Construction site layout. Construction site planning. Removal of rain and melt water from the site

Construction site layout produced with a design profile. planning work consist of cutting hills, leveling depressions with soil and moving the soil, as a result of which the construction site receives design slopes, ditches and drains are made to drain rain and melt water. planning work with the movement of soil at a distance of 50 ... 100 m, they are produced by bulldozers, at distances up to 1 ... 2 km are used. with a blade length of 2 ... 3.35 m and a productivity of 20 ... 200 m 3 / h, depending on the distance of soil movement, scrapers with a cutting width of 1.65 ... .70 m 3 /h at a range of soil transportation 100 ... 2000 m. Scrapers have buckets with a capacity of 2.25 ... 25 m 3.

The removed upper layer of plant land must be preserved and used in its adjacent territories or taken out to places in agreement with the improvement (ecology) departments of cities or districts. If the removed plant soil is not removed immediately, it must be stored in a separate place on the construction site.

planning and excavation it is necessary to carry out with the most advantageous distribution of earthen masses, in which the volume of soil to be moved, the distance of its transportation should be the smallest. Prior to the start of planning work, the construction site is laid out in plan and profile using geodetic tools and marking marks (pegs) are installed. When breaking down, they are guided by the general plan of the construction site, plans and diameters of foundations and communications. The determination of the nature and volume of planning work is carried out by the method of counting according to the average mark of the squares. To do this, a grid of squares with a side of 10...50 m is applied to the site plan with contour lines through 0.25 ... 0.5 m for flat and 0.5 ... 1 m mountainous terrain, depending on the size of the site and the topography of the area and a zero line is drawn - the boundary between the cutting (cutting) and the filling (embankment) of soil on the site (Fig. 1).

In the example in fig. 1 the zero mark of the planning plane runs horizontally 25, at the vertices of the corners of each square, with the help of a level, the marks of the terrain and the planning plane are determined. The difference between these two marks is the working mark of the layout.

Rice. 1. Breakdown of the construction site into squares for planning work: a - plan in horizontal lines with a grid of squares, b - longitudinal section along 1-1

The marks of points above the planning plane are considered negative and are indicated by the minus sign (-), those below it are positive with the plus sign (+), in the case of the minus sign, cutting (removal) of the soil is required, and in the second case with the sign "plus" soil filling is necessary. According to the leveling data, working marks are applied to the pegs in the corners of each square, focusing on which the soil is cut off in some places, and sprinkled in others. After planning work produce the device of temporary warehouses and communications, geodetic breakdown of buildings and structures. Sites for warehouses of materials and products, for pre-assembly of structures are indicated in the project for the production of works and on the construction general plan. On-site warehouses are located in the area of ​​operation of assembly cranes. Warehouse sites are planned with slopes for surface water runoff (slope 1 ... 2 0) and are linked to the general site planning of the territory.

Starting the construction of a private house on the site, it is necessary to choose the right vertical landing of the house - to determine at what height to place the floor level of the first floor (basement height) and how to change the vertical layout of the soil at the construction site.

Proper planting of the house and the vertical layout of the site are necessary to solve the following problems:

• Ensure the location of pits, trenches, pillows and foundations above the level ground water.
• Removal of storm and flood waters from the house and further outside the site.
• Placement of above-foundation structures (walls, basements) above the level of snow cover at the construction site to protect them from moisture.

To solve these problems it is necessary:

• Perform a geodetic survey of the site or, at a minimum, determine the height difference of the site within the boundaries of the construction, as well as conduct surveys to assess the level of groundwater and the degree of frost heaving of the soil.
• Raise the overall level of the construction site by arranging a backfill (mound) from the soil.
• Choose the design of foundations that allows them to be located above the groundwater level - not buried, shallow foundations for a house without a basement.
• Determine the height of the base - the height of the above-ground part of the foundation.
• Correctly make a blind area, near-surface drainage trays, and also carry out terrain planning to drain rain and melt water from the house and from the site.
• Arrange deep drainage to drain groundwater from the house.

Geodetic survey of the construction site of a private house

It is better to order a geodetic survey of the construction site to specialists. It is independently necessary, at least, to determine the height difference of the soil surface in the corners of the foundation and at the construction site. The height difference is determined using a geodetic level, laser or hydraulic level.

In addition, surveys are carried out within the construction boundaries and determine:

• Groundwater level.

Vertical layout of the construction site of a private house

Analyzing the results of geodetic surveys and surveys, determine and evaluate the degree of deviation of the surface of the construction site from the horizontal level.

The construction site can be:

• Almost perfectly flat and horizontal.
• Have a slight slope with a height difference within the boundaries of the foundation of not more than 0.4 m.
• Have a significant slope with a height difference within the boundaries of the foundation within 0.4-1 m.
• On a steep slope with a level difference within the boundaries of the foundation of more than 1 meter.

On construction sites, both sloped and non-sloped, it is always necessary to provide and carry out an artificial increase in the level of the soil, by backfilling (filling) of third-party soil.

The device under the mound house has the following advantages:

• The bearing capacity of the soil under the base of the foundation increases.
• The thickness of the freezing layer of natural heaving soil decreases, which will lead to a decrease in the forces of frost heaving of the soil under the base of the foundation.
• Conditions are created or improved for the removal of rain and melt water from the construction site.
• Foundation works are always carried out in a dry zone, above the groundwater level.
• It becomes possible to increase the general surface level of the area around the house during the improvement, the delivery of fertile soil to the area. The level of the soil on the site, as a result of various economic activity, increases over the years. A house without a mound will eventually end up in a hole.
• Eliminates the need to remove soil excavated from pits and trenches outside the site. All soil is laid in an embankment under the house.

Vertical layout on a plot without a slope

Most often, construction sites located in the lowlands, marshy, are ideally flat with a high level of groundwater. The relief of the site and the area around does not contribute to the rapid flow of storm and flood waters.

A necessary condition for building a house on such sites is the construction of a shallow or shallow foundation and an earth embankment.

The thickness of the soil embankment is recommended to be within 0.2-0.5 m. For filling the embankment, you can use any soil that does not contain organic inclusions - peat, vegetation, etc. The soil cushion of the foundation and the embankment within the boundaries of the trenches are covered with a sand-gravel mixture with layer-by-layer compaction.

The device of the embankment creates advantages for building a house not only in a swamp, but also in other cases of flat horizontal areas. under any other ground conditions.

Building a house on a slope - on a plot with a slope

On a site with a slope, with a height difference within the boundaries of the foundation up to 1 m., it is advantageous to do leveling soil filling at the construction site.

The sole of all parts of the foundation on the slope is placed at the same horizontal level.

With a difference within the boundaries of the foundation, the height of the natural soil is up to 0.3-0.4 m., the construction site is leveled by backfilling to a horizontal level. The height of the above-ground part of the foundation-socle on such a platform aligned to the horizon is the same over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house.

The device of the foundation on the slope is the most economical, if the base of the foundation in the lower part of the slope is placed on the surface, at the level of natural soil, and the foundation is buried only in the upland part of the site.

The filling of the soil into the embankment, to level the site, is carried out after the completion of all work on the foundation.

If the height difference of natural soil on the site is more than 0.4 m., up to 1 m., then it is advantageous to dump the soil not into the horizon, but only for the purpose of some reduction in the height difference at the construction site.

In this option, it is advantageous to do in the lower part of the slope, to raise the sole of the entire foundation above the level of natural soil (higher than shown in the figure). This will lead to a decrease in the height of the entire foundation-plinth tape, but will require an increase in the volume of soil filling.

In the lower part of the slope, the vegetative soil layer is cut off and a pillow of sand and gravel mixture is poured under the foundation tape. In the upland part of the slope, they dig a trench and pour the foundation pillow in one horizontal level. The thickness and width of the sand cushion is determined as a result.

It is more convenient to carry out leveling backfilling of soil at the construction site after completion of all work on the foundation.

Under the sole of the foundation, the height of the pillow is not recommended to be more than 0.6 m. Bulk soil is compacted in layers, but still, it cannot be compacted to a natural state. The soil thickens over time. A thick layer of bulk soil under the foundation can lead to unacceptable deformations.

Building a house on a steep slope

If the height difference of natural soil on the site within the boundaries of the foundation is more than 1 m., then in the design of the house it is advantageous to provide for a basement, which is placed in the lower level of the foundation. The foundation of the house in this case is made stepped, which reduces the amount of earthwork and reduces the cost of the foundation.

To protect the basement from moisture, wall drainage must be arranged around the foundation.

