Mongolia country resources. The economy of the horde or what caused the Mongolian economic miracle. Food production

Several events over the past week have brought renewed attention to Mongolia. Most recently, German President Joachim Gauck visited Ulaanbaatar. Following him, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited here. On the same days, a bill on the country's permanent neutrality was introduced into the Mongolian parliament on behalf of the country's president. According to its initiators, this should become “the basis for maintaining balanced relations with other countries.”

Mongolia is a small country, its population is only 3.2 million people. 1.2 million live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar. But this is a very rich country - rich in copper, gold, uranium, rare earth metals and other resources. Experts even claim that Mongolia is the world's largest and fastest growing commodity market. And since the beginning of the 21st century, the mining industry has become the locomotive that led the economy of the once agricultural country.

The total value of the top 10 largest deposits of coal, copper, gold, uranium and rare earth metals in Mongolia is approximately $2.75 trillion. The most attractive for foreign companies are such large deposits of Mongolia as Oyu Tolgoi (copper, gold), Tavan Tolgoi (coal) and Dornod (uranium). The reserves of the world's largest Tavan-Tolgoi deposit amount to 7.4 billion tons of coal. Experts from the Rio Tinto corporation estimate the reserves of the Oyu Tolgoi deposit, located in the South Gobi, 80 km from the border with China, at 25 million tons of copper for fifty years of operation.

Rich, not yet fully explored Natural resources Mongolia is a tasty piece of the “global raw material pie” for many countries. It is no coincidence that the Anglo-Australian company Rio Tinto, the Chinese Shenhua, Chalco, the American Peabody Energy, and the Japanese Itochu, Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Marubeni are actively introducing themselves into Mongolia. and others.

Thanks to the industry, the average annual economic growth is 14%, and Country's GDP only from 2001 to 2011 it increased 10 times. According to World Bank forecasts, Mongolia's economy will grow by an average of 15 percent per year over the next 10 years. However, given the country's dependence on the export of mining products, the prices of which are very volatile, Mongolia's GDP growth will also experience noticeable fluctuations.

Under these conditions, it becomes clear that today Ulaanbaatar faces a very difficult choice of the optimal algorithm for extracting maximum benefit from unique natural resources.

Since the beginning of the new century, the Mongolian economy has received quite decent investments. Canadian investment in the mining industry has exceeded $1.5 billion. Chinese investment has reached almost $2.5 billion. Over the past twenty-five years, more than 5,500 enterprises with Chinese capital have been opened in Mongolia, which accounts for almost half of all enterprises with foreign participation. Japan also does not stand aside. By 2010, the amount of total Japanese support for the Mongolian economy exceeded $3.6 billion. USA. Moreover, half of these funds were provided free of charge, and the rest - in the form of soft loans. Looks good South Korea, ranking third in the line of investors in Mongolia.

At the same time, Ulaanbaatar today seeks to build its policy by combining new trends with traditional motives. This was to a certain extent reflected in the development and implementation of the “steppe path” concept.

The concept of the “steppe path” is based on an understanding of the beginning of the Eurasian integration processes and the need to determine the country’s place in this process. That's why active development mining industry and the expanded supply of mineral resources abroad are forcing Ulaanbaatar to improve its transport and logistics infrastructure, which today exists in its infancy and depends on the transport arteries of China and Russia.

Having no direct access to the sea, and, consequently, to global consumers, Mongolia found itself sandwiched between two giants - Russia and China. Therefore, it is extremely important for Ulaanbaatar to use Russian and Chinese factors in its economic development. The PRC and the Russian Federation are the first and second most important foreign trade partners of Mongolia; three quarters of all import flows come from China and Russia. And China is also one of the main investors in its economy.

Thus, it is Russia and China that become the partners with whom Mongolia intends to build the “steppe path” and combine its own project with the Russian Eurasian one economic union and China's Silk Road Economic Belt.

The Steppe Path project has already received approval from the Chinese side during the visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Mongolia (August 2014). The declaration signed following the state visit of the head of the People's Republic of China outlines the need to organize trilateral negotiations with the Russian leadership specifically in this area.

Moscow also received with interest the “Steppe Road” project, presented (September 2014) to Vladimir Putin by the President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, which is capable of completely updating the structure of transport flows between China, Mongolia and Russia. Russian-Mongolian relations are a natural and important part of the eastern vector foreign policy Russia. This is emphasized in the “Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation,” which focuses on strengthening the political and economic development of the country based on the opportunities and advantages of its eastern regions.

Today, the so-called “second track” is being built - the work of a tripartite expert community designed precisely to determine ways to connect the three programs.

This fall, a Russian-Mongolian-Chinese trilateral research association was created in Ulaanbaatar, which at the expert level will study the prospects for interaction between the three countries within the framework of these three projects. The founder of the Association on the Russian side was the Institute Far East RAS. And its Russian members are the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of World Economy and international relations, Baikal University of Economics and Law (Irkutsk), IPREK SB RAS (Chita), Institute economic research FEB RAS (Khabarovsk), Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetology SB RAS (Ulan-Ude), Institute for the Study of Lake Baikal Resources SB RAS (Ulan-Ude), OREI BSC SB RAS (Ulan-Ude).

Scientists from the three countries declared their intentions to concentrate efforts on determining the most effective opportunities for economic, logistics and transport cooperation, in which, in addition to Mongolia, the Baikal and Far Eastern regions of Russia and the territories of northeastern and northern China will be involved.

During the discussions, experts discussed issues of practical cooperation in the road transport industry. Mongolian partners spoke about the modernization of Mongolian railways, as well as the construction of a high-speed highway, more than 1000 km long, crossing Mongolia from south to north to the Russian-Mongolian border. A trilateral transport agreement has been prepared for signing. The idea of ​​creating a large transport and logistics center is being discussed.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that Ulaanbaatar will try to balance the emerging dependence and, perhaps, even find a “third neighbor” - theoretically, this could be the USA, South Korea, Japan, Canada. Perhaps the introduction of a bill on Mongolia's neutrality to the country's parliament is connected with this.

