be included in the general system of green spaces of the resort with territories of the preserved natural landscape; green areas of plots should be at least 50% of their area. The area of public green spaces in the resort and recreational zones is taken at least 100 m2 per vacationer.
In accordance with the specific purpose of each recreation institution, it becomes necessary to form a special zone under it, determined by its direct function: for example, a zone of a medicinal beach in sanatoriums at climatological seaside resorts, a pioneer zone in pioneer camps, etc. A more complex zoning system is envisaged in the complexes of health resort institutions, which in their structure differ into single-profile (including institutions of a homogeneous composition) and multi-profile, or multifunctional.
The complexes include dormitories, canteens, centers of medical, resort and entertainment and other types of services. For the rational placement of these objects, it is advisable to carry out functional zoning of the territory of the complexes with the allocation of zones: dormitories and canteens, medical, cultural and entertainment, administrative, shopping establishments, the park of the complex and sports facilities. In the area of dormitories, as a rule, there are grounds for morning exercises, quiet sports games, and in the resorts there are also separate climatic-therapeutic facilities and devices. Blocking sleeping quarters with the main catering establishments (canteens, restaurants) is more typical for northern regions, while in southern conditions, along with this technique, the technique of isolated placement of such buildings can also be used.
The treatment zone is organized in complexes of sanatoriums / sanatorium hotels in multifunctional complexes, which are a combination of these institutions. At the same time, the zone usually includes water and mud baths, a resort clinic, and therapeutic pools. The location of the area of hospitals should take into account the convenience of communication with the area of dormitories. For water and mud baths, a special area with a utility yard is allocated, where devices for the regeneration of therapeutic mud and tanks for storing mineral water are created.
The zone of cultural and entertainment institutions is located at a considerable distance from the zone of dormitories, most often in the most visited park part of the complex. It includes, as a rule, a resort hall, a summer cinema, a dance floor.
The sports area includes playgrounds for noisy games (basketball, volleyball, etc.). Its composition is determined by the type of complex.
The administrative reception area in most cases is located at the entrance to the complex. It includes administrative premises and premises of the reception block. Depending on the capacity and type of the complex of retail and consumer services enterprises (post office, savings bank, service service, repair shops, consumer services complex, retail premises, etc.) can be separated into an independent zone or attached to the administrative zone.
The economic zone and the residential community of the personnel, as a rule, are located outside the resort and recreational zones, in special areas allocated in the master plans of resorts and recreation areas. Sanatorium-protective gaps should be created between the resort and health institutions, residential and economic buildings, the size of which is set taking into account the provision of optimal conditions for those who are being treated and vacationers.
The territory of the complex should be a landscaped park in which buildings and structures are located. It is advisable to organize the territory in which the compact location of the building would make it possible to create large areas of greenery for quiet recreation.
Of great importance is the separation of transport and pedestrian traffic with the maximum restriction of transport access to the territory of resorts and recreation areas. If necessary, for the convenience of servicing vacationers, the movement of small vehicles can be organized.
FUNCTIONAL PLANNING GROUPS
The conditions for organizing rest and treatment in the buildings of health resort institutions and their complexes determine the functional necessity and the presence of the following groups of premises in them: reception and lobby; sleeping; catering establishments; cultural and sports and recreational services; medical (for sanatoriums); administrative reception; household.
The reception and lobby group of sanatorium premises is very close in composition and interrelationships to a similar group in hotels, however, its area per 1 seat is taken as 0.47 m2 instead of 0.74 m2 in hotels. The decrease in the area of this group in the sanatoriums finds its “explanation in the operational features of the sanatoriums, where the lobbies bear less functional load and the check-in is carried out at certain times, and the check-in process is simpler than the process of getting a hotel room. At the vestibule group in the sanatoriums, an office of the doctor on duty is provided.
The group of sleeping quarters, being the main one, makes up about half of the volume of buildings in sanatoriums. The normative area of the sleeping room in the sanatoriums is set: for one person - 9 m2; for two-12 m2. In connection with the need to organize treatment in sleeping rooms (wards) in sanatoriums, special medical premises should be provided: a doctor's office and procedural rooms.
