1 purchasing power. Purchasing power of the population as an indicator of the level of wealth. See what “purchasing power” is in other dictionaries

Purchasing power(solvency) is one of the most important economic indicators. It is inversely proportional to the amount of money needed to purchase various goods and services. In other words, purchasing power shows how much the average consumer can buy goods and services with a certain amount of money given the existing

Purchasing power parity is the ratio between two or more monetary units of different currencies, which reflects their purchasing power in relation to a fixed list of goods and services. According to the theory, for a certain amount of money, converted at the existing rate into different national currencies, you can buy the same one in different countries of the world, provided there are no transport restrictions and expenses.

For example, if the same list of products costs 1000 rubles. in the Russian Federation and $70 in the USA, then purchasing power parity will have a ratio of 1000/70 = 14.29 rubles. by 1 $. This concept of forming exchange rates was adopted back in the 19th century. According to this principle, change exchange rate entails an automatic change in commodity prices in the same ratio. However, based on the real exchange rate of money, it can only be calculated conditionally, because there are still many factors influencing it.

The purchasing power of the population reflects the maximum number of goods and paid services, which the average consumer at his income level has the opportunity to purchase for the funds available to him at the existing price level. This indicator directly depends on the share that it is ready and can spend on purchases.

To determine changes in the volume of goods that a consumer can buy with the same amount of money in the current year in relation to the year under study, the purchasing power index is used. It shows how nominal and real wages population, and is the inverse of the commodity price index. = This formula allows you to quickly and easily determine the level of purchasing power and shows that it directly depends on the level of well-being and security of an individual consumer and the entire population of the country.

When purchasing power increases greatly, this leads to deflation, and the state experiences In this situation, in order to balance the indicators, producers must either increase the volume of commodity production or increase product prices.

When purchasing power falls, this leads to inflation and negatively affects the economy of both an individual state and the entire world. In the future, this trend may lead to a complete depreciation national currency. Also, the US dollar, which is a world currency, is not immune to this. If this happens, the economy of almost all countries in the world will suffer, since almost all processes in the global financial and economic sphere are tied to the US dollar.

Purchasing power of money

What could you buy for a penny in the 16th century? A pood (16 kg) of rye cost 5 kopecks, i.e. For 1 kopeck you could buy about 3 kg. Rye, an ax - 7 kopecks, a castle - 5-10, a cow and a horse cost a ruble, clothes (compared to grain and tools) were not cheap: a simple homespun cost a peasant 20-40 kopecks. In those days they carried money in a wallet in their belt. If the amount is small, they put it on the cheek so as not to lose it. They were then kept in small containers and, in case of danger, buried in the ground. The average size of treasures of those times was usually from 300 to 900 coins, i.e. 3-9 rubles.
Under Emperor Peter I, i.e. at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries, the average size wages for an unskilled worker was 5-8 kopecks per day. For comparison: a pound of meat then cost 30 kopecks, a pound of bread - 10 kopecks. A worker earned 2.5-4 kg per day. meat.
Under Emperor Nicholas II, i.e. at the beginning of the twentieth century, the lowest paid part employees in Russia there were servants who received per month: from 3 to 5 rubles for women and from 5 to 10 rubles for men. But, the employer besides monetary allowance provided the servants with a free roof over their heads, food, and, as a rule, also clothes from the “master’s shoulder.” Very often this profession was hereditary, and the children of servants, growing up and entering the service, saw life only from the window of the manor's house. Further, according to increasing wages in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. workers of provincial factories, village factories, laborers, and loaders are walking. Their salary ranged from 8 to 15 rubles per month. Moreover, it was not uncommon for one tenth of the salary to be given out in cards, which could only be used to purchase goods in the factory store at inflated prices with products that were far from being the freshest. Mostly workers at metallurgical plants in Moscow and St. Petersburg earned more. The wages of these workers at the beginning of the 20th century. in Tsarist Russia ranged from 25 to 35 rubles. And representatives of the so-called labor aristocracy, i.e. professional turners, mechanics, foremen, and foremen received from 50 to 80 rubles per month. Now about the salaries of employees. The smallest salaries at the beginning of the 20th century. were for junior ranks of civil servants in the amount of 20 rubles per month. The same amount was received by ordinary postal employees, zemstvo elementary school teachers, pharmacists' assistants, orderlies, librarians, etc. Doctors received much more, for example, in zemstvo hospitals they had a salary of 80 rubles, paramedics 35 rubles, and the head of the hospital received 125 rubles a month. In small rural hospitals, where there was only one paramedic on staff, he received a salary of 55 rubles. High school teachers in women's and men's gymnasiums received from 80 to 100 rubles per month. Heads of postal, railway, steamship stations in major cities had monthly salaries from 150 to 300 rubles. Deputies of the State Duma received a salary of 350 rubles, governors had salaries of about one thousand rubles, and ministers and senior officials, members of the State Council - 1,500 rubles per month. In the army, officer salaries at the beginning of the 20th century. V Russian Empire after promotion in 1909 there were the following. The second lieutenant had a salary of 70 rubles a month, plus 30 kopecks a day for guard duty and an additional 7 rubles for renting housing, for a total of 80 rubles. The lieutenant received a salary of 80 rubles, plus the same apartment and guard duty another 10 rubles, for a total of 90 rubles . A staff captain received a salary from 93 to 123 rubles, a captain from 135 to 145 rubles, and a lieutenant colonel from 185 to 200 rubles per month. A colonel in the Tsarist Army received a salary of 320 rubles per month from the Sovereign, a general in the position of division commander had a salary of 500 rubles, and a general in the position of corps commander had a salary of 725 rubles per month.
In 1914, a statistical study of about 600 working families was carried out in Kyiv, and the work “Budgets of Kyiv Workers in 1914” appeared. What did the Kyiv worker spend his money on?

Typical monthly budget for a single male worker:
Food expenses - 16.79 rubles.
Rental housing - 5.43 rubles.
Clothes - 5.52 rub.
Body hygiene - 1.55 rub.
Sending money - 1.20 rubles.
Spiritual and general needs - 1.70 rubles.
Medical assistance - 0.61 rub.
Tobacco and alcohol - 2.04 rubles.
Fees and taxes - 0.03 rub.
Other expenses - 1.47 rubles.
Total: 36.34 rub.

These figures provide some other interesting information. Thus, the clause about sending money indicates the rural origin of the worker. The rental clause states that the worker was not renting an entire apartment, but rather a room. Workers who received less than the average salary lived in master's apartments, that is, in apartments that were provided to them free of charge by the owner of the enterprise where they worked. Anyone who lived in a separate apartment received about 45 rubles. per month, and in your own home - 61 rubles. and higher. The most indicative point is about taxes - 3 kopecks. per month! There is no error. The fact is that in tsarist Russia there was no income tax. There were talks about it, but the war prevented its final introduction. Taxes were generally the lowest in Europe and amounted to 9.09 rubles. per capita per year. A single worker spent an average day on food: for breakfast - 12-13 kopecks, for lunch - 22 kopecks, for dinner - 10 kopecks.
Expenses on tobacco and alcohol are certainly significant, as can be seen from the prices below in Kiev for 1913-1914:

Food and fodder:
French bun - 8 kopecks.
A glass of tea in a tavern - 5 kopecks.
A cup of coffee in the center - 20 kopecks.
Pound (16.38 kg) of buckwheat - 2 rubles. (1 kg - 12 kopecks)
A pound of peas - 1 rub. 30 kopecks (1 kg - 8 kopecks)
A pound of selected beans - about 3 rubles (1 kg - 18 kopecks)
1 pound (1/40 pood or 409.5 g) salt of the 2nd grade - 2 kopecks.
1 kg. granulated sugar - 25 kopecks.
100 pieces. 2 grades of herring - 7 rubles (1 pound - 17-23 kopecks)
1 kg. sturgeon - 90 kopecks.
Beetroot 1 kg. - 1.5 kopecks,
100 heads of cabbage - 5 rubles.
A bucket of selected tomatoes - 8 kopecks.
1 kg. potatoes - 3 kopecks.
1 l. sour cream - 40 kopecks.
1 kg. butter - 1 rub.
A pair of chickens - 50 kopecks.
Broken chicken - about 1 rub.
Duck - 80 kopecks.
Goose - 1 rub.
Large turkey - 4 rubles.
Beef meat 1st grade 1 pound - 20 kopecks.
Pork lard 1st grade 1 pound - 18-29 kopecks.
A pound of oats - 1 rub.
A pound of hay - 45 kopecks.
A pound of rye straw - 20 kopecks.
Industrial goods:
Boots - 4-10 rub.
Canvas trousers - 1 rub.
Shirt - 1 rub.
1 cu. m. of firewood - about 18 kopecks. with delivery
10 kg. coal - 15 kopecks.
1 l. kerosene - 25 kopecks.
1 box of matches - 1 kopeck.

New Year's card: black and white - 5 kopecks, color - 10 kopecks. (on the eve of the holidays - 2 times more expensive, but the difference went to charitable needs)
Demi-season coat (tailoring) - 19 rubles. 50 kopecks
Suit (tailoring) - 16 rubles. 75 kop.

Hotels 1913:
"Grand Hotel" - 1 rub. 50 kopecks - 30 rub. (per day)
"Continental" - 1 rub. 75 kop. - 15 rub. (per day)
Mikhelson Hotel - 50 kopecks. - 3 rub. (per day) or 12-60 rub. (per month)
Rooms and furnished rooms in the center - 30-40 kopecks (per day) or 9-12 rubles. (per month)
Furnished rooms in private houses with a samovar and servants - 15-20 rubles. (per month),
on the outskirts - 5 rubles.
Grand Hotel "Lanchia" - 1-10 rubles. (per day)
Hotel "European" - 1-12 rubles. (per day)

Baths:
"Karavaevskie" - 40 kopecks.
shared bath with marble swimming pool Family room with or without marble bath - 50 kopecks. - 3 rub.
Bathhouse of Mrs. Ivanova - 10-40 kopecks.
Bathhouse Bugaeva (Podol, Andreevskaya St.): general - 6-25 kopecks, private room - 50 kopecks - 2 rubles.
Bathhouse Bubnova on the street. Zhilyanskaya - 7-75 kopecks.
general prices for Baths in the Dnieper: general inflow - 5 kopecks, private room - 15 kopecks.
A broom in all baths cost 1-5 kopecks.

Renting an apartment in 1914
(In 1908, apartment prices in Kyiv were 20-25% cheaper):
With heating, lighting and furnishings the average was:
1-room - 12 rub. 28 kopecks
2-room - 18 rub. 87 kopecks
3-room - 31 rub. 78 kop.
4-room - 49 rub. 85 kop.
5-room - 59 rub. 90 kopecks
Average different types apartments cost:
Separate apartment - 12 rubles. 80 kop.
Room - 8 rub. 45 kopecks
Half room - 4 rubles. 36 kopecks
Bed - 4 rubles. 33 kopecks
Coal - 2 rubles. 99 kopecks

Services:
Messengers -10-50 kopecks.
Porter - 50 kopecks.
Tram - 3-5 kopecks.
Newspapers - 3-5 kopecks.
Cab driver: fee for a one-horse driver from the station to any hotel except Lavrskaya - 4 kopecks.
tax (to Lavra) - 45-50 kopecks.
fee for the steam window - 80 kopecks - 1 rub.
Ticket to Opera theatre- 20 kopecks. -16 rub.
Cinematograph - 30 kopecks. -1 rub.

Catering and restaurants:
A first-class hotel restaurant - the cost of a full meal is 1 rub.
Lunch at the kitchen - 40 kopecks.
Lunch at "Cheap Lunch" (supported by various charitable societies) of two courses - 15 kopecks.

Prices for strong drinks:
Real champagne (and there was no other kind in Russia) was quite expensive. In St. Petersburg, a bottle cost 12 rubles in restaurants, and 6 rubles in the officers' meeting canteen.
Wine of expensive and prestigious brands - up to 5-9 rubles. per bottle (0.75 l.)
Cheap draft wine - 5-20 kopecks. hall.
Cognac - from 3 to 100 rubles. per bottle
A bottle (0.61 liters) of “krasnogolovka” (red cap) - vodka, popularly called “breech” - 40 kopecks, “belogolovka” (white cap) - double purification vodka - 60 kopecks.
Half a shot glass (50-60 grams) of cheap vodka in a cheap tavern on the outskirts of a provincial town - 5 kopecks, real, undiluted vodka in a decent tavern - 10 kopecks.
A bottle of top quality beer - 12 kopecks.
A mug of beer in specialized pubs with salted dried biscuits, bagels, shrimp and crayfish - 5 kopecks.

Lately there have been groans everywhere. They say that Russia has become impoverished, and inflation is outpacing wage growth. That utility prices are rising faster than wages.

But the Rosstat website contains information on salaries, and most importantly, on prices for more than 500 types of goods and services, from 1995 to 2014, broken down by region of Russia and even by month.
So, in 2004 average salary in Russia was 6,739 rubles per month. In 2014 - 29,792 rubles per month.
http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/wages/labour_costs/#
Prices for 376 types of goods and services are calculated here as of September 2004 and September 2014. Why for 2004 specifically, and not for 1999 or 1995. Simply because it was during this period that the State Statistics Committee kept the most detailed statistics. Before 2004, the price register was incomparably narrower.
Then it was determined how much the average citizen of the Russian Federation could buy of a particular product in September 2004 and now in September 2014. From 376 goods and services
The Russian became rich in 357 positions and only became poor in 19. Average purchasing power increased by 1.81 times.

Here are 19 goods for which Russians have become poorer in 10 years.

HOW MANY MORE (LESS) PRODUCTS CAN A RUSSIAN PEOPLE BUY IN 2014 COMPARED TO 2004?

1 Validol, 60 mg, 10 tablets 0.71
2 Theaters, ticket 0.71
3 Manufacturing of a crown, pcs. 0.73
4 Domestic filter cigarettes, pack 0.73
5 Renting residential premises in the state 0.76
6 Clinical examination of the animal, visit 0.83
7 Museums and exhibitions, ticket 0.84
8 Sewing women's dresses, pcs. 0.85
9 Whole milk on tap, l 0.86
10 Wheel tire service passenger car, PC. 0.88
11 Liquefied gas, month per person 0.91
12 Accommodation in a student dormitory, month 0.92
13 Manufacturing of removable dentures, prosthesis 0.97
14 Treatment of caries, filling 0.98
15 Annual cost car insurance policy 0.99
16 Network gas, month per person 0.99
17 Services for organizing and performing work on the operation of residential complexes and housing cooperatives 0.99
18 Subscription fee per radio broadcast point, month 0.99
19 Engagement ring, gram 0.99

But the group of goods or services Growth in the purchasing power of the average Russian in 2004-2014

COMMUNICATION 4.73
DIGITAL EQUIPMENT 3
CARS AND MOTORCYCLES 2.83
MEDICINES AND MEDICAL PRODUCTS 2.49
HOLIDAYS ABROAD 2.4
HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICAL GOODS 2.31
FABRICS AND THREADS 2.19
FOOTWEAR AND CLOTHING FOR ADULTS 2.16
SPORTS EQUIPMENT 2.16
HOUSEHOLD Utensils and materials 2.13
BEDDING 2.09
FURNITURE 1.94
TABLEWARE 1.88
STATIONERY SUPPLIES 1.86
BUILDING MATERIALS 1.85
PRODUCTS 1.74
ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO 1.69
ACCESSORIES AND JEWELRY 1.64
CHILDREN'S SHOES AND CLOTHING 1.61
RESTAURANTS AND CAFEES 1.56
GASOLINE, SPARE PARTS, CAR CONTENTS 1.54
BOOKS AND NEWSPAPERS 1.54
TRANSPORT 1.52
SERVICES OF A VERY DIFFERENT NATURE 1.5
HOTELS AND SANATORIUMS IN RUSSIA 1.41
EDUCATION 1.4
UTILITIES AND MATERIALS 1.05
MEDICAL SERVICES 1.05
THEATRES, MUSEUMS AND CINEMA 0.96

The sharpest increase in the purchasing power of the average Russian occurred in SVIAZ - 4.73 times. The Russian’s ability to speak over the phone has increased especially astronomically. mobile phone- 19.13 times! Providing local connection (talk) over cellular communication, 1 minute. This is the first place among all goods and services. It’s not surprising, because in 2004 a minute cost 5.02 rubles, then in 2014 - a ruble, and, as we have already found out, the salary increased from 7 to 30 thousand.
All digital equipment has sharply fallen in price and, accordingly, the purchasing power of Russian citizens has increased by as much as 3 times.

The current traffic jams, even in Orel and Kursk, which I see, are explained by the fact that cars have become (SINCE 2004) relatively cheap, especially new foreign cars. Now the average Russian can theoretically buy a foreign car “Golf-class” in the basic configuration (or “C-class”. Average price - 835 thousand rubles) in 2 years and 4 months, whereas in 2004 he would have needed to work for it ( average price- 562 thousand rubles) for 7 whole years!
Oddly enough, the medicines did not survive the high price hike, so the Russian became 2.49 times richer in medicines.
Well, now everyone is traveling abroad in droves. It is not surprising that the purchasing power of Russians here has increased by 2.4 times.

