Unified State Exam in Society option 7. Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher
The answers to tasks 1–20 are a number, or a sequence of numbers, or a word (phrase). Write your answers in the fields to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
1
Write down the word missing in the table.
Structure of a legal norm
2
In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write this word down.
1) Views 2) ideals 3) principles 4) worldview 5) values.
3
Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of art.
1) reliability of results 2) imagery 3) desire to search for objective knowledge 4) emotionality 5) visibility 6) creative activity
List these two characteristics.
4
Indicate correct judgments about taxes.
1. Indirect taxes are paid exclusively by legal entities.
2. Direct taxes are levied on the income, property and certain types of activities of citizens and firms.
3. Excise tax is the main type of direct taxes.
4. Depending on the use, taxes can be general or individual.
5. K local taxes in the Russian Federation refers land tax.
5
Match the condition employment contract(indicated by letters) and its type (indicated by numbers).
6
State B is a confederation. What are the characteristics of a confederation?
1. This is a union of sovereign states created to achieve specific common goals.
2. The Confederation consists of the metropolis and the colonies.
3. Subjects of the confederation cannot have their own legislation.
4. The confederation lacks common legislative bodies and systems of government.
5. The Confederation has common territories and state borders for all its subjects.
6. The confederation has a common Constitution, legislation, citizenship, financial system.
7
Select the correct statements about the distinctive features of a market economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The state carries out centralized distribution of resources.
2. Prices for goods and services are determined by the relationship between supply and demand.
3. Enterprises have to deal with the problem of limited resources.
4. Producers of goods and services compete for consumer demand.
5. Everyone has the right to freely dispose of their abilities and property for business and other activities not prohibited by law economic activity.
8
Establish a correspondence between the functions and the banks performing them.
9
In the village of A., one farm supplies food products to stores; other producers are not represented. Select from the list of characteristics below of this market and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. goods market
2. local market
3. oligopoly
4. labor market
5. excess production
6. monopoly
10
A social survey was conducted in a cosmopolitan city. The respondents were 30-year-old and 60-year-old citizens. They answered the question “In your opinion, what should be the behavior of representatives of different ethnic groups living in the same territory in order to prevent interethnic conflicts?” The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are presented in the diagram.
Analyze the information received. What conclusions can be drawn from the diagram?
1. The largest percentage of young people consider learning to find a common language to be the most important aspect.
2. The share of those who believe that in order to prevent interethnic conflicts it is necessary to learn to understand each other is higher among 60-year-olds than among 30-year-olds.
3. Equal shares of respondents from both groups believe that in order to prevent interethnic conflicts it is necessary to know more about the culture of other ethnic groups.
4. The smallest proportion of respondents in both groups did not think about the question posed.
5. Half of the 30-year-olds surveyed believe that respect for each other’s rights and freedoms will help prevent interethnic conflicts.
11
Choose the correct judgments that characterize the features social norms.
1. Social norms reflect the value concepts of society.
2. Traditions and customs are types of social norms.
3. Customs and traditions are always enshrined in laws.
4. Compliance with moral standards is ensured by the power of the state.
5. Rules of behavior based on society’s ideas about good and evil, bad and good, are called corporate norms.
6. Unlike customs, moral standards are recorded in written sources.
12
In Country Q, a sociological study was conducted on the division of housework responsibilities among men and women. Respondents were asked: “Do you personally do any housework? If yes, how long does it take you?”
The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.
1. A fifth of the men who took part in the survey do not do housework.
2. Among women, the share of those whose housework takes little time is greater than the share of those who take a lot of time to do housework.
3. Equal shares of men and women found it difficult to answer.
4. More than a third of the men surveyed answered that housework takes a lot of time.
5. Among women, the proportion of those who found it difficult to answer is greater than the proportion of those who do not do housework.
13
Choose the correct judgments about the state.
1. The state has the right to collect taxes and fees from the population.
2. The laws and powers of the state apply only to its citizens living in a certain territory.
3. Having the only one state language as a means of communication.
4. Protecting the interests of individual groups and social strata.
5. The supremacy of state power within the country and independence in external relations.
14
Establish a correspondence between the functions of state power and the entities that perform them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
15
The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides for the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. Which of the following rights are social rights?
1. the right to vote and be elected
2. right to health care
3. right to entrepreneurial activity
4. right to education
5. the right to participate in the administration of justice
6. right to a favorable environment
16
Which of the following examples illustrate the functioning of civil society?
1. The Ministry of Science and Education announced the holding of a student competition “Russian Language Expert”.
2. The majority of the country's citizens are adherents of one religion.
3. Across the country, citizens have become active participants in government elections local government.
4. The traffic police gave lectures to students on the importance of following traffic rules.
5. At a meeting of local residents of a small town, a decision was made to improve the wasteland and plant ornamental plants there.
17
Establish a correspondence between the powers (indicated by letters) and the type of banks (indicated by numbers) of the electoral system.
18
Society is a complex system. What signs of it allow us to draw appropriate conclusions?
1. isolation from nature
2. ways of interaction between people
3. maintaining a connection with nature
4. part of the material world
5. presence of certain traditions
6. hierarchy of social positions
19
Future spouses, citizens of the Russian Federation Neznayka and Romashka, turned to a notary to conclude a marriage contract. Find in the list below the provisions for which the notary refused to notarize the document for the spouses. Select the required items from the list provided and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the agreement provides for the regime of separate property of spouses
2) the rights of spouses in relation to future children are indicated
3) the duties of the wife in relation to the husband’s parents are determined
4) the place of residence of the spouses is recorded
5) Dunno and Romashka did not register their marriage
6) ways of participation of Dunno and Romashka in each other’s income are named
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
20
The emergence of such a social community as ______ (A) is associated with the development of capitalist relations. Modern scientists believe that the key feature of this community is a common spiritual culture, important element which is the national ______ (B). The main directions in the development of interethnic relations are ______ (B) and differentiation. Interethnic cooperation can be carried out in various spheres: economic, political, ______ (D), spiritual. The causes of interethnic ______ (D) may be: everyday prejudices, territorial disputes, ______ (E) on racial and religious grounds.
The words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.
Select one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you will need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. integration
2. nationalism
3. social
4. conflicts
5. discrimination
6. humanization
8. tradition
9. self-awareness
Part 2.
First write down the number of the task (28, 29, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
The agreement is the most important (in addition to published regulations) means legal regulation relations between members of society.
A contract is an agreement between two or more persons to establish civil rights and obligations.
A contract is determined by the presence of a number of inherent features. The conclusion of an agreement leads to the establishment of a legal connection (legal relationship) between its participants. Published regulatory legal acts determine the rules of conduct for a wide range of people. In contrast, the conclusion of a contract entails the emergence of a specific relationship between two or more entities. The agreement serves to create legal ties between individuals, is a tool for establishing such connections.
The content of the contractual relationship is the implementation of actions leading to the achievement of the goals of the parties to the agreement, the satisfaction of their economic and other interests. The relations established on the basis of the contract are expressed in the actions of persons. This could be, for example, single actions of watching a performance in a theater or a visitor depositing a coat in the institute’s cloakroom.
Purposeful actions of subjects can be of a complex multi-link nature, such as, for example, actions construction organization in the contract with the customer for the construction of the building. The agreement may provide for the repeated repetition by its participants of certain interrelated actions: regular shipment of bakery products by the enterprise to the store and payment by the latter of their cost under the agreement for the supply of goods, constant fulfillment by the bank of the client’s orders under the agreement bank account.
The agreement not only creates a legal relationship between the subjects, but also establishes requirements for the order and sequence of actions taken by them. necessary actions.
The execution of contracts in general is based on the possibility of coercion on the part of judicial and other government bodies, which is characteristic of legal regulation in general.
Thus, a contract is an agreement between two or more persons on the implementation of targeted interrelated actions and the establishment of mutual rights and obligations governing such actions, the implementation of which is ensured by measures of state-organized coercion.
The parties (participants) to the agreement may be individuals having legal capacity, organizations that are legal entities, and other subjects of law.
(B.I. Puginsky)
What definition of the concept “contract” does the author give? What features (signs) of the contract does he highlight?
Show answer
OR “an agreement between two or more persons establishing civil rights and obligations”;
2) signs, for example:
Establishment of a legal connection (legal relationship) between its participants;
Determination of actions leading to achieving the goals of the parties to the agreement;
Establishing requirements for the order and sequence of necessary actions
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) similarities:
execution of both contracts and regulations is based on the possibility of coercion on the part of judicial and other government bodies;
2) difference:
regulatory legal acts determine the rules of behavior for a wide range of persons, and the conclusion of an agreement entails the emergence of a specific relationship between two or more entities.
What types of actions can become the content of contractual relations? Indicate the author's name and provide own example such actions.
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) types of actions:
Single actions;
Actions of a complex multi-link nature;
Repeated actions;
Single actions of watching a performance in a theater or depositing a coat by a visitor in the institute’s cloakroom;
Multi-link actions of a construction organization in a contract with a customer for the construction of a building;
Regular shipment of bakery products by the enterprise to the store and payment by the latter of their cost under the contract for the supply of goods;
3) own example, let's say:
regular payment of apartment rent by the tenant in accordance with the lease agreement.
Based on your knowledge, give an example of any contract. Indicate its participants and the relations that the agreement regulates, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties arising from it.
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The correct answer must contain the elements:
1) an example of a contract (for example, a marriage contract);
2) its participants (spouse);
3) the relations that the agreement regulates ( property relations);
4) rights and obligations of the parties ( property rights and responsibilities of spouses during marriage and (or) in case of its dissolution)
What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “activity”? Using the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of activities, and one sentence revealing the essence of one of the types of activities.
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The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “human activity aimed at satisfying needs and regulated by a conscious goal”;
(Another definition similar in meaning may be given.)
2) one sentence with information about types of activities based on course knowledge, for example: “There are many classifications human activity, including the identification of its three leading types: work, learning, play”;
(Any other proposal containing information about the types of activities can be drawn up.)
3) one sentence revealing the essence of one of the types of activity, for example: “Teaching is aimed at mastering knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities.”
(Any other sentence can be made that reveals the essence of one of the types of activities.)
Proposals must be formulated correctly and not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and/or its aspects.
Sentences containing essential errors are not taken into account when grading.
Name any two non-price factors of demand and illustrate with examples the effect of each of them.
Show answer
The answer may name and illustrate, for example, the following factors:
1) Number of consumers - for example, in international trade, the number of consumers increases when goods are promoted to the markets of other countries, which leads to a significant increase in demand;
2) prices of substitute goods, for example, televisions from different manufacturers, different brands of cars - an increase in the price of substitute goods causes an increase in demand for the replaced product, a decrease in the price of substitutes leads to a decrease in demand for this product;
3) consumer expectations - for example, in extreme economic situations The demand for essential goods (salt, matches, soap) is growing significantly, as buyers are afraid of them disappearing from the shelves;
4) prices of complementary goods, for example, for cameras it will be photographic films or memory cards - if the prices of memory cards increase significantly, then the demand for digital cameras will decrease, and vice versa.
In one of the textbooks, this phenomenon is revealed as follows: “A set of means and techniques by which society guarantees that the behavior of its members, individual subjects of management, and social groups will be carried out in accordance with established social norms and values.” Name the social phenomenon mentioned in the text. Using the knowledge of the social science course, give two of its elements and illustrate with an example one (any) of them.
1. Definition concepts of GDP - macroeconomic indicator, reflecting market value all final goods and services.
2. Methods for calculating GDP.
a) Calculation based on income.
b) Calculation of expenses.
3. GDP expression.
a) Nominal GDP.
b) Real GDP.
c) National currency, currency ratio, currency exchange.
4. GDP and GNP.
a) GNP as the main indicator of the state of the economy (until 1991).
b) Meaning GDP indicator for the country.
5. GDP calculation per capita.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms.
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, select only ONE of the statements below (29.1-29.5).
Choose one of the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).
When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts public life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)
29.1. Philosophy“The worse your logic, the more interesting the consequences to which it can lead.” (B. Russell)
29.2. Economy“Capital is a dead productive force, which, like a vampire, lives only when it absorbs living labor power, and the more it lives, the more labor it absorbs.” (Karl Marx)
29.3. Sociology, social psychology“Take it with you so you don’t fall when walking.” (Russian wisdom)
29.4. Political science“It doesn’t matter how they voted, it’s important how they counted.” (I.V. Stalin)
29.5. Jurisprudence“Yes, the strong have rights. They are often blind.
They have their own charter for this:
Whoever wins is right.”
Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam
Secondary general education
Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)
Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (6-9)
Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher
We analyze the tasks and arrange answers to the questions of the social studies exam.Every year, almost half of all Russian graduates take the Unified State Examination in social studies - this is the most popular exam after the Russian language and mathematics. The reasons are clear - the results of this test are necessary for admission to many humanities specialties.
The exam consists of two parts, containing 29 tasks: For the first 20 tasks (No. 1–20), you need to give a short answer - choose the correct one from the one proposed, correlate the different options with each other, and enter the missing word. The remaining 9 tasks (No. 21-29) must be answered in detail.
235 minutes are given to complete the work.
Exam evaluation criteria. The passing score for the exam is 19 primary points, for this you need to accurately complete the first 13 tasks.
Despite the fact that a hundred-point scale is used when assessing results, many are interested in what rating he received on a five-point scale. Let's give the equivalent: “satisfactory” - 42-54 points, “good” - 55-66 points, “excellent” - from 67 points.
Romana Nikolaevna Kis, history and social studies teacher, 20 years of work experience:“Before starting work, I recommend that my students read the entire text of the work in order to have general idea about the materials presented in the work. In brainstorming conditions, the internal resource of the body is used and with further completion of tasks, the effect of novelty will be eliminated, the student will be ready to perceive each new task. As materials for work, we use a set of materials for preparing students in social studies FIPI Unified State Exam 2017. Option No. 7.” Read also: Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher
When performing this task, you should always look at the title of the table. In this case, the table is called “Factors of Production”, it indicates one of the factors - Earth, and its characteristics are given. The main factors of production are known: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities and information. We look at the indicated characteristic - the activities of people, the use of mental and physical abilities acquired in the learning process, etc. refer us to such a factor of production as work. It is important for students to remember factor income each factor of production, this allows us to more accurately answer questions related to factors of production.
This task requires knowledge of a generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In this case we see: abilities as individual characteristics person; worldview as a system of views, concepts and ideas of a person about the world and his place in it; character as certain properties and qualities of a person that influence the behavior of an individual; interest as a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena of reality. That is, when performing this task, it is recommended to mentally give an explanation to each concept. With this approach, it soon becomes clear that in this task the generic, i.e. generalizing for all these concepts will be the concept personalities- a set of socially significant properties and qualities, which will include abilities, interests, character and worldview.
In this task we are asked about Galina’s social traits (qualities). We remember that a person is biosocial, we remember what human traits express his sociality (the most important personality properties: knowledge about the world and about oneself, skills, social experience, moral values). Therefore, blonde hair and brown eyes show Galina’s natural, individual features. But the fact that she is kind and sympathetic are socially significant properties of her personality. Answer 2 is correct. The external attractiveness of a girl also indicates her individual characteristics given to her by nature, as does her height. But the fact that Galina is an honest person, and is also friends with many of her classmates, shows how much she knows how to live and interact in society. So: 2,5,6.
We remember that an important element of market self-regulation is competition, and we also do not forget the types market competition and their essential characteristics (pure (free) competition, monopolistic, oligopoly, pure monopoly, monopsony). Considering first judgment, we cannot say unequivocally that a monopoly has only disadvantages. On the one hand, yes - the market mechanism demonstrates a tendency towards monopolization of production, since in order to protect against competitors, collusions and mergers occur. But we know about the sanitizing or health-improving function of the market. In market conditions, unprofitable enterprises go bankrupt, the economy is freed from ineffective economic activity, more powerful industries are strengthening and thriving. Therefore, it is difficult to speak unequivocally about the disadvantages of a monopoly. Second judgment true, because a monopolist, having no competitors, independently sets prices for its products. That is why the role of the state pursuing antimonopoly policy is so important. Third judgment right. Oligopoly is characterized by the existence of several large firms in the market - from two to five, which control the bulk of the market. In the fourth judgment signs of pure (free) competition are given, when the price is set as a result of balancing supply and demand, and individual sellers cannot influence the price of the product, so the answer is incorrect. Fifth judgment- correct, because In a monopsony, a single buyer dictates the price and sales volume. Answer: 2,3,5.
When completing task 12 in the Unified State Exam in social studies, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, they found out how many domestic and imported products were on the shelves of their stores. settlements. The chart shows data for 2005 and 2015. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In 2005, the share of domestic and imported products, according to respondents, was the same, and 40% of respondents think so. Next comes the position - domestic products 30%. In 2015, half of the respondents chose the position of domestic products. A trend toward an increase in the share of domestic products was also observed in 2005. In both cases smallest choice answer - I find it difficult to answer. Now we look at the judgments presented in the answer options. First answer corresponds to the trend we identified: the share of those who noted that stores carry more domestic goods has increased over 10 years. The answer is correct. Second answer- No. The share of those who responded with an increase in imported goods decreased rather than increased by 2015. Third answer correct, since the share of those who noted an equal amount of domestic imported goods actually decreased. Fourth answer- incorrect, the share of those who found it difficult to answer was smaller in 2005 than the share of those who answered about the dominance of imported goods. AND fifth answer correct, since we immediately, when analyzing the materials, identified this trend - in 2015, half of the respondents answered that the share of domestic goods is higher than imported ones.
When completing task 16, it is necessary to remember the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and especially the characteristics of the principle of political pluralism (the ban on the establishment of an official ideology, political diversity, freedom of political opinions and actions, opposition as the basis of a multi-party system). First position has no relation to political pluralism, since it reveals the principle of federalism in the Russian Federation - the equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Second, third and fourth positions reveal the essence of the principle of political pluralism. Fifth position It also reveals the principle of federalism of the Russian Federation - state integrity. Answer: 2, 3, 4.
Analyzing the materials of task 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to criminal law. Article 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation defines the tasks of criminal law. This is the protection of the most significant social relations (human rights and freedoms, property, public order and public safety, ensuring peace and human security from criminal attacks). Means, first judgment about the protective function of criminal law will be correct. Second judgment is also true, because a fine and life imprisonment are punishments provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Third judgment true, it reflects the main characteristics of criminal law as a branch Russian law. Fourth proposition incorrect, since the principles of equality of parties, property independence, independence, autonomy of will relate to private law - Civil Law of the Russian Federation. Fifth judgment is incorrect - business turnover as a source of law relates to Civil Law. 
Task 18 is related to Labor Law. Here we consider one of the parties to the labor relationship - the employer, his rights and obligations. The employer, when concluding a collective agreement with employee representatives, is obliged to provide complete and reliable information necessary for concluding a collective agreement, reaching an agreement and monitoring their implementation. Answer A- responsibilities. The employer has the right to demand that employees perform their labor duties. Answer B- rights. Ensuring working conditions provided for by law, as well as compensating for harm caused to employees in connection with the performance of their job duties (the employee’s right to labor safety) are the responsibilities of the employer. Answers B, D- responsibilities. Answer D- is the right of the employer to conduct collective negotiations and conclude collective agreements. 
Task 19 requires a clear knowledge of the grounds for obtaining Russian citizenship on a general basis. Obtaining citizenship on a general basis means: continuous residence in the territory of the Russian Federation for 5 years, renunciation of the citizenship of another state (this position is indicated in the task - Jose-Luis applied to the authorized body of state Z with an application to renounce citizenship), the presence of a legal source of funds existence, compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and legislation, knowledge of the Russian language. Thus, answers 2, 3, 5 are true. 
When completing task 20, you first need to try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, this is how you achieve an understanding of the semantic content of the text, and when reading it again, turn to the list of available words. We try to read, inserting words that are similar in meaning, then select from those available in the task.
“Social control is a mechanism by which society ensures compliance with certain rules, violation (A) which harms the functioning social system(in this case, compliance with rules, the violation of which causes damage, shows the consequences of non-compliance with the rules). In this capacity are morality and law, customs (B), administrative decisions, etc. (here is a list of types of social norms). The effect of social control comes down mainly to the application of various sanctions (IN) to violators of accepted social norms (it is logical that for violation of social norms there is a sanction - an element of social control). At the same time, social control involves rewards for compliance (G) social norms (here are signs of social control - connections with sanctions - punishments for violating norms and rewards for their compliance).
Social control acts as an element of any management system (D) social process as a mechanism feedback, ensuring the execution of commands of the governing body (the regulatory function of social control is reflected here).
Social control can be found in the earliest societies. With the development of productive forces and division of labor, the role of social control increases, and its social structure becomes more complicated. Social institutions emerge (E)"dealing almost exclusively with social control (for example, the judiciary)." 
When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pencil to ensure maximum absorption of the content.
Based on Article 27, paragraph 2, a marriage is declared invalid by the court. According to paragraph 4 of Article 27, a marriage is recognized as invalid from the moment of its conclusion. A marriage is called fictitious if the spouses or one of them registered the marriage without the intention of starting a family.
Title of the article: “Cases when an invalid marriage is recognized as valid.”
When the assignment says to illustrate with an example, it means it is necessary to give a specific example, a life situation.
Citizen N. and citizen D., having entered into a fictitious marriage, gave birth to a son K. a year later and are raising him together, living together, having a common family budget. They attend courses for young parents (in this example we can observe how fictitious conditions for marriage have grown into family conditions).
The law considers a conscientious spouse to be one of the spouses whose rights were violated by the conclusion of an invalid (fictitious) marriage. If we are asked to simulate a situation, this means that we must bring specific examples, illustrating the property rights of a conscientious spouse. Right to receive content. Citizen K., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse after a court decision to dissolve an invalid (fictitious) marriage, was assigned by the court maintenance in the amount of 30 thousand rubles monthly from the person who entered into a fictitious marriage with her. Recognition of the terms of the marriage contract. After the court declared the marriage between citizen S. and citizen K. invalid, citizen S., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse, was retained the right to shared ownership established under the terms of the marriage contract.
In order to answer the question posed, you need to understand what is the subject of family law: relations associated with marriage and termination of marriage; personal non-property and property relations between family members and here we will find a field for our assumption. Because the important issues here are raising children, acquiring and dividing property, providing assistance to disabled family members; relations arising in connection with the placement into a family of children left without parental care.
1. Equality of rights of spouses in realizing their interests. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees men and women equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation. Therefore, upon marriage, the state guarantees spouses equal opportunities in the implementation of family and marital relations. For example, the conditions for marriage and circumstances that prevent marriage.
2. Protecting the interests of disabled and minor family members. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, motherhood, childhood, and the family are under the protection of the state. Therefore, in the event of divorce in which the spouses have minor children, the marriage will be dissolved in judicial procedure, under the control of government authorities.
3. Prioritize raising children. The state prioritizes the responsibility of parents to care for the well-being and development of their children. If the parents do not comply with the established procedure, the parents may be deprived of parental rights; here state coercion comes into force.
This task can only be successfully completed if you know the basic concepts of the course. A social institution is a historically established form of organizing the joint activities of people, implementing socially useful functions. The main social institutions in economic sphere are property, banks, firm. Social institutions - family, kindergarten, schools perform the most important function social institutions- provide socialization of individuals.
1. Leads to monopolization of production, since protection from competition stimulates collusion and mergers. In this situation, the state can, through its coercive power, prohibit merger agreements, adopt antitrust legislation, or apply economic sanctions to monopolists.
2. Does not guarantee solutions to socio-economic problems: unemployment, inflation, the State takes measures to regulate the amount of money in circulation, sets the amount interest rate, investment volumes, exchange rate. All these measures are aimed at combating inflation. To combat unemployment, the state establishes minimum wage, the length of the working day and rest time, freezes prices in order to reduce the level of social tension in society.
3. Distributes economic benefits based on competition results, which leads to social inequality. Governmental support small and medium-sized businesses, which will create a healthy competitive environment and many jobs, redistribution of income to eliminate excessive social inequality, equalization of social economic development regions.
Read each episode carefully and immediately find a fragment related to the form of the state. The head of state is elected by popular vote - we are talking about a republic. Adhering to a universally binding ideology is a sign of totalitarianism. Constant state control over all spheres of social life is a sign of totalitarianism. Extrajudicial persecution of opposition movements is a sign of totalitarianism. The state includes territories that do not have political independence - a sign of a unitary state. The components of the form of a state include: form of government, political regime and state-territorial structure.
1. Form of government - republic (The head of state is elected by popular vote);
2. Political regime - totalitarian;
The state-territorial structure is a unitary state (the State includes territories that do not have political independence).
To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Because the plan is aimed at recreating the structure of the topic. The writing of the plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is clear and transparent. We are talking about the most important social science phenomenon - socialization. It is important to reveal such a topic through the very characteristics of socialization, then show the stages of socialization, agents of socialization, functions of socialization, touch on issues of resocialization and desocialization and complete the plan problematic issue, regarding the topic of the plan.
1.
Socialization as the process of an individual’s assimilation of social norms and values of society necessary for a successful life in society.
2.
Stages of socialization:
A) primary (socialization of the child);
B) secondary (school, university);
C) final (socialization of an adult acquiring new social roles - husband, father, grandfather)
3.
Agents of socialization:
A) primary socialization (family, school, group of friends);
B) secondary socialization (university, army, church, media, etc.)
4.
Socialization functions:
A) mastering a system of knowledge about the world, man, society;
B) gaining experience of interaction in society;
C) mastering moral norms and values;
D) mastering skills, abilities, competencies
5.
Processes of desocialization and resocialization.
6.
Problem influence environment on the processes of socialization of a person’s personality.
When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your knowledge base, understand which of the topics you have a clearer understanding of the conceptual apparatus of the topic, and for which of the topics you can give the most relevant examples.
In this case, we choose a topic from the economics section. Read the quote carefully. We understand that the problem of limited resources immediately arises, given the boundless (endless) needs of man. In essence, the main question of economics is how to satisfy unlimited needs person with disabilities economic resources. The quote touches on another problem - the impossibility of satisfying all human needs, which means the need to make a choice in favor of the most necessary goods. So, we are addressing the problems of a literate consumer.
Writing an essay:
In this statement, the authors raise the most important economic problem- limited resources necessary for the production of material goods. As is known, there are very few free goods in nature, unlimited and available to all who need them. Economic goods - means necessary to satisfy people's needs and are at the disposal of society in a limited amount, cannot satisfy endless human desires in full. Here we come to the main question economic theory: how to satisfy the endless and growing needs of the population with limited material resources? The problem of limited resources leads society to the need to make choices. The choice is made by producers of material goods using necessary resources, known to us as factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial ability, information). Each of these productive resources has its own limitations. Thus, labor, as a factor of production associated with the activities of people in the production of goods and services through the use of their physical and intellectual capabilities and skills, can be limited in number working population, territorial location or professional competencies. It is well known that land, as a factor of production, including all types natural resources available on the planet and suitable for the production of material goods is limited natural relief, the amount of suitable land needed for occupation agriculture or the presence and development of mineral resources and their exhaustibility. Physical capital will be limited by the level of scientific and technological development of society, and money capital- volume money supply, in circulation by the state and the level of inflation. Only 13% of the planet's population has entrepreneurial abilities, which shows the rarity of their talent. Information as a factor of production will be at least limited by the level of science and education in a particular economic system. In addition to the main factors of production, economic life a large role is played by such factors as the general culture of production and consumption, science, the state of morality, and the level of legal consciousness. The manufacturer, relying on the initial available economic benefits, taking into account production costs - the manufacturer’s costs for the acquisition and use of production factors and size economic profit(the difference between the firm's total revenue and economic costs), which will allow you to assess the possibility of the enterprise’s existence and produce the product that will be most beneficial for it in conditions of market competition.
An example is the Model N, the fifth model of the Henry Ford company, which became a real bestseller in production and consumption. It was cheap and reliable, strong and unpretentious. In 1906, Ford managed to sell 2,194 copies - a huge success by the standards of the early twentieth century. In America at that time, 485 American companies offered their products to consumers. The production technology was simple, but the average price of a car in the 1900s was $1000 - fantastic money for that time. Henry Ford understood even then that it was possible to beat competitors only if prices were lowered. And he succeeded; Ford created not only a cheap, but also a reliable car that was in great demand among buyers. An example is the Mercedes company, which during the global economic crisis 2008-2010, it abandoned the mass production of five-door expensive models and switched to the production of three-door models, which made it possible, first of all, to save jobs at the enterprise and not close factories located in the territories of other states. And preserve the consumer market.
Let us turn again to another part of the quote, which states that it is impossible to have everything you want, so you have to choose. The problem of economic choice is important not only for the manufacturer, but also for the consumer. Willingness to acquire goods has two sides: desire and opportunity. The opportunity is related to this economic concept, as demand - the buyer’s willingness to purchase goods and services at a certain price at a certain point in time and in certain quantities. In other words, demand expresses the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of it that buyers are willing and able to buy. By the amount of demand big influence non-price factors also have an impact. An example is the cosmetics market, which is traditionally one of the most dynamic and profitable sectors of the economy.
It is known that before the crisis of the summer of 1998, experts estimated the annual volume of the cosmetic market at 3 billion US dollars. After the crisis, this amount fell by almost half. However, the crisis has provided an opportunity for domestic producers to take the lead. As a result, there was almost complete import substitution of goods in the middle price category. The non-price factor played a role here. After the crisis, domestic manufacturers were able to overcome the consumer stereotype “only imported cosmetics can be good” by offering customers a high-quality product. Today, the Russian cosmetics industry has excellent prerequisites for growth: the country has a developed chemical industry, a significant number of specialists and scientific laboratories. In addition, national traditions force women to spend significant amounts to maintain beauty. The climatic conditions of Russia require special skin care, which creates additional features for the manufacturer, but also consumers always have the opportunity to make their choice.
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The seventh task of the Unified State Exam in social studies, similar to the previous one, belongs to an increased level of complexity. In it, the examinee is offered a list of 5-6 positions, from which he must select those that meet a certain condition.
As a rule, 2 or 3 options are correct. If the answer contains all the necessary numbers, and there are no extra or unfinished ones, it is scored 2 points. If there is one error, 1 point is given, and if there are 2 or more errors, 0 points. All options 7 Unified State Exam assignments in social studies they relate to the topic “Economics”. They can be related to various aspects of this topic - for example, such as demand factors, inflation, competition. If you know the theory well economic topics
, completing task 7 will not be difficult for you.
- Algorithm for completing the task
- We carefully read the conditions of the task and the given answer options;
- Let us recall the theory on this topic;
- We analyze which options satisfy the given condition, and in case of difficulty we use the method of elimination;
We write down the answer.
Analysis of typical options for tasks No. 7 of the Unified State Exam in social studies
First version of the task
- Find the correct statements about the distinctive features of a market economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Prices for goods and services are determined by the law of supply and demand.
- Enterprises have to deal with the problem of limited resources.
- The state carries out centralized distribution of resources.
- Everyone can engage in entrepreneurial activity.
If we remember than market economy differs from the plan, it will not be difficult for us to complete this task. Its bright distinctive features– free competition and pricing, low level of government intervention, lack of government planning, freedom of business. Prices for goods and services are determined according to the law of supply and demand, as stated in the first statement - therefore, it is true. The problem of limited resources is not a type economic systems, and the state is also not involved in centralized distribution - statements 2 and 3 do not apply. But competition and freedom of entrepreneurship are bright distinctive characteristics market economy.
Answer: 145.
Second version of the task
Find in the list those provisions that apply to non-price factors demand, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Number of sellers in the market.
- Current fashion trends.
- Prices for substitute goods.
- Consumer income level.
- Changes in population size.
Non-price factors that shape demand include those factors that do not depend on the price of a particular product. The number of sellers in the market can affect supply, but it cannot be considered a demand factor. But current fashion trends have a direct impact on demand, regardless of prices. Prices for substitute goods also refer to non-price factors of demand - in this case we mean that it is non-price in relation to the price of a particular product; that is, if there is a decrease in the price of a substitute good, but the price of the first good does not change, the demand for it will likely decrease. The income level of consumers also directly affects the structure of demand. Changes in population size also play a role - if the number of economically active population decreases, the demand for a certain product decreases.
Answer: 245.
Third version of the task
Find in the list those incomes that are taken into account when calculating GDP, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Income from the resale of a used car.
- Income from the sale of apples grown by the farmer.
- Income from the sale of a batch of new cars.
- Income from the delivery of waste paper.
- Income from the sale of a batch of counterfeit goods.
- Income from the sale of Alenka chocolate in the store.
When calculating GDP, the value of final goods and services that were produced in the country is taken into account. Income from the resale of a used car is not taken into account, since it is not the final product. But income from the sale of apples grown by a farmer is suitable, as is income from the sale of a batch of new cars. Income from the delivery of waste paper will not be taken into account, since it is not the final product. Income from the sale of a batch of counterfeit goods is not eligible, since it was produced in the territory of another state. Income from chocolate sales will be taken into account.
Answer: 236.
The fourth version of the task
Find in the list the operations that are being performed Central Bank RF, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Carrying out the issue of money.
- Bank lending.
- Financial advice for citizens.
- Acceptance of utility payments.
- Definition mandatory standards reserves.
Since the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is main bank countries that play a major role in regulating credit and banking system, it has special powers and performs functions that are different from other banks and related to ensuring sustainability national currency and functioning payment system. Carrying out the issue is one of its main functions. Bank lending is also included in the list of operations it performs. But he does not provide financial consultations for citizens or accept utility payments. Determining mandatory reserve standards for banks is one of the functions of the Central Bank, helping to monitor the activities of financial institutions and management of the payment system.
Answer: 125.
Fifth version of the task
Find the correct statements about inflation in the list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Decline purchasing power money is a manifestation of inflation.
- Inflation cannot be hidden.
- At moderate inflation price growth does not exceed 25% per year.
- The causes of inflation include increased taxation.
- With hyperinflation, price increases exceed 100% per year.
Inflation is the depreciation of money, which is expressed in a decrease in its purchasing power and a general increase in prices, not supported by an increase in quality. As you can see, the first statement is true. Inflation can be hidden or open, so the second statement is false. With moderate (or creeping) inflation, price growth does not exceed 10% per year, and a price increase of 25% per year refers to galloping inflation, which means that statement 3 is incorrect. Statement 4 is also true, since an increase in taxation is one of the causes of inflation, along with rising prices for raw materials and resources, a decrease in production volumes, and an increase in government spending. With hyperinflation, price increases exceed 100% per year – statement 5 is correct.
Answer: 145.
The sixth version of the task
Find the correct statements about consumables in the list state budget and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- State budget expenditures are always lower than revenues.
- A significant portion of state budget expenditures goes to social needs.
- Maintaining defense capability is included in the list of state budget expenditures.
- State budget expenditures include the issue of money.
- If government expenditures exceed revenues, there is a budget surplus.
The expenditure portion of the state budget may be lower than income, equal to it, or exceed it. revenue part– therefore, the first statement is false. Social needs are one of the most significant items of state budget expenditures, they account for about 50% of all expenditures, therefore statement 2 is correct. Maintaining defense capability takes up about 20% of state budget expenditures, so judgment 3 is also true. The issue of money refers not to the expenditure, but to the revenue part of the state budget, therefore statement 4 does not apply. A situation in which expenses exceed income is called a deficit, and in a surplus, expenses, on the contrary, are less than income.
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