Each living room should have a loggia or balcony, which allows for a longer stay in the sanatorium among the natural surroundings, in the fresh air. In addition, galleries and balconies for common use, as well as verandas for climatotherapy are provided. A flat roof is often used for this purpose.
In the dormitory buildings of sanatoriums above two floors, an elevator should be provided. The height of the floor of the dormitory building of the sanatorium is assumed to be increased, equal to 3.3 m.
The orientation of the sleeping rooms in the sanatoriums must strictly comply with the requirements of the norms. The optimal orientation is considered to be south and southeast. The west and southwest orientation creates overheating in the summer months and does not provide sufficient insolation in the winter. The range of favorable orientation generally depends on the latitude of the area.
A group of public catering enterprises. The dining room is one of the most important functional units of the sanatorium, rest home and boarding house. Each vacationer is assigned a permanent place in the dining room with service by waiters. The area of the dining room is determined at the rate of 1.4-1.5 m2 per person.
In institutions where vacationers are served by waiters, a one-time landing of all 100% of vacationers in the dining rooms is assumed (the capacity of each room should not exceed 250 seats). This system is called "one shift" landing. In recreation facilities, as well as in tourist centers that allow self-service, the capacity of dining rooms is calculated for 50% of the number of guests (the so-called two-shift landing).
All catering establishments typical for recreation, tourism and sanatorium establishments should be designed in accordance with the regulatory requirements of the DBN chapter on the design of catering establishments.
For tourist, resort hotels and motels, a developed composition of public catering enterprises is characteristic, which is determined for each institution depending on its category.
The need to organize entertainment, calm and dynamic games, and spectacular events is inherent in the very function of recreation. This determines the need for a special group of cultural services to be accommodated in sanatoriums, recreation and tourism establishments.
The specific composition of this group of premises is determined depending on the type of institution and on its capacity, as well as on the location of the institution. For example, the location of a resort hotel in a large center with a developed open network of public services with cinemas, stages, etc., eliminates the functional need for organizing an auditorium, etc. premises in the hotel. Therefore, at tourist bases and boarding houses of year-round operation, which are designed for construction in recreation areas and resorts, it is envisaged to reduce the standard of the total indicator of the area allotted for the organization of cultural and mass service premises.
The premises of this group, in order to avoid interfering with the rest of the vacationers, are usually located at a considerable distance from the living rooms and are often allocated in an isolated block associated with the main building or completely autonomous and included in the building of the public building.
In the complexes of recreation facilities, the composition of the premises for cultural services is approximately the same as in a separate institution. However, the large capacity of the complexes makes it possible to create large, well-equipped kurzhals, which include two or three auditoriums, spacious foyers, and a special one. dance hall, large library, numerous auditoriums, large swimming pools and gyms.
Ensuring an optimal rest regime involves organizing not only cultural leisure for vacationers, but also creating conditions for their physical recovery. For this purpose, recreational, tourism and sanatorium establishments may provide sports and recreation facilities, facilities and playgrounds. These include indoor and outdoor swimming pools, saunas or Russian baths, in some cases gyms and, as a rule, various playgrounds and facilities for sports and recreational purposes located on the territory of the institution (volleyball, tennis, badminton, beaches, etc.) NS.). As a rule, swimming pools are envisaged in complexes of institutions, for example, in complexes of rest houses, boarding houses and hotels, where it becomes expedient to organize special gyms.
In some recreation facilities, pools are designed with a capacity of at least 1000 places, and in tourist hotels, only if they have the highest category and in the case of accommodation on the sea coasts.
Saunas are designed in accordance with the norms in tourist, resort hotels and motels of the highest-III categories; in institutions of the highest and I categories with saunas there is a swimming pool with a bar.
During the formation of the complexes of institutions, sports centers with a developed composition of premises, facilities and sports grounds for various types of sports activities are being created.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION OF SANATORIAS, RECREATION AND TOURISM ESTABLISHMENTS
The composition of large complexes, as well as individual recreation and tourism institutions, as well as sanatoriums, is created as a result of a comprehensive and maximum study of the features of the local natural environment; the choice of the compositional solution of a separate institution or their complex should be determined within the framework of the general architectural concept of the resort or recreational zone as a whole. The rational interconnection of the premises, taking into account the favorable orientation of the bedrooms and the requirements of modern technology, serves as a functional basis for the final choice of the compositional solution of the building.