The choice of Mongolian youth for education can also indicate their priorities for the future. Today, for example, more than 2 thousand Mongolian students study in Japan. Over 1,000 young Mongolians have received Chinese government scholarships to study at Chinese universities. Mongolian boys and girls willingly go to study in South Korea.

The flow of students from this Asian country to Russia is gradually decreasing. And the main language of international communication in Ulaanbaatar today is increasingly becoming English, displacing Russian from the everyday life of the Mongolian intelligentsia.

Agriculture and livestock farming have historically been considered the basis. The lands of this state, located in the south-eastern part of Asia, are rich in vast deposits of natural resources. The Mongols mine copper, coal, tin and gold. The mining industry in Mongolia accounts for a significant government economic sector, but the extraction of raw materials is not the only industry in which the country's population is involved.

Economic history

The history of industry in Mongolia dates back to 1924, the year of the proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic. Before this period, there was neither industry nor such a thing as a working class. All the population did was processing livestock products, including tanning leather, sheepskin, felt rolling, blacksmithing and carpentry. These types of production had artisanal features and were aimed at serving the on-farm needs of the local population. Manual production was represented by enterprises for the primary processing of wool and leather, carpentry, plumbing, blacksmithing and other workshops.

The only industry in Mongolia at that time was the coal mines in the Nalaikha tract. In some regions of the country, foreigners were illegally mining gold and precious metals.

In the first half of the last century, the Asian state was completely dependent on the import of industrial goods from abroad. That is why one of the primary tasks of the government of the republic was the creation of its own industrial enterprises. The young and economically immature state faced two problems: the lack of qualified personnel and material resources. The Soviet Union provided assistance in resolving these issues.

Industrial Development Period

At the first stages, the formation of the light and food industries of Mongolia began. The foundation of the modern energy sector of the economy was laid by the young republic of that time. Back in the 20s, widespread construction of processing plants began. In 1933, a brick, sawmill and mechanical plant began operating in Ulaanbaatar, and the first power plant was opened.

It is quite difficult to briefly describe the industry of Mongolia. The progressive development of the light and food sectors of the economy required a fuel and energy industry that could meet the pace of production growth. The coal industry of Mongolia has made a certain leap in development. Most of the coal mines in Nalaikha were expanded and mechanized, and the development of new deposits began in the area of ​​Under-Khane, Yugotzyrya, and Sain-Shande. Mongolia's coal industry largely satisfied domestic demand for solid fuel. In particular, local coal was used at the unified power plant of Ulaanbaatar in 1939 and at small power plants.

During the same period, another specialization of Mongolian industry arose - metalworking enterprises, including an iron foundry. One by one, printing and paper factories and enterprises specializing in the production of building materials, gold processing, etc. were built.

Mongolia today

After the collapse of the USSR, aid from the Soviet republics, which amounted to almost a third external GDP, ceased to arrive, which led to a protracted recession in the Mongolian economy. Industries needed radical economic reforms.

The government of the country has adopted a new course in the development of the country, aimed at building market economy. During the reforms, a number of radical decisions were made in most areas of the national economy. The state has ceased to control the pricing process. By liberalizing domestic and foreign economic activity Attempts were made to rebuild the banking system and the energy sector; programs for the privatization of land and the implementation of measures to attract foreign investment were developed and adopted. Mongolia participate in international tenders.

However, the reform process was stalled as a result of resistance from the communist movement and political instability caused by frequent changes of governments.

The peak of the economic crisis came in 1996 after a series of natural disasters and a fall in world prices for copper and cashmere. But despite this, the very next year, 1997, was recognized as the year of economic growth of the country. That same year, Mongolia became a full member of the WTO. And although Russia’s decision to ban the export of oil and petroleum products in 1999 had the most unfavorable impact on the state of Mongolia’s economy, the country continued to move forward with confident steps.

Since 1999, by decision of the WTO, partner countries have annually provided financial assistance to this young and promising state: China, Russia, South Korea, Japan. And although economic indicators and the degree of industrial development in Mongolia can hardly be called advanced; many experts consider the economy of this country to be the most progressive in the world. In their opinion, the state’s potential is enormous, given the reserves of mineral raw materials, the development of which is still at an early stage.

The basis of industry: natural and labor resources

Despite the many deposits of valuable mineral raw materials, their development is not being fully developed due to numerous restrictions. In Mongolia, brown coal is mined in four deposits, and in the southern part of the country, in the Taban Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal deposits have been discovered. According to preliminary data, geological reserves amount to billions of tons. Active development of small tungsten subsoil and areas rich in fluorspar is underway. The discovery of copper-molybdenum ores on Mount Erdenetiin-ovoo served as the basis for the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the industrial town of Erdenet is located.

The oil industry of Mongolia has been actively developing since the middle of the last century. One of the main enterprises in this industry is the oil refinery in Sain Shanda, a city located near the border with China.

Massive deposits of phosphorites were discovered near Lake Khubsugul. However, today the development of the field was suspended, without even allowing it to develop fully due to environmental hazards. It is known that zeolites accumulate in the bowels of the earth; Mongolia searched for this material jointly with the USSR. However, today the extraction of these aluminosilicate group minerals, used in agriculture for biostimulation processes and adsorption, is practically not carried out due to lack of funding.

The development of any Mongolia depends on labor resources. The population as of 2018 is 3.119 million people, of which approximately a third are citizens of working age. Part of the population (about 40%) is employed in agriculture, in industry in Mongolia - about 20%. The rest of the population works in the service sector, is engaged in private entrepreneurship and management household. The unemployment rate is at 9%.

Food production

Briefly about the industry of Mongolia, which meets the food needs of the population, we can say this: this sector of the economy accounts for about 40% of total production. The production of dairy and meat products is actively developing in this industry. Numerous oil factories and separator stations were built in small settlements (aimags). It is worth noting that just a few decades ago Mongolia could not even count on the production of commercial butter. Today it is one of the major export positions.

The main ingredient for the food industry in Mongolia is milk. There is a dairy plant in Ulaanbaatar that processes tens of tons of milk and cream per day. All production processes at this enterprise have long been automated and mechanized. The capital's dairy plant produces pasteurized dairy and fermented milk products, butter, cottage cheese, sweet glazed cheese curds, and ice cream. This enterprise is a leading food processing plant in Mongolia.

