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Capital construction cannot be imagined without construction installation work. Moreover, the object of construction and installation can be not only building metal structures, but also: foundations and supports, walls and roofs, window and door units, technological equipment, engineering systems.

Types of construction and installation work are always carried out taking into account the specific work area of ​​the construction site. The outcome of the project depends on the efficiency of construction and installation. Therefore, types of construction and installation work are proposed by the contractor and listed in terms of reference(TK) of the customer. In this publication we will consider the main types of construction and installation work necessary for the construction of buildings and structures from LMK.

Construction and installation work is the general name for all construction work.

• Construction work is usually called general construction and is associated with the construction building structures, buildings and structures.
• Installation work is carried out using ready-made metal structures, their elements, connections and mounting parts.

Types of construction and installation work can be combined or performed separately. Since our company is a manufacturer, designer and builder, we offer our clients any type of construction and installation work in comprehensive services"Full construction". Read about the features of this form of service, as well as the advantages of the turnkey service, on this website. The main thing you need to understand is that turnkey service is a convenient and economical cooperation, with an optimal price-quality ratio. For all questions regarding turnkey services, please contact the company’s managers by phone or in writing!

We list the main types of construction and installation work:

• Excavation work includes digging pits, pits, and trenches to construct foundations. IN excavation included the construction and installation of basements, underground communications, soil transportation, taking into account loading, removal, unloading, area planning, stripping work, embankment construction, soil compaction.
• Piling work includes a device pile foundations, driving piles or driving piles.
• Stone work concerns the construction of walls, supports, vaults, pillars, and large concrete blocks.
• Concrete and reinforced concrete work relates to the production of concrete and concrete mortar, its transportation, laying, formwork, maintenance of concrete, taking into account the time of year and creating conditions for its hardening.
• Monolithic works are used for constructing formwork and reinforcing monolithic sections.
• Construction work involves everything, including general and special types of construction.
• Carpentry and joinery work includes installation of rafters, windows, doors, and parquet flooring.
• Roofing work consists of covering the roof, installing attic roofs, etc.
• Finishing work involves plastering, cladding, wallpapering building walls, and installing industrial concrete floors.
• Installation work begins with the delivery of metal structures to the workplace, their precise installation, alignment and fastening.

There are also special work, which are included in the types of construction and installation work, which include the construction and installation of utilities, laying power and telephone wires, installation of sanitary, warehouse, technical, lifting equipment, as well as anti-corrosion and fire-retardant protective coating of metal structures.

All of the listed types of construction and installation work are included in the turnkey service, on which the customer can save up to 40% of the construction budget. For all questions of cooperation, please call 209-09-40! We'd love to hear from you!

The bulk of large and medium-sized projects are, in one way or another, related to the construction of industrial and agricultural facilities, housing, bridges, roads, etc. The buildings being erected are either the goal of the plan in themselves, or are an integral part of it, without which the continuation of the project is impossible. As a rule, the largest amount of financial and material resources accounts for construction and installation work - construction and installation work. Accordingly, the regulation of this activity in legislation occupies a special place.

What does construction and installation work mean and how are they regulated?

Construction as such includes a wide range of concepts. This is not only the construction of new structures and buildings, but also activities for their repair (current and major), restoration, reconstruction and renovation. The process itself is multifaceted and consists of the following stages:

• organizational (marketing research, development of project concept, selection of customer and contractor);
• survey (geodetic, geological, environmental, geotechnical, hydrometeorological);
• design (preparation of design and);
• phase material support(procurement of necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to the sites);
• construction and installation (preparatory, basic and finishing);
• commissioning (control measures and necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term “construction and installation work” depending on the dictionary, reference book or legislative act where this term is mentioned. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation work in construction is a certain list of operations aimed at the construction of new buildings, premises and the installation (installation) of the necessary equipment in them (ventilation, heating, gas and water supply systems, sewerage, etc.). ). For abbreviation in technical documentation, the abbreviation SMR is often used rather than the full name.

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for Construction Norms and Rules.

It includes five sections:

1. General questions, classification and terminology. Management, organization and economics.
2. Requirements and standards for the design of structures, foundations and equipment.
3. Preparation, execution and acceptance of completed operations. Recommendations for construction and installation works.
4. Standards for drawing up estimates for all types of operations with explanations.
5. Norms of labor and material costs, prices for performing manipulations.

Also, the production of building materials, structures and products is regulated by GOST (State Standards) developed by government agencies and scientists. GOSTs are approved by Gosstandart and Gosstroy of the Russian Federation. For certain technologies and materials, especially new ones, manufacturers develop specifications (Technical Conditions), which are agreed upon with government agencies. With the development of advanced experience and new technologies, all normative base is regularly reviewed and changes are made.

Existing types

The construction of a new building or its deep reconstruction requires the implementation of a huge number of actions of different directions and intensity using a wide variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction can be carried out using several different methods:

• contractor(most common in Russia), when all operations are performed by specialized organizations in accordance with the concluded agreement with the customer;
• economic when the entire scope of construction and installation work is carried out by the enterprise’s own departments;
• mixed, when one part of the operations is carried out independently, and contractors are invited for the other.

Based on the focus and expected result, the following main types of construction and installation work are distinguished:

• general construction;
• transport;
• unloading and loading;
• special.

Usually, installation or construction work is distinguished depending on which operations predominate at a particular stage. Installation is an activity using ready-made parts or parts, for example, installation of power electrical wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures, various equipment (pumping, energy, transport, technological), painting and insulation of pipelines.

General construction activities, based on the processed materials and constructed structural elements, are divided into the following types:

Some of these actions are combined into the term “zero cycle”, which is familiar to every builder. It represents the initial phase of construction and includes preparing the construction site and access roads to it, carrying out excavation work, and laying the foundation. The zero cycle ends when the underground part buildings and carried out network engineering. This is followed by the above-ground and finishing cycles.

Special activities include those performed in a special way or with special materials that require specific knowledge and skills. These include, for example, the installation of complex devices and systems, elevators, telephone lines, lining of units with fire-resistant or acid-resistant masonry, and construction of mine shafts.

Loading, unloading and transport operations involve delivery to workplace structural elements and parts of different sizes, tools and necessary equipment. Due to the variety of cargo being moved, specialized equipment is used, such as panel carriers, trailers, dump trucks, conveyors, loaders, excavators, and cranes.

Sometimes procurement operations are also distinguished, consisting of the production of semi-finished products ( concrete mixture, reinforcement frame, mortar, prefabricated structures, including large-unit structures). Depending on the required volumes and complexity of production, they can be produced either by specialized enterprises (such as a reinforced concrete products plant) or directly on the construction site.

In addition to the construction of buildings, the list of construction operations also includes landscaping and landscaping, land reclamation, dredging, creation of environmental protection structures (anti-landslide, anti-erosion, anti-mudflow), bank protection, drilling, water pumping, etc.

Contractual relationship

Considering the complexity and diversity of actions carried out during the implementation of a project, especially a large one (construction of an industrial complex, military or agricultural facility), to complete all necessary actions it is necessary to hire contractors. Some of them cover most of the general construction processes, others specialize in certain areas that require special equipment and trained professional personnel.

Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a work contract, which has two contracting parties:

• the customer, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for carrying out certain processes, accepts the results and pays for them;
• a contractor who fulfills the customer's requirements within the agreed time frame.

The parties to the agreement may be legal entities, individuals or third parties who act on behalf and in the interests of the customer. Contractors, usually construction organizations or licensed individual entrepreneurs.

If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire scope of its obligations on its own, then it has the right (if this is not prohibited by the agreement) to enter into a subcontract agreement within the approved budget, that is, to attract other organizations to carry out certain processes.

Often, to carry out the entire construction complex, a general contractor is determined, who ensures and guarantees the entire construction process, fulfilling the order partly on its own, partly with the participation of subcontractors. The general contractor is responsible for all defects of subcontractors.

Except general provisions, such as names of the parties, date and place of signing, details, legal addresses and signatures of the parties, standard contract the contract includes the following main sections:

In addition, the agreement has a number of annexes as an integral part, the list of which is indicated in the main body of the agreement. These include:

• calendar plan;
• lists of necessary equipment and materials;
• a copy of the customer’s title documents for the land plot;
• a copy of the customer’s permission to carry out construction;
• a copy of the contractor's license;
• acts of acceptance and transfer of technical documentation, materials and equipment;
• a copy of the insurance policy;
• regulations for the work carried out;
• estimate documentation;
• acceptance certificate.

If necessary, the parties may enter into additional agreements on certain issues as part of the execution of the general agreement. Emerging in production process problems are reflected in the protocols of disagreements and reconciliation of disagreements.

Depending on the scope of activities performed and the scale of the project, the contract may have different contents.

Thus, an agreement for the construction of a small residential building and a large factory can differ radically from each other, both in scope and in the detail of all the actions performed.

A construction contract imposes great responsibility on the contractor, since poor quality workmanship, the use of low-quality materials and non-compliance with approved standards can cause destruction of structures, large financial losses or loss of life. That's why special meaning has the quality of construction and installation work at each phase of construction.

The quality of construction products affects the cost and operational characteristics of the structure, their durability and efficiency. If an object is built from untested materials or in violation of technical regulations, then this leads to an increase in the cost of all processes due to the need to constantly correct identified deficiencies, increased operating costs for maintaining the object in working condition, and a decrease in the level of comfort of residents.

Control is carried out by checking the compliance of product indicators with the approved requirements recorded in technical specifications, standards, projects, supply contracts, product passports. The main task is to avoid marriage and defects and maintain proper product quality. There are two forms of quality control:

• production (internal) control system;
• external control.

Internal control is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Plants and factories that produce building materials issue passports for their products, confirming that they were manufactured in accordance with the state standard. The presence of such a passport when delivering products is mandatory.

Internal control has several areas that differ in their characteristics and focus.

By implementation time:

• Input. This is a study (external inspection) of materials, structures and products arriving at the construction site, as well as accompanying and technical documentation. The registration method is mainly used (analysis of passports, invoices, certificates), sometimes the measuring method is used.
• Operating. It is carried out during processes or immediately after their completion, has the form of a measurement or technical inspection, its results are necessarily recorded in special journals. The main figures at this stage are foremen, foremen, and site managers.
• Acceptance. It is carried out after the completion of a certain type of operation (stone, facing), representatives of the customer or designer often join the inspection, so it has an element of external control. As a result, a decision is made on the suitability of the facility and the possibility of continuing construction.

By volume of inspections:

• Solid. All structural elements or product units (piles, metal structures, etc.) are inspected.
• Selective. A certain part of the product, selected at random, is studied, its volumes are determined by SNiP (Building Norms and Rules).

By frequency:

• Constant. Information about the status of the parameter being monitored is provided continuously.
• Periodic. The parameter is monitored at certain intervals.
• Volatile. Checking occasionally (at any time), is used when there is no need for deeper forms of control.

By methods:

• Visual. Its basis is GOST 16501-81.
• Measuring. It is carried out using the necessary measuring instruments, and, if necessary, laboratory analysis is carried out using appropriate equipment. A variety of methods can be used: mechanical (destructive), pulsed (acoustic, vibration) and radiation.
• Registration. This is an analysis of data that is recorded in various documents (magazines, certificates, inspection reports). It is used in cases where, for technical reasons, access to the controlled object is impossible.

To ensure appropriate product quality, large enterprises create specialized services, which are usually subordinate to the chief engineer (technical inspection, construction laboratory, geodetic service).

Analysis of data obtained as a result of instrumental research and comparison of them with the current legal and project documentation is called construction expertise. It can be extrajudicial and judicial. All identified violations, deviations and defects are recorded in expert opinion, where photographs of the detected defects are also attached. Based on the results of the examination, the following are determined:

• assessment of wear of elements, utility networks and structures during operation;
• determining the amount of damage from emergency situations (fire, flooding);
• compliance with the project, GOST or SNiP;
• testing of materials and structures used;
• study of load-bearing elements in preparation for reconstruction or redevelopment.

International quality control practice suggests a slightly different approach to this issue, the basis of which is:

• the material interest and responsibility of each performer for the proper execution of all manipulations, which is regulated by internal management - this is a kind of standard established at the enterprise;
• clear instructions for each work process;
• availability of highly qualified personnel;
• equipping with modern high-tech equipment.

External quality control includes inspections carried out by organizations that have the right of supervision and are independent of the contractor organization. Its main forms are:

• technical supervision of the customer;
• designer's supervision of the design organization;
• state architectural and construction supervision;
• control during the commissioning of the facility by various acceptance committees: fire, sanitary and epidemiological, industrial and mining supervision, labor inspection.

Technical supervision by the customer. It is carried out continuously throughout the construction and installation work. The customer's representative participates in the inspection of all hidden actions carried out, acceptance commissions, and intermediate acceptance of the most important structural elements. If there is no customer approval, then no further operations are carried out. Representatives of technical supervision have the right to make decisions on suspending construction and refusing to pay for processes carried out in violation of design calculations and technology. If the quality ultimately turns out to be insufficient, then the customer’s technical supervision employees bear responsibility along with the contractors.

Design supervision by the designer is also carried out on an ongoing basis. Its main difference from the control functions of GASN and technical supervision of the customer is that for its implementation a separate agreement is concluded between the customer and the designer with the appropriate payment. Architectural supervision consists of monitoring the exact adherence to all actions of the contractor regulatory documents and the approved project.

All changes in the project, rationalization proposals in mandatory are agreed upon with the designer's supervision representative. He is also present at intermediate acceptances and inspections, resolves issues regarding design and estimate documentation, points out deficiencies and monitors their elimination. All comments from the designer's supervision are recorded in a special journal, which is then transferred to the customer.

State architectural and construction supervision conducts general control at all phases (research, project development, construction). Its representatives must check pre-project documents, issue a construction permit and check its implementation at any time. They have the right to suspend construction, fine and initiate criminal proceedings.

Certification and licensing as components of quality control

With the rapid development of new technologies, the development of innovative building materials and methods of their fastening, the question of compliance of these developments with approved standards and quality indicators has arisen. Therefore, in recent decades, great importance has been attached to the certification of manufactured products and licensing of design, survey and construction activities.

– this is an activity aimed at establishing compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved regulations and standards. It is aimed at protecting consumer rights and environment, as well as for the safety of people’s health, life and property. Objects of certification in construction can be:

• design products;
• industrial products manufactured by construction industry and building materials enterprises;
• erected structures and buildings;
• relevant services and works;
• imported elements.

Certification comes in one form:

• Voluntary, based on the initiative of a product manufacturer wishing to confirm the conformity of its products to potential customers.
• Mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range of goods that, if of poor quality, can be dangerous to people’s health and the safety of their property (balcony doors, windows, structures for private houses, locks, sealants).

IN general outline Certification of any type of product occurs as follows:

• the applicant submits a declaration for certification;
• the testing scheme and methodology are determined, as well as the testing laboratory;
• sampling and identification of samples, examination of products and study of the state of production;
• analysis of the results obtained;
• registration, registration and issuance of a certificate of conformity.

Licensing represents an examination of the applicant (legal or individual) and the documents submitted by him regarding their readiness to perform the types of activities specified in the application. A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and legislative acts, the implementation of the declared technological processes and the level of control over them, the qualifications and work experience of personnel, and reviews from the applicant’s clients.

The licensing regulations stipulate that the applicant must have at least half of the full-time number of specialists and managers in the field of design and construction with 3 to 5 years of experience in the specialty. In addition, on property rights (or other legally) the candidate must have necessary objects, tools and means of production (special equipment, manual or automatic tool, transport, power plants, measuring instruments).

The classifier of design, construction and installation works clearly defines the list of actions and necessary equipment. Actions for the construction of objects for various purposes (functional and industrial), such as roads, aerospace or agricultural facilities, are combined together. Not only the construction and installation work itself is licensed, but also the functions of the general contractor and developer.

As a rule, the licensing period after the first application is short (1 year); if during this time the analysis did not show violations on the part of the applicant, then the next license can be valid for 5 years; upon repeated application, the entire procedure is completely repeated. For violation of the organization's norms current legislation, the license may be revoked.

Organization of construction and installation works

During the construction of large objects, such as multi-storey buildings, bridges, roads, factories, as a rule, various specialized and general construction organizations take part. In order to ensure uninterrupted processes and systematic phased completion of parts of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is necessary.

In practice, there are three main methods for organizing construction and installation work:

• Consistent. When using it, individual activities are carried out one after another, that is, the next one begins no earlier than the end of the previous one. This approach does not apply well to large-scale projects, since it requires large quantity time, but is suitable for the construction of single buildings, since a small number of workers can be used.
• Parallel. It is based on the maximum possible combination of various processes (installation and construction) in a single period of time. It makes it possible to erect several buildings at the same time, but requires a significant amount of labor and equipment.
• In-line. It consists of splitting complex processes, combined in time, into a number of simple operations performed sequentially. All actions are divided into threads that are executed within clearly defined deadlines. In each facility that is included in the flow, construction and installation work is carried out by complex teams moving from one building to another. This ensures an even load on personnel and rhythmic delivery of objects included in the flow.

Work execution projects (WPP) include major decisions on the organization of construction and installation work. The PPR is developed by specialized trusts or other organizations and consists of:

• a calendar plan in which all the work of different performers is noted, linked to deadlines;
• a master plan indicating the location of the facility itself, auxiliary sites, mechanized installations, warehouses, heat and power supply networks, access roads;
• schedule of requirements for the supply of products, materials, structures, special equipment, and workers.

For processes carried out using new methods and high complexity, the PPR contains technological maps.

They indicate economic and technical indicators, requirements for the necessary safety precautions, schedules and recommendations on methods of organizing the work of workers, the need for resources (parts, inventory, equipment), and calculations of labor costs.

Often, a number of unrelated works are carried out simultaneously on the site, for example, electrical installation, plumbing, carpentry, and tiling. The rhythm of the work process requires the supply of certain materials at the right time in sufficient quantity and in the correct technological sequence. In order to prevent downtime, taking into account the opinion of contractors, hourly schedules are developed, based on which the manufacturer ships, and the car plant delivers the required elements to the site.

To link the supply of parts and their installation, transport and installation schedules are drawn up. Based on the technological sequence of building installation and the standard time for installation of each element, the arrival time is clearly scheduled Vehicle to the site and the range of cargo that is delivered on each flight. Weekly, daily and hourly schedules are drawn up, thanks to which different departments can see the overall picture and act in concert. This allows you to plan the completion time of each type of work and approximately calculate the completion date of the object.

In order to more fully cover the entire complex of processes being performed, calendar planning is used when working on all types of objects. It provides a general understanding of the sequence of actions over different time periods (from a day to several months), although plans regularly require adjustments depending on emerging circumstances. Construction duration is calculated according to SNiP standards and varies greatly depending on the complexity of the structure. A reduction or increase in the duration of work must always be justified, since if the duration is increased, delivery deadlines may be missed and the customer may incur losses, and unjustified reductions often become the reason for non-compliance with the standards for performing technological operations.

Depending on the scale of the project, the following types of planning may be used:

• simplified methods;
• calendar line charts;
• network graphs.

Simplified methods are used for current tasks, usually for the next few weeks or days. Such diagrams only indicate the types of actions to be performed and the timing of their completion; they are not clear enough and are not optimized. Simplified forms also include planning in the most general monetary form.

A calendar line graph, otherwise called a Ganges graph, is a scale with marked horizontal lines of different lengths, reflecting the duration of each case. To compile it fully and efficiently, you need to take into account the following points:

• draw up a list of necessary work;
• determine their volumes and production methods;
• calculate their labor intensity based on standards and previous experience;
• make a preliminary schedule with approximate deadlines for completing each task;
• optimize it taking into account the real possibilities of distributing labor, equipment and other conditions.

In order to correctly calculate the amount of work and the time spent on it, in addition to the prescribed standards, other significant factors should be taken into account, for example, local weather conditions or terrain features. If at the starting stage there is a time delay due to incorrect calculations, it will be almost impossible to compensate for it, since it is very difficult to adjust the linear graph.

The network diagram is compiled using a more modern graph technique (map, labyrinth, network). Printed on a sheet of paper or displayed on a computer monitor, such a diagram looks like a set of vertices connected to each other by segments (non-directed and directed). The circles at the beginning and end of the segment indicate the beginning and end of the work. In this type of planning, there can be a number of different paths between the start and end events. The longest path is called the critical path, and it determines the total duration of the project. Accordingly, other paths have time reserves and the ability to vary the speed of process execution.

The strength of such planning is the ability to adjust it along the way.

If construction does not meet the agreed deadlines, then it is possible to reduce the critical path time by redistributing labor and material resources from non-critical path stages, attracting reserves or changing the sequence of processes (if technologically feasible). To facilitate the preparation of schedules and their clarification, a number of computer programs have been created.

Calculation of estimated cost

An integral component of project documentation is the estimate, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work. Correct financial calculations contribute to the rhythmic and uninterrupted implementation of construction stages. If inaccuracies were made, this could lead to losses, missed deadlines, debt, or the need to attract additional financial resources, often credit.

The estimated cost usually includes several components and is calculated using the following formula: Ssmr=PrZ+NR+PN(Spr), where Ssmr is estimated cost of all work, PrZ - the total amount of direct costs, PN(Spr) - planned savings, or estimated profit. To better understand how calculations are made, you should dwell in more detail on each of the component parts.