In the practice of design and construction of sanatoriums, holiday homes, resort hotels, as well as other institutions, the following compositional techniques are usually used:
centralized reception, when all groups of premises are located within a single building;
block technique, in which individual groups of rooms located in separate buildings adjoin each other or form a complex spatial composition, being connected with each other by warm transitions;
pavilion reception, characteristic of the location of individual groups of rooms in unconnected autonomous buildings.
The centralized reception of the composition makes it possible to obtain the most economical solution, the maximum preservation of the valuable territory due to the compactness of the building. However, it forces dormitories to be brought closer to public premises, including the catering unit, as well as "medical facilities, which disrupts the ability to sufficiently isolate them from the noise and smells of the kitchen.
Reception of a centralized composition is appropriate in cases where the territory allotted for the construction of a recreation center or sanatorium is of limited size. The centralized reception of the composition has historically developed in sanatoriums, rest homes and boarding houses of small capacity, where the volume of public premises is not so large as to allocate these premises into independent blocks.
The block method of the composition has become quite widespread in recent years due to the enlargement of sanatorium and health institutions. Thanks to this, the prerequisites have arisen for the allocation of sleeping, medical, club groups of premises, as well as public catering establishments into separate blocks; connecting blocks with transitions creates a convenient connection, while maintaining proper isolation of these groups of rooms.
The pavilion reception of a composition in the construction of sanatoriums, resort hotels, rest homes, boarding houses and motels is rarely used; it is most typical for summer recreation facilities (recreation centers, campgrounds, youth and pioneer camps). The advantage of the pavilion reception of the composition is the maximum approximation of vacationers living in separate houses to the natural environment. However, this technique requires a significant lengthening of communication links and engineering networks.
Natural and climatic conditions have a great influence on the choice of the compositional technique. The need for through ventilation, along with the need for optimal orientation in areas with a hot, humid climate, necessitates the use of one-sided buildings in dormitory buildings, as well as large loggias and wide openings. In hot, dry areas, shaded spaces take on an important role: it is advisable to open living quarters into shaded courtyards, fencing them off from the external environment with blank walls with small openings and creating plastic facades that shade each other with their volumes.
In the northern regions of the country, compact building solutions are justified, allowing to reduce heat loss.
The relief of a building site can have a significant impact on the choice of composition in the current conditions of a deficit of recreational areas.
The development of the tourist and recreational complex is one of the priority strategic directions of the social and economic growth of the Kamchatka Territory, taking into account the high level of natural, recreational and cultural and historical potential for the development of domestic and inbound tourism.
Strategic goal development of tourism in the Kamchatka Territory - the creation of a modern, highly efficient and competitive tourist complex, providing the provision of high-quality and affordable tourist services and aimed at increasing the contribution of tourism to the socio-economic development of the Kamchatka Territory and improving the quality of life of the population.
The implementation of the regional policy in the field of tourism in the Kamchatka Territory is aimed at promoting the development of tourism infrastructure, promoting the Kamchatka tourism product in the domestic and world tourism markets.
Priority areas state policy in the field of tourism development in the Kamchatka Territory are:
- development of the infrastructure of the tourist and recreational complex of the region;
- improving the quality of tourist services;
- formation of a comfortable informational tourist environment;
Marketing promotion in the global tourism market (primarily in the Asia-Pacific countries: China, Japan, Republic of Korea), as well as in the domestic tourism market.
At the same time, the available resources of the Kamchatka Territory, mainly of natural and recreational, historical and ethnographic orientation, as well as the positive dynamics of the development of the tourist and recreational complex in the region, make it possible to provide certain opportunities for the accelerated development of tourism in the region.
The main goal of the development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Kamchatka Territory is to create a competitive tourist and recreational complex based on a cluster approach that meets the principles of multifunctionality and efficiency.
creation of conditions for the systemic development of the sectors of ecological adventure, ethnographic, cruise, cognitive, historical, sports, health and fitness, fishing and hunting, children and youth tourism;
creation of infrastructure for the tourism industry using the cluster approach;
providing support to the subjects of the tourism industry.