Not far from Ulaanbaatar there is a large meat processing plant, equipped with modern technology, thanks to which the plant’s workshops demonstrate high production results. The meat processing plant complex includes workshops for processing meat products, departments for the production of semi-finished products, sausages, and canned food. The majority of goods from the meat processing industry are exported to other countries.

In addition to meat and dairy production, the food industry in Mongolia is represented by dairy, confectionery, bakery, alcoholic beverages, fishing and other industries. Several years ago, a new direction in the food industry began to rapidly develop in the republic - flour milling. Today, the country meets the needs of its citizens for flour through the products of national producers. In addition to the mill plant in Ulaanbaatar, which produces more than 30 thousand tons of flour annually, there are a number of mechanized flour mills in aimags.

Industrial plant in Ulaanbaatar

Among the light industry factories in Mongolia, it is necessary to first of all note the industrial plant in the capital - this is one of the largest enterprises engaged in processing agricultural products. The industrial plant in Ulaanbaatar was built in 1934. Subsequently this enterprise began to be called the forge of professional industrial personnel of the times of socialism. The industrial complex consists of a complex of plants and factories equipped with modern equipment. There are wool washing, cloth, worsted, fulling and felt, shoe, saddlery and textile workshops. The Ulaanbaatar industrial plant also includes in its structure cherry, chrome, sheepskin and fur, tanning and other factories. The main products produced by the plant:

• various woolen fabrics;
• felt;
• drape;
• cloth;
• shoes for all seasons;
• felt boots;
• camel wool blankets;
• bags;
• outerwear.

The plant’s products are in demand not only within the country, they are exported to other countries. The industrial plant strives to expand its production area. As this holding developed, its individual workshops long ago acquired the status of independent enterprises.

Progress in heavy industries

Over the past years, the country has seen positive dynamics in the development of energy, coal, oil, metalworking, mining, construction, woodworking and other production sectors. Average annual growth rates exceed similar figures in other former socialist republics. The rate of industrial growth in Mongolia surprises many economic experts, since this country, which was not so long ago considered the most backward, is steadily approaching the level of advanced powers.

In order to develop the main sectors of the national economy, the Mongols are striving to bring industrial production to new level, corresponding to the world average. The country's government pays special attention to the creation and establishment of its own chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological production, which plays a huge role in expanding the main sector of the economy - livestock and agriculture in Mongolia. Industry, as already noted, employs approximately 20% of the working-age population, while almost 40% of working-age citizens are engaged in raising livestock, farming, and growing crops.

Industrialization of Mongolian cities and development of the coal industry

Briefly about the specializations and industries of Mongolia, which form the basis of the fuel and energy block of the country's economy, we can say that they are fundamental in the development of the national economy. Republic occupies the main place in this segment. Today in Mongolia, brown and hard coal are mined at 13 large deposits X. The most popular products for export are coking and high-grade coal, which is mined in the Nalaykha region near Ulaanbaatar.

In the coal basin of certain regions of Mongolia, in particular in the aimags of Uverhangai and Sukhbaatar, operating mines fully satisfy the need for solid fuel not only of their own settlements, but also some neighboring ones. Not long ago, new coal mines were put into operation and old enterprises were equipped with new equipment. This step naturally led to an increase in average annual production rates by more than 10-15%.

Along with coal deposits, during the development of deposits, natural reserves of ores, asbestos, limestone and other valuable raw materials are often discovered. Darkhan-Uul is considered one of the rapidly developing industrial centers today. Here, within the Sharyn-Gol coal basin, an industrial and energy complex is being built that will provide coal to all areas of the national economy and the needs of the population. That is why the city of Darkhan-Uul is called the “flower of friendship” by the Mongols. Countries are providing significant assistance to the republic in the construction of this complex former USSR(Russia, Kazakhstan), China, Japan, Canada. The main objects of the complex should be several large coal mining enterprises, a railway transport node, high-voltage power line and elevator. Today, the process of the emergence of another economic and cultural center of Mongolia is taking place here.

Oil production, electricity production

As the fuel base and industrial sectors in general grow, the production of electrical energy has to be taken to a new level. Just a few decades ago, electricity was not even heard of in remote regions. Today, the need for electrification is explained not only by the domestic needs of the population, but primarily by the need to mechanize and automate production in the country and increase indicators finished products. Local power substations operate in aimak centers.

Unlike other industrial sectors, oil refining is a relatively young specialization in the industry of Mongolia. The industry is still in its infancy, but the country produces half of the gasoline for its own needs, and imports the rest.

The only one major center oil refineries are located in the Eastern Gobi. Not long ago, a young city appeared here - Dzunbayan, which also houses infrastructure and cultural facilities. The Eastern Gobi meets almost half of Mongolia's fuel needs.

Due to the expansion of the manufacturing and manufacturing industries, electricity costs in Mongolia are increasing every year, which prompts the government to consider the construction of new thermal power plants.

Mining of mineral ores and metals

The mining industry provides Mongolia with:

• gold;
• manganese;
• tungsten;
• magnetic iron ore;
• lead ores;
• rock crystal;
• turquoise and other non-ferrous, precious metals;
• salt.

Mining and processing enterprises are being built near the sites of large deposits. Mongolia exports tungsten and certain types of non-ferrous metals to other countries. Ferrous metallurgy in Mongolia is represented by a mechanical processing plant with an iron foundry in Ulaanbaatar. Agricultural equipment, hand tools, and small equipment are produced here for domestic and export sale.

Marble, limestone, asbestos, gypsum, and mineral paints are mined in the republic. The extraction of this type of raw material allows us to develop industrial sector building materials. Over the past few years, several dozen enterprises have been commissioned, including a house-building plant in Sukhbaatar. They are engaged in the production of lime, cement, bricks, slate and other construction products. The large-panel house-building plant in the capital of Mongolia, the glass factory in Nalaikh, and the reinforced concrete and brick factories in Ulaanbaatar deserve special attention. The workshops use complex mechanized technologies. All enterprises are equipped with modern technology.

