The limited economic resources are manifested in the following: How are limited economic resources manifested? Needs and resources. Direct taxes include
Economic resources- is a set of various elements of production that can be used in the process of creating material and spiritual goods and services.
All economic resources, from the point of view of their role in the production process, are usually divided into three types: labor, natural and investment. Labor resources include people, their labor force; natural - the earth, its subsoil, forests and waters; investment - means of production that form capital. Without the presence of all three types of resources, the production process is impossible.
In addition, there are material (means and objects of labor), financial ( cash, sent to production), information (data necessary for the functioning of automated production and its management using computer equipment) resources.
In every this moment essential for economic activity resources are limited. The fact that a particular thing is rare or inaccessible is not defined by the economist as “resource scarcity.” The latter characterizes the situation when
There are not enough resources to fully satisfy the needs of every person. In any country they want to have more benefits and services than they receive.
In real life, humanity does not use all available resources. Sometimes previously used resources can become “redundant” and unnecessary. For example, excess labor during periods economic downturn production. But this does not negate the fact that at a given moment in time there are so many economic resources and no more.
“Limited resources” is often referred to as the scarcity of resources relative to the limitlessness of human needs. The latter are constantly growing and changing as society develops, economic activity grows, market expands, etc. It is no coincidence that this is where the statement came from: “The more you have, the more you want to have!”
IN economic theory distinguish between absolute and relative scarcity of resources. Absolute limitation means the insufficiency of production resources to simultaneously satisfy all the needs of members of society. But if you narrow the range of needs, then the absolute limitation of resources becomes relative, because for a limited range of needs, resources are relatively unlimited.
Absolute limitation is mainly characteristic of natural and labor resources; relative - for material, financial, information resources.
The problem of scarcity is complicated by the fact that certain resources (for example, minerals) are not only limited, but also irreproducible. Today humanity does not know how to restore their reserves. Other economic resources are reproducible. For example, new fruit trees can be grown in the place of a cut down garden. True, this will take 5-10 years.
But since resources are limited, society must make a choice.
The essence of the problem of choice is that if each economic resource used to satisfy diverse needs is limited, then there is always the problem of alternative use and search for the best combination of rare resources.
When choosing, society is forced to give up something, give up something, i.e. make some kind of sacrifice to get the desired result.
What we give up is called the opportunity (hidden) costs of achieving the chosen result.
The choice has to be made by an individual (if you have a certain amount of money, go to the theater or buy a video cassette), a company (when expanding production, buy new machines or hire additional quantity workers), the state (increase the army or build a hospital, etc.).
If resources were unlimited, there would be no need to save. The problem of choice would disappear.
More on the topic Economic resources, their limitations. Economic choice:
- Economic resources, their limitations. Economic choice
Give at least three provisions.
ANSWER:
v limited arable land
v exhaustibility of mineral resources
v limited labor resources
The central problem being considered economic science, is the limitation of factors of production. Using three examples, show the limitations of such a factor of production as labor.
ANSWER:
1) Region Z is producing oil and gas. Due to the low population density, work has to be organized on a rotational basis.
2) In region A, with a low birth rate, the population of retirement and pre-retirement age has already amounted to about 40% of the total population. Under these conditions, large firms began to transfer their production to other countries or attract foreign workers.
3) In region S, the local population considers unskilled work to be unprestigious, so it is necessary to attract workers from other regions to perform it.
During the discussion, the view was expressed that extensive path economic development has exhausted itself. Give two arguments to support and one argument to refute this opinion.
ANSWER:
1) in support:
ü most of the land suitable for cultivation is already in agricultural use;
ü construction of new industrial enterprises requires too much capital investment and is associated with a long period of commissioning industrial facilities;
2) in refutation:
ü in an open labor market, it remains possible to attract additional labor to expand production.
Illustrate with three examples the influence financial stability in the country for success economic activity individuals and firms (enterprises).
Answer:
1) in a situation economic recovery in the country, sustainable rate national currency and with low interest rates on the loan, the farmer took out a loan to organize a milk processing plant; a year later, he, together with other farmers, opened a company store in the city. This made it possible to return the money to the bank within several years and expand the range of products produced by the farm;
2) at individual entrepreneur, selling clothes on the market, there was a certain circle of buyers who were satisfied with the assortment and stable prices in conditions of a stable exchange rate of the national currency, and a few years later he opened his own store;
3) spouses, using cheap consumer loan, purchased the car that we had long dreamed of. Minor changes in prices for goods and services allowed them to repay the loan over several years due to savings in consumer spending.
List three characteristic features command and administrative economic system.
Answer:
Ø Control over production and distribution by the state;
Ø dominance (dominance) state property for means of production;
Ø centralized pricing;
Ø administrative methods of management, etc.
In country Z, the main sectors of the economy are mass industrial production and the service sector. What additional information will allow us to determine the type of economic system of country Z? Formulate three questions to obtain the necessary additional information.
Answer:
1) How are the main economic issues resolved?
2) What forms of ownership are predominant? Are they equal?
3) What is the role of the state in economic life countries?
“It was a time when we in Germany were making calculations, according to which there was one plate per capita every five years, a pair of shoes every 12 years, one suit every 50 years,” wrote L. Erhard. The government believed that based on calculations of raw materials “it is possible to determine the fate of the people for many years to come.”
What economic system is Erhard writing about? Give reasons for your conclusion. Based on knowledge from the social studies course, name another feature inherent in this system.
Answer:
The answer indicates that we are talking about command (administrative) economy. Arguments:
Ø implementation of centralized planning.
Among other features command economy may be called:
Ø state regulation of prices for goods and services;
Ø predominance of state ownership.
Article 5 of the 1977 USSR Constitution stated: “Socialist property in the USSR has either the form of state property (national property) or the form of cooperative-collective farm property (property of individual collective farms, property of cooperative associations).” Name three forms of ownership that are fixed current legislation. What are the reasons for the changes in legislation?
ANSWER:
1) forms of ownership: private; state; municipal;
2) cause changes that have occurred – transition to market economy.
Read the statement of the scientist and economist V. Leontyev. “The free enterprise system can be compared to a giant computer that can solve its own problems automatically. But anyone who has dealt with large computers knows that they sometimes malfunction and cannot operate without supervision.” Name the type of economic system that V. Leontv is talking about. List two economic problems, which this system is capable of solving independently, and two economic problems that require government intervention.
Answer:
The type of economic system that V. Leontiev talks about is market economy.
Economic problems that this system able to decide independently:
- Creating conditions for the effective distribution of resources in the economy (in accordance with the volume and structure of needs);
- Ensuring freedom of choice for consumers and producers;
- Limiting the possibility of monopolies emerging;
- Creating incentives to work.
Economic problems that this system is capable of can't decide on his own:
- Ensuring the production of public goods (goods that cannot be given to an individual without being provided to all other members of society);
- Providing all people with enough income to live;
- Regulation of external (side) effects.
The state can correct the situation associated with under- or overproduction/consumption of products as a result of external (side) effects, using tax instruments, subsidies and regulatory measures.
In a market economy, recessions and increases in production and business activity are observed with a certain frequency. Give three explanations of the reasons for the cyclical development of the economy in market conditions. Please specify any of these reasons.
ANSWER:
1) Reasons for cyclicity:
ü Periodic renewal of capital related to the achievements of scientific and technical progress and innovation activities;
ü Violation and subsequent restoration of the balance between the demand and supply of money;
2) Specification: banks reduce the requirements for providing loans to the population and enterprises, initially this leads to a rise in demand for goods and services, but in the future, with an increase in overdue loans, it may begin financial crisis, affecting the entire sphere of the economy.
Give examples of changes macroeconomic indicators in the country, which occur in different phases economic cycle. Name the three phases of the cycle and three examples of corresponding changes in macroeconomic indicators.
ANSWER:
Economic cycle- alternating alternation of ups and downs in the movement of real GDP.
Exists four stages or phases of the cycle.
1) Economic growth. Indicators: GDP growth, production growth, inflation growth, at a certain point aggregate supply begins to exceed aggregate demand.
2) Economic downturn (recession). Indicators: rising unemployment, reduction in production, reduction in aggregate demand.
3) Depression (bottom). Indicators: Unemployment and production are at their lowest point.
4) Revival. Indicators: increased investment activity, increased income of the population.
C5. How are limited economic resources manifested? Give at least three provisions.
Answer:
· limited arable land,
· exhaustibility of mineral resources,
· limited labor resources.
Maximum score – 2.
C5. Name the three main areas in which economic activity takes place.
Answer:
· production, distribution, exchange, consumption.
Maximum score – 2.
C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of “market economy”? Using your social science course knowledge, compose two sentences containing information about market relations.
Answer:
· market economy is a way of organizing economic life, based on a variety of forms of ownership, entrepreneurship and competition, free pricing,
· in a market economy, the principle should prevail: the transaction should be beneficial to both the seller and the buyer,
· A market economy is characterized by minimal government intervention in the economy and only through the influence of legal norms.
