Pakistan geographic location. Geography of Pakistan: relief, climate, natural features. Useful information for tourists

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Islamic Republic of Pakistan eng. Islamic Republic of Pakistan Urdu اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان

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Flag of Pakistan On the flag: White crescent with a five-pointed white star on the green flag. White vertical stripe at the flagpole Green symbolizes Muslims living in Pakistan. White symbolizes non-Muslims. The white crescent and five-pointed star symbolize Islam. The white crescent represents progress, and the white star represents light and knowledge. The official flag of the country was adopted after the declaration of independence on August 14, 1947.

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Coat of arms of Pakistan The predominant color of the coat of arms - green - signifies the sacred history of Pakistan. Shield - symbol Agriculture Pakistan means the country's natural resource wealth. The crescent and the star are the main symbols of the Islamic religion, found everywhere where it is accepted as a state religion. The flower wreath symbolizes the history of the country. A scroll with the national motto in Urdu, as it is the state one in this country. The motto itself is taken from the statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Motto: "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm (Faith, Unity, Discipline)"

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Form of government: Presidential-parliamentary republic State structure: Federal republic mixed type consisting of 4 provinces

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Currency Currency unit Pakistan - Pakistani rupee (PKR) 1 Pakistani rupee is about 60 Russian kopecks You can exchange currency in Pakistan in banks, shops and private exchange offices. The most popular and easy-to-exchange currency is US dollars, followed by euros and British pounds. Difficulties may arise with the exchange of other currencies. Try to get as many rupees as possible in small bills, since there is often no change from large ones.

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The President is the head of state of Pakistan. According to the constitution, the president is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The electoral college consists of members of the National Assembly, members of the Senate, and of the parliaments of the four provinces. The post of the President of Pakistan is traditionally only nominal, the real power is in the hands of the Prime Minister. The incumbent President Mamnoon Hussein The incumbent Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

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Anthem of Pakistan Qaumi Tarana (Urdu قومی ترانہ, Qaumī Tarāna - "National Anthem") is the national anthem of Pakistan. The music of the anthem was written in 1950 by a member of the National Anthem Committee Akbar Mohammed on the words previously created by Jagannat Azad, but finally approved in 1954 after the creation of new words. Official Urdu text: پاک سرزمین شاد باد كشور حسين شاد باد تو نشان عزم ﮔلیشان! ارض پاکستان مرکز یقین شاد باد پاک سرزمین کا نظام قوت اخوت عوام قوم, ملک, سلطنت پائنده تابنده باد شاد باد منزل مراد پرچم ستارہ و ہلال رہبر ترقی و کمال ترجمان ماضی شان حال! جان استقبال سایۂ خدائے ذوالجلال English translation: Blessed be the sacred Land Happy be the bounteous realm Symbol of high resolve Land of Pakistan Blessed be thou, Citadel of Faith The Order of this Sacred Land Is the might of the Brotherhood of the People May the nation , the country, and the state Shine in glory everlasting Blessed be the goal of our ambition This Flag of the Crescent and Star Leads the way to progress and perfection Interpreter of our past, glory of our present Inspiration of our future Symbol of the Almighty's protection

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FGP Pakistan is located in the northwest of South Asia, stretching from southwest to northeast for 1500 km. Within Pakistan, three orographic regions can be distinguished - plain east, mid-mountain west and high-mountain north. In the south, the territory of Pakistan is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea, which forms low, slightly indented shores. It shares borders with Afghanistan, India, Iran and China. The main river is the Indus with the Pajnad tributary.

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EGP and GWP Pakistan's EGP is not very profitable because military tension on the borders with India, strong competition from suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products with neighboring countries. Access to the Arabian Sea, the most important land transport routes contribute to the development of the economy, but only in places located along these highways. Pakistan borders on backward (Afghanistan) and developing (Iran, India and China) countries. China is a member of the SCO. The state of Kashmir captured from India is a hotbed of conflict. Neighboring Afghanistan is not calm either. Pakistan has nuclear weapons. There are no foreign bases. Pakistan does not participate in disarmament programs, on the contrary, it is building up its military potential Exports - textiles, rice, leather products, carpets. The main buyers are USA 15.8%, Afghanistan 8.1%, UAE 7.9%, China 7.3%, Great Britain 4.3%, Germany 4.2%. Imports - oil, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, vehicles, iron and steel, tea. The main suppliers are the UAE 16.3%, Saudi Arabia 12.2%, China 11.6%, Kuwait 8.4%, Singapore 7.1%, Malaysia 5%. Port City - Karachi Pakistan is a developing agro-industrial country, one of the eleven countries that, along with the BRICS countries, have the greatest potential to become one of the largest economies the world in the XXI century. The country's economy is based on textiles, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals and carpets.

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International organizations and unions of which Pakistan is a member Pakistan is a member of: United Nations (UN) Commonwealth of Nations World Trade Organization (WTO) Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) South Asian Regional Cooperation Association (SAARC) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Asian Clearing The G8 Union developing countries(D-8) Asian Parliamentary Assembly (APA) ASEAN Regional Forum on Security Issues (ARF) Has observer status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Takes unsuccessful steps to upgrade its status in ASEAN to full membership Pakistan is negotiating preferential trade in within the WTO, CAAPK, ECO, D-8 and OIC.

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Population of Pakistan The population of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is 193,885,498. (6th place) Population density - 224.9 people / km² Birth rate: 5,057,294 people. Mortality: 1,359,079 EP: 3 698 215 people. Reproduction type: Type 2 Dominated by men Age composition population: Under 15 years old - 41.8% 15-65 years old - 54.5% Over 65 years old - З.7%

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National composition Punjabis (over 60%) Pashtuns (over 15%) Sindhi (about 12%) Muhajirs (about 8%) Balochi Bragui NATIONAL COMPOSITION

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Employment of the Population Able-bodied population - 46.84 million people. Unemployment - 6.6% In agriculture - 44% In industry - 17% In services 39%

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Natural resources Pakistan's main natural resources are arable land and water. And also: gas, oil, coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone, etc.

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Industry Textile (transport hub, large cities, in the centers of ferrous metallurgy Food (at the consumer, in cities) Energy (near raw materials, near the water, a large city, transport hub) Chemical (production of mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, at the consumer) Mechanical engineering (machine-tool, automotive, consumer, large cities) Ferrous metallurgy (near water, between raw materials and fuel, in cities, ports, transport hub)

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The climate in most of the country is tropical monsoon, in the northwest it is subtropical, hot and humid all year round... Features of the climate: powerful winds are not uncommon, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the territory of the Registan, Sindh, Rasht, Kharan, Thal deserts, and in winter - cold from the mountainous regions. Humidification coefficient: less than 1 t act. : more than 4000 - 8000 C Soils: alluvial, semi-desert sierozem, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe, sandy desert soils and salt marshes. Natural zones: Deserts, semi-deserts, areas of high zonation. Reclamation: soil washout by mountain streams is widely developed. The development of irrigation in the plains has sharply increased the processes of salinization and waterlogging of soils, as a result of which large areas are not used annually in agriculture. Natural conditions for agricultural

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Livestock: Nomadic and semi-nomadic pasture, sheep, camel, buffalo, goats Agricultural specialization Crop: Cotton is the most important industrial crop. And also sugarcane, corn, wheat, graham, barley, oilseeds, rice, jovar, bajru, tobacco, peanuts, various vegetables (onions, potatoes, peppers) and garden crops (mango, citrus, date palm, apricots) Cotton plantation

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Environmental problems Heavy pollution the environment(air, land and water) Depletion of natural resources (land and water) Deforestation Salinization of water bodies Soil degradation Chemical pollution of the area. Garbage problems

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National Clothes All Pakistanis wear the national dress “Shalwar-kameez” - a long shirt and harem pants, for women - shalwar and a long dress. A must-have in a woman's clothes is a scarf. This is a tribute to the country, traditions, the oldest. In families with even stricter traditions (Pashtun), women are required to wear a black headscarf and black long dress.

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National Food The national drink is tea ("teas"), which is consumed very strong with a lot of sugar. In summer, lassi (a yoghurt-based drink), coconut milk, nariyal-ka-dud, as well as sugarcane juice and various fruit drinks are very popular. Pakistani cuisine is very similar to that of northern India, with only slightly more Middle Eastern and Iranian influences. This is reflected in the abundance of pepper and various spices (primarily curry), the wide popularity of flatbreads (roti, chapati, parata, pita, kutluma, puri, nan, etc.) and pies, legumes (especially lentils - "dhal" or "dal"), all kinds of meat dishes ("gosht"), spicy vegetables ("sabzi") and rice ("chawal"), as well as in a huge variety of sauces, in primarily hot and spicy masala gravies. At the same time, like all Muslims, Pakistanis abstain from pork and its derivatives.

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Attractions Nilum Valley The Nilum Valley is located in the Kashmir region. The view overlooking the valley is so excellent that it is impossible to leave here without taking a couple of dozen or even hundreds of photos. The high hills on both sides of the Nilum River create a unique atmosphere here that cannot be compared with any other place on Earth. The valley looks especially beautiful in spring. But in summer, clean lakes, a turbulent river, ringing streams, green trees and a mountain range make the valley an excellent place to relax, the main purpose of which is to contemplate the natural beauty and sights of Pakistan.

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Shandur is the tallest golf course in the world. It is located at an altitude of 3810 m above sea level. Every summer, the Shandur polo festival is held here, which attracts many people. In winter, of course, it is deserted here due to the fact that it is simply impossible to get to the plateau in the snow. Pass Shandur

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Lahore Fortress 12th century building that served as the residence of Muhammad Guri. It was located at the intersection of the routes between Tibet, India and Persia, therefore it was repeatedly conquered, destroyed and rebuilt anew. The structure that has come down to us is a fortress made of red sandstone, which was built on the initiative of Akbar the Great.

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The tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in the city of Karachi. It is a modern 1960s building made of white marble. The mausoleum is considered a landmark landmark, one of the symbols of the country. Thousands of Pakistanis come every day to salute the founding father of their nation. Jinnah's Mausoleum

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This temple was built at the expense of the king Saudi Arabia Faisal ibn Abdel Iziz al-Saud. More than $ 120 million was spent on the construction. The building does not repeat the traditional canons of Muslim mosques; it is designed in a modern style by the Turkish architect Balokay. Faisal Mosque in Islamabad

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Punjabi fortress in Islamabad, built by the commander Sher Shah. It served as a defense against the formidable Hamayun, the second emperor from the Mughal dynasty. The Mughal army was defeated here. The height of the fortress walls is 18 meters, the width is almost 12.5 meters. Hamayunu did not succeed in taking the fortress; the traitorous commandant himself opened the gates to his soldiers. Rohtas fortress

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A majestic medieval fortress in the Holistan desert. One of the most striking sights of Pakistan. The fortress walls are almost 30 meters long and seem to disappear into the sky. The fort is well preserved, but it is quite difficult to reach and inspect it, since it is remote from cities and beaten routes. Derawar

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One of the popular attractions of the city of Karachi. The building appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, it served as a residence for businessman Shivratan Mohatta and his family. Now, excursions are conducted around the luxurious apartments, accompanied by fascinating stories from the lives of the former owners. Mohatta Palace

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Remains of the city of the ancient and mysterious Harrap civilization. According to some sources, Mohenjo-Daro died about 3.5 thousand years ago as a result of an inexplicable catastrophe. Some researchers even suggest that the buildings and residents were destroyed by the "nuclear explosion", since the destruction is similar to those in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Ruins of Mohenjo-daro

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A public park that was founded by Emperor Jahangir at the beginning of the 17th century. The ruler built these gardens for his wife Nur Jahan. They are a remarkable monument of Mughal garden art - waterfalls flow here, decorative ponds are broken, mosques and marble palaces richly decorated with mosaics delight the eye. Shalimar Gardens

Pakistan - is located in Southwest Asia, between 60 ° 55` and 75 ° 30` east longitude and 23 ° 45` and 36 ° 50` north latitude and stretches from southwest to northeast for almost 1500 km. Area: total - 803.94 sq. Km.

Most of the territory is highlands and mountainous regions, the northern and northwestern parts are represented mainly by mountains and uplands, the eastern and southeastern parts are represented by the low-lying flat plain of the Indus. The highest peak in the country is Tirichmir, 7690 m. In the north, the Himalayan and Hindu Kush ridges rise. It is washed by the waters of the Arabian Sea in the south, bordered by Iran in the southwest, Afghanistan in the northwest and north, China in the northeast and India in the east. Land borders: India - 2,912 km, Afghanistan - 2,430 km, Iran - 909 km, China - 523 km.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the World Trade Organization, an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a member of the G33 developing countries, the Group of 77 developing countries.

Pakistan is a federal republic consisting of 4 provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly Northwest Frontier Province) and Baluchistan). In addition to the provinces, Pakistan also includes the Federally Administered Tribal Territories and the Gilgit-Baltistan and Free Kashmir regions (the latter is de jure recognized by Pakistan as an independent state, but in fact is part of it), contested by India.

Relief of Pakistan

Within Pakistan, two large orographic regions are clearly distinguished - the Indus Plain (the western part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the mountains and hills bordering it from the west and north, belonging to the systems of the Iranian Highlands and the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas, formed mainly in the era of the Alpine orogenesis. The Indian Plain arose on the site of a vast foothill foredeep, to which considerable reserves of natural gas and oil are confined. Significant deposits of brown coal, chromite ore and other minerals have been discovered in the mountains.

The Indian Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains of the tropical belt, stretching from the foothills of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km with a width of up to 550 km. Almost all of its territory is located below 200 m and is characterized by a monotonous flat relief. Three parts are distinguished within its boundaries: the northern one - Punjab (or Five Rivers), formed by the Indus and its five large tributaries (Dzhelam, Chinab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej); Sindh - the middle and lower reaches of the Indus; and the Thar desert east of Sindh.

In the north of the plain, there are numerous debris removal cones cut by rivers. In Sindh, in the interfluves, traces of an ancient river network have been preserved, indicating a greater flooding of the plain in the past. The Indus Delta is formed by several active channels, dead estuaries and a series of ancient sandy coastal ramparts. In the Thar Desert, dunes, dunes, sand ridges are common in combination with salt marshes, takyrs and salt lakes in depressions. The absolute height of this region is from 100 to 200 m. From the south, the desert is framed by the saline lowlands of the Bolshoi Kachsky Rann, flooded with sea tides and during heavy rainfall.

The mountains of Pakistan are young folded ridges composed of crystalline shales, limestones, sandstones and conglomerates. The highest ridges are dissected by river valleys and gorges and are crowned with snowfields. In the far north, the axial ridges of the Hindu Kush with the peak of Tirichmir (7690 m), which is the highest point of the country, partly enter the borders of Pakistan. To the east is the Hinduraj ridge, the southwestern end of which is separated from the border ridge Spingar by the Khyber Pass (1030 m), the most important pass used for communication between Peshawar and Kabul. In the northeast, the western spurs of the Himalayas enter the territory of Pakistan. In the north of Pakistan, between the Indus plain and the mountains, there is the Potwar sandstone plateau with an average altitude of 300–500 m, bordered from the south by the Salt Ridge (up to 1500 m).

The western part of Pakistan is occupied by the plateau and mountains of Baluchistan, which are the southeastern framing of the Iranian highlands. The average heights of these mountains usually do not exceed 2000–2500 m. Such are, for example, the Suleimanovy mountains, which are elongated in the submeridional direction and abruptly drop off to the Indus valley. However, in the north of these mountains there are also higher individual peaks (up to 3452 m). The Kirthar meridional ridge with steep slopes facing the Indus Valley almost reaches the coast of the Arabian Sea and decreases from 2440 m in the north to 1220 m in the south.

The Makran Mountains, consisting of several subparallel ridges up to 2357 m high, flank the Baluchistan plateau from the south. From the north, it is bordered by the border mountains of Chagai, where there are extinct volcanoes. Further to the northeast, the Tobakakar ridge stretches (up to 3149 m), at its western end is the Khojak (Bolan) pass, through which a strategically important route from Quetta to Kandahar (Afghanistan) passes.

Natural disasters are not uncommon in the mountains of Pakistan. So, in the highlands, avalanches often descend, mudflows, rockfalls, glacial pulsations (serdzhi) occur. There are a number of seismically hazardous areas. In 1935, the city of Quetta was badly damaged by an earthquake.

Hydrology of Pakistan

The largest river in Pakistan is the Indus, the basin of which belongs to most of the country. The rivers in the west are either endless or have a local flow into the Arabian Sea. The main tributary of the Indus is the Sutlej, which collects water from the main rivers of the Punjab (Chinab, Ravi, Dzhelam, Bias) and gives water to large irrigation canals (Dipalpur, Pakpattan, Panjnad). On large rivers, there is a summer flood, caused by monsoon rains and the melting of glaciers in the mountains.

Climate of Pakistan

The climate in Pakistan is dry continental tropical, in the northwest - subtropical, in the mountains in the north of the country - more humid with a clearly expressed altitudinal zonation. Winter on the plain is warm (12-16 ° C, on the coast up to 20 ° C), in the highlands it is harsh (down to -20 ° C). Summers are hot (in deserts 35 ° C, on the coast 29 ° C, in the mountains and on the plateaus of the Iranian Highlands 20-25 ° C), in the highlands - frosty (at altitudes from 5000 m - below 0 ° C). Annual precipitation ranges from 50 mm in the Thar desert, to 100-200 mm in Sindh, 250-400 mm in the valleys and plateaus of the Iranian highlands, 350-500 mm in the foothills and 1000-1500 mm in the mountains in the north of the country. Most of the precipitation falls during the southwestern monsoon (in July - September), within the Iranian Highlands - in the winter and spring.

Powerful winds are frequent, and in summer they bring dusty and hot dry air masses from the territory of the Registan, Sindh, Rasht, Kharan, Thal and others deserts, and in winter - cold from the mountainous regions. Such contrasting natural and climatic conditions lead to the formation of many local areas - even two slopes of the same valley can have completely different weather from each other. Moreover, even within the same season, the regions of the country differ markedly from each other in terms of weather. In the south, the cool season brings dry days and cold nights, while in the northern mountains it rains at this time, and frosts can be at night. During the hot season, the south is stiflingly hot and humid, while the north is quite comfortable and even pleasant weather. In the wet season, rains literally flood the narrow belt of Punjab from Lahore to Islamabad, and in the north it is dry and almost cloudless for a year.

Soils and flora of Pakistan

On the Indus Plain, fertile alluvial soils are widespread in river valleys and semidesert serozem soils in the interfluves. In mountainous areas, chestnut, brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils are successively replaced from bottom to top. In the intermontane depressions of Baluchistan, sandy desert soils and salt marshes are common, in the south of Sindh - salt marshes, and within the Thar desert - barren sands.

The Indus Plain is dominated by herbaceous-shrub semi-desert (Punjab) and desert (Sindh) vegetation. Excessive plowing and grazing of livestock, intensive water withdrawal, and the removal of tree vegetation have led to a decrease in river flow, landscape degradation and an expansion of the area of ​​anthropogenic deserts. Wormwood, capers, camel thorn, and saltwort dominate in the sparse vegetation cover. Cereals settle on the fixed sands. Individual trees and groves, usually mangoes and other fruit trees, grow along roads, around villages and wells.

Gallery forests of Euphrates poplar and tamarisk are preserved in places along the river valleys. Thanks to artificial irrigation, large areas in the Indus basin and its tributaries have been transformed into a system of oases where rice, cotton, wheat, millet and other crops are grown.

The highlands of Baluchistan are dominated by desert vegetation with characteristic thorny cushion forms (acanthus, astragalus, etc.). Wormwood and ephedra are widespread. Higher up in the mountains there are sparse forests of olive, pistachio, juniper.

In the mountains in the north and north-east of Pakistan, coniferous and deciduous forests have survived, occupying approx. 3% of the country's area. In the Salt Ridge, located between the Dzhelam and Indus rivers and forming the southern edge of the Potvar plateau, as well as in the foothills of the Himalayas and some other regions of the country, peculiar subtropical light forests of evergreen xerophytic species grow. It is dominated by wild olives, acacias and dwarf palms. In the mountains at an altitude of 2000–2500 m above sea level. significant areas are occupied by tall-stemmed forests of evergreen broad-leaved species, mainly oaks and chestnuts. Above, they are replaced by majestic forests of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara), long-coniferous pine (Pinus longifolia), fir and spruce. A dense shrub layer of magnolia, laurel and rhododendron is often developed in them.

Mangrove forests grow in the Indus Delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea.

Fauna of Pakistan

The fauna of Pakistan is represented by Indo-African, Central Asian and Mediterranean species. Large mammals in the mountains include the leopard, snow leopard, brown and white-breasted bears, foxes, wild goats and rams, and the Persian gazelle; on the plains - hyenas, jackals, wild boars, antelopes, gazelles, kulans, wild donkeys, numerous rodents. The world of birds is diverse (eagles, vultures, peacocks, parrots). There are many snakes, including poisonous ones, crocodiles are found in the Indus. Invertebrates include scorpions, ticks, and malaria mosquitoes. The Arabian Sea is rich in fish (tuna, herring, sea bass, Indian salmon), crustaceans (shrimp) and sea turtles.

National parks of Pakistan

Khazarganji-Chiltan - Pakistan's National Parks are designed to protect and preserve outstanding landscapes and wildlife in their natural state. The protection and protection of the environment in Pakistan was first included in the 1973 Constitution, but the Environmental Protection Ordinance was not adopted until 1983. In accordance with the legislation of "Modern Protected Areas", national parks can be used for scientific research, education and recreation. They prohibit the construction of roads and rest homes, the clearing of land for agricultural purposes, water pollution, the use of firearms, and the destruction of wild animals. The parks are administered by the following government departments: the Ministry of the Environment and the Bureau of Biodiversity.

As of 2010, there are 25 national parks in Pakistan, 19 of which are under state control and the rest are in private hands. The oldest national park, Lal Suhanra in the Bahawalpur region, was established in 1972. This is the only national park that existed before the declaration of independence of the country, in addition, it is the only biosphere reserve in Pakistan. The last of the parks, Cala Citta, was established in 2009. Central Karakorum in Gilgit-Baltistan is the largest national park in the country, covering an area with a total area of ​​about 1,390,100 hectares. The smallest national park is Ayub, with a total area of ​​about 931 hectares.

Population of Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the largest countries in the world in terms of population (177.3 million people, 6th in the world - as of July 2010). According to some forecasts, with current trends, the population of Pakistan could reach more than 200 million by 2020.

The bulk of the population lives in the Indus Valley. The largest cities in Pakistan are located in the eastern part of the country (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, etc.). The urban population of the country is 36% (in 2008). Ethnic composition: Punjabis 44.7%, Pashtuns 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saryaks 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baluchis 3.6% and others (6.3%). The majority of believers - 95% - are Muslim: (Sunnis 75%, Shiites 20%), 5% - Christians and Hindus. Almost 50% of the population is literate (63% of men and 36% of women, 2005 estimate).

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.uadream.com/

Economic and geographical position of Pakistan

The official name of the state is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan located in South Asia within the Indian subcontinent.

The land borders of the country pass with India, Afghanistan, Iran, China.

Among these countries, China and India belong to fairly developed Asian states, with the exception of developing Iran and undeveloped and poor Afghanistan.

In the south, the country is washed by the Arabian Sea.

The land routes passing through this Islamic republic connect it with European and Asian countries, and the world's largest cargo flows from the Persian Gulf countries go through the Arabian Sea.

In economic and geographical terms, this is an important geopolitical advantage of the country, because it is the transit of energy resources through its territory.

Geographically, Pakistan's location close to the energy resources of the Persian Gulf makes this position extremely significant for the PRC with its rapidly developing economy.

For Pakistan, the economic factor is of the greatest importance. The country receives the machinery and equipment necessary for modernization from China, sending, in turn, raw materials and agricultural products.

Remark 1

If we consider Pakistan in terms of economic structure and income level, then it will be much closer to the countries of East and Southeast Asia than to other countries of the Indian subcontinent.

The military presence of the United States is increasing in the region, military bases of which are deployed in Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

A rapidly developing India is laying claim to dominance in South Asia and is gradually moving closer to the United States. These circumstances, occurring near the Chinese borders, cause him concern, therefore, in order to contain India, China relies on Pakistan.

The main export goods for the country are cotton fabrics, knitwear, bed linen, rice, towels, cement, and jewelry.

There is great potential for increasing the export of cotton, milk, wheat, rice, and meat.

The main partners of Pakistan are the United States and the countries of the European Union.

As a result of the granting of British India independence in 1947, it was divided into two states according to the religious-communal principle - India and Pakistan. This division did not satisfy the parties, because the industrially backward regions were ceded to Pakistan.

Pakistan until 1971 consisted of two completely separate parts - West Pakistan and East Pakistan.

The war that arose between the countries led to the secession of East Pakistan, in the place of which the independent state of Bangladesh was formed.

The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir has been going on for more than 50 years, and in 1947-1948. countries were on the brink of war.

Remark 2

A demarcation line was drawn in 1972 with the mediation of the UN. The southeastern regions of Kashmir remained under the control of India, and the rest of the territory is under the control of Pakistan.

At a low level economic development Pakistan occupies a favorable geographical position, being at the intersection of transport routes between the west and east.

The close location of the country to the resources of the Persian Gulf and access to the Arabian Sea make it possible to develop economic ties not only with the countries of this region, but also with African and European states.

Natural conditions of Pakistan

The relief of Pakistan is represented by large orographic regions - the Indus Plain, as well as the mountains and hills of the Iranian Highlands, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas.

On the site of the Indus Plain, there was once a foredeep, and today large reserves of hydrocarbons are associated with it. The plain stretches from the foot of the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea for 1200 km.

This alluvial plain of the tropical belt with a uniform flat relief is located below 200 m.It is divided into three parts:

1. Penzhdab in the north, formed by five tributaries of the Indus;
2. Sindh - the second part in the middle and lower Indus;
3. Tar is a desert east of Sindh with dunes, dunes, sand ridges.

The Hindu Kush ridges with the Tirichmir peak (7690 m) enter Pakistan in the north, and the western spurs of the Himalayas come from the north-east side.

In the west of the country, there are the plateaus and mountains of Baluchistan, which are part of the Iranian highlands, with heights of 2000-2500 m. Frequent natural disasters are associated with the mountains - avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls, glacial pulsations. There are seismically dangerous areas.

The country's climate is strongly influenced by monsoons. Most of the territory is located in the tropical climatic zone, the north-west of the country lies in the dry subtropical and only in the mountains does it become more humid.

The average January temperature on the plains is + 12.5 ... + 17.5 degrees, and the July temperature is + 30 ... + 35 degrees.

Frosts occur in the mountains even in the summer months. Precipitation falls unevenly - less than 200 mm in Baluchistan and the Indus Valley, less than 100 mm in the Thar Desert, in the north-west of the country, their amount increases to 1000 mm, and in Sindh, no more than 125 mm.

The summer monsoon period is characterized by the maximum amount of precipitation. Droughts are characteristic of flat areas, because moisture evaporates 15-20 times more than falls.

Natural resources of Pakistan

Minerals of sedimentary origin - hydrocarbons, rock salt, coal - lie in the bowels of Pakistan.

Gas reserves were explored back in 1952 in Baluchistan, and then in Punjab and Sindh.

Oil fields were discovered before the First World War, and today there are 7 fields in operation.

Coal deposits are small in reserves, but numerous - deposits of the Salt Range, Baluchistan. The salt ridge owes its name to the rich reserves of rock salt. The area of ​​saline layers is 1500 sq. km.

Of the ore minerals, chromites are known, the deposits of which are located in the basin of the Zhob and Loralan rivers. There are ores of manganese, copper and lead, arsenic, magnesite, uranium ore.

Gypsum, limestone, phosphorites, fluorite, sulfur, precious and semi-precious stones are mined.

Pakistan's soils are diverse - fertile alluvial soils formed in river valleys on the Indus Plain, in the interfluves - semi-desert sierozem soils. In the mountains, the change of soils occurs with height - brown forest, subalpine and alpine mountain meadow and meadow-steppe soils come to replace chestnut ones.

In Baluchistan, the soils are sandy desert and salt marshes, in the south of Sindh salt marshes have formed, and in the Thar desert - barren sands.

Of the large rivers, the Indus can be called; most of the country's rivers are its tributaries. In the western part of Pakistan, rivers flow either into the Arabian Sea or are closed.

Summer floods are usually typical for large rivers, caused by monsoon rains and melting glaciers in the mountains.

The vegetation cover is mainly desert and semi-desert, with mangroves appearing in the Indus Delta and on the coast of the Arabian Sea. In the mountains of Baluchistan, rare thickets of pistachio and juniper appear. The national symbol of Pakistan is the horned goat.

Islamic Republic of Pakistan, state in South. Asia. The state in Pakistan was formed in 1947, but its name was proposed back in 1931. According to the author's intention, it has a double decoding. When reading by letter: P Punjab, A Afghanistan (North West ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

Pakistan- Pakistani support for terrorism has been carried out on a large scale since the late 1970s. Pakistan supports terrorists operating in Afghanistan, India, Tajikistan, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Bosnia, Philippines, USA, Israel and ... ... Terrorism and terrorists. Historical reference

Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Jamhuriyat Islami Pakistan), a state in the South. Asia. 796 thousand km & sup2. population 130 million (1993). Major peoples: Punjabis, Sindhi, Pashtuns, Baluchis. Urban population 32% (1993). The official language is Urdu. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PAKISTAN- PAKISTAN, Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Jamhuri yat Islami Pakistan), state in the South. Asia. Pl. 803.9 t km2. US. 89,730 tph (1983). Capital Islamabad (c. 300 t., 1981). Before the declaration of independence in 1947, the British colony of ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Pakistan- Punjab, Afghanistan, Kashmir + Istan, according to another version, Punjab, Afghanistan (North Western Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan since 1933 the names of the provinces that became part of the state of Afghanistan, Pakistan, the decoding is considered ... ... Dictionary of abbreviations and acronyms

Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a state in South Asia. On the territory of Pakistan, found Chalcolithic remains of rural settlements of the 4th 3rd millennium BC. NS. (Amri, Rana Ghundai and others), a regularly planned urban settlement of the 3rd ... Art encyclopedia

PAKISTAN- Territory 796 thousand square kilometers, population 105 million people (1990). Pakistan is an agricultural country. Agriculture employs about 3/5 of the population. The share of agriculture in the national income is 2/5. They cultivate wheat, rice, cotton, sugar ... World sheep breeding

Noun., Number of synonyms: 1 country (281) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Pakistan- (Pakistan), state in South. Asia. After the departure of Great Britain from the Indian subcontinent in 1947, a department was created. state in P., including sowing. app. and sowing. east ter. Hindustan with the advantage. muslim. population. The division of the subcontinent into two states ... ... The World History

Islamic Republic of Pakistan. 1. General information P. is a state in South Asia, in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent. In the southwest it borders with Iran, in the west and northwest with Afghanistan, in the northeast with the PRC, in the east with India, and in the south ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Pakistan. Reference map,. Pakistan background map. Scale 1: 2 500 000. In addition to the main (physical), it includes maps: economic (scale 1: 6 000 000) and a map of peoples (scale 1:14 000 000). Overall size ...
• Pakistan. Handbook, ed. Yu.V. Gankovsky, S.F. Levin, V.N. Moskalenko, F.A. Trinich. The guide provides information about natural conditions, population, languages, religions, history, economy, culture, state system, political parties, armed forces, foreign policy ...

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General information about the country

• National motto: "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm (Urdu Faith, Unity, Discipline)"
• Anthem: "QaumiTarana"
• Independence date: 14 August 1947 (from UK)
• Islamic Republic of Pakistan اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان