Presentation on the current demographic situation in the Russian Federation. Presentation on the topic: “Demography of modern Russia. Rural population, people

Demographic situation in Russia Since 1992, the birth rate in Russia has fallen below the replacement level and is now, according to various sources, from 1.4 to 1.6 children per woman. Depopulation has begun, or, what is the same thing, the extinction of the country. The minimum birth rate (1.3 children per woman) occurred in 2002; the current increase in birth rates is associated with the arrival of the last large young generation of the 80s, with the contribution of the traditional large families immigrants from the Caucasus and Central Asia, and with the success of state demographic policy. In 2009, according to Federal service state statistics Russia's population has stabilized. As of 2010, according to the census, the permanent population in Russia is 142.8 million people. Since 2002, it has fallen by 2.3 million people.

Russia is the only country in the largest developed countries, where the population has been declining over the past decade. According to the UN forecast, if the current demographic situation in Russia, mortality and birth rates continue, by the middle of this century the population of Russia will decrease from 142.8 to 101 million people.

The demographic situation in Russia at the end of the 20th century was characterized by a simultaneous drop in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate. Currently, the birth rate is slowly increasing and the mortality rate is decreasing. Nevertheless, the depopulation of Russia's indigenous peoples continues. The main reason for depopulation modern Russia is a decrease in the birth rate below the replacement level. For example, over the years The reproduction level of the Russian population decreased by a total of 43.4%, including by 43.395% due to a decrease in the birth rate, and by 0.005% due to an increase in mortality. If we take the overall decrease in the net coefficient as 100%, then 99.9999% of this decrease is due to a fall in the birth rate, and only 0.0001% is due to an increase in mortality. Modern growth The birth rate and record values ​​of the birth rate are still very far from the 2.15-2.3 children per woman required for the survival of the country over her entire life.

Before this, for many millennia, in all countries of the human world, the birth rate remained at a very high level. Large families in Russia were commonplace until recently. High mortality, especially child mortality, meant that until the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, the majority of children born died before reaching reproductive age, and, nevertheless, the population was limited only by the area under crops, that is, by the amount of food available.

The demographic situation in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries was completely different than it is now. Over the period since 2010, the population growth rate was 1.49%, and in some provinces, for example, Ekaterinoslav, it reached 3.0% per year. Over the period, the birth rate in Russia decreased from 5.02% to 4.31%. The mortality rate during this period changed from 3.49% to 2.74%. Over the 100 years from 1800 to 1900, the mid-annual natural population growth in Russia, with such a high mortality rate, was 1.03%, as a result of which the population more than doubled.

Depopulation began at the end of the 20th century, in 1992. The decline in fertility in Europe began in the second half of the 19th century. It was then that a trend arose that led to the current demographic situation in Russia. From period to period, the birth rate in Russia fell from 5.01 to 4.4%, i.e. by 12%, in Germany from 3.69 to 2.9% (by 21.4%), in England from 3.48 to 2.47% (by 29%), in Sweden from 3.39 to 2.43 % (by 28.3%), in France from 2.69 to 1.91 (by 29%). The birth rate in Russia at that time was 130% higher than in France. Now the birth rate in Russia is only 0.66%.

Back in 1927, in the Moscow region, a middle family had 7 children. Now the birth rate is falling all over the world. This applies to all countries, including countries with high birth rate, for example, China or Afghanistan. In a number of countries, the birth rate is now lower than in Russia. For example, in Hong Kong it is only 1 child per woman, although Hong Kong is populated by Chinese. The same is true in Japan, although there is no Russian excess mortality rate there.

The demographic crisis in Russia is part of the global demographic crisis, and its reason is the transition from a patriarchal society, in which parents were economically interested in children as workers, to capitalism, in which the workers are strangers, and children become unwanted dependents. Market economy with a non-market, patriarchal way of producing people, free children for society with high cost them for parents is the reason for the depopulation of industrial society.

Thus, the reason for the demographic situation in Russia and China, in Germany and Somalia, in Japan and Afghanistan is the same. This reason is the profitability of office work. Where it is negative, the birth and raising of children results in losses for parents and leads to poverty, children are unwanted, they have a minimum of them, and the population decreases. Where it is positive, where children work for their parents and are a source of wealth, families have large families and the country's population is growing rapidly.