The sum of all direct costs is calculated taking into account the total volume of work (in natural measurement units) and the currently applied prices per unit of measurement according to estimate standards. Direct costs typically range from 65 to 80% of the total cost and consist of:

• wages employees those who are directly involved in construction and installation work (10-15%);
• cost of all building materials which are used in the construction of structures (50-55%);
• operating costs of the vehicles used, special equipment, mechanisms and machines, including the salaries of specialists managing them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include reimbursement to a contractor or subcontractor for all costs associated with organizing and maintaining appropriate living and production conditions at a construction site. The amount of overhead costs is set depending on the wage fund and strongly depends on the scale of the facility being built, the method of production, and the type of construction. Typically this figure varies between 13-20%. To calculate them, standards are used taking into account the characteristics of production. Applying a multiplying factor for overhead costs is prohibited.

Overhead costs include:

• Expenses for administrative and economic needs. This takes into account payment for business trips, costs for the office, mail and telephone communications, maintenance and servicing of passenger vehicles, purchase of the necessary specialized literature (normative, technical, economic), subscription to the required periodicals.
• Expenses for personnel services. This includes training and retraining of managers and specialists, creation of proper living and sanitary conditions, and labor protection. This also includes additional payments employees (length of service, additional holidays for length of service), social insurance.
• Costs for the necessary organization of the process. These include maintaining security, ensuring fire safety, expenses for maintaining design teams and construction laboratories, depreciation deductions, geodetic activities, landscaping.
• Other costs(property insurance, licensing, auditing, consulting, advertising services, banking services).

Estimated profit (the term "planned savings" is often used) represents the planned profit of the contractor. It should cover the costs of material incentives for personnel, as well as the development and modernization of production facilities. Its volume is calculated for each organization separately, based on the contract cost of construction, and ranges from 7-11% of the total amount. Estimated profit does not relate to the expenses taken into account in the estimated cost. To calculate it, they are guided by the relevant Guidelines.

There are industry standards for estimated profits, depending on the type of operation:

• General industry standards that apply to all businesses. For repair and construction work, they amount to 50% of the workers' compensation fund, which is included in the direct costs included in the estimate. Regarding construction and installation work, this figure is 65%.
• Standards depending on the types of processes performed. They are used at the stage of drawing up working documentation and are specified in Appendix No. 3 of the Methodological Instructions.
• Individual standards for individual organizations. Do not apply to enterprises fulfilling orders with funds from the Federal budget.

The structure of planned savings takes into account the following expenses:

• re-equipment and modernization of fixed assets of the enterprise;
• material incentives for employees: financial assistance, treatment in sanatorium-resort complexes, purchase of tickets for cultural events and gym memberships, assistance in paying off mortgages and purchasing certain services and goods;
• tax payments (on property, on profit, local taxes) at a rate not exceeding 5%;
• assistance to individual partner educational institutions.

A correctly drawn up, thoughtful estimate allows you to organize construction and installation work at the proper level, avoiding cost overruns and delays in payments during construction. In addition, it is possible to achieve the cost of construction and installation work through the use of more productive mechanisms, reasonable savings materials, changing labor conditions or improving management. To accurately calculate the cost, factor analysis is used - this is a technique for studying the impact of each individual construction factor on the costs.

Types and features of estimates

Budgeting methods

Calculation of construction estimates for landscaping

Cost estimate (costs) intended for grouping upcoming expenses enterprises aimed at carrying out any activity. In addition, there are estimates aimed at financing the activities of any enterprise or organization. The purpose may be to carry out design or construction work and the like. In our article we will talk about the types of estimates, methods for drawing them up, and give an example of calculating a construction estimate for landscaping.

Many facts economic activity require an estimate. There are estimates different types, it depends on the type of activity of the organization, its organizational and legal form. So manufacturing companies prepare production cost estimates, non-profit organizations - income and expense estimates, construction - specialized construction documentation, which includes estimates for construction and installation work (construction and installation works) and for the development of design documentation.

Types of estimates

Production cost estimate

Includes planned costs for the manufacture of products, is compiled for each type of product manufactured.

It indicates direct, or variable, costs, which depend on the volume of output:

• material costs;
• wages of production workers and insurance premiums;
• depreciation deductions;
• other expenses directly related to the production of products.

Here is formed partial cost of the product.

Such cost estimates are used when calculating standard costs finished products, at which it will be accounted for in the warehouse, and the sales price at which these products will be sold to customers.

The production cost estimate allows you to control the use of resources - to prevent overexpenditure of material costs, to identify deviations in a timely manner actual indicators from planned ones, analyze and eliminate the causes of deviations. Without a production estimate, it is impossible to control actual costs.

Estimates of income and expenses

In the estimates of income and expenses of HOAs (homeowners' associations), TSN (real estate owners' associations), garage cooperatives, gardening non-profit partnerships, the income indicates the amount of membership and (or) targeted contributions that go to the maintenance non-profit organization, and in expenses - all the expenses it makes.

The expenses of such organizations include, among other things, the salaries of the accountant and the chairman, security costs, costs of utility bills, garbage removal, fire safety, etc. Estimates are approved by the general meeting of owners.

At the end of the year audit committee checks the validity of the expenses incurred, their documentary evidence, and the compliance of actual expenses with the expenses indicated in the estimate.

Construction estimates

Compiled for construction and installation repair work, major renovation buildings and equipment, for the reconstruction and construction of new facilities (buildings, residential buildings, cottage communities), landscaping of courtyard areas, laying highways etc., as well as on design survey work on construction.

3 components of the estimate for construction and installation works:

1) direct costs;

2) overhead costs;

3) estimated profit.

The estimates for investment projects include the costs of design, survey, construction and installation work, and the profit that the contractor should receive from the work.

Typically the price is investment agreements and construction contracts are negotiable (that is, free, not tied to anything).

The cost of construction is determined at the stage of preparing design and estimate documentation, taking into account economic, geographical and natural factors, and local conditions. Subjects investment activities(investors, customers-developers, contractors) are independent and equal in rights, therefore the price of objects capital construction established by mutual consent of the parties.

The cost of construction can be determined at different stages, for example:

• design work (drawing up a general plan, sketches, etc.);
• construction and installation work (direct execution of construction work);
• commissioning works for the commissioning of the necessary equipment at the facility under construction.

Prices in construction estimates are determined on the basis of a variant and flexible approach without strict regulations and excessive centralization. Contract bidding allows you to choose the optimal cost, timing and quality of project implementation.

The cost of construction products and the volume of production depend on demand: the more housing is in demand, the more expensive 1 m 2 of living space is and the more residential buildings are built.

Any participant in the investment process can draw up an estimate:

• designer working under a contract with the customer. In this case, the estimate is usually prepared using the resource method or at the basic level using a fixed price;
• customer - determines the preliminary cost investment project or prepares an investor estimate for a package of tender documentation;
• general contractor - determining the cost through contract bidding.

Depending on which of the subjects of investment activity compiled the estimate, the following types are distinguished (Table 1).

Table 1

Types of construction estimates

Type of construction estimate	Who makes up	At what stage is it compiled?	How is the amount of investment determined?	Calculation accuracy
Conceptual estimate	Designer	When developing investment proposals together with a feasibility study of the project	Based on the collected information regarding the unit cost of consumer properties or facility capacity
Investor estimate	Investor	At the pre-project stage, the starting price of the investment project is determined	The starting price is calculated based on the master plan or sketch of the construction project. The specification and volume of building materials and equipment are calculated using aggregated indicators
Contractor's estimate (estimate for construction and installation work)	Contractor	At the stage of concluding a contract based on design documentation	The estimated cost includes the cost of materials and construction and installation works, losses from inflation, the contractor’s profit, and other issues related to construction
Customer's estimate		Developed based on finished project or master plan, working drawings taking into account elemental estimate standards, unit prices, average values ​​of the cost of resources used in construction	The estimated cost includes the cost of all stages of construction
Executive estimate	Customer or contractor	After completion of construction. The question of its necessity is resolved in the process of concluding a contract	All actual expenses incurred are taken into account, including additional ones that arose during the implementation of the project for both the contractor and the customer.

The methodology for determining the estimated cost of an investment project, the regulatory framework used and the procedure for carrying out mutual settlements are agreed upon by the customer and the contractor and are recorded in the signed contract.

Local estimates

The summary estimate calculation of a facility under construction is drawn up on the basis of local estimate calculations (estimates), which, in turn, are drawn up on the basis of the physical volumes of work, structural drawings of elements of buildings and structures, accepted methods of work and, as a rule, for each building and structure according to types of work

Contract agreements may provide for enlarged stages of work - technologically complete complexes of construction and installation work. They can be drawn up separately local estimates. For example, in estimates for buildings, underground and above-ground parts are distinguished. This allows the customer to pay the contractor for the completed stage of work. According to relatively simple objects The estimated cost may not be grouped into sections.

The result of the estimate calculation in the local estimate is direct costs. Next, the size of overhead costs and profits is determined. Overhead costs are added to the total direct costs as a percentage. After this, the total cost is calculated. Profit is accrued on it (also as a percentage).

Determination of construction costs

The cost of construction can be determined by:

• in the project - according to enlarged estimate standards (price lists, enlarged estimate standards- simplified tax system, aggregated prices - UR), aggregated indicators of construction costs (UPSC) and cost indicators of analogous objects;
• according to estimates to standard, reusable and individual projects, tied to local construction conditions, and estimates drawn up according to working drawings, using price lists intended for this purpose (USN, UR).

Local estimates for the purchase of technological and engineering equipment are compiled on the basis of specifications for the equipment of the manufacturer, drawings of the technological part of the design documentation, factory price lists and stock exchange lists of wholesale prices for equipment.

Note!

The cost of equipment, determined on the basis of wholesale prices for industrial products, includes the costs of delivering equipment to the construction warehouse, costs of containers, packaging, supply and marketing margins, costs of completing equipment and procurement and storage costs.

Due to high inflation and instability, it is impossible to develop unit prices for certain types of work, the cost of machine hours, operated machines and mechanisms, and determine the level of wages. In this regard, coefficients for estimated prices approved by the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation in 2001 are applied.

The coefficients show the change in value relative to the specified price level, taken as the base.

Corrective factors (indices) are being developed regional centers Pricing in Construction (RCCP), which once a quarter, and in Moscow - monthly, publish a Collection of coefficients for recalculating the estimated cost of construction and installation work.

Our dictionary

Current price level— the level of cost determined on the basis of prices in force at the time of determining the cost.

Basic cost level— cost level determined on the basis estimated prices. Designed to compare the results of investment activities over different periods of time, economic analysis and determining the value at current prices.

The method of drawing up estimates using previously approved unit prices and bringing them to the price scale of the current period using indices is called base-index.

Another common budgeting method is resourceful: for each type of work, according to the GESN-2001 collections, the necessary material and technical resources, the time spent on operating machines and mechanisms, and the labor costs of workers are determined in natural meters. Prices and tariffs for the specified resources are accepted current, that is, at the time of drawing up the estimate, or with a forecast for their possible change.

The resource method allows you to fairly accurately determine the estimated cost of construction at any point in time. Required Resources are established based on design documentation.

In this case, a local resource statement is first compiled, and then, based on it, a local estimate calculation is made.

Object estimate calculations

Object estimate calculations (estimates) are compiled for the construction of each individual building and structure on the basis of local estimates (estimates) for individual types of work and costs for buildings, structures and general site work and determine the total amount of all costs associated with the construction of the facility.

Estimated calculations (estimates) included in the site estimates, agreed upon with contracting construction organizations, are the basis for determining the estimated cost of the facility under construction.

Object estimates take into account the cost of all types of construction and installation work, the cost of equipment, fixtures and inventory.

To determine the full estimated cost of an object, funds to cover limited costs are additionally included in the object estimate at current prices:

• to increase the cost of work performed in winter, and other similar costs included in the estimated cost of construction and installation work;
• other work and costs, which are determined as a percentage of the cost of each type of work, costs or the total of construction and installation work according to all local estimates;
• a reserve of funds for unforeseen work and costs, provided for in the consolidated estimate of the cost of construction, to reimburse the contractor’s costs, the amount of which is determined by separate agreement between the customer and the contractor.

If the cost of an object can be determined from a local estimate, an object estimate is not drawn up. In this case, the role of the object estimate is played by the local estimate, which indicates funds to cover limited costs in the same order as for object estimates.

For your information

In the object-based estimate, indicators of unit cost per 1 m 3 of volume, 1 m 2 of area of ​​buildings and structures, 1 m of network length, etc. are ultimately given.

Object estimates drawn up according to working drawings, agreed with the contractor construction organization and approved by the customer, are the basis for payments for work performed. The correctness of determining the price of construction products, and therefore the results of production and economic activities of contracting organizations, depends on the quality of object estimates.

Summary estimate

The consolidated estimate of the cost of construction of enterprises, buildings and structures or their queues determines the estimated limit of funds required to fully complete the construction of all objects provided for by the project. It is compiled on the basis of object estimates (object estimate calculations) and estimates for additional costs not taken into account in object and local estimates.

Based on the approved consolidated estimate of construction costs, a limit is determined capital investments in construction financing.

Each line of the summary estimate corresponds to the data of the object estimate (object estimate) for individual objects, work and costs and has a link to the number of the specified documents.

In the summary estimate on a separate line a reserve of funds is provided for unforeseen work and costs:

• no more than 2% - for objects social sphere;
• no more than 3% - for objects industrial purposes.

When compiling a summary estimate, current prices are used.

An approximate list of chapters of a consolidated estimate of the cost of industrial and housing and civil construction:

• Preparing the construction site.
• Main construction objects.
• Objects for auxiliary and service purposes.
• Energy facilities.
• Transport and communication facilities.
• External networks and structures of water supply, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply.
• Improvement and landscaping of the territory.
• Temporary buildings and structures.
• Other work and costs.
• Contents of the directorate (technical supervision) of the enterprise under construction.
• Training of operational personnel.
• Design and survey work, designer's supervision.

Attached to the summary estimate submitted for approval as part of the project is explanatory note, which provides:

• reference to the territorial area where the construction is located;
• the level of estimated prices in which the calculation was made;
• a list of catalogs of estimate standards adopted for drawing up estimates for the construction of facilities;
• name of the general contractor;
• features of determining the estimated cost of construction work;
• features of determining the estimated cost of equipment and its installation.

Note!

In practice, when constructing large facilities, in addition to capital investments in the construction of the facility itself, capital investments are provided in the construction of a base for the needs of the construction of this structure.

For this purpose, separate consolidated estimates are drawn up for housing and civil construction and for the creation of a construction industry base, which are included in the cost summary along with the consolidated estimate for industrial facilities. The total estimated cost of construction in these cases is determined by a cost summary combining two or more summary estimates.

If several investors are involved in the construction of objects, then based on the results of the consolidated estimate, the costs for share in the construction of each shareholder.

We make an estimate

Let's look at the methodology for drawing up cost estimates using an example.

Example

The customer of the work on landscaping the courtyard area is the district government, the contractor is a contracting organization that is engaged in landscaping and landscaping of the territory.

Work on the facility is carried out on the basis of a contract and estimate documentation.

Road work and landscaping of the area are planned.

At the first stage, the contractor draws up a list of planned types of work, indicating their volume and method of execution (Table 2).

table 2

List of planned types of work

Name of work and costs	Unit	Quantity	Technique
Men at work
Construction of driveways covered with asphalt concrete:
soil development h = 0.60 m
installation of a sand base layer h = 0.30 m			Sandblasting machine ABSC-1028, compressor TM
installation of a layer of rigid laid concrete h = 0.16 m			Mechanical compactor IE-4502, dump truck KAMAZ-6520, concrete pump BN-80
installation of a layer of bitumen mastic 0.6-0.8 l/m 2			Bitumen pump DS-125
installation of an asphalt concrete layer h = 0.07 m			Mixing plant, paver, dump truck
installation of side stone
landscaping
Lawn installation
soil development h = 0.40 m			59 kW (hp) bulldozer, excavator with 0.25 m 3 bucket, dump trucks
			Dump truck, milling cutter, self-propelled electric milling cutter
sowing lawn grass seeds
			Watering machine ZIL, lawn mower
Tree planting
Cutting down dried and diseased trees and shrubs			Chainsaws
Including delivery of planting material			Dump trucks
Improving the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil			Mounted tiller, cultivator
planting trees with a clod measuring 0.8×0.8×0.5 m, including:
Norway maple with crown (4-6 years, height - 1.5-3 m)
jasmine (height - 3.0-3.5 m)
post-planting care			Watering machine ZIL

Based on the list of planned types of work, material costs (Table 3) and wages of workers participating in the project (Table 4) are calculated.

The statement of material costs indicates the amount of materials needed for landscaping work and their cost at current prices.

Table 3

Material cost calculation sheet

Type of material	Unit	Quantity	Unit cost, rub.	Total cost, rub.
Directions
fine-grained asphalt concrete
rigid concrete
Total
Lawns
fertile soil
lawn grass seeds
Total
Trees
Norway maple
Total

The payroll statement indicates:

• volumes of work performed by the contractor's employees;
• hourly rate;
• additional salary;
• wage fund (payroll) for each type of work. Calculated using the formula:

Additional wages are calculated only for heavy work and amount to 15% of the basic wage.

Table 4

Employee payroll sheet

Name	Scope of work	Standard time, h	Hourly tariff rate, rub.	Additional payments, rub.	Payroll fund, rub.
Construction of driveways covered with asphalt concrete
soil development h = 0.60 m (m 2)
installation of a sand base layer h = 0.30 m (m 2)
installation of a layer of rigid laid concrete h = 0.16 m (m 2)
installation of a layer of bitumen mastic 0.6-0.8 l/m 2 (m 2)
installation of an asphalt concrete layer h = 0.07 m (m 2)
installation of side stone (rm)
Total
Lawn installation
soil development h = 0.40 m
creating a soil layer h = 0.2 m
preparation of the root layer of soil with the addition of plant soil h = 0.2 m
sowing lawn grass seeds
lawn care (watering, double mowing)
Total
Tree planting
cutting down dried and diseased trees and shrubs
including delivery of planting material
improving the mechanical composition and fertility of plant soil
Total
Total

The estimate also includes the costs of maintenance and repair of special equipment used in construction - bulldozers, excavators, dump trucks.

Here is a calculation of the cost of 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation. The initial data are presented in table. 5, calculation results are in table. 6.

Table 5

Data for calculating 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

Indicators	Unit	Sum
Book value
Term beneficial use
Number of hours worked per month
Annual norm machine maintenance and repair costs
Tariff rate for wages
Cost of 1 liter of fuel
Consumption rate of lubricants per 100 liters of fuel consumption
Cost of 1 liter of lubricants
Overhead rate		90% of the wage fund

Table 6

Calculation sheet for 1 machine-hour of bulldozer operation

No.	Indicator name	Unit	Calculation	Total
	Initial cost
	Depreciation
	Useful life
	Monthly depreciation
	Hourly depreciation		129 032,26 / 166
	Maintenance and repair costs
	Annual norm
	Annual costs		8,000,000 × 0.24
	Monthly costs
	Hourly costs
	Salary (driver salary)
	Tariff rate, rub./hour
	Insurance premiums
	Hourly wage
	Fuel costs
	Fuel consumption rate per 1 machine-hour
	Cost of 1 liter of fuel
	Hourly fuel cost
	Lubricant costs
	Oil consumption rate per 100 liters of fuel
	Oil consumption rate in accordance with fuel consumption rate
	Hourly costs for lubricants
	Overheads
	Total cost of 1 machine-hour		777,30 + 963,85 + 190 + 476 + 57,8 + 135

The standard working time for a bulldozer for constructing driveways covered with asphalt concrete is 20 hours, for landscaping the area - 5 hours. Accordingly, the costs for maintenance and repair of the bulldozer will be:

• when performing road work - RUB 51,999. (RUB 2,599.95 × 20 hours);
• lawn installation - RUB 12,999.75. (RUB 2,599.95 × 5 hours).

An excavator and dump trucks were also involved in the improvement work. Maintenance and repair costs will be:

• when performing road works:

excavator - 48,250 rubles;

dump trucks - 60,230 rubles;

• lawn installation work:

excavator - 10,150 rubles;

dump trucks - 12,350 rubles;

• tree planting work:

dump trucks - RUB 12,350.

Based on the calculations, we will draw up local estimates for each type of work (Table 7-9), taking into account that:

• overhead costs - workers;
• other expenses - ;
• estimated profit - 15% of total costs;
• VAT - 18% of total costs + estimated profit.

Table 7

Local estimate for the installation of asphalt concrete pavement of the roadway, sidewalks and paths

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 1 statement of material costs
		Page 1 payroll statements
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs:
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
Total according to estimate	273 367,24

Table 8

Local estimate for lawn installation

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 2 statements of material costs
Labor costs		Page 2 payroll statements
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for maintaining construction equipment		Sheets for calculating machine hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total cost + estimated profit)
Total according to estimate	148 742,94

Table 9

Local estimate for planting trees and shrubs

expenditures	Amount, rub.	Note
Material costs		Page 3 statements of material costs
Labor costs		Page 3 payroll statements
Social service contributions		Calculation of insurance premiums from wages
Costs for maintaining construction equipment		Sheets for calculating machine hours of equipment operation
Overheads		20% of labor costs
other expenses		2% of workers' compensation costs
Total costs:		The sum of all the above costs
Estimated profit		15% of the total cost
		15% × (total cost + estimated profit)
Total according to estimate	21 174,81

Local estimates are combined into an object estimate, which summarizes the amounts of expenses for each type of work from the local estimates.