Production of building materials and their sale to the public affordable price- This is an important aspect for a people who in the recent past were considered nomadic. The transition of the Mongols to sedentism is facilitated by the large-scale construction of comfortable houses, infrastructure facilities, and the development of a public transport network in cities and aimags.

Agricultural economy

The Ministry of Agriculture and Light Industry of Mongolia is doing everything to support the agricultural sector of the economy and create the most favorable conditions for its development. Agriculture has been the basis of its economy throughout the history of this state. In conditions of transition to market model the importance of the agricultural sector has not decreased. Almost half of Mongolia’s labor reserve is involved in it, although 50-60 years ago this figure reached 80%. Agriculture provides more than 40% of total GDP. The Mongols rank third in the world in terms of livestock per capita, behind Australia and New Zealand.

Almost until the middle of the last century, while industry was going through the process of formation and transformation into an independent sphere, agriculture remained the only production sector. Even in those days, finished products were exported, which made it possible to receive almost 60% of the national income. Over time, this share has decreased and today is about 35-40%, with more than half of export products being raw materials.

The most important economic indicators in this country depend on the level and pace of development of agriculture. In particular, the costs of agricultural raw materials are the main part of the costs of producing goods in the light and food industries. The Ministry of Agriculture of Mongolia is constantly working to create new concepts and techniques that would minimize costs and increase the productivity of finished products.

Pastoralism is the predominant species economic activity which the Mongols practice. According to some reports, there are 12 heads of livestock per person here. In some aimags, livestock is a conventional monetary unit in transactions of a material nature. Unlike livestock raising, agriculture plays a secondary role in modern Mongolia.

Completion

The development of industry led to the formation of the working class according to the model of the USSR proletariat. In the process of training specialized workers, the participation of the Soviet Union played an important role. Some Mongols gained experience and knowledge by working at their enterprises under the supervision of sent Soviet craftsmen. They were trained in special clubs, technical sections, and training centers. Others received their education directly in the USSR. Thus, Mongolia is an example of a national desire for the economic prosperity of its country through the development of industry, rationalization production processes and saving resources.

Today, Mongolia's economy is developing very dynamically; the country is one of the most promising markets in the entire Asia-Pacific region. According to experts from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other authoritative organizations, this country is among those in which the pace of economic development in the near future will be one of the highest. In particular, World Bank experts believe that over the next ten years, economic indicators will grow by an average of 15% every year.

Main industries

Mongolia's economy is concentrated in several sectors, such as agriculture and mining. This is even though most people live in cities. A significant part of the country's industrial production consists of: coal, copper, tin, molybdenum, gold and tungsten.

Moreover, just a few years ago there were a huge number of poor people in the country. Back in early 2010, almost 40% of the population lived below the poverty level. IN last years This figure is rapidly declining.

In structure GDP of the economy Mongolia's largest share is mining, accounting for almost 20%. Forestry, agriculture and fishing account for approximately 17%, more than 10% comes from retail wholesale and the transport sector. Manufacturing, real estate, communications and information technology also have their share in GDP.

Most of the working-age population is concentrated in agriculture (more than 40%), about a third works in the service sector, and almost 15% in trade. The rest of the people work in manufacturing, the private sector, and the mining industry.

Economy type

To understand the financial structure of this state, it is important to understand what kind of economy Mongolia has. It is in the stage of transition from one socio-economic state to another, while occupying a certain intermediate position between developing and economically developed countries. Currently, Mongolia is one of the countries with transition economy.

At the same time, during the transformation process, the structure of production, property relations, and management tools are transformed.

The economy of Mongolia is an example of a transition economy. The collapse of the socialist system at the end of the 20th century also affected this state. In all countries that were previously part of the socialist camp, the transition to market relations began. The need for urgent reforms in the country matured back in the 80s. Perestroika, which began in the Soviet Union, only accelerated this process. Large-scale socio-economic transformations began to take place after 1991.

Mongolia is a country with a transition economy that has been actively developing recently. All the main criteria for a state that is at a transitional stage of its socio-economic development are present here. These are privatization and reorganization, macroeconomic stabilization, liberalization. Building a market economy in Mongolia is the ultimate goal, which today can be considered partially achieved.

Natural resources

Natural resources are of great importance for the economic development of Mongolia; there are really a lot of them here.

In particular, the country has three large brown coal deposits; high-quality hard coal has been discovered in the south, the geological reserves of which, according to preliminary estimates, amount to several billion tons. Deposits of tungsten, which are considered average in terms of reserves, have been successfully developed for a long time.

Copper-molybdenum ore is mined in Treasure Mountain. The discovery of this mineral led to the construction of a large mining and processing plant, around which an entire city grew. Today Erdenet is home to almost one hundred thousand people.

An important place in the economic development of Mongolia is occupied by one of the world's largest gold ore deposits, called Oyu Tolgoi. Recently, investor interest in this country has increased, since most of the lands here have not yet been studied by geologists, which means that many minerals have still not been found.

Industry and mechanical engineering

The main industries in Mongolia's economy are textile, cloth, wool, leather, sheepskin and fur coats, meat processing, and construction materials. The country ranks second in the world in cashmere wool production.

Mechanical engineering appeared relatively recently, but has already managed to occupy a certain place in the economy of Mongolia. In 2006, the country's first trolleybus, produced by Mongolian engineers, went on line. Since 2009, the production of duobuses began - this is a vehicle that combines a bus and a trolleybus, which can be used both on routes with and without a contact network.

In 2012, Mongolian engineers assembled the country's first aircraft for the national carrier. In 2013, together with Belarus, we managed to agree on the joint production of tractors, and there are also enterprises producing hang-gliders and gyroplanes. Now there are plans to launch a company to produce trams on rubber wheels. This will be a fundamentally new type of public transport, which will be able to transport from 300 to 450 passengers at a time.

Agriculture

Briefly characterizing the economy of Mongolia, sufficient attention should be paid to agriculture. The country has a harsh continental climate, so the industry remains vulnerable to cold, drought and other natural disasters. The country has catastrophically little arable land, while about 80% of the territory is used for pastures.

The majority of people are engaged in herding livestock rural population. Mostly goats, sheep, camels, horses, and cattle are bred here. It is worth noting that this is the only modern state in a world where nomadic livestock farming is still among the main economic sectors.

In terms of the number of livestock per capita, Mongolia ranks first in the world. Potatoes, wheat, watermelons, tomatoes, and various vegetables are also grown here. In general, there is little arable land, mainly concentrated around large cities in the north of the country.

Recently, most of the livestock has been concentrated in the hands of a few influential families. Since 1990, the law on foreign investment, which allows citizens of other countries to own shares in various Mongolian enterprises. New laws have also been passed regarding banking operations and taxation, debt and credit.

Transport

The country has developed railway, road, air and water transport. The decision to build the railway was made in 1915. There are currently two main train routes in the country.

Mongolian Railway connects the country with China, this is the shortest route between Europe and Asia. The total length of roads is approaching two thousand kilometers.

Total length waterways There are only about 600 kilometers in the country. The Orkhon and Selenga rivers and Lake Khubsugul are considered navigable. Mongolia is the second country in the world by area (after Kazakhstan) that does not have direct access to any ocean.

But this fact did not prevent her from registering her own ship register in 2003. Today, approximately 400 ships sail under the Mongolian flag, and their number is rapidly increasing every month.

Car roads

Majority highways here are dirt or gravel. Most paved roads are in the Ulaanbaatar area, leading to the Chinese and Russian borders.

The total length of roads in the country is almost 50 thousand kilometers. Of these, less than 10 thousand kilometers are paved roads. Currently, the country is actively building new highways and modernizing old ones.

Aviation

Air transport plays an important role in Mongolia's economic policy. There are 80 airports in the country, but only 11 have paved runways.

At the same time, the flight schedule is extremely unstable. Due to strong winds, flights are constantly being canceled or rescheduled. There are ten officially registered airlines in Mongolia, which operate 30 helicopters and approximately 60 fixed-wing aircraft.

There is an air taxi - a special means of public transport that transports passengers for a fixed fee. Air taxi differs from charter and other commercial flights in its simplicity. For example, there is no lengthy check-in procedure, and the waiting time for boarding is minimal. As a rule, it is enough to arrive at the airport a quarter of an hour before departure to go through all the shortened customs control and clearance procedures.

There are no flight attendants, kitchens or toilets on such aircraft. In most cases, small-capacity aircraft, as well as medium- and light-capacity helicopters, are used as such taxis.

Tourism

Mongolia is actively seeking to develop tourism. Quite a lot of hotels have been built in the country; more and more travelers want to come to this exotic country. There are two ski resorts here, in addition a large number of historical monuments of Buddhist monasteries, untouched nature.

Of the foreign tourists, the majority of visitors to Mongolia come from Russia, China, South Korea, and the United States of America. You can also meet quite a lot of travelers from Germany, France and Australia.

There are approximately 650 tour operators in the country, ready to receive about one million tourists a year.

Export

Export plays an important role in the economic development of the state. The main goods that are sent abroad are molybdenum concentrate and copper, cashmere, fluorite, leather, wool, clothing, meat. The country's interior is rich in mineral resources. In particular, there are many reserves of tin, iron ore, coal, uranium, copper, zinc, oil, phosphorus, molybdenum, gold, tungsten, and semi-precious stones.

Moreover, more than 80% of Mongolian exports are sent to China. In second place is Canada. From 1 to 4% of the export share falls on the countries of the European Union, Russia, and South Korea.

This situation began to change after 2012, when Mongolia was no longer satisfied with its export dependence on China. The government began to suspend certain cooperation projects with the Middle Kingdom. It is believed that one of the reasons for this was the attempts of a large Chinese aluminum company to obtain a controlling stake in one of the largest Mongolian coal suppliers to the territory of the People's Republic of China.

Import

First of all, industrial and industrial equipment, petroleum products, and consumer goods are imported into the country.

Approximately a third of imports come from the Russian Federation, with China firmly in second place. Also, goods from South Korea and Japan are supplied to Mongolia en masse.

Mongolia strives to constantly get rid of import dependence. In particular, it is planned to open the first oil refinery on the territory of the state in the near future.

Financial sector

The official currency of Mongolia is called the Mongolian tugrik. Currently for one Russian ruble you can buy 38 tugriks. The country's own currency appeared only in 1925. Moreover banknotes were originally manufactured in the Soviet Union.

Most banks can be used credit cards, there are exchange points in all hotels in the country. Traveler's checks are also accepted as payment without any problems.

In 1991, the Mongolian Stock Exchange was opened.

Income of the population

As of 2017, the average salary in the country was 240 thousand tugriks per month, that is, less than six and a half thousand rubles.

At the same time, the country introduced minimum size wages. The lowest hourly or monthly wage is set by law by the government. In 2017, the minimum wage was exactly 240 thousand tugriks per month. At the same time, in Mongolia, only 7% of the population receives the minimum wages. Compared to 2013, the minimum wage increased by a quarter.

UDC 338(571.3) BAZAR BOLDBAATAR

BBK 65(5Mo) Candidate of Economic Sciences,

senior assistant at the Administration of the President of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar e-mail: [email protected]

FEATURES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MONGOLIA IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD

The features of the socio-economic development of Mongolia in the post-socialist period, as well as trends in the development of the country's economy in the new millennium are considered. The socio-demographic problems facing Mongolian society are characterized.

Key words: social economic development, the economic growth, economic structure, standard of living, mortality rate, birth rate.

A characteristic feature of Mongolia, which must always be taken into account, is its geographical location between Russia and China - two great powers that have historically had a decisive influence on the development of economic and political processes in our country.

The country's territory is almost 1.560 million km2, and in terms of its size, Mongolia ranks 17th in the world. The country's population is more than

2.6 million people.

Insufficient development of infrastructure; relatively large territory combined with low population density; harsh, sharply continental climate, adversely affecting the development of agricultural production; dependence of the state of one of the key sectors of the economy - livestock farming - on natural disasters; technological backwardness of processing industries - all these factors had an impact negative impact on the general course of market reforms, increasing tension in national economy. The specifics of carrying out market reforms are associated with the narrow specialization of the economy and exports, the rather high energy and material intensity of production, and the relatively low competitiveness of finished products on the world market.