In the Russian Federation in 2000, the mortality rate was 15.3 people per 1000 people. Among the most common causes of death, experts identify circulatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and accidents. Negatively on life expectancy Russian population alcoholism and drug addiction take their toll. These causes of death are becoming noticeably younger. The male mortality rate is 4 times higher than the female mortality rate and 2-4 times higher than in economic developed countries Oh.

Due to depopulation, there is an aging of the population, which in turn creates additional requirements for development social security, medical care for the elderly. Even in economically developed countries, with an increasing proportion of older people. Even in economically developed countries, as the share of older people in the population pyramid increases, governments are forced to increase the retirement age. Another side of the population aging process is the exacerbation of the problems of loneliness of older people, their alienation from younger generations.

The decline in the birth rate has a negative impact on the infantilization of the younger generation. Excessive custody of children, common in small families, increases the risk of raising an egoist focused on his own interests. Lacks a sense of responsibility and independence.

The state of the family in modern Russia Based on the static dynamics of recent decades, experts predict noticeable changes for us in the not so distant future. In the 90s, marriage statistics in Russia looked good. By this time, a large generation, born in the prosperous 80s, had grown up. Thus, at the ages of maximum marriage from 20 to 30 years, the total population increased compared to 1994 (local minimum) by 4.9 million, or by a quarter. In the relatively stable zero years, marriage as social institution began to burst at the seams. Attitude to the state in the prescribed form cohabitation is changing noticeably. The unspoken rule of forming marriages by the age of 25, common throughout the 20th century, has remained on the sidelines of history. Referring to the 2002 census, demographers claim that by the age of thirty, over 40 percent of men and one in four women in Russia had never been married. This refers to an officially registered marriage.

Among the motives for divorce, one of the first places is occupied by drunkenness or drug addiction of one of the spouses, then there are conflicts and scandals, bad relations with the relatives of the husband or wife and their interference in the relations of the young family, infidelity, and sexual incompatibility. common feature of the above – the spouses’ lack of socio-psychological preparedness for marriage and fulfilling social roles.

Motives for marriage among young people: love, calculation, stereotypes. External attractiveness is not in the first place. The female ideal is focused on enterprising, capable of providing for a family financially, tactful men with a sense of humor without bad habits. Men see the ideal of a woman in fidelity, femininity, modesty, homeliness and good character.

To change the demographic situation in Russia, a fundamentally new pension reform is needed. Its essence comes down to the participation of parents in the income of their own children, privatization pension contributions children, removal Pension Fund from a chain of connections between children and their parents. At the same time, children again begin to bring income to their parents, having many children becomes economically feasible in the conditions market economy. As a result of the action of this fundamental factor, within a few years the birth rate will again increase to 3-4 children per woman, and within 100 years it will return to the level of 7 children per woman that existed in Russia 100 years ago.

Other approaches provide a temporary effect (for example, significant payments for the birth of children in Scandinavia led only to a shift in the birth calendar, i.e. parents rushed to give birth to planned children earlier, until payments were canceled, but the number of planned children did not increase and, following an increase in the birth rate, a deep failure. A similar phenomenon is developing now in connection with payments of “maternity capital”). Some of the approaches may increase the birth rate (for example, Zhirinovsky’s initiative for the state to purchase “abandoned” children from women planning to have an abortion, or Mironov’s proposal to hire surrogate mothers for births). needed by the state, but children unnecessary to parents), leading to an increase in orphanhood and exacerbating the problems of orphanages. In the long term, the attraction of migrants leads not only to the replacement of the indigenous population by newcomers, but also to the replacement of culture. It should be noted that the import of orphans, which is proposed by the same Zhirinovsky, will not lead to the replacement of Russian culture with a foreign culture.

• Demographics - the science of the laws of population reproduction, the dependence of its character on socio-economic and natural conditions, migration, studying the size, territorial distribution and composition of the population, their changes, the causes and consequences of these changes and making recommendations for their improvement.