The object estimate for landscaping the courtyard area is presented in table. 10.

Table 10

Object estimate for landscaping the courtyard area

expenditures	Amount, rub.
Material costs
Labor costs
Social service contributions
Costs for maintaining construction equipment
Overheads
other expenses
Total costs:
Estimated profit
Total according to estimate	443 284,98

So, the cost of improvement work according to the site estimate amounted to 443,284.98 rubles.

Based on the winning tender, the contractor entered into an agreement with the municipality for the improvement of the yard area in the amount of RUB 443,284.98.

Conclusion

Budgeting has important for the business activities of the company. The main purpose of the estimate is to determine the amount of standard resources to complete the task. Well-written estimate documentation with a clear template and understandable structure, especially for the construction industry, is the basis for the success and profitability of the company.

E. V. Anisimova,
auditor

A huge number of projects being implemented in our country are associated with the organization of the construction of various facilities: industrial, road, agricultural, etc. The buildings and structures being erected can be both part of a more global plan and its main essence. Share financial costs in such projects it is necessary to carry out construction and installation work (CEM). As a rule, they account for the largest amount of financial and material resources.

Construction and installation work is the application of methods for regulating activities in construction, which occupies a special place in the legislation.

General overview

Construction as an industry includes a wide range of work. This is not only the construction of new buildings and structures, but also activities to carry out their repair (current and major), restoration, and reconstruction.

Construction and installation work (in construction) means construction and installation work. Their main characteristics:

• the implementation process goes through several successive stages: drawing up a marketing plan, justifying the project parameters, identifying a contractor, etc.;
• geodetic work;
• development of project documentation;
• stage of material support (purchase of necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to sites);
• construction and installation (preparatory, basic and finishing) work;
• commissioning (control measures and necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term “construction and installation work”. Different wording depends on the vocabulary used and legal regulations. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation work in construction is the application of a specific list of sequential operations that are aimed at erecting buildings and structures, installing the necessary equipment (ventilation, heating, gas and water supply systems, drainage Wastewater etc.).

To shorten technical documentation, it is customary to write construction and installation work.

What is regulated by construction and installation work?

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for building codes and rules.

SNiP CMR is the regulation of the following areas in construction according to sections:

• basic provisions;
• design standards;
• rules for the production and acceptance of work;
• appraisal rules and regulations.

Kinds

Construction involves a combination of a huge number of actions in different directions using a wide variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction and installation work is the use of various methods of organizing production processes in construction.

The project can be implemented by several different ways:

• conclusion of contracts that provide for the implementation of all stages by specialized companies;
• all work is carried out by the company’s own departments;
• in a mixed way, in which one part of the work is carried out by contractors, and the other by oneself.

Based on the concept and expected result, the following main types of construction and installation work are distinguished: general construction, transport, loading and unloading, special.

Installation is carried out using prefabricated parts, power wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures.

General construction activities are based on the processing of materials and the construction of structural elements. They are divided into established types. Construction and installation work by type of construction can be classified as follows:

• Excavation. They include excavation of holes, trenches for installation strip foundations and individual supports, underground utility networks of various lengths.
• Pile. Driving or driving piles, preparing the foundation.
• Stone. Construction of piers, walls, columns and other structures from blocks, masonry from crushed stone, brick, natural and artificial stones.
• Reinforced concrete and concrete. Preparation of the mixture, its transportation and pouring into formwork, maintenance, processing of compositions and prefabricated elements.
• Assembly. Delivery of structural parts to the destination, their alignment, installation and fastening.
• Joinery and carpentry work. They involve the supply and installation of finished wooden parts (doors, windows).
• Roofing. They consist of covering roofs with asbestos-cement or steel sheets.
• Plastering. For large volumes, mechanical feeding is used and for small volumes, manual application of the solution is used.
• Facing. They involve covering vertical and horizontal surfaces with large and small slabs, as well as sheet materials.
• Painting. They consist of manual or mechanical painting of structures, as well as wallpapering walls.

Some of these technological processes are combined into the concept of “zero cycle,” which is the initial phase of construction and includes preparation of the site and access roads to it, excavation work, and laying the foundation. It is completed when the underground part of the building is erected and utility networks are laid.

Conclusion of contracts

Since construction work is very complex and multi-stage, it involves the possibility of involving contractors at some stages. Some cover most general processes, others specialize in certain areas that require specialized equipment and trained professionals. Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a contractual one, in which there are two parties: the client, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for the implementation of given processes, determines and verifies the results, and pays for them; and a contractor who fulfills the customer's requirements within the specified time frame.

The latter are usually construction companies or licensed sole proprietors. If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire volume of obligations assumed by him, then it is possible to attract a subcontractor under the relevant agreement, that is, transfer part of the work to other organizations.

Estimated Cost Concept

An integral part of project documentation is the assessment, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work in construction. A properly conducted financial justification ensures the rhythm and continuity of all stages of work.

If inaccuracies are made, this can lead to losses, delays, debt, and the need to obtain additional finance in the form of a loan.

The estimated cost is usually assigned to several components and is calculated using the following formula:

SMR = PZ + NR + PN,

where construction and installation work is the estimated estimated cost of the entire work, thousand rubles; PZ - the amount of direct costs, thousand rubles; HP - overhead costs, thousand rubles; PN - planned savings or estimated profit, thousand rubles.

The value of direct costs is determined by calculating the total volume of all work performed (in units of physical measurements) and the rates currently used in accordance with the standards. The share of direct costs averages 65-80% of the total cost. Their structure consists of the following elements:

• wages of workers who are directly involved in construction and installation work (10-15%);
• the cost of all materials used in the construction of buildings (50-55%);
• the cost of the vehicles used, special equipment, machines, including the salaries of the specialists who operate them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include reimbursement to the contractor or subcontractor for all costs associated with organizing and maintaining proper living and production conditions at the construction site. Their volume is determined in direct dependence on the wage fund and, to a large extent, on the scale of the facility, production method, and type of construction. As a rule, this figure varies in the range of 13-20%.

When making calculations, standards are applied taking into account the characteristics of the object.

Overheads include:

• Funds for administrative and business needs. This takes into account transportation costs, office, postal and telephone costs, maintenance passenger cars, acquisition of the necessary specialized literature, subscription to the required periodicals.
• Cost of service personnel. It includes training and retraining of managers and specialists, creation of proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as labor protection.
• Costs of organizing the construction process. Such costs include: maintenance of security systems, fire safety, operating costs of project teams, geodetic work, landscaping.
• Other expenses (property insurance, licensing, audit, consulting, advertising, banking services).

Estimated profit is the contractor's planned income. The organization must cover its costs for material bonuses for employees and innovative methods in production.

Quality control

A construction contract imposes great responsibility on the contractor, since poor quality of work, use of inferior materials and failure to comply with approved standards can lead to the destruction of sites, large financial losses or loss of life.

Therefore, the level of construction and installation work at each stage is of particular importance. The quality of materials affects the cost and performance characteristics of the structure.

When constructing facilities using low-grade raw materials, the cost of all processes increases due to the need to constantly correct identified deficiencies and increase operating costs, and the level of comfort of residents decreases.

The essence of control is to verify the compliance of the actual indicators of the object with the approved requirements set out in technical conditions, standards, projects, contracts, passports.