The main goal of improving the quality of tourist services is to improve the regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism, aimed at promoting the development of a system for ensuring the safety of tourists, education in the field of tourism, ensuring and improving the quality of tourist services and their availability for all strata of society.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to ensure the solution of the following tasks:
Improvement of the regulatory framework for the development of tourism and the system of state regulation of tourism activities;
Support and development of tourist and excursion routes of the Kamchatka Territory;
The main goal of creating a comfortable informational tourist environment is to promote tourism, recreation and investment potential, tourist products of the Kamchatka Territory; formation of a positive image and recognition of the Kamchatka Territory in the domestic and international tourist market.
Tasks to achieve the goal of the direction:
creation and development of a system of information support for tourism and tourist activities in the Kamchatka Territory;
promotion of the tourist product of the Kamchatka Territory in electronic and print media;
organization and holding of regional, interregional, international tourism forums, exhibitions and other events.
The main measures and mechanisms ensuring the development of tourism in the Kamchatka Territory are:
1) Creation of a favorable economic environment for the functioning of the tourist and recreational complex, including:
budget investments for capital construction and modernization of engineering and related infrastructure facilities when creating tourist clusters;
Stimulation and support of strategic initiatives of economic entities in investment and innovation and other spheres that are of priority importance for the development of tourism, including attracting direct private investment for the creation and reconstruction of tourist infrastructure when creating tourist clusters;
Development of various forms of public-private partnership in the implementation of tourism infrastructure development projects;
Assistance to novice entrepreneurs in the conduct of the tourism business, in facilitating the obtaining of permits, in providing entrepreneurs with access to standard projects, coordinated with tourism development plans, urban planning policies, and the requirements of supervisory authorities;
2) Providing conditions for the standardization of tourist activities, taking into account the requirements of the competitive environment and the interests of consumers;
3) Promoting the development of social forms of tourist activity:
Granting subsidies to the subjects of tourist activity in order to reimburse part of the costs in connection with the provision of services in the field of social tourism in the territory of the Kamchatka Territory (including with the aim of increasing the availability of tourist and excursion services for socially unprotected segments of the population: veterans, disabled people, orphans, etc. children left without parental care, as well as winners of regional and all-Russian competitions, etc.);
Organization of educational work in the formation of tourist and excursion programs for students;
Attraction of budgetary allocations from the budget of the Kamchatka Territory and the budgets of educational institutions in the organization and implementation of vocational education programs in the areas of tourism;
4) Stimulation of comprehensive monitoring of the tourism industry, including in the investment sphere, when assessing the state of tourist resources and routes, the activities of collective accommodation facilities;
5) Development of a set of measures to stimulate long-term investments in the development of the tourist and recreational complex of the region from municipal budgets (including a system of long-term budget financing and lending for projects to modernize engineering and related infrastructure when creating tourist clusters) and private investors (using public-private mechanisms) partnerships);
7) Development of the regimes of the Kamchatka ASEZ and the free port of Vladivostok in the Kamchatka Territory, namely: the creation of tourist and recreational infrastructure (hotels, ski resorts, catering establishments and related services) for the qualitative development of tourism as a key point of economic growth in the Kamchatka Territory in the medium term ; creation of a new terminal at the Yelizovo airport as a key infrastructure facility for a significant increase in the tourist flow; creation of new investment sites, provided with the infrastructure necessary for investors.
8) Ensuring the effective work of the Coordinating Council for Tourism Development created in the region, assistance in the development of tourist public organizations that could take on a number of functions, including a mechanism for standardizing tourism activities, including consulting and providing legal assistance, protecting the rights and interests of tourists, and also the overall coordination of business activities in the tourism sector.
9) Ensuring the collection, analysis and assessment, organization of centralized storage of information about the available tourist resources of the region; formation of the Tourist passport of the Kamchatka Territory, taking into account the typology by type of tourism; monitoring objects of the tourism industry and assessing the multiplier effect from tourism in the Kamchatka Territory to attract investors to invest in the tourism industry and scientifically substantiated determination of the role of tourism in the socio-economic development of the Kamchatka Territory).