Maximum score – 2.
C5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “market competition”? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about market competition.
Answer:
· under market competition is understood as competition between sellers and buyers for the right to make the best use of their available economic resources,
· the role of competition is that it contributes to the establishment of a certain order in the market, guaranteeing the production of a sufficient quantity of quality goods,
· free competition is one of the main mechanisms of a market economy.
Maximum score – 2.
C5. Name three manifestations of economic freedom in a market economy.
Answer:
· free pricing,
· freedom of entrepreneurship,
· free exchange,
· free distribution of resources,
· free competition.
Maximum score – 2.
C5. List any three conditions that contribute to the establishment of economic freedom in a market economy.
Answer:
· free pricing,
· legislative consolidation of the diversity of forms of ownership,
· security legal protection owner's rights,
· governmental support competition and prevention of monopolism,
· development of entrepreneurship and business activity of the population.
Maximum score – 2.
C6. Using three examples, illustrate the process of government regulation of the economy.
Answer:
· adoption of the rate law minimum wage labor - legal regulation labor relations,
· central bank sets the interest rate for the loan - regulation money circulation,
· increase in customs duties on certain types of consumer goods– regulation of taxation.
Maximum score – 3.
C6. Point to specific example, to which economic consequences result in the state forcing prices for goods below market prices. List two consequences.
Answer:
Consequences:
· the emergence of a commodity shortage,
· growth of the shadow economy,
· revival of speculation.
An example is the situation in the USSR in the 80s, through the introduction of all kinds of cards and coupons, the authorities tried to limit demand and curb price increases.
Maximum score – 3.
C6. Confirm with three examples the need for state participation in the economic life of society (the need for state regulation of the economy).
Answer:
· A number of countries have introduced special taxes on excess profits of companies, indirect taxes for the purchase of luxury goods, that is, the state solves the problem of mitigating inequality of income and wealth through their partial redistribution.
· In the European Court, the trial against Microsoft, accused of monopolizing the market, has been going on for several years, that is, the state, protecting the interests of consumers, is adopting antitrust legislation.
· A separate expense item state budget is the financing of law enforcement agencies, healthcare, education, that is, the state ensures the provision of public goods to the population of the country.
Maximum score – 3.
C6. In the country of T. the formation of a market economy is taking place. Give three possible examples that could illustrate this process.
Answer:
· the dominant position is occupied by private property, that is, property owned by private and legal entities, which carry out production on its basis,
· entrepreneurs are guaranteed freedom of activity,
· the state intervenes in the economy to a minimal extent and only with the help of legal norms,
· The main mechanisms of a market economy are free competition, supply and demand, price
Maximum score – 3.
C6. Name any three tasks Russian government on the development of market relations in the economy and illustrate each with an example.
Answer:
· formation new system property relations (for example, the adoption of the Law “On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities”, the consolidation of the diversity of forms of ownership in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation),
· legal regulation of relations between the employer and employee(for example, legislative establishment of a minimum rate wages),
· creating conditions for the development of entrepreneurship of citizens (for example, providing tax benefits small business).
Maximum score – 3.
C6. Explain the meaning using three examples tax system in the life of the state and society.
Answer:
· On the eve of the deadline for submission tax returns There are huge queues at the inspection. This has a disciplinary effect on citizens and company administrations. Firstly, complete the documents on time, and secondly, submit the declaration earlier to avoid wasting time in queues at the tax office.
· Firms pay taxes to pension funds, that is, at the expense of tax revenues it is carried out social politics states.
· During the crisis, taxes from large corporations were reduced, which invested freed funds in maintaining production and preserving jobs, that is, the socio-economic policy of the state is carried out through the tax system.
Maximum score – 3.
C6. The head of an enterprise in a difficult economic situation independently makes a decision to reduce the number of employees, reduce wages and directing most of the enterprise's profits to product advertising. Determine the enterprise of what organizational and legal form the example illustrates. Give two arguments to support your answer.
Answer:
· organizational and legal form of the enterprise – individual private enterprise,
Arguments:
· the individual owner bears personal financial responsibility for the results activity of the enterprise,
· the owner has economic freedom to make business decisions.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. At a meeting of the Russian government with representatives of trade unions and entrepreneurs, opposing opinions were expressed about economic policy. Trade unions insisted on increasing the share of firms' profits allocated to social needs. Entrepreneurs proposed increasing investment in real production. Offer two arguments to support the position of each group of participants.