The main task is to prevent marriage and defects and maintain proper product quality. There are two forms of control: internal and external.

The first is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Factories and factories that produce building materials issue documents and passports that confirm compliance with state standards. The presence of such a document upon delivery of products is mandatory.

External quality control includes audits carried out by organizations that have oversight rights and are independent.

Certification and licensing procedures

The process of certification of manufactured products and licensing of design, survey and construction work is currently mandatory. It is an activity aimed at establishing compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved standards. Its goal is to protect consumer rights and the environment, as well as the safety of human health, life and property.

The objects can be: industrial products, building materials, erected buildings and structures.

Certification is possible in the following forms:

• voluntary, at the initiative of the manufacturer who wants to confirm the quality of its products;
• mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range, which, if certain requirements are not met, may be dangerous to the health of people and their property (projects for private houses, locks, sealants).

The process of confirming the quality of any type of product occurs in the following sequence:

• the applicant submits a declaration;
• a scheme and methodology for testing activities is established;
• carry out sampling and identification of samples, study of products and study of the state of production;
• analyze the results;
• The certificate is registered and issued in person.

Licensing is the examination of an enterprise and the documents it has submitted regarding its readiness to carry out the activities specified in the application.

A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and documentation, the implementation of the presented production and technological processes, the qualifications and experience of the personnel, as well as customer reviews.

Some types of construction and installation work are subject to mandatory licensing (design, engineering and geodetic work and surveys, production building materials).

Construction and installation work organization

Various organizations take part in the construction process.

To ensure uninterrupted operation and phased commissioning of finished parts of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is required.

There are three main methods of organizing the technological process that determine what is included in construction and installation work in construction:

• Consistent. At this method certain activities are carried out one after another, i.e. the next one does not begin until the end of the previous one.
• Parallel. It is based on the greatest possible combination of different processes in a single period of time. This allows several buildings to be erected simultaneously, but requires a significant amount of labor and technology.
• In-line. It consists of dividing complex processes that are combined in time into more simple operations, executed sequentially. All actions are divided into threads performed in a clearly defined period of time. In each facility included in the flow, construction and installation work is carried out by integrated teams that move from room to room, which allows the staff to be evenly loaded and ensure rhythmic work at the sites.

Construction and installation works in road construction

Road construction has its own characteristics. The process is characterized by the sprawl of the construction site, constant changes in the workplaces of specialized machine complexes, uneven distribution of types of work along the road under construction and, finally, the dependence of the technological process on climatic conditions and the time of year.

The construction duration of tens of kilometers complicates the organization of work, complicates control and management, and worsens the repair and maintenance of road construction and vehicles.

CMP Master: Knowledge and Functions

The position belongs to the category of managers who have a number of specific responsibilities as a construction and installation work master in construction. The person performing these functions must have a higher technical education.

The job description of a construction and installation foreman in construction is developed at the level of a specific enterprise. However, in general, all the responsibilities and functions specified in this instruction are similar for different enterprises.

The construction and installation work master must know:

• Resolutions, orders of higher authorities and other regulatory materials on the activities of construction sites.
• Composition of construction and installation works in construction.
• Design and estimate documentation for unfinished construction projects.
• Technical regulations, norms and rules, conditions for carrying out and accepting construction and installation work.
• Principles of on-site process planning.

The main responsibilities of a construction and installation foreman in construction:

• Ensuring implementation of the work plan on site.
• Organization of operational accounting of the implementation of production tasks and receipt of raw materials.
• Monitoring employee compliance with safety measures.
• Organization of reception of materials, structures, products, their storage, accounting and reporting.
• Security rational use fixed assets on site.

When filling out a resume for a construction and installation foreman in construction, it is necessary to indicate experience in previous places of work with a specific list of constructed objects.

Shift method in construction and installation works

The method is a form of organizing work outside the place permanent residence employees, subject to ensuring their return home. A shift for a construction and installation foreman in road construction has become very common lately. In this case, construction and installation work is carried out at sites that are located far from the location of the organization and the permanent residence of employees.

Shift method used when it is not practical to carry out work using conventional methods, as well as to reduce construction time in uninhabited and remote areas or places with unfavorable climatic conditions.

Conclusion

The construction complex today is quite numerous and developed. However, the impact of the crisis seriously affected the pace of development of the industry in terms of rising costs of work and reducing consumer demand.

Every person has repeatedly encountered the construction of a facility or the installation of equipment: someone simply observes the process, someone directly performs it or participates in it. Therefore, it is important to understand what operations include construction and installation work (CEM).

Definition and composition of construction and installation works

Construction and installation work in Moscow is a complex of works for the construction of production and non-production facilities and the installation of various equipment in them.

The law clearly regulates the processes included in construction and installation works. Their list is set out in Instruction No. 123 to construction work(clause 4.2). Construction and installation works include:

• processes of construction of bridges, roads, embankments, construction of power transmission and communication lines, construction of bridges and roads, as well as other special work (underwater, aerial);
• activities for the construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of permanent and temporary facilities, which include all related work on the construction of metal, reinforced concrete, wood, metal-plastic and other structures, as well as actions to design tracks for tower and other cranes;
• work on organizing all types of water and electricity supply, heating, laying gas pipes and sewer lines;
• processes for the construction of foundations and supports for technological equipment, lining and lining of furnaces, installation of sanitary units;
• works related to landscaping and decorative design of territories;
• calculation measures necessary to determine the costs of construction and management;
• establishment of material losses in connection with the destruction of objects, the restoration of which should be carried out at the expense of capital investments allocated according to project documentation for repair and construction work.

The total scope of construction and installation work includes a set of works on certain elements of buildings, structures or complexes, which was carried out over any period of time (month, year, etc.) both at the launch facilities of a given time period and at the facilities planned for delivery at the next scheduled period of time.

Work of construction and installation organizations

A person who is not involved in such activities as the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones is unlikely to know full list work performed by a construction and installation organization. But the importance of such companies can hardly be overestimated: any alteration in a house or on a site cannot be done without their participation.

So, a professional construction and installation organization will qualitatively carry out the following types of work:

• installation (using ready-made components and parts), which include the assembly of structures from different materials, the laying of electrical networks, water supply, ventilation ducts, and the construction of elevators;
• construction, which are divided into:
  • general construction: digging holes, trenches and ditches, stripping processes, soil compaction, etc. (earthwork); construction of stone walls, pillars or piers from single stones and blocks, bricks or masonry (masonry work); all stages of construction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures(concrete works); installation of wooden floors, construction of wooden structures (carpentry); installation of roofing elements, gluing rolled materials onto the prepared base, other actions to construct the roof (roofing work); facing processes, wallpapering, plastering, linoleum flooring and others Finishing work;
  • special ones related to the finishing of technological equipment (lining or lining of furnaces and other units with refractory masonry, applying anti-corrosion coating to devices), construction of individual structures (mine shafts, power or telephone networks, sanitary systems, etc.);
  • transport and loading and unloading: delivery of materials, structures, parts and equipment to a construction site using conveyors, dump trucks, trailers and other machines.

This is not the entire list of work performed by specialists from construction and installation companies. The client can order a service, for example, washing the hold for various cargoes, sandblasting any surface, painting a large container and other non-standard procedures.