• Demographics sometimes referred to as a type of practical activity for collecting data, describing and analyzing changes in the size, composition and reproduction of the population.

The demographic situation in Russia shows quite complex trends:

• The number of Russians is decreasing
• The population has not reproduced since the mid-60s
• Natural decline
• Emigration to foreign countries
• Declining working-age population
• Infantilization of the younger generation

The population of the Russian Federation is 145.2 million people. According to this indicator, Russia ranks 7th in the world.

By the end of 2001, the share of the population dropped to 2.4% and this decline continues.

In addition, the population is declining due to natural decline, i.e. the number of deaths exceeding the number of births.

In 2000, the death rate was 15.3 per 1,000 people.

The most common reasons:

• Circulatory diseases
• Oncological diseases
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Accidents
• Alcoholism
• Addiction

Reduction in working-age population:

According to census data, population working age(men - 16-59 years old, women - 16-54 years old) was 61%, below working age - 18%, over working age - 21%

Social consequences depopulation is associated with:

• the prospect of a reduction in labor potential
• economic activity of the population
• his aging

Aging, in turn, gives rise to:

• additional requirement for social security development
• medical care for the elderly
• help with loneliness problems

Infantilization of the younger generation:

• Excessive guardianship (raising an egoist, focused on his own interests, without a sense of responsibility and independence)
• Severance of ties between generations (the lack of solidarity between generations, their mutual assistance and cooperation in an incomplete or small family weakens, joint household work loses its importance)

Thus, to improve demographic trend in the Russian Federation you should:

• Develop a system of medical care and disease prevention.
• Increase the interest of entrepreneurs in improving working conditions.
• Reducing migrations. Attracting the population to areas of geopolitical significance.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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GBPOU VO "Novousmansky Multidisciplinary Technical School". Modern demographic situation In Russian federation. Prepared by: social studies teacher N.A. Vostrikova. 2016

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“...Not only science, but also politics, religion... must put the problem of population at the forefront. Its oblivion constitutes one of the errors of thinking...” D.I. Mendeleev

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Lesson objectives: Consider the current demographic situation in Russia; Understand the problems and causes of the demographic crisis in the country; Analyze ways to solve and overcome demographic problems In Russian federation.

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DEMOGRAPHY (Greek demos - people, grafo - writing) is the science of the laws of population reproduction in the socio-historical conditionality of this process.

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Demographic indicators are the most reliable indicators of social life. They reflect the most profound trends in the ongoing changes in social sphere life of society.

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From what sources do we learn about population size? The population census is the main source of data concerning the population size and its distribution throughout the Russian Federation. Based on the census results, one can judge the quality of life of the population not only of the entire country, but also of individual regions.

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Task: Let’s compare the results of the last two population censuses in our country. Describe the main trends in population changes in the Russian Federation and formulate the problem. Thousand people Per 1000 population Born/died Born/died 2002 2010 2002 2010 Total population 145167 142857 9.7/16.2 12.6/14.4 Urban population 106429 105314 Rural population 38738 37543

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Demographic crisis - low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. A demographic crisis can be understood as both population loss and overpopulation. In the first case, this is a situation that develops in a country or region when the birth rate falls below the level of simple population replacement, as well as below the mortality rate. This is the situation in this moment is taking shape in Russia. In the case of overpopulation, a demographic crisis is understood as a discrepancy between the population of a territory and its ability to provide residents with life. necessary resources. The demographic crisis in the Russian Federation is a deep disruption of the reproduction of the Russian population, threatening its existence. The emergence of the crisis dates back to the early 1990s.

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Reasons: First World War (1914-1918), Civil War (1917-1922) Famine 1932-1933 period of collectivization and mass repressions (1930-1953) Second World War, deportation of peoples, post-war famine Economic crisis 1990s According to demographer Anatoly Vishnevsky, the total direct and indirect demographic losses of Russia during the 20th century as a result of wars, famines, repressions, economic and social upheavals are estimated at 140-150 million people

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As a result, for the second time in three years, the birth rate throughout the country decreased. According to operational data from Rosstat, the number of births in 2014 was estimated at 1.947 million people (the final number was 1.943 million), in 2015 - 1.944 million. One of the key factors influencing the birth rate - registered marriages - is also declining. The number of marriages per 1,000 people reached its highest level in 2011 since 2000 and has been declining since then. Over the period 2011-2015, this indicator decreased the most in Ingushetia, the Altai Republic and Chechnya. If you look at the country as a whole, the number of marriages per 1000 people in 2015 was comparable to the value almost ten years ago - 2006.