Wall of reinforced concrete monolithic stepped foundation, located along the axis along the slope: 1 - rods of longitudinal reinforcement; 2 - the height of the foundation step; 3 - rods of transverse reinforcement; 4 - foundation tape

The height of the steps, item 2 in the figure, and their number are selected taking into account the angle of inclination of the natural soil on the site, as well as the building properties of the soil at the base of the foundation.

On a slope, there is a risk of natural soil slipping along the sliding surface. Such sliding occurs when the forces acting on the soil along the slope exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.

Building a house on a slope increases the load on the ground from the weight of the building. In addition, the house can cause a decrease bearing capacity soil as a result of violation of water flow and soil moisture on the slope.

When designing a house on a steep slope, you should especially carefully carry out surveys, determine the building properties of the soil and evaluate the stability of the soil on the slope. Be sure to provide a drainage device for the removal of surface and groundwater.

The forces of the lateral pressure of the soil act on the foundation of the house from the upland side of the slope. There is a risk of the house sliding down the slope if the foundation is weakly fixed in the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully reduce the depth of laying the foundation in the soil on the slope. It is necessary to take into account the building properties of the soil on the site, the type of foundation, the weight of the house, the magnitude of the slope.

Removal of rain and melt water from the site

To drain water from the house and from the site, it is necessary to properly perform the blind area, as well as organize the collection and removal of water through a surface drainage system.

How to make a blind area for a private house

The task of the blind area is to protect the foundation and the soil at the base of the foundation from moisture from surface water.

Before the blind area, the ground level around the basement of the house must be raised above the surrounding area. To do this, fill the soil to a height of at least 100 mm., pos. 3 in the figures above.

When choosing the thickness of the bedding under the blind area, it should be borne in mind that, as a result of human economic and agrotechnical activities, the level of the soil in the area around the house will rise over the years. The blind area throughout the entire life of the building should remain above the level of the area surrounding the house.

The blind area is arranged for a width of at least 800 mm. from the basement of the house, pos. 4 in the figures above. The blind area must block the backfill of the sinuses of the pit and trenches of the foundation. Backfilling of the sinuses is carried out with permeable sandy soil. A wide blind area should prevent surface water from entering this soil and further to the foundation.

To ensure water resistance, the blind area is made of monolithic concrete, providing when laying concrete slope away from the plinth not less than 5%(level difference 5 cm. for 1 m. blind area width).

On the heaving soils blind area should pour not with a continuous tape, but with sections 1.5-2.5 long m. The blind area, divided into such blocks, easily withstands possible uneven ground movements.

With an improperly arranged blind area (see figure), water from the surface will easily penetrate to the foundation.

Drainage on the site for a private house

To collect and organize the removal of rain and melt water from the site, it is necessary to make surface drainage - gutter trays along the surface of the site.

On a site with a slope, before the construction of the house, surface water could freely flow down the slope. The house will become an obstacle to runoff, and water will collect at the walls from the upland part of the house.

To collect and drain water flowing down the slope, along the blind area from the upland part of the house, a tray is laid, pos. 5 in the pictures above.

These trays can take water from. To do this, trays are arranged along the blind area and on other sides of the house.

Drainage trays on the site are also arranged to collect and drain water from paved areas. Surface drainage trays lead to comfortable spot to discharge water to the relief outside the site.

In some areas in the spring, in the upper layer of soil, water appears -. Verkhovodka appears in areas where the top layer of soil is permeable - sandy, and below lies a layer of water-resistant clay.

The top water flowing down the slope is delayed by the foundation, accumulates, soaks and erodes the soil near the foundation.

To protect the foundation from perched water, deep drainage is performed in the form of a curtain:

The height of the basement of a private house

In most climatic zones of Russia, the thickness of stable snow cover in winter is 0.5-0.7 m., and in the north more than 1 m.

In the spring, when the snow melts, the above-foundation structures (walls, basement) located below the snow cover will be moistened. Moisture can be transferred to the premises of the house, and the structures themselves will gradually collapse. The outer finish of the lower part of the walls will especially quickly suffer from moisture.

In summer, moistening of the lower parts of the walls can occur as a result of splashing raindrops falling on the blind area.

To protect the exterior walls of the house from surface moisture building regulations set the minimum height of the plinth to at least 0.2 m. from the level of the blind area.

As stated above, the thickness of the blind area must be at least 100 mm. plus to this, the height of the soil bedding under the blind area is also 100 mm. Thus, the height of the basement from the ground level at the highest point of the construction site must be at least 0.4 m.

For a house with wooden walls that are not protected from the outside by any waterproof cladding, the height of the plinth should be chosen not less than the height of the snow cover at the construction site.

Vertical landing of the basement of a private house

Taking into account all of the above, the figure below shows an example of vertical penetration into the ground of the basement of a private house. There are windows in the basement.

Here's a dream come true, and you became the owner land plot on which you are going to build your house. You have already signed title documents, site plan, with marked boundaries. Now you can start building. But before starting construction work, it is necessary to prepare the site for them. But what does the preparation of the site for construction include? In fact, the list of works that need to be done before the start of construction is not so small, and it depends not so much on the wishes of the owner, but rather is dictated by necessity. This includes work on preparing the soil, drawing up a plan of buildings, laying the communications necessary for the construction, building utility rooms, which are indispensable during the construction phase. But let's take a closer look at the main points of this list.

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The list of works to prepare the site for construction can be conditionally divided into two groups -

• for work inside the site;
• outdoor preparatory work.

It is very important to carry out those and other preparatory works.

Works inside the site consist of:

• determining the location of communications;
• removal of trees and stumps;
• leveling the territory;
• transplanting the necessary plants;
• cleaning and removal of garbage from the site;
• work with communications;
• building a fence;
• construction of utility rooms required for this moment, and more.

If there are destroyed premises with a basement or cellar on the territory, then it is necessary to demolish them.

Preparatory work inside the site

Clearing the area is not a quick job. First of all, you need to clear the ground of grass, bushes and trees, while removing the roots. It is possible to remove trees on a site that is in personal property without permission. If you already have a plan for the future site, then at this stage you can plant coniferous and fruit trees if they do not interfere with further construction work.

Geodetic work. Before starting construction, it is necessary to carry out geodetic works to determine the level of groundwater and soil type. The analysis of these data with special instruments will allow you to correctly determine the required type of foundation and the desired depth. Such data will also be useful when planning the drainage systems of the site, and this will ensure the reliability of the future home.

The study of the soil is done to determine its deep and surface properties. The analysis is carried out on 20 parameters, including soil acidity and strength, and at the end of the procedure, experts will provide you with recommendations on how to improve the condition of the soil, and what type of foundation is needed for construction on this site.

Leveling the surface area. With proper preparatory work, it is also necessary to level the surface of the site. For such purposes, it is better to hire special equipment. Bulldozers will quickly cut the hills and level the ravines on the site. Such preparation is necessary for the proper functioning of the future drainage system, and, as a result, for the durability of the foundation.

Preservation of the fertile soil layer. It is very important in preparation for construction to maintain fertile layer soil for the future garden, vegetable garden and lawn. Protect 100% fertile layer from building materials and garbage, usually does not work. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the top layer of soil with a bulldozer and pour it out on the far side of the site, where it will not interfere with construction.

Removal of the upper fertile layer should be done in good weather, without precipitation.

After completion of construction, the removed layer can be distributed on the site for planting.

Zone marking. Before the beginning construction works the area needs to be divided into zones. It is necessary to decide where on the site you can put building materials, and where you can temporarily store garbage. It is necessary to designate a place for construction and other equipment and build a building for builders. Bringing technology to everyone construction sites should be free.

Well or well. Another important point is a well or well on the site. Water for construction work is a necessary thing, but it will need a lot. A well for such purposes is a fairly convenient source of water. You need to dig it at an equal distance from the future home and outbuildings.

If you opt for a well, as an alternative to a well, then entrust this matter to specialists. This will help to avoid trouble in the form of rapid silting of the well.

All of the above site preparation activities must be carried out.

Outdoor preparatory work

Outdoor preparatory work can be very different. Everything will depend on locality in which your home is located. But I would like to draw attention to important factor as access roads to a construction site.

If you are building in a holiday village, then the construction of an access road will not take you a lot of time. In most cases, the roads already exist. But, if the construction is in an undeveloped place, it will be necessary to solve the problem with the delivery of materials and the passage of equipment. Timely resolution of this issue will facilitate both construction and subsequent life in the house.

Technological layout of production sites

After clarifying the composition of the plots, the repair technology, the layout of the plots inside industrial buildings taking into account the passages, passages and places of entry and exit of cargo flows, linked to the technological transport routes of raw materials and products according to the master plan, they begin to develop a technological layout for each production site. The layout of production sites is usually called the arrangement of equipment, taking into account its technological interconnection within the production site. Equipment, vehicles, technological lines, partitions, walls, etc. All these elements of the plan are drawn in accordance with the accepted conventions.

In the process of placement technological equipment the issues of introducing the flow, choosing auxiliary mechanisms, transport devices, etc.

The technological process of repairing machines should provide for the maximum mechanization of production operations:

Widespread introduction of mechanized means during disassembly and assembly of units and machines - tools, fixtures and installations with pneumatic and electric drives;

The use of lifting and transport devices, jib cranes and roller tables, slides, overhead conveyors, etc., which make it possible to mechanize the lifting and movement of parts and assemblies;

Application for fitting and other plumbing work on table-drilling machines, hand-held drilling machines, bending machines, lapping and finishing machines;

Mechanization of warehouse operations, the use of special containers for the transportation of parts and their complete supply to assembly sites, the use of various baths to remove the protective lubricant of parts, stacker cranes for stacking containers on racks.

The layout of any production site consists of the arrangement of equipment that is common to the entire site, and the layout of individual workplaces of this site.

The workplace is considered to be the totality of the main piece of equipment, transport device, auxiliary equipment and inventory, fixtures and special tools, united by the sum of operations performed by the worker at this workplace. For example, workplace fitter-assembler is an assembly stand, a cantilever crane for removing and installing assemblies, a rack for parts, a tool cabinet, a hanging wrench for assembly on the stand.

When planning a workplace, the following should be provided:

Reducing the transitions of workers and ways of transporting materials due to a more rational arrangement of workplaces and passages in the workshop (section);

Economical use of production space;

Isolation of workplaces and sites with harmful working conditions from other workplaces;

Rational placement equipment and equipment at the workplace in accordance with the sequence of the technological process, to provide the worker with a comfortable posture and the possibility of using advanced techniques and methods of work;

The implementation of saving movements and forces of the worker due to a certain arrangement of materials and tools in cabinets, on racks, tablets, etc.

The placement of fixtures, tools, materials, semi-finished products and finished components must meet the condition of maximum savings in labor movements. The distance from materials, parts and equipment to the worker should be such that the worker mainly uses the movements of the hands.

The planning principles, as well as the nature of the equipment, depend on the serial production. With a small amount of work, when a narrow specialization of workplaces is impossible, a dead-end method of work is provided in disassembly and assembly shops, in which an assembly unit or part enters the workplace and is processed from beginning to end.

In the locksmith-mechanical department, the machines are arranged in groups (turning, milling, grinding, etc.), and the parts are transported for processing from one group of machines to another. This scheme corresponds to planning solutions enterprises with a significant range of repaired machines and a small annual program for their repair.

With an increase in volume similar works(in serial production), when a narrow specialization of workplaces is possible, the technological process of disassembly and assembly is divided into parts and a specialized workplace is organized for each part, and the product is transferred as work is done using simple Vehicle from one workplace to another. For groups of parts related in the technological process, specialized departments are organized. The equipment in them is placed according to the technological process for the most massive of the groups of parts.

With a further increase in the volume of work (in large-scale production) at disassembly and assembly, a flow is organized with the forced movement of products on the conveyor, and the supply of assembled units and groups from other sections is carried out mechanized to the place of their placement on the product.

The equipment layout plan is recommended to be carried out on a scale of 1:100. All jobs should be clearly defined on it in accordance with the calculations, equipment should be supplied for them, vehicles and lifting facilities and the necessary passages and driveways should be identified to provide jobs with materials and spare parts, as well as to remove finished parts and products . The plan must indicate the supply to consumers of water, air, steam, electricity, etc. The dimensions and configuration of the equipment on the plan, taking into account the extreme position of the moving parts, must correspond to the actual dimensions on the accepted scale.

The norms of distances between equipment and building elements are given in Table. 37

The equipment specification explaining the layout should contain, in addition to the plan number and the name of the equipment, technical specification(model or type, place of manufacture, quantity). The specification indicates the capacity of the equipment and other information necessary for budgeting, energy calculations and other parts of the project. An example of the layout of the parts repair area is shown in fig. 102, mechanical separation - in fig. 103 and 104, equipment specification is given in Table. 38.

Table 37. Norms of distances between equipment and building elements

Rice. 102. Planning of parts repair areas

Rice. 103. Layout of the mechanical compartment in a span of 12 m

Rice. 104. Layout of the mechanical compartment in a span of 18 m

Table 38 Parts repair area equipment

The layout of the construction site is carried out with the addition of a design profile.

Planning work consists of cutting off hills, leveling the pound of depressions and moving the soil, as a result of which the construction site receives design slopes, ditches and drains are made to drain rain and melt water. Leveling work with the movement of soil at a distance of 50 ... 100 m is carried out by bulldozers, scrapers are used at distances up to 1 ... 2 km. Bulldozers with a blade length of 2 ... 3.35 m and a productivity of 20 ... 200 m3 / h, depending on the distance of soil movement, scrapers with a cutting width of 1.65 ... 3.1 m and a productivity of 10 ... 70 m3/h at a haulage range of 100...2000 m. Scrapers have buckets with a capacity of 2.25...25 m3.

The removed top layer of plant soil must be preserved and used for landscaping of its adjacent territories or taken out to places in agreement with the improvement (ecology) departments of cities or districts. If the removed plant soil is not removed immediately, it must be stored in a separate place on the construction site.

Planning and excavation work should be carried out with the most advantageous distribution of earth masses, in which the volume of soil to be moved and the distance of its transportation should be the smallest. Prior to the start of planning work, the construction site is laid out in plan and profile using geodetic tools and marking marks (pegs) are installed. When breaking down, they are guided by the general plan of the construction site, plans and diameters of foundations and communications. The determination of the nature and volume of planning work is carried out by the method of counting according to the average mark of the squares. To do this, a grid of squares with a side of 10...50 m is applied to the site plan with contour lines through 0.25 ... 0.5 m for flat and 0.5 ... 1 m mountainous terrain, depending on the size of the site and the topography of the area and a zero line is drawn - the boundary between the cutting (excavation) and the filling (embankment) of soil on the site.

In the example, the zero mark of the planning plane runs horizontally 25, at the vertices of the corners of each square, using a level, the marks of the terrain and the planning plane are determined. The difference between these two marks is the working mark of the layout.

The marks of points above the planning plane are considered negative and are indicated by the minus sign (-), those below it are positive with the plus sign (+), in the case of the minus sign, cutting (removal) of the soil is required, and in the second case with the sign "plus" soil filling is necessary. According to the leveling data, working marks are applied to the pegs in the corners of each square, focusing on which the soil is cut off in some places, and poured in others. After the planning work, temporary warehouses and communications are installed, a geodetic breakdown of buildings and structures is carried out. Sites for warehouses of materials and products, for pre-assembly of structures are indicated in the project for the production of works and on the construction general plan. On-site warehouses are located in the area of ​​operation of assembly cranes. Warehouse sites are planned with slopes for surface water runoff (slope 1 ... 20) and are linked to the general site planning of the territory.

The stock of mass building materials (brick, rubble, sand, crushed stone, lime, etc.) delivered by road should provide a three-day need, and delivered by rail - in the amount of 10 ... 30-day needs.

total area warehouse consists of a usable area directly occupied by materials, as well as auxiliary - driveways, passages, service premises. The useful area of ​​the warehouse depends on the type and quantity of the stored material, the method (manual or mechanized) and the nature of stacking (in bulk, stacks, in bins and bunkers). On 1 m2 of usable area of ​​​​the warehouse, you can put a different amount of materials ().

Temporary structures are being erected at the construction site, provided for in the project for the production of works and indicated on the construction general plan. Temporary structures include service premises (foreman's, workshops, warehouses, pantries) and household premises for workers (cloakrooms, showers, for eating, toilets). Temporary structures are erected from inventory collapsible panels or mobile autotractor trailers, vans, change houses on a metal frame are installed.

All temporary structures are placed on the territory that will not be built up with permanent buildings in order to avoid repeated relocation of temporary structures to new locations. When placing temporary structures on the construction site, it is necessary to comply with fire safety rules regarding gaps between individual buildings and structures.

About 35% of the cost and 60% of labor costs are transport and handling operations in construction. The rational organization of transportation of building materials, structures and parts, loading and unloading operations and storage facilities is of great importance for reducing the cost and construction time. It is necessary to strive to reduce the number of warehouse and transport operations, non-reloading delivery of materials and parts from factories, workshops and warehouses directly to the place of their use. A very effective method is the installation of prefabricated elements of buildings and structures directly from vehicles, bypassing warehousing.