Purchasing power is growing poorly
1) Communal apartment - and here inflation almost completely devoured wage growth - 1.05
2) Treatment - 1.05
3) Education, which has become only slightly more accessible compared to 2004 - 1.05

Products
The population is most infuriated by rising food prices. And there are good reasons for this.
For example, the price of 1 liter of milk increased in September 2014 and was 5.08 times higher than in September 2004! 57.7 rubles versus 11.34. Doctor's sausage has become 3.53 times more expensive. Beef 3.04 times.
In general, in the period 2004-2014, prices for dairy products increased by 3.23 times, for meat products - 2.74 times. The strongest price increases were observed here. The only exception was chicken meat, which only increased in price by 1.91 times.
And despite this, wage growth at an accelerated pace covered all food inflation with the exception of milk.
Oddly enough, prices for fruits, vegetables, cereals and fruit juices have increased little. Bananas and oranges are no longer exotic, and juices are out of fashion.
FRUIT 2.27
JUICE-WATER 2.19
GREATS 2
EGGS 1.95
BUTTER AND MARGARINE 1.87
VEGETABLES AND LEGUMES 1.87
SAUCES 1.87
GROCERY 1.84
FISH AND CAVIAR 1.76
BAKERY PRODUCTS 1.74
MEAT PRODUCTS 1.64
SWEETS 1.61
DAIRY PRODUCTS 1.42

GROWTH IN PURCHASING POWER OF RUSSIANS BY PRODUCT CATEGORIES

Many goods and services have either disappeared into oblivion or have become so unpopular that statisticians have found it prudent to no longer record them. Video cassettes and VCRs disappeared, a bunch of drugs went out of fashion, a bunch of new drugs became fashionable, diesel fuel began to be sold at gas stations, many fur products and domestic perfumes went out of fashion, smartphones and tablets appeared, motorcycles with sidecars disappeared, car radios disappeared, and so on, and things like that.
It's hard to compare digital technology. The 2014 digital camera for 10,000 rubles is incomparably superior to the 2004 camera for the same price. The same Golf-class cars are now crammed with additional equipment, just don’t play around, which was not the case in 2004. Now in cars of this level you can find navigators, the most advanced ESP, traction control and adaptive light, windshield wipers, gearboxes and much more.

Purchasing power reflects the relationship between the cost of products and the means of payment. It is directly dependent on the prices of goods, the structure of trade turnover and money supply in circulation.

An increase in the purchasing power of money is possible with the development of the manufacturing sector, a reduction in the amount of money in circulation and a high level of confidence in the national currency.

Due to constant price fluctuations, purchasing power in different markets may vary significantly. For convenience, analysts use purchasing power parity. To calculate it, a certain exchange rate is set, the cost of a set of goods and services is taken as a basis, and after that they calculate how much goods and services citizens can purchase different countries for the same amount of money.

Calculation of purchasing power

The purchasing power of money can be calculated in two ways:

• Intensive. Determining the quantity of goods that a person can buy to satisfy necessary needs. We are talking about products, clothes, payment utilities and travel on public transport.
• Extensive. Calculation of the amount of goods and services a person can afford without taking into account his basic needs. This category includes spending on luxury goods, entertainment and leisure expenses.

When analyzing total purchasing power, both calculation methods are taken into account.

Purchasing Power Index

The purchasing power index is used to analyze changes in the volume of goods and services that can be purchased for the same amount in the current year and the year under study. To calculate the purchasing power index, the following formula is used:

IPI=1/Consumer Price Index

The parameter shows the relationship between real and nominal wages population, since its value reflects changes in the purchasing power of money.

TEST 1

1. Purchasing power of money:

a) increases with rising prices;

b) can grow and decrease;

c) always remains constant.

2. The price of gold is affected by:

A) appearance gold (ingot, granules, sand, etc.);

b) place of production;

c) the total amount of gold in the world.

3. Law money circulation defines:

a) speed of money turnover;

b) the amount of money supply;

c) purchasing power of money.

4. Inflation means:

a) a fall in the price level;

b) increasing the purchasing power of money;

c) depreciation of paper money.

5. Which of the following statements is true?

a) money is a universal equivalent commodity;

6. Money is:

a) means of payment;

b) a means of accumulation;

c) all of the above.

7. The function of money is:

a) cost distribution;

6) medium of exchange;

c) formation of financial funds.

8. What type of monetary aggregate includes cash and non-cash money?

9. What type of monetary aggregate includes cash, non-cash money, securities traded on the financial market?

10. The reasons for modern barter are:

a) high level of inflation;

6) lack of necessary gold reserves in the country;

c) a fall in prices for goods and services

1. Based on Jamaican monetary system was put:

a) gold exchange standard;

b) gold dollar standard;

c) SDR standard.

2. The basis of the Paris monetary system was:

a) gold exchange standard;

b) gold coin standard;

c) SDR standard.

3. The basis of the Genoese currency system was:

a) gold exchange standard;

b) gold dollar standard;

c) SDR standard.

4. Money is:

6) a means of accumulation;

c) all of the above.

5. The law of monetary circulation determines:

a) inflation rate;

6) speed of money turnover,

c) the amount of money supply.

6. Inflation is:

a) depreciation of paper money,

b) a fall in the price level;

c) rising unemployment.

7. Which of the following statements is true?

b) money is a product of agreement between people;

c) money is all of the above.

8. The function of money is:

a) slowdown in inflation;

b) cost distribution;

c) medium of exchange;

1. Money is:

a) a means of measuring value;

b) a means of storing value;

c) all of the above.

2. The law of monetary circulation determines:

a) the amount of money supply;

6) speed of money turnover,

c) the amount of gold in the world.

3. Which of the following statements is true?

a) money is the crystallization of exchange value;

b) money is a sign of exchange;

c) money is all of the above.

4. The function of money is:

a) medium of exchange;

b) provision of business information;

c) formation of financial funds;

5. Purchasing power of money:

a) can grow and shrink;

6) increase over time;

c) always remains the same.

6. Hyperinflation is inflation in which the increase in prices is:

a) 40% per year;

6) 80% per year;

c) 100% or more per year.

7. Deflation is a phenomenon associated with:

a) with an increase in the price level;

b) with a fall in the price level;

c) declaring the depreciated money invalid.