10) Creation of tourist and recreational zoning, dividing the territory of the region into 3 zones: central, “cruise ring” zone, secondary tourist and recreational zones. Within the central zone, the specialization of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskaya subzone is cultural, historical and cruise tourism, Elizovskaya - ecological adventure, medical and recreational, fishing and hunting, educational, ethnographic. Milkovskoy - ecological adventure, ethnographic. Within the "cruise ring" zone, the Bystrinskaya subzone specializes in ethnographic and ecological adventure, the Aleutian subarea specializes in ecological adventure, cognitive, and ethnographic. The rest of the subzones are of secondary importance.
11) Calculating the possibilities of increasing the tourist flow to the territory of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, the South Kamchatka Wildlife Refuge and other specially protected natural areas, including those potentially of interest to tourists, without prejudice to the ecological value of the territory.
12) Attracting residents of the Kamchatka ASEZ for the implementation of investment projects on the territory of the Paratunka tourist and recreational cluster and the Zelenovskie Ozerki tourist and recreational cluster; creation of the supporting infrastructure of the sites "Paratunka" and "Zelenovskie Ozerki" of the TOP "Kamchatka", including transport (construction of access roads to objects of tourist infrastructure), engineering infrastructure, heat and power supply.
13) Providing support for the implementation of investment projects in the development of the recreational zone of the Malkinsky thermal water deposit, the arrangement of the Timonovskie thermal springs, the comprehensive reconstruction and modernization of the Nachikinsky sanatorium complex, the creation of tourist infrastructure at the ski resorts Moroznaya, Edelweiss, Krasnaya Sopka ", At the foot of the Avachinsky volcano, the arrangement of the Khalaktyrsky beach.
14) Development of concepts for the development of tourism in Bystrinsky, Elizovsky, Mulkovsky municipal districts.
15) Creation and reconstruction of ecological tourism infrastructure: Natural Park "Blue Lakes"; tourist shelter "Pinachevo"; reconstruction of the hotel "Elgai" in the town. Palana, recreation areas for residents in the area of Lake Svetloye, tourist and recreational zone "Nalychevsky natural park".
16) Creation of objects of ethnographic tourism: a network of ethnocultural centers, hotel and tourist complexes, food facilities containing ethnographic topics.
17) Creation and reconstruction of ski tourism facilities: an all-season ski resort based on 4 sites (Moroznaya and Saddle mountains, Avachinsky volcano zone, Topolovy ridge, Petrovskaya hill).
Particular attention should be paid to the creation of modern accommodation facilities of the economical and medium price segment, including mini-hotels and guest houses.
18) Creation and reconstruction of tourism infrastructure facilities, providing for visits to thermal springs: arrangement of Khodutkinsky thermal springs, balneo-climatic thermal resort in the village. Esso; Tumrok thermal springs in the Milkovsky municipal district and other facilities.
19) Creation and reconstruction of objects of historical tourism.
20) Implementation of investment projects within the framework of the Kamchatka ASEZ: construction of the hotel and tourist infrastructure of the Paratunka and Zelenovskie Ozerki clusters, the creation of a hotel and recreation center Tuluach LLC.
21) Expanding the operation of the free port of Vladivostok regime to the territory of the Elizovsky municipal district of the Kamchatka Territory in order to develop the regional airport and attract an additional flow of foreign tourists after the introduction of an 8-day visa-free regime on the territory of the free port of Vladivostok.
22) Providing the necessary infrastructure for key points of attraction for tourists in the Kamchatka Territory: p. Esso, the foot of the Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, the Bystraya river, the Avacha river, the foot of the Gorely volcano, the foot of the Vilyuchinsky volcano, the Valley of Geysers and the caldera of the Uzon volcano, about. Starichkov, Russkaya Bay, Kuril Lake, Nalychevo natural park, foot of Kozelsky volcano, foot of Tolbachik volcano, ethnographic village "Kainyran", foot of Vachkazhets volcano, territory adjacent to Mutnovskaya GEOTPP, Malkinskiye natural park Naly Talovsky and Goryacherechensky springs, Kotel, Aagsky and Koryaksky narzans and others), camp "Pimchakh", Khalaktyrsky beach, excursion routes in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, dog kennels, Nikolskaya volcano, Mishennaya volcano, coast of Avacha bay, foot of Mutnovsky volcano.
The main goal of improving the quality of tourist services is the improvement of regulatory legal regulation in the field of tourism, aimed at promoting the development of a system for ensuring the safety of tourists, education in the field of tourism, ensuring and improving the quality of tourist services and their accessibility for all strata of society.
To solve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:
Support and development of tourist and excursion routes in the Kamchatka Territory;
Advanced training of mid-level personnel in the field of tourism and hospitality.
Main activities:
2.1. Support and development of tourist and excursion routes of the Kamchatka Territory:
carrying out various events aimed at expanding the range of the complex tourist product of the Kamchatka Territory and the implementation of new excursion and tourist routes, popularization of certain types of tourism in the Kamchatka Territory (holding regional tourist holidays, international forums in the field of tourism, tourist competitions, rallies, competitions, etc. .);
stimulating the development of social tourism, increasing the availability of tourist and excursion services for socially unprotected segments of the population provides for the provision of subsidies to the subjects of tourist activity in order to reimburse part of the costs;
development of youth tourism in the Kamchatka Territory as part of the educational and cultural-cognitive function of tourism on the basis of the systematic integration of tourist and excursion programs into educational processes of general and professional education: development of a set of recommendations for organizing educational work in the formation of tourist and excursion programs, their adaptation to curricula and subjects of academic disciplines; development of a concept for the creation of specialized youth centers (including sports and cultural ones).
2.2. Providing professional training for mid-level specialists (areas of training: tour guide (guide), guide-translator, instructor-guide, administrator, waiter, etc.); development and implementation of a training system for employees of tourist organizations on the rules for conducting safety briefings and information work with tourists.
2.3. Improving the safety of tourist services by developing an insurance mechanism, organizing rescue and ambulance services, timely informing about existing threats, checking the technical and sanitary condition of tourist equipment and tourist infrastructure. To improve environmental safety, the following measures are necessary: rationing (development and bringing to the attention of the population of the rules of tourist behavior on the route); control (development of measures of responsibility for violation of the rules of tourist behavior and deterioration of the ecology of the area); education (conducting a cycle of environmental education activities aimed at fostering culture and ecology of recreation); distribution of responsibilities for cleaning natural areas, shores of reservoirs, tourist camps, including using the mechanism of public-private partnership; stimulating the increase in resource-saving and eco-technologies.
3. Formation of a comfortable informational tourist environment.
The main purpose of the direction is to promote the tourist, recreational and investment potential, tourist products of the Kamchatka Territory; formation of a positive image and recognition of the Kamchatka Territory in the domestic and international tourist market.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:
creation and development of a system of information support for tourism and tourist activities in the Kamchatka Territory;
promotion of the tourist product of the Kamchatka Territory in electronic and print media;
organization and holding of interregional, international tourism forums, exhibitions and other events.
To solve the tasks defined in the strategy for the formation of a comfortable informational tourist environment during the entire period of the Strategy implementation, the following measures are required:
3.1. Deployment of advocacy campaigns.
3.2. Creation of networks of information centers and points.
3.3. Organization and holding of interregional, all-Russian and international exhibitions, forums and other events aimed at creating a positive image of the Kamchatka Territory as an attractive destination for tourists.
The condition for the successful strategic development of the tourist and recreational complex of the Kamchatka Territory until 2030 is the systemic interaction of the state, business and society on the principles of public-private partnership in the implementation of key investment projects.
When implementing the main directions of the tourism industry within the target scenario by 2030, the following results can be expected:
ensuring the competitiveness of the Kamchatka Territory in the field of tourism;
creation of modern tourist activities on the territory of the region, ensuring the growth of flows of inbound and domestic tourists to the Kamchatka Territory;
the formation of the Kamchatka Territory as one of the most attractive tourist and recreational centers of the Far East and Asia-Pacific countries (China, Japan, Republic of Korea);
development of tourism-related enterprises of the restaurant and hotel, sanatorium and resort and entertainment infrastructure;
qualitative improvement of social services and the urban environment, which will lead to an increase in the quality of life of the population