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Excerpt from the article 20 years have passed, the situation has changed, Russian citizens they began to give birth more and die less, but the indicators existing today are not enough to maintain the demographic picture at the proper level, and in 20-30 years it may look completely depressing. This is the main thesis of the report prepared by the working group on family policy under the government of the Russian Federation. Deputy Director of the Department of Demographic Policy and Social Protection of the Population of the Ministry of Labor Elena Strakhova said that today we have a very good result thanks to measures to protect health and support families with children taken in 2006-2007. "But they expect us difficult years due to the unfavorable gender and age structure and the aging population,” said Elena Strakhova. “Based on these risks, we need to think about what to do next.”

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On average, 3,616 marriages and 1,534 divorces are registered daily in the Russian Federation, leaving 1,288 children without one parent. What are the motives for divorce?

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Depopulation is a systematic decrease in the absolute population of a country or territory as a result of narrowed population reproduction, when subsequent generations are numerically smaller than previous ones (mortality exceeds birth rate, high emigration, there are circumstances that cause large losses of people - for example, war).

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The social consequences of depopulation are associated with the prospect of a reduction in labor potential, economic activity of the population, and its aging. According to the census, the working age population (men - 16-59 years old, women - 16-54 years old) was 61%, below working age - 18%, over working age - 21%.

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Demographic aging population - an increase in the proportion of elderly and old people in the total population. Currently, the share of people aged 65 years and older in the Russian population is 13%. According to the UN scale, a population is considered old if the proportion of a given age exceeds 7%. According to forecasts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by 2016, elderly people over 60 years of age will already make up 20% of the population. total number Russians, and children under 15 years old - only 17%. The aging of the population in the near future may have a negative impact on the development of the country's economy. After 2007, the workload per able-bodied citizen of the Russian Federation will begin to increase and by 2020 will return to the 1995 level, reaching a new historical maximum (the first was in 1960-1965) no earlier than 2035. A situation in which there is one dependent for every worker is expected only after 2045-2050.

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Results of population surveys According to VTsIOM (All-Russian Center for the Study public opinion) 2008, our fellow citizens considered the main problems of motherhood and childhood in Russia: low level of life, high prices (20%) small child benefits (19%) 17% complain about the insufficient number of child care institutions 13% complain about poor medical care 8% consider housing a significant problem. Less often, citizens of the Russian Federation indicate unemployment and lack of attention from the state (4% each), the problem of homelessness (3%), alcoholism (1%) and bureaucracy (0.4%). 27% found it difficult to answer. In 2009 in Russia, the distribution of women by the number of children born by age 50 was as follows: the share of childless women was about 16%, the share of women who gave birth to 1 child during their life, among all women (who gave birth and those who did not give birth) was 35% who gave birth two children - 34%, 3 or more - 15%.

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Demographic crisis in modern Russia

Demographic crisis - low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. A demographic crisis can be understood as both population loss and overpopulation. In the first case, this is a situation that develops in a country or region when the birth rate falls below the level of simple population replacement, as well as below the mortality rate. This is the situation currently developing in Russia. In the case of overpopulation, a demographic crisis is understood as a discrepancy between the population of a territory and its ability to provide residents with vital resources. The demographic crisis in the Russian Federation is a deep disruption of the reproduction of the Russian population, threatening its existence. The emergence of the crisis dates back to the early 1990s.

Reasons: First World War (1914 - 1918), Civil War (1917 - 1922) Famine 1932-1933 period of collectivization and mass repression (1930 - 1953) Second World War, deportations of peoples, post-war famine Economic crisis of the 1990s According to demographer Anatoly Vishnevsky, the total direct and indirect demographic losses of Russia over the 20th century as a result of wars, famines, repressions, economic and social upheavals are estimated at 140-150 million people

According to the UN Population Fund's annual report for 2004, the demographic crisis continued in Russia.

Until 2009, the population of Russia decreased by several hundred thousand people annually. In 2009, the natural population decline in Russia (248.9 thousand people) was 99% compensated by migration growth (247.4 thousand people), as a result of which the population decline practically stopped.

Opinion of the scientific community and politicians Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences S. S. Sulakshin identifies the following reasons: erosion of the traditional meanings of Russian life, ideological and spiritual devastation, lack of a national idea that unites the nation, substitution of value codes inherent in Russian civilization. He also sees the origin of the crisis “in the distortion of the essence of Russian statehood, successful only when it embodies centuries-old traditions, the values ​​of Russian civilizational accumulations, the specific nature of a unique type of state that integrates different peoples,” as well as “in the state’s departure in the 90s from active management not only specific demographic processes, but also from stimulating social and economic development, from managing the development of the country in all senses and missions integral to the classical state.” At the same time, he notes that the material sphere is not the determining cause of the Russian demographic crisis. K. s. n. I. I. Beloborodov argues that in the period from 1992 to 2010, the natural decline in the population of Russia amounted to 13.1 million people, which was partially compensated by the migration exchange of 6.4 million people. As the main reasons for demographic ill-being, he identifies the collapse of the family institution, abortion, extramarital cohabitation and, as a consequence, an increase in the number of divorces, small families, an aging population and the spread of social pathologies, among which he lists alcoholism, drug addiction and pedophilia, as well as homosexual orientation. In the monograph d.s. Sc., Professor Levashov V.I. and D.F. Sci., Professor V. I. Staroverov, the erroneous economic policy, the transition to a “free” market while ignoring the demographic side of reform, and it is also suggested that the current demographic catastrophe is of artificial origin.

Results of population surveys According to VTsIOM (All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion) in 2008, our fellow citizens considered the main problems of motherhood and childhood in Russia: low standard of living, high prices (20%) small child benefits (19%) 17% complain about an insufficient number of children educational institutions 13% - poor medical care 8% consider housing a significant problem. Less often, citizens of the Russian Federation indicate unemployment and lack of attention from the state (4% each), the problem of homelessness (3%), alcoholism (1%) and bureaucracy (0.4%). 27% found it difficult to answer. In 2009 in Russia, the distribution of women by the number of children born by age 50 was as follows: the share of childless women was about 16%, the share of women who gave birth to 1 child during their life, among all women (who gave birth and those who did not give birth) was 35% who gave birth two children - 34%, 3 or more - 15%.

Population reproduction - generational change as a result natural movement population. Population reproduction is determined by birth and death rates. Number of births: 1990-1988.8 thousand people 1991-1794.6 thousand people 1992-1587.6 thousand people 1993-1378.9 thousand people 1994-1408.1 thousand people 1995-1363.8 thousand people 1996-1304.6 thousand people 1997-1259.9 thousand people 1998-1283.2 thousand people 1999-1214.6 thousand people 2000-1266.8 thousand people 2001-1311.6 thousand people 2002 -1397.0 thousand people 2003-1477.3 thousand people 2004-1502.5 thousand people 2005-1457.4 thousand people 2006-1479.6 thousand people 2007-1610.1 thousand people 2008-1717 .5 thousand people 2009-1764.0 thousand people 2010-1788.9 thousand people Birth rate 1980 - 15.9 per 1000 people 1990 - 13.4 per 1000 people 1995 - 9.2 per 1000 people 1996 - 8 .8 per 1000 people 1997 - 8.5 per 1000 people 1998 - 8.7 per 1000 people 1999 - 8.3 per 1000 people 2000 - 8.6 per 1000 people 2001 - 9.0 per 1000 people 2002 - 9.6 per 1000 people 2003 - 10.2 per 1000 people 2004 - 10.4 per 1000 people 2005 - 10.2 per 1000 people 2006 - 10.4 per 1000 people 2007 - 11.3 per 1000 people 2008 - 12.1 per 1000 people 2009 - 12.4 per 1000 people 2010 - 12.5 per 1000 people

Life expectancy (an indicator of the average life expectancy) is the most important integral demographic indicator, characterizing the mortality rate of the population. Simply put, it denotes the average number of years in the future life of a person who has reached a given age.