During the implementation of market reforms, the government of the country for stabilization

economic lization applied such macroeconomic regulation measures as privatization, liberalization of foreign trade, devaluation of the national currency - the tugrik - and the encouragement of foreign investment.

The level of economic development is determined by the volume of GDP per capita. In order to be able to produce comparative analysis level of development different countries, this figure is calculated in US dollars. Conversion of national currency into US dollars is carried out taking into account both the existing exchange rate and parity purchasing power monetary unit of this country. Using the purchasing power parity indicator allows us to obtain comparable characteristics of what has been achieved economic level, while the comparison obtained taking into account the exchange rate also reflects the influence of market factors on the exchange rate. In this case, as a rule, the currency is less developed countries is weaker against the US dollar.

Although in the last five years average height production of real GDP amounted to 7.3%, Mongolia, according to the World Bank1, which compared the level of economic development of 209 countries, is in 150th place. In 2006, the volume of GDP per capita production in Mongolia, when calculated

© Boldbaatar Bazaar, 2008

BAZAR BOLDBAATAR

leniya on exchange rate amounted to about 1 thousand dollars. USA, and the HDI is 0.6912, and our country is in 117th place among 175 countries according to the latest indicator. According to the competitiveness index, Mongolia scores

3.6 points 3 out of 7 possible and ranks 92nd among 125 countries.

In the early 1990s. Gross domestic product decreased significantly. The dynamics of GDP in the new millennium are described in the table.

During the period of transformation, transition from centralized planned economy Before the market economy, the economy of Mongolia, like other post-socialist countries, was experiencing a serious decline. But, unlike the CIS countries, this decline lasted only four years - from 1990 to 1993. Mongolia's gross domestic product decreased by about 25%, while in the CIS countries it decreased by 40-60%. In Russia, for example, the period during which there was a decrease in GDP production lasted nine years - from 1990 to 1998.

Since 1994, economic growth began in Mongolia, and by 2002 the pre-crisis level of GDP production was restored. To date, it has been exceeded by more than 30%. From this point of view, economic

Mongolia's development in the last decade can be considered quite satisfactory. The average annual rate of economic growth, which has been going on for 14 years, is more than 4%, and in 2003-2007. this figure reached 7%. If this trend continues, Mongolia will slightly improve its economic and social position compared to other poor and developing countries, whose average economic growth rates are 3.5-4.5% per year.

In industry, for the first time in 2001, real production growth was achieved by 15.5%. The reasons for this were an increase in the production of non-ferrous metals due to the successful activities of the Mongolian-Russian joint venture Erdenet and favorable weather conditions that did not cause a massive loss of livestock, as happened in 2000-2002.

The structure of the economy leaves much to be desired. For example, agriculture produces about 20% of GDP, although agriculture employs more than 40% of people employed. In gross domestic product the share of industrial and agricultural products is approximately the same, and the share of trade and services is constantly increasing and averages 49-54%.

Dynamics of Mongolia's GDP in 2000-2005.

Indicator Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

GDP (in prices of a given year), billion MNT. 1,018.9 1,115.6 1,240.8 1,461.2 1,910.9 2,266.5

Growth, % 10.1 9.5 11.2 17.8 30.8 18.6

GDP (in 2000 prices), billion tugr. 1,018.9 1,029.5 1,070.7 1,130.3 1,251.4 1,329.5

Real economic growth, % 1.1 1.0 4.0 5.6 10.7 6.2

Agriculture -15.9 -18.3 -12.4 +4.9 +17.7 +7.7

Industry +0.3 +15.5 +3.8 +4.8 +15.0 -0.9

Trade and services 15.3 6.1 11.6 6.1 6.3 9.1

GDP (in prices of a given year), million dollars. USA 946.6 1,016.3 1,117.5 1,274.5 1,612.1 1,880.4

GDP deflator 9.0 8.4 6.9 11.6 18.1 11.6

GDP per capita, thousand tugr. 462.2 460.1 504.6 586.9 758.7 888.4

GDP per capita, USD USA 396.0 419.1 454.5 511.9 640.1 737.0

GDP structure, % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Agriculture 37.0 29.1 24.9 20.7 20.1 20.9

Industry 20.7 21.9 22.0 22.5 25.3 29.9

Trade and services 42.3 49.0 53.1 56.8 54.6 49.2

Source: Mongolian economy and society in 2006: statistical office of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, 2007.

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It should be noted that economic growth was largely achieved due to extensive factors. Due to the increase in population by almost a quarter, the number of employed people also increased from 800 to 900 thousand people, although the share of employed in total number The working-age population has decreased from 71% in 1989 to 60% currently. So the productivity of social labor has hardly increased in recent years. If we consider changes in the structure of production, we see that economic growth was largely due to an increase in the volume of raw materials produced in industry.

Another source of economic development was the accelerated expansion of the trade and services sector, the contribution of which to GDP increased over the past years from 1.38 billion tugriks to 169. At the same time, the share of the trade and services sector in the country’s GDP increased from 19% in 1989 to approximately 49%. currently.

Economic growth in recent years has been accompanied by low level real income per capita, characterizing the population's consumption of goods and services. home social problem Mongolia - poverty of the population. According to many experts, with the growth average size In recent years, the number of poor people has not decreased. The poorest segments of the population include families with low wages (income) of the breadwinner, pensioners and the unemployed. The largest group of poor people is large families. To a certain extent, poverty is generated by low employment of the population. Of the 1.5 million people of working age, only 900 thousand are working. Although there are just over 40 thousand officially registered as unemployed, there is a large hidden unemployment rate, and many are employed in the informal sector.

The problem of the decline in the living standards of the population is becoming more acute under the influence of the consequences population explosion 60-80s XX century Taking into account the continuing rate of population growth in 2006, the real

The new GDP production per capita in Mongolia has doubled compared to 2001.

To others important indicator standard of living is an indicator average duration life. This figure is relatively low at 65 years, mainly due to the extremely high infant mortality rate. Out of 1 thousand children born alive in Mongolia, 29 die before the age of one year, i.e. 4-5 times more than in developed countries.

Noteworthy is the negative trend in mortality dynamics in Mongolia. The mortality rate is reduced only in the children's age group - up to 14 years. In the youth group - 15 to 24 years old - it has remained largely unchanged over the past decade. At the same time, in the group of people of working age - from 25 to 50 years - this figure increased. The mortality rate of people of retirement age has increased especially.

In Mongolia, the birth rate remains relatively high, and therefore the proportion of the youth group in the population is growing, with a lower mortality rate, which is also declining. Because of this, the overall mortality rate of the population is reduced. The number of deaths per 1 thousand inhabitants of the country has decreased from 8.2 in 1989 to 6.4 people currently. The birth rate decreased more significantly: from 35.5 to 19.1 people per 1 thousand population. But, as you can see, the birth rate is three times higher than the death rate, and thanks to this, the population of Mongolia increases annually by 30 thousand or more people due to its own growth. If in 1989 the country's population was 2.1 million people, now it has exceeded 2.6 million people.

Notes

1 http:/ /worldbank.org/website/external/datastatistics/.

2 United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 2006

3 Competitiveness Report 2005-2006 US International Development Agency.

News of IGEA 2008. No. 3 (59)

INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS

ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia is an agrarian-industrial country. Mongolia currently trades with more than 80 countries around the world. Trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 90s, 90% of Mongolia’s foreign trade was trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the remainder is occupied by trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, and Switzerland.

Based on the results of the third quarter of 2005, the total foreign trade turnover of Mongolia is 1.27 billion US dollars, which is 11.6% more than in the same period in 2004. Imports increased by 150.6 million US dollars.
Mongolia exports goods and raw materials to 60 countries, of which 50.8% to China, 13.8% to Canada, 10.1% to the USA. 45.2% of total exports are minerals and mining products, 21.5% are sewing and knitwear, 25.6% are precious and semi-precious metals, 3.7% are raw leather and products made from it.
Mongolia imports more than 90% of its petroleum products from Russia, and the rest from China and Kazakhstan.

Mongolia, as a member of the World Trade Organization, in March 2005 presented its trade policy, which is quite liberal, for discussion by members of this organization. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform five percent customs rates on most imported goods. For further development foreign trade of Mongolia important has a decision of the European Union on the inclusion of Mongolia, as developing country with vulnerable economies and as landlocked countries into the GSP+ program. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia's economic activities have traditionally been based on agriculture and livestock raising. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits - the mining of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold accounts for a significant part of industrial production. Soviet aid, which previously amounted to up to a third of GDP, ceased after the collapse of the USSR. The Mongolian economy suffered a long decline, exacerbated by the reluctance of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) to carry out fundamental economic reforms. The Democratic Coalition government took the path of a market economy, weakened price controls, liberalized domestic and foreign trade, and attempted to rebuild the banking system in the energy sector. Large privatization programs were undertaken, measures to stimulate foreign investment were implemented (international tenders for the sale of a petroleum products trading company, the largest cashmere production company and banks). The progress of reforms was slowed by resistance from the former communist MPRP and political instability generated by the frequent change of governments of the Democratic Coalition (four governments changed). Following the crisis in 1996, caused by a number of natural disasters and a decrease in world prices for copper and cashmere, in 1997-99. economic growth followed. In August and September 1999, Mongolia's economy suffered from Russia's temporary ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. In 1997, Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the last meeting of the Consultative Group in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999, foreign donors decided to allocate $300 million per year to Mongolia.

Meanwhile, Renaissance Capital experts called Mongolia's economy the fastest growing in the world. Thanks to the huge reserves of mineral raw materials, the development of which is just beginning, and the development banking system. Mongolia's GDP in dollar terms will double by 2014, analysts believe. They noted that Mongolia is preparing to become a new Asian tiger, and not just another source of raw materials in Central Asia,” writes the CA NEWS News Agency. (12/22/2009)

Natural resources of Mongolia. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the area of ​​the Taban Tolgoi mountain range, coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium-sized deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khubsugul, gigantic deposits of phosphorites were discovered and their mining even began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was carried out unsuccessfully.

Labor resources of Mongolia. Working population in 2003 - 1.488 million people. Employment structure: agriculture/livestock - 42%, mining - 4%, manufacturing - 6%, trade - 14%, services - 29%, private sector - 5%, other -3.7%.

As of November 2009, about 40 thousand unemployed were registered in Mongolia. This is 10 thousand more than last year. And a record figure for the last 5 years. These data were announced by employees of the Employment and Social Services Department of Mongolia. According to the Office, employers offered more than 50 thousand jobs to the labor exchange, of which 57 percent were vacancies that did not require specialization, mostly auxiliary ones.

Market transformations in the economy in the 1990–2000s

The economic system of Mongolia on the eve of the start of market reforms. Choosing a “shock” reform model. Main directions of economic transformations. Liberalization of economic activity, freeing prices. Institutional changes; privatization of state and cooperative property. Financial stabilization. The role of the state in the economy of modern Mongolia. The first results of reforms, their impact on the economy and social sphere. Prospects for deepening market reforms.

AGRICULTURE OF MONGOLIA

Agriculture has always been the basis of Mongolia's economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), and produces more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand.

Until the early 40s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only branch of material production in the country. As recently as 1950, it produced 60% of national income. Then its share decreased: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. Currently, it has increased slightly – to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products made from them - over 70%.

The level and pace of agricultural development largely determine the most important national economic proportions. Such traditional industries as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the costs of agricultural raw materials constitute the bulk of their production costs.

Pasture farming continues to be the main economic activity. Today, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

IN economic life In Mongolia, agriculture plays a secondary role. To correct this situation, the government developed and began implementing the “Revival of Agricultural Production” (Virgin Land-3) and “Green Revolution” programs.

INDUSTRY OF MONGOLIA

General characteristics of the industry. Specific features of the industrialization of Mongolia. Stages of industrial development. Industry personnel. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries. Dynamics of main indicators of industrial development. Efficiency of industrial production.
Sectoral structure of industry. The current state and development trends of the main industries.
The impact of market reforms on industry in Mongolia. The role of external assistance in industrial development. Prospects for industrial development.

Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002.

Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh.
Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh.
Electricity export - 18 million kWh.
Import of electricity - 130 million kWh.

A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan to the north of the capital there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel smelting complex. Initially, local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of Mongolia's national product, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in total industrial production increased significantly. There are over two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already mentioned Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhbaatar, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and animal products, phosphorites, fluorites, and molybdenum ore are exported.

CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION

Dynamics of capital investments in the economy of Mongolia. Structure of capital investments by economic sectors. Material base and construction personnel. The role of foreign aid in development capital construction. Basic forms of assistance.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

In 1915, the Mongol Emperor Bogd VIII Zhavzandamba for the first time issued a decree addressed to the minister of the Great Khural and members of the Khural on the development of the mining industry and the construction of the railway.

Creation modern species transport after the revolution of 1921. Dynamics of freight turnover and passenger turnover of transport. The state and development trends of the main types of transport (railway, road, air, water). Prospects for transport development. "Millennium Road". The main types of communications in modern Mongolia (postal, telephone, telegraph, radio and television communications). Development mobile communications and the Internet.

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF MONGOLIA

Basic links financial system modern Mongolia and its role in the development of the economy. The state budget, the ratio of central and local budgets. Structure of budget income and expenses.
Monetary system. National currency– tugrik – and its exchange rate in relation to other currencies. Currency regulation.
Credit system. Formation and development of a two-tier banking system. Role and functions Central Bank. Development of a network of commercial banks. Credit and deposit operations banks. Formation of the insurance system. Problems and difficulties in development credit system during the period of market reforms.

DOMESTIC TRADE

Basic forms of internal trade. State, cooperative and private trade, their relationship. Wholesale and retail. Domestic trade prices, the problem of inflation. Dynamics and structure of domestic trade turnover.

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

Diversity of approaches to economic zoning Mongolia. Mongolia Zonal Development Concept (2002). Basic economic zones and their production specialization. The relationship between the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

LIVING STANDARD OF POPULATION

Living standard and social Security in socialist Mongolia. A sharp drop in living standards during the initial period of market reforms. Dynamics of real income of the population in recent years. Social differentiation of the population. The problem of poverty and attempts to solve it. Employment problem; dynamics and structure of unemployment. The role of the state in solving social problems.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2,971.3 million US dollars, including exports of 1,276.3 million dollars, imports of 1,695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is 386.5 million US dollars more compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover compared to the same period in 2007 increased by 74.3%, exports - by 52.6%, imports - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points more than the volume of exports.

Main import. Imports mainly consist of petroleum products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, Construction Materials, food and consumption.

In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.
In 2005, imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%.

In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products made from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by 92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, food products - by 37.2 million dollars.

Main export. The main Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather products, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, blankets from wool and cashmere). The country's interior is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, petroleum, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.

In 2004, exports amounted to $853 million.
In 2005, exports went to: China - 48.1%, USA - 14.2%, Canada - 11.6%, UK - 8.3%, South Korea - 6.2%.

Exports of mineral raw materials, which constitute the main export item, increased by $245.9 million compared to the same period in 2007, precious and semi-precious stones, metals and jewelry - by $175.4 million, products of chemical enterprises - by $22.1 million, raw materials, processed leather, furs and products made from them - by 1.9 million dollars. However, export supplies of knitted products decreased by $7.8 million, metallurgical products - by $3.4 million.

The actual volume of exports of copper concentrate compared to 2007 decreased by 0.6 percent or 8.2 thousand tons, and in prices increased by 27.1%.

Basic forms foreign economic relations modern Mongolia. Dynamics, structure and geography of foreign trade. Export and import of selected goods. Organization of foreign trade.

Credit and gratuitous assistance from the outside world of Mongolia. Distribution of foreign assistance by economic sectors. Organization of donor countries of Mongolia and its activities. The role of external assistance in the development of the economy and social sphere.

Cooperation of Mongolia with major foreign economic partners. The most important areas of Mongolian-Russian economic cooperation and its role in the development of the Mongolian economy. Participation of Mongolia in international economic organizations(IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.).

• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, /MONTSAME/ Over the 11 months since the beginning of 2010, Mongolia has carried out foreign trade operations with 130 countries. The total trade turnover amounted to 5,421.8 million US. dollars, of which the volume of exports is 2,550.6 million dollars, imports - 2,871.1 million dollars.
  Compared to the same period last year, the volume of foreign trade turnover increased by 1,831.4 million dollars, or 51.0%, of which the volume of exports increased by 872.3 million dollars, or 52.0%, and the volume of imports - by 959.0 million dollars, that is, by 50.2%.
  The negative balance of foreign trade for January-November 2010 reached 320.5 million dollars, which is an increase of 86.8 million dollars, or 37.1%, compared to the same period last year.
  94.8 percent of all types of export products are mineral resources, knitwear and knitwear, precious and semi-precious metals and jewelry.
  G. Battsetseg

GDP

At purchasing power parity, $5.781 billion in 2006. GDP growth 7.5%.

Agriculture - 20.6%.
Industry - 21.4%.
Services - 58%.
Inflation - 9.5% (2005).

BUDGET 2010

Mongolia's budget for 2010 has been adopted. Budget revenues will amount to 2 trillion 426.8 billion tugriks. Expenses - 2 trillion 785.4 billion tugriks. The deficit of the country's main financial document is more than 385 billion tugriks. Losses could not be avoided, despite the reduction in social costs. (27.11.2009)

Last year 2009 gross national product Mongolia decreased by 1.6%

As reported by MONTSAME, according to preliminary data for 2009, the country's gross national product amounted to 6055.8 billion tugriks (47-50 tugriks = 1 ruble) in annual terms or 3564.3 billion tugriks in 2005 prices. Comparing with the previous year this indicator decreased in comparable prices by 1.6%.

Official index consumer goods and services at the end of 2009 increased compared to the end of 2008 - by 4.2%.

In 2009, during 255 trading sessions on stock exchange Mongolia trade turnover securities amounted to 23.2 billion tugriks. Compared to the previous year 2008, trade volume decreased by 62.8% or 39.2 billion tugriks, the report notes.