8. The guarantee inscription on a check or bill of exchange is called:

a) endorsement;

b) acceptance;

1. The necessary basis, the basis for the existence of money are:

a) financial needs of the state;

b) foreign economic relations;

c) commodity production and circulation of goods;

d) the needs of the Central and commercial banks.

2. The immediate prerequisites for the appearance of money include:

a) the discovery of gold deposits and the emergence of food markets;

b) the transition from subsistence farming to the production and exchange of goods and the property separation of goods producers;

c) the formation of centralized states and the discovery of gold deposits;

d) the presence of private ownership of the means of production and the emergence of large wholesale markets;

3. Money is the universal equivalent of:

a) exchange value;

b) the cost of goods and services;

c) use value;

d) the weight of full-fledged money.

4. ... the form of value involves the formation of certain proportions of equating goods and expressing the value of one product in several equivalent goods at once.

a) complete;

b) monetary;

c) universal;

d) simple.

5. Full-fledged money is money that has a nominal value:

a) is established spontaneously on the market;

b) below the real value;

c) exceeds the real cost;

d) corresponds to real value.

6. The expression by one commodity of its value in another commodity opposing it is a characteristic feature... of the form of value.

a) simple;

b) complete;

c) universal;

d) monetary;

7. ... is a commodity exchange transaction with the transfer of ownership of goods without payment in money.

a) forfeiting;

b) dumping;

c) barter;

d) factoring.

8. Signs of value are money that has a nominal value:

a) not installed;

b) corresponds to the real value;

c) below real value;

d) exceeds the actual cost.

9.....the concept of the origin of money believes that money arose as a result of a special agreement between people.

a) monetarist;

b) evolutionary;

c) rationalistic;

d) psychological.

10. Money serves as a means to satisfy... needs.

a) only spiritual;

b) limited number;

d) only material ones.

1. Money is an independent form... of value.

a) barter;

b) consumer;

c) commodity;

d) financial.

2. The... form of value is characterized by the selection of one, the most liquid, commodity, which serves as a general equivalent on the local market.

a) monetary;

b) complete;

c) universal;

d) simple.

3. Signs of value include:

a) metallic money, whose nominal value corresponds to

real value;

b) paper and credit money, worn-out metal coins;

c) gold money;

d) only credit money.

4. Compliance with the requirements of exchange equivalence involves measuring... goods based on the labor costs for their production.

a) cost;

b) use value;

c) exchange rate;

d) profit.

5. Money acts as... a measure of the cost of socially necessary labor.

a) external;

b) internal;

c) spiritual;

d) seasonal.

6. The monetary expression of the value of goods is:

a) profit;

c) profitability;

7. The functioning of money as capital is characterized by the following formula:

a) money - commodity - money;

b) commodity - money - commodity;

c) goods - goods - money;

d) money - debt obligation - goods.

8. Modern money:

a) cannot be exchanged for gold;

b) exchanged for gold at the Goznak factory;

c) exchanged for gold at the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

d) exchanged for gold at the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

9..... is the process of gold losing its monetary functions.

10. Money will remain as long as it exists:

a) commodity production;

b) foreign exchange market;

c) stock market;

d) bill circulation.

1. The functions of money are:

a) the results of the use and impact of money on various aspects of the activity and development of society;

b) a specific external manifestation of their essence as a universal equivalent of value;

c) conditions necessary for the proper functioning of money;

d) the price of money lent;

2..... is a monetary unit designed to measure the cost of goods and services.

3. The function of a measure of value is performed by... money.

a) only full-fledged ones;

b) only inferior ones;

c) full and defective;

d) paper and credit.

4. The essence of the function of the measure of value is manifested in the fact that money acts:

c) a universal cost standard;

d) a means of accumulation and savings.

5. The function of money as... guarantees the implementation of all other monetary functions.

a) world money;

b) means of payment;

c) cost;

d) means of circulation.

6. The essence of the function of the medium of exchange is manifested in the fact that money acts:

a) an intermediary in the exchange of goods;

b) a means of paying debt obligations;

c) a means of accumulation and saving;

d) a universal equivalent, a measure of the value of all other goods.

7. The function of a medium of circulation is performed by... money.

a) ideal, mentally imagined;

b) only real ones;

c) non-cash only;

d) ideal and real.

8. When money performs the function of a medium of exchange, it is necessary that the volume of effective demand:

a) far exceeded the supply of goods;

b) there was much less supply of goods;

c) decreased over time;

d) corresponded to the supply of goods.

9. The function of a medium of exchange is performed by:

a) only full-fledged money;

b) only signs of value;

c) full-fledged money and signs of value;

d) only non-cash money.

10. The essence of the function of a store of value is manifested in the fact that money acts:

a) an intermediary in the exchange of goods;

b) a means of paying debt obligations;

c) a universal equivalent, a measure of the value of all other goods;

d) a means of saving and increasing money.

1. The function of a store of value is performed by... money.

a) only real ones;

b) ideal;

c) ideal and real;

d) non-cash only.

2. The formula... is typical for money to perform the function of a medium of exchange.

a) commodity - money - commodity;

b) money - commodity - money;

c) goods - debt obligation - money;

d) production - distribution - exchange - consumption.

3. The function of world money is manifested in relationships:

a) only between commercial banks of different countries;

b) between legal and individuals inside the country;

c) between countries or between legal entities and individuals located in different countries;

d) only between monetary and financial organizations and state governments.

4. Currently, the function of world money is performed mainly by... currencies.

a) non-convertible;

b) freely convertible;

c) partially convertible;

d) irreversible.

5. When full-fledged money circulates, the price scale is:

a) not installed;

b) represented the use value of a monetary unit;

c) coincided with the weight amount of metal assigned to monetary unit;

d) was the value of a monetary unit that spontaneously formed as a result of the formation of a certain price level in the country.

6. Cash savings of the population are an important factor in the development of... relations in the country.

a) credit;

b) factoring;

c) forfaiting;

d) rental.

7. International monetary units of account are:

a) SDR, ECU and Euro;

b) ECU and dollar;

c) dollar and euro;

d) SDR and ECU.

8. Cash savings exist:

a) only in the field of private entrepreneurship;

b) in the sphere of material production and among private individuals;

c) only for individuals;

d) only in the sphere of material production.

9. The main purpose of the function of money as a measure of value is that it:

a) provides the possibility of issuing government securities;

b) provides the commodity world with a single cost standard;

c) provides the opportunity to create cash savings;

d) provides the possibility of issuing debt obligations.

10. When circulating value signs, the price scale:

a) is established only on the basis of the ratio of the value of national and foreign currencies;

b) not installed;

c) coincides with the weight amount of metal assigned to the monetary unit;

d) represents the value of a monetary unit that spontaneously develops as a result of the formation of a certain price level in the country.

1. In world practice, the scope of using money as a medium of exchange:

a) expands;

b) is very wide and far exceeds the scope of using money in other functions;

c) remains unchanged;

d) is decreasing.

2. When circulating full-fledged money, exchange ratios were established:

a) the state;

b) at the discretion of the parties to the transaction;

c) by equating the value of goods to gold;

d) in a centralized manner for each product group.

3. Money correctly performs the function of a medium of exchange if:

a) consistency is ensured between monetary savings and the formation of real material reserves;

b) the actual payment on debt obligations is less than the contractual one;

V) cash turnover corresponds to non-cash turnover;

d) the process of converting goods into money and vice versa occurs without hindrance.

4. Money serving global economic turnover performs the function of:

a) treasures;

b) world money;

c) means of payment;

d) measures of value.

5. Money correctly performs the function of a means of payment if:

a) the actual payment on debt obligations is less than the contractual payment;

b) the process of converting goods into money and vice versa occurs without hindrance;

c) the actual payment on debt obligations corresponds to the contractual one;

d) there is a correspondence between monetary savings and the formation of real material reserves;

6. In world practice, the scope of using money as a means of payment:

a) very limited;

b) narrows;

c) expands;

d) remains unchanged.

7. When money performs the function of a medium of circulation, the counter movement of money and goods:

a) occurs only when using bills of exchange;

b) never happens;

c) occurs only with non-cash payments;

d) always happens.

8. Money can be accumulated:

a) in cash and non-cash forms;

b) only in cash;

c) only in non-cash form;

d) only by investing in government securities.

9. Treasure, as opposed to hoarding:

a) have a specific purpose, serve as a measure of value and are stored only in kind;

b) have a specific purpose, perform the function of a means of payment and are stored only in kind;

c) have no intended purpose, perform the function of preserving wealth and are stored only in kind;

d) have no intended purpose, perform the function of preserving wealth and are stored only in non-cash form.

10. When money performs the function of a means of payment, the counter movement of money and goods:

a) always happens;

b) occurs periodically;

c) occurs only for cash payments;

d) does not happen,

1. The formula... is typical for money to perform the function of a means of payment.

a) commodity - money - commodity;

b) money - commodity - money;

c) goods - money - debt obligation;

d) goods - debt obligation - money.

2. When money performs the function of a medium of exchange, a formal opportunity is created economic crisis because:

a) at the right time, buyers may not have the money to purchase goods;

b) lenders set high interest rates for loans;

c) lenders may not have sufficient credit resources;

d) borrowers are not satisfied with the conditions for obtaining loans from lenders.

3. Money performs the function of a means of payment:

a) only in the sphere of commodity circulation;

b) in the field of commodity circulation and non-commodity payment;

c) only in the field of non-commodity payment;

d) only when performing financial transactions.

4. Performing the function..., money acts as a universal equivalent of the cost of goods and services.

a) means of circulation;

b) means of payment;

c) measures of value;

d) means of accumulation.

5. In the function... only real money is used.

a) means of accumulation;

b) means of payment;

c) measures of value;

d) means of circulation.

6. A sufficient level of development of market relations and competition in the country, ensuring the equivalence of exchange, the presence of a unified pricing system are necessary conditions for the correct implementation of the function of money as:

a) measures of value;

b) means of circulation;

c) means of accumulation;

d) means of payment.

7. Providing the commodity world with a single cost standard is the main purpose of the function:

a) measures of value;

b) means of circulation;

c) means of payment;

d) means of accumulation.

8. Performing the function..., money acts as an intermediary in the exchange of goods.

a) measures of value;

b) means of circulation;

c) means of payment;

d) means of accumulation.

9. Instant payment for goods or services is a characteristic feature of the function of money as:

a) measures of value;

b) means of payment;

c) means of accumulation;

d) means of circulation.

10. The function of money is... connected with credit form sales of goods and services.

a) means of accumulation;

b) means of payment;

c) means of circulation;

d) measures of value.

1. Performing the function..., money is used as ideal, mentally imagined.

a) measures of value;

b) means of circulation;

c) means of payment;

d) means of accumulation.

2. Counter movement of goods and money occurs during the implementation of the function:

a) measures of value;

b) means of payment;

c) means of circulation;

d) means of accumulation.

3. Performing the function..., money acts as a means of paying debt obligations.

a) means of accumulation;

b) means of circulation;

c) measures of value;

d) means of payment.

4. Correspondence between the money and commodity masses in quantity and structure, the presence of a fairly extensive trading network, the convenience of money for acceptance and use, the correspondence of effective demand with the supply of goods - necessary conditions for the correct implementation of the function of money as:

a) means of circulation;

b) means of payment;

c) measures of value;

d) means of accumulation.

5. Establish the correspondence of the indicated characteristics to the specific functions of money.

6. The role of money is:

a) a specific external manifestation of their essence as a universal equivalent of value;

b) characteristics of money as an economic category;

c) the scope of use of money, determined by the functions of the medium of exchange and means of payment;

d) the results of the use and impact of money on various aspects of the activity and development of society.

7. The role of money in the reproduction process is manifested primarily in the fact that with its help:

a) ensuring the fulfillment of tax obligations by business entities;

b) the cost price is established and the price of manufactured products is formed;

c) money is accumulated and an accumulation fund is formed;

d) is installed interest rate on loans taken by business entities from commercial banks.

8. B market model economics, the following are of decisive importance in determining the possibility of purchasing goods:

a) barter transactions;

b) cards and coupons for goods;

c) money;

d) established standards for the release of goods.

9. Inflationary processes:

a) lead to a weakening of the role of money and some narrowing of the scope of its application;

b) do not influence the role of money and the scope of its application;

c) cause a significant expansion of the scope of use of money;

d) have a negative impact only on the role of money in development foreign economic relations;

10. Limited role of money in planned economy defined:

a) competition between producers;

b) private property for means of production;

c) spontaneous pricing;

d) stable, unchanging prices set by the state.

1. The role of money in economic relations between countries is manifested in the fact that they are used for:

a) servicing transactions made between individuals from different countries;

b) size calculation gold and foreign exchange reserves countries;

c) profitability assessments export-import operations and settlements thereon;

d) determining the percentage of devaluation and revaluation of the national currency.

2. The scope of use of money during the transition from a planned economy to a market economy:

a) is reduced;

b) expands;

c) remains unchanged;

d) expands only in the sphere of production.

3. The requirement for prepayment of goods in a payment crisis indicates:

a) on expanding the role of money, developing credit relations;

b) on expanding the role of money, the ability of the buyer to control the quality of products and the timeliness of their delivery;

c) on the weakening of the role of money in the buyer’s control over the quality of products and the timeliness of their delivery;

d) about the actual unchanged role of money in comparison with the pre-crisis period.

4. In conditions market economy The volume and range of products produced and sold is formed by:

a) taking into account effective demand and the profitability of production activities;

b) centrally;

c) spontaneously;

d) according to a strictly established diet that is not subject to change.

5. In a planned economy, money was viewed mainly as:

a) an active tool for influencing all areas of economic processes, real remedy stimulating production efficiency;

b) an instrument for accounting and control by central and other economic management bodies;

c) capital or self-increasing value;

d) a means of accumulating and increasing wealth.

6. Common to modern theories money is recognition:

a) the possibility of self-regulation of the amount of money in circulation;

b) non-commodity origin of money;

c) the role of money in the development of the economy and the need to regulate the mass of money in circulation;

d) the possibility of using money to value goods and exchange for them.

7. The development of the theory of money was caused by:

a) the widespread development of foreign economic relations and the need to study the role of money in ensuring their functioning;

b) the emergence of inferior banknotes and the need to analyze the influence of the mass of money on the price level;

c) the need to study the reasons for the transition from full-fledged money to signs of value;

d) the widespread development of the reproduction process and the need to study the role of money in ensuring its functioning.

8. The quantity theory of money assumes that the price level is determined by:

a) dependence on changes in the country’s gold and foreign exchange reserves;

b) the level of employment of the population and the corresponding total wage fund;

c) spontaneously, under the influence of supply and demand;

d) the amount of money in circulation.

9. A. Phillips’ theory assumes that the price level changes:

a) depending on the levels of employment and wages;

b) proportional to the change in the mass of money in circulation;

c) spontaneously under the free influence of supply and demand;

d) depending on changes in the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves.

10. Keynesian theory of money assumes:

a) spontaneity of pricing processes and complete non-interference of the state in the process of setting prices;

b) active participation of the state in regulating the money supply and the possibility of increasing it to stimulate employment and business activity;

c) establishing the dependence of the amount of money on the country’s gold and foreign exchange reserves;

d) preventing the growth of the money supply through the government's implementation of a tight monetary policy.

1. Proponents of the quantity theory of money believe that:

a) the size of wages has a decisive impact on the level of employment;

b) employment growth is not accompanied by an increase in wages and rising prices;

c) an increase in employment affects an increase in wages, but is not accompanied by an increase in prices;

d) an increase in employment and an increase in wages are accompanied by an increase in prices, and with a decrease in wages, prices decrease.

2. The monetarist theory of money assumes that the amount of money in circulation:

a) is subject to self-regulation, and the state must only restrain the growth of the money supply;

b) depends on the size of the country’s gold and foreign exchange reserves;

c) is not established spontaneously, but is formed depending on economic needs states;

d) depends on the degree of internationalization of the national economy.

3. Measures proposed by supporters Keynesian theory money aimed at:

a) stimulating restrictions on demand compared to the supply of goods;

b) strengthening the role of money in stimulating supply;

c) stimulating the accumulation of money;

d) strengthening the role of money in stimulating demand.

4. The identification of money with a symbol of state power is a characteristic feature... of the theory of money.

a) nominalistic;

b) metallic;

c) Keynesian;

d) monetarist.

5. Ignoring the commodity origin of money, abandoning its most important functions, identifying money with the scale of prices, the ideal monetary unit are characteristic shortcomings... of the theory of money.

a) nominalistic;

b) metallic;

c) Keynesian;

d) monetarist.

6. The measures proposed by supporters of the monetarist theory of money are aimed at:

a) stimulating the accumulation of money;

b) strengthening the role of money in stimulating demand;

c) stimulating restrictions on demand compared to the supply of goods;

d) strengthening the role of money in stimulating supply.

7. The theory of money is characterized by the identification of money with gold and silver.

a) nominalistic;

b) metallic;

c) Keynesian;

d) monetarist.

8. Recognizing gold and silver as the source of social wealth, and not the totality of material goods created by labor, and denying the need to replace full-fledged money in circulation with signs of value are characteristic shortcomings... of the theory of money.

a) nominalistic;

b) metallic;

c) Keynesian;

d) monetarist.

9. Establish the affiliation of academic economists to the designated areas in the theory of money.

10..... is the sum of all payments made by legal entities and individuals in cash and non-cash forms for a certain period of time.

1......assumes the movement of cash only.

2..... is the total volume of cash and non-cash money.

3. Establish the correspondence of the indicated characteristics to specific indicators of the state of monetary circulation.

4. In a modern market economy, the primary issue is... money.

a) cash;

b) paper;

c) metal;

d) non-cash.

5. Non-cash money is issued into circulation:

A) Central Bank by providing loans to cash settlement centers;

b) enterprises with accounts in commercial banks;

c) cash settlement centers by providing loans to enterprises;

d) commercial banks by providing loans to their clients.

6. Cash comes into circulation by:

a) payment of wages to workers by enterprises;

b) transfer by cash settlement centers of the working cash register Money to reserve funds;

c) implementation cash transactions commercial banks;

d) transfer by the Central Bank of reserve monetary funds to cash settlement centers.

7. Money emission is based on... operations.

a) financial;

b) credit;

c) currency;

d) stock.

8 ... is the release of money into circulation, during which there is a general increase in the money supply in circulation.

9. When releasing money into circulation, the amount of money in circulation:

a) always decreases;

b) always increases;

c) remains unchanged;

d) can increase or decrease.

10. There is an issue... of money.

a) cash only;

b) only paper;

c) cash and non-cash;

d) only non-cash.

1. Cash is issued by:

a) commercial banks and enterprises;

b) commercial banks;

c) the central bank of the Russian Federation and commercial banks;

d) the central bank of the Russian Federation and its cash settlement centers;

2. Reserve funds and working cash registers are stored in:

a) Gokhran of the Russian Federation;

b) commercial banks;

c) cash settlement centers;

d) regional depositories;

3. ... the multiplier is the process of increasing money in the deposit accounts of commercial banks during the period of their movement from one commercial bank to another.

a) banking;

b) deposit;

c) credit;

d) loan.

4. The main purpose of issuing... money into circulation is to satisfy the additional needs of enterprises for working capital.

a) cash;

b) non-cash;

c) full-fledged;

d) paper.

5. If the amount of cash receipts into the working cash register of the cash settlement center exceeds the amount of money issued from it, then the money:

a) are temporarily stored in the cash register of the cash settlement center;

b) sent to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

c) sent for storage to the depository;

d) transferred from the working cash register to the reserve fund.

6. The following is stored in the reserve funds of cash settlement centers:

a) a stock of banknotes intended for release into circulation;

b) the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves;

c) only a supply of small change metal coins;

d) worn-out cash.

7. ... the multiplier assumes that multiplication can only be carried out as a result of lending to the national economy.

a) credit;

b) deposit;

c) banking;

d) financial.

8. The cash settlement center provides settlement and cash services:

a) enterprises;

b) population;

c) commercial banks;

d) local authorities.

9. ... the multiplier reflects the object of the animation - money in deposit accounts of commercial banks.

a) credit;

b) deposit;

c) banking;

d) financial.

10. The movement is made by money located in... the cash settlement center.

a) cash register;

b) reserve fund;

c) working cash and reserve fund;

d) the process of transition from the working cash register to the reserve fund.

1. The daily emission balance is compiled:

a) cash settlement centers together with commercial banks;

b) commercial banks;

c) board Central Bank RF;

d) Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

2. The working cash register of the cash settlement center is intended for:

a) accepting cash from commercial banks;

b) accepting and issuing cash to commercial banks;

c) issuing cash to commercial banks;

d) implementation of its investment projects.

3. In a market economy, the size of the issue of cash is determined:

a) commercial banks based on forecasts cash income and expenses of the population;

b) the Central Bank based on forecasts of cash turnover of commercial banks;

V) local authorities authorities based on a study of the socio-economic situation in the region;

d) commercial banks based on forecasts of cash income and expenses of enterprises.

4. In a market economy, emissions non-cash money carried out:

a) commercial banks;

b) the Central Bank;

c) cash settlement centers;

d) non-banking financial and credit institutions.

5. For a cash settlement center, an emission operation is considered to be one in which cash:

a) come from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

b) transferred from the working cash register to the reserve fund;

c) transferred to commercial banks;

d) transferred from reserve fund to the cash register.

6. The multiplication coefficient is inversely proportional to the rate of contributions in:

a) centralized reserve of the Central Bank;

b) the cash desk of the cash settlement center;

c) cash reserve of the enterprise;

d) pension insurance fund.

7. The multiplication coefficient characterizes growth over a certain period of time:

a) money supply in circulation;

b) deposits in commercial banks;

c) gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank;

G) resource base commercial banks.

8. The cash settlement center issues cash to commercial banks within the limits of their free reserves:

a) on a paid basis at tariffs established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

b) on a paid basis at tariffs established by agreement of the parties;

c) free of charge;

d) on a paid basis at tariffs established by this center.

9. In a market economy, cash is issued:

a) commercial banks;

b) commercial banks and the Central Bank;

c) the Central Bank;

d) commercial banks and enterprises.

10. ... circulation of money is expressed by the number of turnovers of banknotes over a certain period of time or the duration of one turnover in days.

1. The speed of movement of money in the circulation of the value of a social product is calculated as the ratio:

b) the total cash turnover for a certain period of time to the average balance of money in circulation;

c) the turnover of the receipt of money at the bank’s cash desk for a certain period of time to the average balance of money in circulation;

d) total social product to money supply.

2. The composition and structure of the money supply is characterized by:

a) multiplication coefficients;

b) indicators of the velocity of money circulation;

c) monetization coefficients;

d) monetary aggregates.

3. The national economic velocity of money circulation is calculated as the ratio:

A) national income to the money supply;

b) the total social product to the money supply;

c) total cash turnover for a certain period of time to the average balance of money in circulation;

d) the turnover of the receipt of money at the bank's cash desk for a certain period of time to the average balance of money in circulation.

4. The modern law of monetary circulation establishes the amount of money needed as:

a) means of circulation and means of payment;

b) measures of value;

c) means of circulation and means of accumulation;

d) measures of value and means of payment.

5. The most liquid part of the money supply is:

a) non-cash money;

b) quasi-money;

c) cash;

d) deposits in foreign currency.

6. The rate of return of money to the bank’s cash desk is calculated as the ratio:

a) total cash turnover for a certain period of time to the average balance of money in circulation;