Number of deaths (thousands of people): 1990 - 1,655.9 1991 - 1,690.6 1992 - 1,807.4 1993 - 2,129.3 1994 - 2,301.3 1995 - 2,203.8 1996 year - 2,082.2 1997 - 2,015.7 1998 - 1,988.7 1999 - 2,144.3 2000 - 2,225.3 2001 - 2,254.9 2002 - 2,332.3 2003 - 2,365.8 2004 - 2,295.4 2005 - 2,303.9 2006 - 2,166.7 2007 - 2,080.4 2008 - 2,075.9 2009 - 2,010.5 2010 - 2,028.5 Mortality rate (per 1000 people) [source not specified 61 days] 1950 - 10.1 1960 - 7.4 1970 - 8.7 1980 - 11.0 1990 - 11.2 1995 - 14.9 1996 - 14.1 1997 - 13.6 1998 - 13.5 1999 - 14.6 2000 - 15.2 2001 - 15.4 2002 - 16.1 2003 - 16 .4 2004 - 16.0 2005 - 16.1 2006 - 15.2 2007 - 14.6 2008 - 14.6 2009 - 14.2 2010 - 14.2

Main threats to life Alcoholic drinks. In 1993-2006, about 40 thousand people died annually in Russia from alcohol poisoning. In 2009, 21.3 thousand people died from this cause, which is the lowest level of violence in society. Russia is one of the top five “leaders” in terms of the number of murders among countries on whose territory there is no large-scale military action. By 2009, the number of suicides dropped to 37.6 thousand (the lowest figure in the modern history of Russia), and the number of murders - to 21.4 thousand (the lowest figure since 1990). Road accident. In 2009, 30.1 thousand people died as a result of transport accidents in Russia. Poor environmental conditions. Emissions of industrial waste and automobile exhaust increase the risk of cancer and respiratory diseases. About 30-40 thousand people go missing every year. Most of them are no longer alive. Average duration life in Russia continues to increase and in 2009 is 69 years, which is about 10 years less than in the EU and 9 years less than in the USA.

Demographic aging of the population is an increase in the proportion of elderly and old people in the total population. Currently, the share of people aged 65 years and older in the Russian population is 13%. According to the UN scale, a population is considered old if the proportion of a given age exceeds 7%. According to forecasts by the Russian Academy of Sciences, by 2016, elderly people over 60 years of age will already make up 20% of the total number of Russians, and children under 15 years old will make up only 17%. The aging of the population in the near future may have a negative impact on the development of the country's economy. After 2007, the workload per able-bodied citizen of the Russian Federation will begin to increase and by 2020 will return to the 1995 level, reaching a new historical maximum (the first was in 1960 - 1965) no earlier than 2035. A situation in which there is one dependent for every worker is expected only after 2045 - 2050.

Ways out of the crisis In 2007, a new “Concept of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025” was adopted: Strengthening the institution of the family; Support for large families; Financial support for family; Health measures; Various government programs.

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According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), the permanent population of the Russian Federation as of December 1, 2009 was 141.9 million people; as of December 1, 2010 - 141.18 million people

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Population growth in the country has stopped since 1991. The mortality rate is 1.5 times higher than the birth rate, the population is declining by several hundred thousand people every year. The decline in mortality as a result of health care developments has been offset since the 1960s. an increase in alcohol mortality (600-700 thousand people per year), which is associated with the world’s highest level of consumption of legal and illegal alcoholic beverages (18 liters per person).

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In terms of life expectancy, Russia ranks among 162 countries for which this indicator was calculated, 109th for men (61 years)

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In terms of life expectancy, Russia ranks 74th among the 162 countries for which this indicator was calculated for women (73.9 years)

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According to a UN Development Program report released in early October 2009, the country, whose population has declined by 6.6 million people since 1993, will lose 11 million by 2025. It is estimated that by 2050 the population of Russia will range from 83 to 115 million. people In 2010, the population of the Russian Federation decreased by 820 thousand people. According to the 2002 Population Census, the population of Russia fell by 1.8 million from 1989 to 2002. Every minute 3 people are born in Russia, and 4 die.