Answer:
Arguments in support of the opinion of trade unions:
· it is necessary to increase the level of income of the population to solve the problems of fighting poverty,
· height consumer demand will contribute to growth production volumes,
· social help low-income segments of the population is the most important function of the state in a market economy.
Arguments in support of the opinion of entrepreneurs:
· possibility of updating equipment and implementing new technologies,
· the possibility of improving the production structure,
· support for domestic manufacturers,
· An increase in the living standards of the population is possible only on the basis of economic growth.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. In our country in the first half of the 90s, out of approximately 155 thousand state enterprises about 89 thousand were privatized. Share capital privatized enterprises were distributed as follows:
· internal shareholders (employees, management) – 62% of shares,
· external shareholders – 21% of shares
· state – 17% of shares.
At the same time, small external shareholders (ordinary voucher holders) accounted for 10% of the shares.
Is it possible to draw a conclusion based on these data about the creation of a large private sector in the country’s economy? Has the bulk of the country's population turned into business owners? Give reasons for your conclusions.
Answer:
· Yes, you can. Since more than half of the enterprises were privatized.
· No. The share of ordinary shareholders accounted for only a tenth of the share capital.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. In the structure of land distribution in Russia by type of owner in 2001:
· the share of individual plots of citizens was 6%,
· farmers' lands – 8%,
· and lands of former collective and state farms – 86%.
Russian families manage to produce more than 88% of all potatoes and almost 67% of all other vegetables grown in the country on their tiny plots.
Is it possible to draw conclusions based on these data: 1) about the ineffective distribution of land in the country; 2) about inefficient use of land. Give reasons for your conclusions.
Answer:
· Yes, you can. Since huge areas of land are still at the disposal of the state, which makes it difficult to transfer land from ineffective owners to efficient ones.
· Yes, since significant agricultural land is not included in the effective manufacturing process, but are used by Russian families for forced subsistence farming.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. “It was a time when we in Germany were making calculations, according to which there was one plate per capita every five years, a pair of shoes every 12 years, one suit every 50 years,” wrote L. Earhart. The government believed that based on calculations of raw materials “it is possible to determine the fate of the people for many years to come.”
What economic system does L. Erhard write about? Give reasons for your conclusion. Based on knowledge from the social studies course, name another feature inherent in this system.
Answer:
· We are talking about a command economic system,
· argument: implementation of central planning,
Other features of a command economy include:
· government regulation prices for goods and services,
· predominance of state ownership.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. During sociological surveys in 2002 and 2005, the following formulation of one of the questionnaire items was proposed: “People arrange their lives differently, adapting to conditions to varying degrees. Which of the following statements best describes your attitude towards your current life? The obtained data are presented in the table.
Draw a conclusion about changes in the mood of modern Russians. Give (using the data in the table) three reasons for this conclusion.
Answer:
· Russians are gradually adapting to modern conditions, although it's not easy.
Justifications:
· only 12% could not adapt to current life in any way (over three years their number decreased slightly),
· the number of those who managed to use new opportunities to achieve more increased slightly (by 3%),
· the share of those who got used to having to live, limiting themselves in big and small ways, decreased by 6%.
Maximum score – 3.
C7. You can often hear the opinion that in order to increase the efficiency of a market economy, it is necessary to minimize the influence of the state on the economy. Formulate your own opinion on this
C7. One can often hear the opinion that the budget surplus that exists in Russia is an evil that slows down economic growth in the country. Form your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.
C7. You can often hear the opinion that the budget deficit is an incentive to economic growth. Formulate your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.
C7. It is believed that the market ensures the efficient allocation of limited resources. Formulate your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.
C7. There is an opinion that information is the most reliable, profitable factor of production and brings only benefits to society. Formulate your own opinion on this issue. Give two arguments.
Economics is a field of knowledge that studies
1) natural processes and phenomena
2) human behavior
3) methods of rational management
4) ways to protect the environment
What relates primarily to the economic sphere of society?
1) consumption of spiritual values
2) distribution of material goods
3) creation of legal norms
4) exchange of cultural achievements
Are the following judgments about the economic sphere of society correct?
Economic sphere in addition to the production, exchange, distribution of material goods, it also includes their consumption.
B. The economic sphere influences all other spheres of society.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Are the following statements about the economy true?
A. Economics studies the operation of objective laws of history.
B. Economics studies the laws of economic development.
Goods and services, resources and needs, limitations
1. The existence of the problem of economic choice is due to
1) the limitlessness of human needs and limited production capabilities
2) variability of human needs
3) limitless production possibilities and limited labor resources
4) limited natural resources
2. Are the following judgments about the problem of limited resources in the economy true?
Economic resources, their limitations. Economic choice
The problem of limited resources exists only for poor countries.
B. Producers and consumers are forced to make economic choices when resources are limited.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
3. Are the following judgments about the problem of limited resources in the economy true?
A. The existence of the problem of limited resources determines the need for rational organization of human economic activity.
B. The problem of limited resources is that people's needs always exceed the resources available to satisfy them.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
4. Are the following statements about limited resources true?
A. Economic choice is based on limited resources.
B. Natural resources are not enough to fully satisfy the needs of society.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
Economic systems and property
1. In the state of N., production resources are distributed through planned targets, a firm exchange rate. These features are characteristic of the economy
1) traditional
2) market
3) team
4) mixed
In both market and command economies
1) there is a commodity shortage
2) economic proportions are established
3) leading positions are occupied by state ownership
4) labor is a commodity
In a market economy, unlike a command economy
1) production resources are freely sold and bought
2) a fixed exchange rate of the official currency is established
3) leading positions are occupied by state ownership
4) economic proportions develop
4. Are the following judgments about private property true?
A. The transfer of state property into private hands is called nationalization.
B. Private property is the basis of a command economy.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
The process of transferring state-owned enterprises into private hands is called
1) privatization
2) nationalization
3) modernization
4) socialization
The list below shows the similarities and differences between the role of the state in a market environment and in a command economy. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarity traits in the first column of the table, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second column.
1) collects taxes
2) sets prices for main types of raw materials
3) carries out redistribution of funds through the state budget
4) creates a legal basis for the development of competition
The company built greenhouses on a rented plot of land, where it grows vegetables and herbs throughout the year. The company's products are supplied to large stores in the city. Labor as a firm's production resource includes(s)
1) piece of land
2) company employees
3) manufactured products
4) greenhouses and equipment
Exchange, trade
Market and market mechanism.
Money
Direct taxes include
2) customs duty
3) property tax
4) sales tax
An indirect tax is
1) income tax
2) customs duty
3) property tax
4) income tax
3. Establish a correspondence between the example and the structural element of the tax: for each element given in the first column, select an element from the second column
4. The list below shows the similarities between direct and indirect taxes and the differences between direct and indirect taxes. Select and write down the serial numbers of the similarity traits in the first column of the table, and the serial numbers of the differences in the second column.
1) collection from a specific person
2) dependence on income
3) gratuitous contributions
4) mandatory payments
GIA tasks line “ECONOMY”
Economics and its role in society
Economic resources are the means needed to produce goods and services. They have one common property - limitation.
Limited resources mean their insufficiency in relation to people's needs for them.
There are absolute and relative scarcity of resources. Absolute limitation means insufficient economic resources to simultaneously satisfy all the needs of all members of society.
But to satisfy some selected, specific needs, there are enough resources - this is the relative limitation of resources.
Economists have come to the conclusion that the absolute scarcity of resources turns into a relative one due to the choice of needs to be satisfied. This fact formed the basis of the second axiom of economics:
Limited resources have a physical (objective) and economic (subjective) nature. This can be explained using the example of the main categories of economic resources:
Natural resources (factor “land”). Natural resources such as oil, coal, and zinc are physically limited. Arable, fertile lands are limited by their area. But most natural resources are limited as a result of government measures prohibiting free mining, or because low level technical capabilities of mining enterprises. This is a consequence of economic resource limitations.
Labor resources. The labor potential of society is limited by numbers working population. The resources of the enterprise are limited by the labor limit. People's ability to work is limited by their physical, mental and mental capabilities.
Capital or investment resources. The physical capital of a society is limited by the number of operating enterprises and organizations, as well as the amount of tax revenues to the state budget.
Test paper on the topic “Market society”, grade 10
This prevents the implementation of large capital investments (investments) in the national economy.
Entrepreneurship (or entrepreneurial spirit). This is a very rare resource, which refers to the ability of some people to organize the effective operation of an enterprise. These people differ from others by having a new idea, complete freedom of action, unlimited responsibility and a high degree of risk.
Economists, as a result of analyzing the problem of limited resources, made 2 conclusions:
1. Since society’s resources are limited, the volume of production of goods and services at any given time is also limited, therefore, in order to increase the production of some goods, the production of other goods that require the same resources should be reduced.
2. Simultaneous and complete satisfaction of all people's needs is practically impossible. Therefore, they must make a choice in favor of the most efficient option for the production, exchange and consumption of goods.
The problem of choice in economics
At any given time, the available resources are limited, and this raises the problem of choice. The choice has to be made by the individual, the company, and the state.
The essence of the problem of choice is the following: if each economic resource used to satisfy diverse needs is limited, there is a problem of alternative use and search for the best combination of rare resources.
The definition of the problem of choice in a market economy is the formulation and solution of the following economic issues: “what to produce?”, “how to produce?”, “for whom to produce?”. The first question means which of the possible goods and services should be produced in a certain period of time. Society as a whole cannot get everything immediately: it must decide what it would like to have immediately, what it can wait to get, and what it can refuse altogether.
The second question is designed to determine with what combination of production resources, using what technology, the selected ones should be produced possible options goods and services.
Finally, the question “for whom to produce?” comes down to who will receive the selected goods and services, pay for them, and benefit from it.
The problem of choice is endless. The word “choice” itself means that there are many solutions from which the optimal one should be chosen, that is, the option that ensures the maximum product at the minimum cost.
Galina Bulygina
How are limited economic resources manifested?
Give at least three provisions.
ANSWER:
v limited arable land
v exhaustibility of mineral resources
v limited labor resources
The central problem addressed by economics is the limitation of factors of production. Using three examples, show the limitations of such a factor of production as labor.
ANSWER:
1) Region Z is producing oil and gas. Due to the low population density, work has to be organized on a rotational basis.
2) In region A, with a low birth rate, the population of retirement and pre-retirement age has already amounted to about 40% of the total population. Under these conditions, large firms began to transfer their production to other countries or attract foreign workers.
3) In region S, the local population considers unskilled work to be unprestigious, so it is necessary to attract workers from other regions to perform it.
During the discussion, the opinion was expressed that the extensive path of economic development has exhausted itself. Give two arguments to support and one argument to refute this opinion.
ANSWER:
1) in support:
ü most of the land suitable for cultivation is already in agricultural use;
ü the construction of new industrial enterprises requires too much capital investment and is associated with a long period of commissioning industrial facilities;
2) in refutation:
ü in an open labor market, it remains possible to attract additional labor to expand production.
Illustrate with three examples the impact of financial stability in a country on the success of the economic activities of individuals and firms (enterprises).
Answer:
1) in a situation of economic recovery in the country, a stable exchange rate of the national currency and low interest rates on the loan, the farmer took out a loan to organize a milk processing plant; a year later, he, together with other farmers, opened a company store in the city. This made it possible to return the money to the bank within several years and expand the range of products produced by the farm;
2) an individual entrepreneur selling clothes on the market had a certain circle of customers who were satisfied with the assortment and prices that were stable in conditions of a stable exchange rate of the national currency, and a few years later he opened his own store;
3) the couple, using a cheap consumer loan, purchased a car that they had long dreamed of. Minor changes in prices for goods and services allowed them to repay the loan over several years due to savings in consumer spending.
List three characteristic features of a command-administrative economic system.
Answer:
Ø Control over production and distribution by the state;
Ø predominance (dominance) of state ownership of the means of production;
Ø centralized pricing;
Ø administrative methods of management, etc.
In country Z, the main sectors of the economy are mass industrial production and the service sector. What additional information will allow us to determine the type of economic system of country Z? Formulate three questions to obtain the necessary additional information.
Answer:
1) How are the main economic issues resolved?
2) What forms of ownership are predominant? Are they equal?
3) What is the role of the state in the economic life of the country?
“It was a time when we in Germany were making calculations, according to which there was one plate per capita every five years, a pair of shoes every 12 years, one suit every 50 years,” wrote L. Erhard. The government believed that based on calculations of raw materials “it is possible to determine the fate of the people for many years to come.”
What economic system is Erhard writing about? Give reasons for your conclusion. Based on knowledge from the social studies course, name another feature inherent in this system.
Answer:
The answer indicates that we are talking about command (administrative) economy. Arguments:
Ø implementation of centralized planning.
Other features of a command economy include:
Ø state regulation of prices for goods and services;
Ø predominance of state ownership.
Article 5 of the 1977 USSR Constitution stated: “Socialist property in the USSR has either the form of state property (national property) or the form of cooperative-collective farm property (property of individual collective farms, property of cooperative associations).” Name three forms of ownership that are enshrined in current legislation. What are the reasons for the changes in legislation?
ANSWER:
1) forms of ownership: private; state; municipal;
2) cause changes that have occurred – the transition to a market economy.
Read the statement of the scientist and economist V. Leontyev. “The free enterprise system can be compared to a giant computer that can solve its own problems automatically. But anyone who has dealt with large computers knows that they sometimes malfunction and cannot operate without supervision.” Name the type of economic system that V. Leontv is talking about.
Topic 2. Limited resources and the problem of choice in the economy
List two economic problems that this system can solve on its own and two economic problems that require government intervention.
Answer:
The type of economic system that V. Leontiev talks about is market economy.
Economic problems that this system able to decide independently:
- Creating conditions for the effective distribution of resources in the economy (in accordance with the volume and structure of needs);
- Ensuring freedom of choice for consumers and producers;
- Limiting the possibility of monopolies emerging;
- Creating incentives to work.
Economic problems that this system is capable of can't decide on his own:
- Ensuring the production of public goods (goods that cannot be given to an individual without being provided to all other members of society);
- Providing all people with enough income to live;
- Regulation of external (side) effects.
The state can correct the situation associated with under- or overproduction/consumption of products as a result of external (side) effects, using tax instruments, subsidies and regulatory measures.
In a market economy, recessions and increases in production and business activity are observed with a certain frequency. Give three explanations of the reasons for the cyclical development of the economy in market conditions. Please specify any of these reasons.
ANSWER:
1) Reasons for cyclicity:
ü Periodic renewal of capital related to the achievements of scientific and technical progress and innovation activities;
ü Violation and subsequent restoration of the balance between the demand and supply of money;
2) Specification: banks reduce the requirements for providing loans to the population and enterprises, initially this leads to a rise in demand for goods and services, but later, with an increase in overdue loans, a financial crisis may begin, affecting the entire sphere of the economy.
Give examples of changes in macroeconomic indicators in the country that occur at different phases of the economic cycle. Name the three phases of the cycle and three examples of corresponding changes in macroeconomic indicators.
ANSWER:
Economic cycle— alternating alternation of ups and downs in the movement of real GDP.
Exists four stages or phases of the cycle.
1) Economic growth. Indicators: GDP growth, production growth, inflation growth, at a certain point, aggregate supply begins to exceed aggregate demand.
2) Economic downturn (recession). Indicators: rising unemployment, reduction in production, reduction in aggregate demand.
3) Depression (bottom). Indicators: Unemployment and production are at their lowest point.
4) Revival. Indicators: increased investment activity, increased income of the population.
1.Limited economic resources 6
1.1. Resources in economics and their classification 6
1.2 Absolute and relative resource limitations and
problem of choice. Production possibility curve 8
2 Problems of limited resources 12
2.1 Contemporary issues irrational use of resources 12
2.2 Problems water resources as vital 15
2.3 Economic regulation environmental management 18
3 Possible solution to the problem of limited resources and benefits 19
Conclusion 22
List of sources used 23
IntroductionAll economic resources, from the point of view of their role in the production process, are usually divided into three types: labor, natural and investment. Labor resources include people, their labor force; natural - the earth, its subsoil, forests and waters; investment - means of production that form capital. Without the presence of all three types of resources, the production process is impossible.
In addition, a distinction is made between material (means and objects of labor), financial (money allocated to production), information (data necessary for the functioning of automated production and its management using computer technology) resources.
At any given moment, the resources necessary for economic activity are limited. The fact that a particular thing is rare or inaccessible is not defined by the economist as “resource scarcity.” The latter characterizes a situation when there are not enough resources to fully satisfy the needs of each person. In any country they want to have more benefits and services than they receive.
In real life, humanity does not use all available resources. Sometimes previously used resources can become “redundant” and unnecessary. For example, a surplus of labor during periods of economic decline in production. But this does not negate the fact that at a given moment in time there are so many economic resources and no more.
“Limited resources” is often referred to as the scarcity of resources relative to the limitlessness of human needs. The latter are constantly growing and changing as society develops, economic activity grows, market expands, etc. It is no coincidence that this is where the statement came from: “The more you have, the more you want to have!”
In economic theory, a distinction is made between absolute and relative scarcity of resources. Absolute limitation means the insufficiency of production resources to simultaneously satisfy all the needs of members of society. But if you narrow the range of needs, then the absolute limitation of resources becomes relative, because for a limited range of needs, resources are relatively unlimited.
Absolute limitation is mainly characteristic of natural and labor resources; relative - for material, financial, information resources.
The problem of scarcity is complicated by the fact that certain resources (for example, minerals) are not only limited, but also irreproducible. Today humanity does not know how to restore their reserves. Other economic resources are reproducible. For example, new fruit trees can be grown in the place of a cut down garden. True, this will take 5-10 years.
But since resources are limited, society must make a choice.
The essence of the problem of choice is that if each economic resource used to satisfy diverse needs is limited, then there is always the problem of alternative use and search for the best combination of rare resources.
When choosing, society is forced to give up something, give up something, i.e. make some kind of sacrifice to get the desired result.
What we give up is called the opportunity (hidden) costs of achieving the chosen result.
The choice has to be made by an individual (if you have a certain amount of money, go to the theater or buy a video cassette), a company (when expanding production, buy new machines or hire additional workers), the state (increase the army or build a hospital, etc.).
If resources were unlimited, there would be no need to save. The problem of choice would disappear.
The issue of limited resources in modern world is one of the most relevant. It is known that the reserves of many natural resources are already in short supply, and the fact that some are preserved in sufficiently large quantities does not mean that they are endless. Satisfying the needs of society directly depends on the creation of goods, and goods, in turn, require an increasing amount of resources for their production. It is clear that with a constant increase in the world's population, resources will be limited and will not be enough to satisfy all needs. At present, it can already be noted that spending on the production of goods great amount resources. It is necessary to limit the use of resources, because in the future the problem of their limitation may turn out to be insoluble and lead to fatal consequences.
The subject of the work is limited resources, and the object is resources.
The purpose of the work is to explore the problem of absolute and relative limited resources. The objectives of the work are to consider the problem of absolute and relative limited resources from different angles, give examples, and suggest ways to solve it.
1.1. Resources in economics and their classification
Production involves the use of resources. Resources,
involved in production, play the role of factors of production. Resources act as factors of production if they are involved in
production, if there is a certain result.
Resources are divided into:
Economic (functioning);
Potential (not involved in economic turnover);
Economic resources include:
Natural resources;
Labor (population of working age);
Material (all man-made means of production that are the result of production);
Financial (money that society is able to allocate to organize production);
Information (scientific, scientific and technical, design, statistical, technological, information information, as well as other types of intellectual values necessary to create an economic product);
Natural resources are elements of the functioning of natural systems that are not created by human labor, exist independently of it, but are used by humans to one degree or another. It is necessary to distinguish natural conditions And Natural resources. Natural conditions create opportunities for human production activities. These include solar radiation, internal heat of the Earth, relief, climate, and precipitation. At a certain stage of development of productive forces, natural conditions turn into natural resources. For example, wind is used to generate energy. Natural resources are those forces that can be used in human production and non-production activities.
Natural resources according to the nature of their use are divided into:
Real (involved in the production process);
Potential (not currently used).
Natural resources are divided into:
Exhaustible;
Inexhaustible;
Replaceable;
Irreplaceable.
Here we can approach resources as both relatively and absolutely limited.
Exhaustible resources are those resources that at some stage of production activity can be completely exhausted.
Exhaustible Resources:
Non-renewable resources (land, air, minerals) are absolutely limited in quantity;
Relatively renewable resources;
Reproducible.
Inexhaustibles consist of three groups:
Cosmic (solar radiation, sea tides);
Climatic (atmospheric air, wind energy, water);
Water resources.
Fungible resources are resources that can be replaced by others that are more economically profitable.
Indispensable - atmospheric air, drinking water. In economic terms, natural resources play the role of means of labor, objects of labor and human living conditions.
1.2 Absolute and relative limited resources and the problem of choice. Production possibility curve
All economic resources, factors of production, have one property: they are available in limited quantities. This limitation is relative and it means that resources are usually less than necessary to satisfy all needs at a given level of economic development.
Due to limited resources, production volume is limited. Social production is not capable of producing the entire volume of goods and services that society would like to receive. The limited resources are also relative because a historically certain level of scientific and technological progress (STP) determines the boundaries of the use of a particular resource (for example, the depth of oil refining).
Since our needs are limitless and our resources are limited, we are unable to satisfy all our needs. We have to decide which goods and services need to be produced and which should be abandoned under certain conditions. The problem of limited resources: car production in the world is growing every year, but there are much more people willing to buy them. To increase car production, more metal and rubber are required. engines, etc., and available resources are limited. All types of economic resources at the disposal of humanity as a whole, individual countries, enterprises, families, are limited both quantitatively and qualitatively. They are obviously not enough to satisfy the entire range of human needs. This is the principle of limited, rare resources.