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Poor development of medicine. Alcohol. Every year in Russia about 40 thousand people die from alcohol poisoning. Level of violence in society. Russia is one of the five “leaders” in terms of the number of murders per 100 thousand population. Road traffic accidents. On Russian roads About 35 thousand people die every year. Poor environmental conditions. About 30-40 thousand people go missing every year Unpopularity healthy image life. Major threats to life

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Demographic development families The predominance of nuclear families The number of families with one parent is growing, the so-called. "maternal family" There are few families of complex composition. In 1994 - 5% of the total. Basically, these are a married couple with children, one of whom is married. Households with three or more married couples accounted for 0.1% of all families in 1994. There are differences between urban and rural families. IN rural areas the proportion of older married couples whose children live separately is higher. The city has a higher proportion of families with only one parent. The average number of children per family is decreasing (1.3). The number of large families is decreasing. Approximately 2/3 of families have children, and the rest are either young spouses or older couples.

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The country has entered a period of massive prevalence of small families. More and more families are focusing on one child and postponing his birth. The proportion of children born outside of a registered marriage is constantly growing. In 1994 it was 19.6%, and in 2003 it was already 29.7% of the total number of newborns. Russia ranks first in the list of 40 industrialized countries in the world in terms of the number of abortions 206 per 100 births

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Migration situation Russia is in second place (after the United States) in terms of the number of legal and illegal immigrants living in the country. According to UN experts, there are more than 13 million people in Russia. - 9% of the population. The damage from the labor activity of illegal immigrants is 200 billion rubles. In 2007, the number of legal arrivals to Russia was six times greater than the number of those leaving. According to the Federal Migration Service, immigration covered 71% of the natural population decline in the Russian Federation. In 2006, a law was adopted that significantly simplifies labor migration from states whose citizens enter Russia without visas.

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To maintain the population at the same level, it is necessary to attract at least 700 thousand immigrants per year, and to maintain the size of the working-age population - at least a million per year. In order to maintain economic growth and growth in the well-being of the population, Russia must accept at least 20 million immigrants by the middle of the century. Attracting unskilled migrants does not contribute to increasing GDP per capita. The economic growth in the long term can only occur due to increased labor productivity - that is, due to increased qualifications, increased wages and purchasing power population, not their decline. Two views on attracting immigrants:

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A characteristic feature of modern emigration is a high intellectual level - a massive “brain drain”. In the 1990s, Russia lost a third of its intellectual potential, and these losses continue to increase. There was, in fact, a “transplant” of the series to the West scientific schools. Since 1992, due to the emigration of highly qualified personnel, Russia has lost, on average, one annual budget every 5–7 years due to direct losses alone. Subsequently, according to the Education Commission of the Council of Europe, Russia's losses due to the emigration of scientists and specialists, taking into account lost profits, reached an average of about 50–60 billion dollars per year. The total damage is 1 trillion. dollars. EMIGRATION

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The estimated figure for the total emigration from Russia is approximately 4.5–5 million people (1917–2004) 1992–2004. 2,249,619 people left Russia. According to some forecasts, the number of emigrants who moved only to Western countries may reach by 2015. 7–11 million people Over the past five years, a a new group potential emigrants. More than 2.5 million people who purchased houses and apartments in different countries.

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In 2010, about 95 thousand people left the country. Most of them retained their citizenship.

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“Silent expansion” on the part of densely populated China in relation to the Far East. According to professional demographers, in Russia Far East There are from 30 thousand to 200 thousand Chinese, which is not enough for “demographic expansion”.

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According to the 2002 census, 73% of Russians are urban residents, 27% are rural. More than 60 percent of Russia's population is concentrated in three federal districts- Central (26%), Volga region (22%) and Southern (16%). The smallest is the Far Eastern federal district- 4.6% of the population. A third of Russia’s residents are concentrated in the largest “millionaire cities”: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa.